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Geosynchronous Satellite Launch

Vehicle
(Redirected from GSLV)

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle

GSLV
(GSLV) is a class of expendable launch systems
operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO). GSLV has been used in fifteen launches
since 2001.

History
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV) project was initiated in 1990 with the
objective of acquiring an Indian launch capability for
geosynchronous satellites.[8][9]

GSLV uses major components that are already

proven in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
launch vehicles in the form of the S125/S139 solid
rocket booster and the liquid-fueled Vikas engine.
Due to the thrust required for injecting the satellite
in a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) the third
stage was to be powered by a LOX/LH2 Cryogenic
engine which at that time India did not possess or
have the technological expertise to build.

GSLV-F14 carrying INSAT-3DS at the Satish

Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad
CE-7.5 of GSLV Function Medium-lift Launch
System
The first development flight of the GSLV (Mk I Manufacturer ISRO
configuration) was launched on 18 April 2001 was a
Country of origin India
failure as the payload failed to reach the intended
Cost per launch US$47 million[1]
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orbit parameters. The launcher was declared Size

operational after the second development flight Height 49.13 m (161.2 ft)[2]
successfully launched the GSAT-2 satellite. During
Diameter 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
the initial years from the initial launch to 2014 the
launcher had a checkered history with only 2 Mass 414,750 kg

successful launches out of 7, resulting in the rocket (914,370 lb)

gaining the nickname "naughty boy".[10][11] Stages 3

Capacity

Cryogenic engine controversy Payload to LEO

The third stage was to be procured from Russian Mass 6,000 kg (13,000 lb)[3]

company Glavkosmos, including transfer of Payload to SSO

technology and design details of the engine based on Mass 3,000 kg (6,600 lb)[3]
an agreement signed in 1991.[9] Russia backed out of Payload to GTO
the deal after United States objected to the deal as in
Mass 2,500 kg
violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime
(5,500 lb)[2][4]
(MTCR) in May 1992. As a result, ISRO initiated the
Cryogenic Upper Stage Project in April 1994 Launch history
and began developing its own cryogenic engine.[12] A Status Mk I: Retired
new agreement was signed with Russia for 7 KVD-1 Mk II: Active
cryogenic stages and 1 ground mock-up stage with
Launch sites Satish Dhawan Space
no technology transfer, instead of 5 cryogenic stages
Centre
along with the technology and design as per the
earlier agreement.[13] These engines were used for Total launches 16 + 8 (planned)
the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk I.[14] Success(es) 10
Failure(s) 4
Partial failure(s) 2
Vehicle description
First flight Mk.I: 18 April 2001
The 49 m (161 ft) tall GSLV, with a lift-off mass of Mk.II: 15 April 2010
415 t (408 long tons; 457 short tons), is a three-stage Last flight Mk.I: 25 December
vehicle with solid, liquid and cryogenic stages 2010
respectively. The payload fairing, which is 7.8 m
Mk.II: 17 February
(26 ft) long and 3.4 m (11 ft) in diameter, protects
2024
the vehicle electronics and the spacecraft during its
ascent through the atmosphere. It is discarded when Type of
INSAT
the vehicle reaches an altitude of about 115 km passengers/cargo
GSAT (South Asia
(71 mi).[15]
Satellite)
GSLV employs S-band telemetry and C-band GISAT
transponders for enabling vehicle performance NVS
monitoring, tracking, range safety / flight safety and NISAR
preliminary orbit determination. The Redundant
Strap Down Inertial Navigation System/Inertial Boosters
Guidance System of GSLV housed in its equipment No. boosters 4 L40 Hs
bay guides the vehicle from lift-off to spacecraft Height 19.7 m (65 ft)[5]
injection. The digital auto-pilot and closed loop
Diameter 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in)

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guidance scheme ensure the required altitude Propellant mass 42,700 kg (94,100 lb)
maneuver and guide injection of the spacecraft to the each
specified orbit. Powered by 1 L40H Vikas 2

The GSLV can place approximately 5,000 kg Maximum thrust 760 kN

(11,000 lb) into an easterly low Earth orbit (LEO) or (170,000 lbf)[6]
2,500 kg (5,500 lb) (for the Mk II version) into an Total thrust 3,040 kN (680,000 lbf)
18° geostationary transfer orbit. Specific impulse 262 s (2.57 km/s)
Burn time 154 seconds
Liquid Propellant N2O4 / UDMH
[6][5]
boosters First stage
Height 20.2 m (66 ft)
Diameter 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Propellant mass 138,200 kg
(304,700 lb)
Powered by 1 S139 Booster
Maximum thrust 4,846.9 kN
(1,089,600 lbf)
Specific impulse 237 s (2.32 km/s)
Burn time 100 seconds
Propellant HTPB (solid)
Second[6][5] stage
Strap-on motors of GSLV-F05 being Height 11.6 m (38 ft)
integrated with the core stage
Diameter 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Propellant mass 39,500 kg (87,100 lb)
The first GSLV flight, GSLV-D1 used the L40 stage.
Subsequent flights of the GSLV used high pressure Powered by 1 GS2 Vikas 4
engines in the strap-on boosters called the L40H.[16] Maximum thrust 846.8 kN (190,400 lbf)
The GSLV uses four L40H liquid strap-on boosters Specific impulse 295 s (2.89 km/s)
derived from the L37.5 second stage, which are Burn time 139 seconds
loaded with 42.6 tons of hypergolic propellants
Propellant N2O4 / UDMH
(UDMH and N2O4). The propellants are stored in
tandem in two independent tanks 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) Second GS2 (GL40)[6][7] stage
diameter. The engine is pump-fed and generates Height 11.9 m (39 ft)
760 kN (170,000 lbf) of thrust, with a burn time of Diameter 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
150 seconds. Propellant mass 42,500 kg (93,700 lb)
Powered by 1 GS2 Vikas 4
First stage Maximum thrust 846.8 kN (190,400 lbf)
GSLV-D1 used the S125 stage which contained 125 t Specific impulse 295 s (2.89 km/s)
(123 long tons; 138 short tons) of solid propellant Burn time 149 seconds
and had a burn time of 100 seconds. All subsequent
Propellant N2O4 / UDMH
Third[5] stage (GSLV Mk I) – CUS
Height N/A
Diameter 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
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launches have used enhanced propellant loaded S139 Propellant mass N/A
stage.[16] The S139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and Powered by 1 KVD-1
has a nominal burn time of 100 seconds.[17][18]
Maximum thrust 70 kN (16,000 lbf)
Specific impulse 462 s (4.53 km/s)
Second stage Burn time N/A
Propellant LOX / LH2
Third[5] stage (GSLV Mk II) – CUS12
Height 8.7 m (29 ft)
Diameter 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Propellant mass 12,800 kg (28,200 lb)
Powered by 1 CE-7.5
Maximum thrust 75 kN (17,000 lbf)
Specific impulse 454 s (4.45 km/s)
Burn time 718 seconds
Propellant LOX / LH2
Third[7] stage (GSLV Mk II) – CUS15

Hoisting of the GSLV-F14 second Height 9.9 m (32 ft)

stage during vehicle integration. Diameter 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in)
Propellant mass 15,000 kg (33,000 lb)
The GS2 stage is powered by the Vikas engine. It has Powered by 1 CE-7.5
a diameter of 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in).[17]
Maximum thrust 75 kN (17,000 lbf)
Specific impulse 454 s (4.45 km/s)
Third stage Burn time 846 seconds
The third stage of the GSLV Mark II is propelled by Propellant LOX / LH2
the Indian CE-7.5 cryogenic rocket engine while the
older defunct Mark I is propelled using a Russian
made KVD-1. It uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX)[19] The Indian cryogenic
engine was built at the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre[20][21] The engine has a default thrust of
75 kN (17,000 lbf) but is capable of a maximum thrust of 93.1 kN (20,900 lbf). In GSLV-F14
mission, a new white coloured C15 stage was introduced which has more environmental-friendly
manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials.[22]

Variants
GSLV rockets using the Russian Cryogenic Stage (CS) are designated as the GSLV Mark I while
versions using the indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) are designated the GSLV Mark
II.[23][24] All GSLV launches have been conducted from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in
Sriharikota.

GSLV Mark I

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The first developmental flight of GSLV Mark I had a 129 tonne

(S125) first stage and was capable of launching around 1500 kg
into geostationary transfer orbit. The second developmental
flight replaced the S125 stage with S139. It used the same solid
motor with 138 tonne propellant loading. The chamber
pressure in all liquid engines were enhanced, enabling a higher
propellant mass and burn time. These improvements allowed
GSLV to carry an additional 300 kg of payload.[25][26] The
fourth operational flight of GSLV Mark I, GSLV-F06, had a
longer third stage called the C15 with 15 tonne propellant
loading and also employed a 4 meter diameter payload
fairing.[27][28]

GSLV Mark II
This variant uses an Indian cryogenic engine, the CE-7.5, and is
Payload fairing with GSAT-6A being capable of launching 2500 kg into geostationary transfer orbit.
integrated. Previous GSLV vehicles (GSLV Mark I) have used Russian
cryogenic engines.[29]

For launches from 2018, a 6% increased thrust version of the

Vikas engine was developed. It was demonstrated on 29 March
2018 in the GSAT-6A launch second stage. It was used for the
four Vikas engines first stage boosters on future missions.[30]

A 4m diameter Ogive payload fairing was developed and

Launch of GSLV F11 GSAT-7A from deployed for the first time in the EOS-03 launch on 12 August
Second Launch Pad of Satish
2021, although this launch was a failure due to technical
Dhawan Space Centre
anomalies with the Cryogenic Upper Stage. This will allow
GSLV vehicles to accommodate larger payloads.[31]

As of October 2024, ISRO has stopped selling GSLV Mk II Rockets. Eight Known launches are
planned with NVS Missions, IDRSS Missions,NISAR Mission,etc.[32]

RLV-OREX
The Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstration program, is a prototype spaceplane
concept created by ISRO. For the Orbital return Flight experiment, a modified version of the GSLV
mk.II launcher, with the upper Cryogenic Stage replaced with the PS-4 stage from the PSLV is
currently in development,as the RLV won't need all the excess energy produced by the CUS .[33][34]

Launch statistics
As of 17 February 2024, rockets from the GSLV family have made 16 launches, resulting in 10
successes, four failures, and two partial failures.[35] All launches have occurred from the Satish
Dhawan Space Centre, known before 2002 as the Sriharikota Range (SHAR).

Launch system status

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Active
Retired

Partial
Variant Launches Successes Failures
failures
GSLV Mk. I 6 2 2 2

GSLV Mk. II 10 8 2 0
Total as of
16 10 4 2
February 2024[36]

Decade-wise summary of GSLV Launches

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Partial
Decade Successful Failure Total
success
2000s 2 2 1 5
2010s 6 0 2 8

2020s 2 0 1 3
Total 10 2 4 16

Gallery

GSLV F05 take off GSLV F11 vehicle at Indigenous Cryogenic

Second Launch Pad. Upper Stage CE-7.5 of
GSLV

Fully integrated GSLV-F05 Launch of GSLV F11 from Top view of a fully
coming out of the Vehicle Second Launch Pad. Integrated GSLV-F08 inside
Assembly Building. the Vehicle Assembly
Building.

See also
India portal

Rocketry portal

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Spaceflight portal

SSLV
Comparison of orbital launchers families
Comparison of orbital launch systems
PSLV
LVM3
NGLV
ISRO
ASLV
SLV

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External links
ISRO GSLV Page (https://web.archive.org/web/20110824113407/http://www.isro.org/launchveh
icles/gslv/gslv.aspx)
INDIA in Space – GSLV Page (https://web.archive.org/web/20091027103917/http://geocities.co
m/hari_ghk/gslv.htm)
12KRB (KVD-1) Upper Stage at Khrunichev Space Center (https://web.archive.org/web/20070
301125317/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_razg.asp?id=13182)

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