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Intro To Bioinformatics

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cstuff419
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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MEET YOUR INSTRUCTOR

Oluwaseun Agboola is a microbiologist and well trained


Bioinformatician. Director of Genomac Institute for Research
and Technology. I am on a mission to nurturing the growth of
early-career scientist and professionals by communicating
effectively complex concepts in the field of genomics and
bioinformatics and fostering them to embark on innovative
research projects. When I am not teaching, I love to unwind
through the soulful rhythms of singing and the soothing
strums of the guitar.

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INTRODUCTION TO GENOMICS
AND BIOINFORMATICS

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COURSE OUTLINE

• Introduction (Genomics and Bioinformatics)


• Central Dogma (Basic Molecular Biology)
• Application Of Bioinformatics In Various Fields
• Genomics Technologies and Data Generation
• Bioinformatics File Formats

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A LITTLE BIT OF

Before the era of bioinformatics


• Biological experiment were carried out in
vivo and in vitro

• The sequence of insulin (the first protein


sequence to be determined) was written.

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WHAT IS BIOINFORMATICS?

The design, construction and use of software tools to


generate, store, access and analyze data and
information relating to Molecular Biology particularly
DNA,RNA and protein sequences.

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WHAT IS GENOMICS?

This is the study of an Organism’s entire DNA


sequence, including all of its genes, non-
coding regions and other functional elements.

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Basic Molecular Biology

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A QUICK REMINDER
DNA and RNA contain two types of nucleotide bases: purines (adenine and guanine) with a
two-carbon nitrogen ring and pyrimidine (thymine and cytosine) with a one-carbon nitrogen
ring.
Note; In RNA, thymine is replaced with uracil

Gene: basic physical and functional units of heredity. Specific sequences of DNA that encode
instructions on how and when to make proteins.
A genome is an organism’s full DNA set. Bacteria have around 600,000 base pairs, while
human and mouse genomes contain about 3 billion. The human genome consists of 23
chromosomes, each containing multiple genes.

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APPLICATION OF BIOINFORMATICS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

Bioinformatics plays divers major role in the Biological, Biotech and Agro working space.
These roles include;
• Automatic genome sequencing
• Gene identification
• Prediction of gene function
• Prediction of protein structure
• Phylogeny
• Drug designing and development
• Analysis of plant and animal genomes to contribute to the improvement of crop yields, disease
resistance and the development of genetically modified organisms and much more.

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GENOMICS TECHNOLOGIES AND DATA
GENERATION

• Genomics technologies encompass a wide range of techniques and tools used to study and analyze the
complete set of genes (genome) within an organism.

• Genomics technologies afford us to generate genomic data to obtain comprehensive and detailed
insights into genetic makeup, structure and function of an organism’s genome.

To simplify, genomics technologies enable the sequencing and analysis of DNA at unprecedented scale

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Some Key genomics technologies:
DNA sequencing;

Sanger Sequencing: Traditional method used for sequencing DNA

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): High-throughput sequencing techniques that

allow the parallel sequencing of millions of DNA fragments.


IILUMINA seq

PCR: Amplifies a specific region of DNA, making it easier to study and analyze.

Microarray Technology: Allows for the simultaneous analysis of the expression

levels of thousands of genes.

CRISPR-cas9 Genome Editing: Enables precise modification of genes within an

organism’s DNA.
MICROARRAY

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THE PROCESS…
• Sample collection
• DNA Extraction
• Amplification (Optional)
• DNA Sequencing
• Data Generation
• Data analysis using bioinformatics tools

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BIOINFORMATICS FILE FORMAT

• Standardized structure for storing and organizing biological data in a digital file.
• Various file formats are used to represent and exchange different types of
biological information such as nucleotide or protein sequences, genomic
annotations, structural data, and more.
• Bioinformatics file formats play a crucial role in the exchange, storage and analysis
of biological data, facilitating interoperability among different software tools and
databases.

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SOME EXAMPLES OF
BIOINFORMATICS FILE FORMAT

• FASTA format (.fasta or .fa): A text-


based format used to represent
nucleotide or protein sequences.
Each sequence is represented by a
single-line description, followed by
the sequence data.

• FASTAQ Format (.fastq): used to


represent nucleotide sequence and
corresponding quality scores.

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SOME EXAMPLES OF BIOINFORMATICS
FILE FORMAT (CONT’D)

GenBank f or mat (. gb or . gb k ): It incl ud es


information about features such as genes,
coding regions and other biological annotations.

GFF: GFF files are often employed to store


information about the location, structure and
attributes of various features within a genome,
such as genes, exons, and regulatory elements.

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THANK YOU!

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“Embrace the journey of learning, for it is the key


that unlocks endless possibilities.”

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