REFLEXW

32 and 64 bit

Version 10.5

Windows™ 7/8/10/11-program
for the processing of
seismic, acoustic or electromagnetic
reflection, refraction and transmission data

Copyright 1998-2024 by

Dr. K.J. Sandmeier

Zipser Straße 1
D-76227 Karlsruhe
Germany
Tel. (49)721/491206

Please feel free to contact us.

e-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.sandmeier-geo.de

All companies and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of

their respective holders.
 Business and Licence conditions
for purchasing the Licence of the Program package REFLEXW

By purchasing the licence of the program package REFLEXW the user has
accepted the following utilization, warranty and liability limitations.

§1. COPYRIGHT
The program REFLEXW and the documentation are protected by the copyright law of June
26, 1985 and Copyright 1993-2024 by Karl-Josef Sandmeier. Therefore it must not be
reproduced, distributed, let, hired out or resold without permission in writing from K.-J. Sand-
meier. Only for the purpose of saving and archiving a copy on disc may be produced. All
rights for this program and the manual are reserved by K.J. Sandmeier, Zipser Straße 1,
76227 Karlsruhe. REFLEXW is written with DelphiXE2/Delphi11 created using Borland Inter-
national 2011,2021.

§2. LICENSE CONCESSION

The program package REFLEXW is licensed, not sold. The legal use of the program and the
documentation entitles to the usage of the REFLEXW-program each on one data processing
device (computer) within the purchasing institute or company location.
A site licence entitles to the installation and use of the program REFLEXW on an unlimited
number of data processing devices within the purchasing institute or company location.
A testlicence of REFLEXW is restricted to non commercial use and ends after the fixed test
period. The total program must be returned together with the manual and the hardware key if
existing and all existing copies must be removed.

§3. WARRANTY
1. REFLEXW is an extensive program package for the recording and processing of reflection
and transmission data. No warranty is made for the correctness of the program package
REFLEXW and for the correctness and completeness of the documentation. However, it is
guaranteed to the user, that the program package is useable in the sense of the program
documentation that is valid at the time of delivery to the user and possesses the features
guaranteed there.
2. K.-J. Sandmeier guarantees that the original program package is duly recorded on a
certified data storage device.
3. If a program package proves not useable as defined by paragraph 1 or defective within the
meaning of paragraph 2, within a warranty period of six months, beginning with the delivery of
the program package to the user, the delivered program package is taken back and
exchanged free of charge for a new program package with the same title. In case that this one
also proves unuseable within the meaning of paragraph 1 or defective as defined by
paragraph 2 and K.-J. Sandmeier is unable to establish applicability with a reasonable effort
in a reasonable amount of time, the user has according to his choice the right of a reduction
of the purchase price or to return the program package and receive a refund of the purchase
price.
4. Further warranty obligations do not exist. Especially no warranty is made that the program
package complies with the special demands of the user. The user alone is responsible for
selecting, installing and using and also for the intended results.

§4. LIABILITY
1. The applicability of the program package for a special purpose is not guaranteed. Also no
liability is taken in any way for incidental or consequential damages arising from the use of
this program package (these are among others without limitation damages due to losses of
business profits, operating troubles, loss of business data or other financial losses). This
exclusion of liability equally applies to damages to a third party.

§5. The court of jurisdiction is Karlsruhe, Germany

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

About REFLEXW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

0. REFLEXW user’s guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

0.0 the different REFLEXW modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
0.1 Directory structure/project directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
0.2 some general comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
0.3 Import and first display of GPR-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
0.3.1 Import GPR-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
0.3.2 Display the data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
0.4 Filtering the imported data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
0.4.1 General overview of filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
0.4.2 Filtering of a single datafile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
0.4.3 Filtering different 2D-lines using the same filter sequence (sequence
processing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
0.4.4 Handling of a strong topography for ZeroOffset data . . . . . . . . . . 40
0.5 Picking within REFLEXW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
0.5.1 Picking single objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
0.5.1.1 Picking hyperbola along one profile line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
0.5.1.2 Use of xy-coordinates defined within the fileheader . . . . . . 48
0.5.1.3 control and output of single picks for several profiles . . . . . 50
0.5.1.4 Picking linear structures within a 3D-datafile. . . . . . . . . . . . 51
0.5.2 Picking different reflectors within REFLEXW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
0.5.2.1 General flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
0.5.2.2 pick a distinct reflector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
0.5.2.3 generate a velocity file for the time-depth conversion (open
layershow panel ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
0.5.2.4 combine the different picked reflectors into one layer model
(open layershow panel ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
0.5.2.5 generate an output report of the layer-show (open layershow
panel ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
0.6 coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
0.6.1 pecularities for meandering 2D-profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
0.6.2 Use of GPS-coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
0.6.2.1 Set the GPS-coordinates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
0.6.2.1 Handle the traceheader(GPS)-coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
0.6.2.1.1 picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
0.6.2.1.2 viewing options within the 2D-dataanalysis . . . . . . . . 61
0.6.2.1.3 processing options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
0.6.2.1.4 3D-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
0.7 Introduction to seismic refraction data interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
0.7.1 Import the data and pick the first onsets (done within the module 2D-
dataanalysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
0.7.2 interpretation of the picked traveltimes (done within the module
traveltime analysis 2D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
0.7.3 Forward raytracing to refine the model (done within the module model
Table of Contents

generation/ modelling) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
0.7.4. Refraction-tomography: A second kind of interpreting the data . . 73
0.7.5. Joint interpretation of the results of the Wavefront-Inversion and the
Refraction-tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
0.7.6 Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
0.8 Introduction to the processing of seismic reflection data within REFLEXW
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
0.8.1 Import the data (done within the module 2D-dataanalysis ) . . . . . 85
0.8.2. Crosscorrelation for vibration data (done within the module 2D-
dataanalysis ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
0.8.3. setting the geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
0.8.4 pre-stack filtering (done within the module 2D-dataanalysis). . . . 92
0.8.4.1 prestack filter sequence for data exhibiting surface waves
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
0.8.4.2 prestack filter sequence for horizontal vibration data . . . . . 97
0.8.5 velocity analysis and stacking (done within the module 2D-
dataanalysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
0.8.6 Prestack migration as an alternative to the standard NMO-stacking
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
0.9 Introduction to the 3D-datainterpretation within REFLEXW . . . . . . . . . 104
0.9.1. generation of a 3D-dataset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
0.9.1.1 Generating a 3D-file without interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
0.9.1.1.1 Generating a 3D-file from during the import from parallel
2D-lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
0.9.1.1.2 Generating a 3D-file from Reflexw formatted parallel 2D-
lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
0.9.1.2 Generating a 3D-file with interpolation (done within the 3D-
datainterpretation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
0.9.1.2.1 Generating a 3D-file from parallel or crossing 2D-lines
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
0.9.1.2.2 Generating a 3D-file for freely distributed 2D-lines . 113
0.9.1.3 resulting REFLEXW 3D-datafile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
0.9.1.4 combine different 3D-datafiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
0.9.2 processing a 3D-data file (done within the 2D-dataanalysis) . . . 117
0.9.3 interpretation of a 3D-data file (done within the 3D-datainterpretation)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
0.9.3.1 load a 3D-datafile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
0.9.3.2 display a 3D-datafile using the scroll option . . . . . . . . . . . 118
0.9.3.2.1. xyz-cuts option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
0.9.3.3 display a 3D-datafile using the windows option. . . . . . . . . 120
0.9.3.4 display a 3D-datafile using the 3D-cube option . . . . . . . . . 121
0.9.4 3D-view of single 2D-lines with arbitrary geometry . . . . . . . . . . . 122
0.10 Introduction to the modelling/tomography tools within REFLEXW . . . 124
0.10.1 model generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
0.10.1.1 create a new model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
0.10.1.2 change an existing model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
0.10.2 Finite Difference (FD) modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
0.10.3 ray tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
0.10.4. tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
0.10.4.1 picking the traveltime data and description of the format
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
0.10.4.1.1 single shot analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Table of Contents

0.10.4.1.2 several shots analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

0.10.4.1.3 picking the first arrivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
0.10.4.2 performing the transmission tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
0.10.4.3 performing the refraction tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
0.11 Use of CMP-analysis for a single or several independent CMP-files . 149
0.11.1. Import the data data for single CMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
0.11.2. Processing single GPR CMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
0.11.3. velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
0.12 Introduction to the use of 2D-velocity models for further processing . 154
0.12.1. 2D-model from the interactive diffraction analysis . . . . . . . . . . 155
0.12.2. 2D-model from CMP velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
0.12.3. 2D-model from the layershow (picked interfaces) . . . . . . . . . . 158
0.12.4. 2D-model from the modelling menu, e.g. from refraction data
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
0.12.5. 2D-model from tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
0.13 GPS based Radar array data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
0.13.1. Import the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
0.13.2. Mira from Mala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
0.13.3. IDS Stream C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
0.13.4. ImpulseRadar (Raptor). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
0.13.5. Utsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
0.13.6. 3D-Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
0.14 general considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
0.14.1 Which data types can be imported? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
0.14.2 The difference between FileHeader and Traceheader . . . . . . . 182
0.14.3 How is the FileHeader set or changed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
0.14.4 How is the TraceHeader set or changed?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
0.14.5 How are the PlotOptions set or changed?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
0.14.6 Some special recommendations about geometry and preprocessing
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
0.14.6.1 Fileheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
0.14.6.2 Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
0.14.6.3 Shot time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
0.14.6.4 Peculiarities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
0.14.7 Getting information about the velocity of the medium . . . . . . . . 186
0.14.7.1 Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
0.14.7.2 ZO-data / CO-data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
0.14.7.3 CMP-Measurements / Moveout-Measurements . . . . . . . 186
0.14.7.4 Using Coredata to get velocity information . . . . . . . . . . . 187
0.14.7.5 Generating 2D-velocity models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
0.14.8 Picking of onsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
0.14.8.1 Preconditions for picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
0.14.8.2 Setting of picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
0.14.8.3 Saving of picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
0.14.8.4 Saving of picks to create a layershow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
0.14.8.5 Export of picks to create contour plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
0.14.8.6 Picking and time-depth conversion of several layer boundaries
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

1. 2D-Data-Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
1.1 File MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
1.1.1 interactive choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Table of Contents

1.2 Global MenuItem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

1.2.1 Global settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
1.3 Plot MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
1.4 View MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
1.5 Import Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
1.5.1 Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
1.5.2 Import filename specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
1.5.3 Import ControlOptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
1.5.4 Import format specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
1.5.5 Import ConversionMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
1.5.6 Import ControlPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
1.5.7 Import time/comment specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
1.6 Export Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
1.7 PlotOptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
1.7.1 Plotsettings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
1.7.2 Pointmodeattributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
1.7.2.1 edit color palettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
1.7.3 Wiggleattributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
1.7.4 Manual scaling and incrementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
1.7.5 PlotGain/Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
1.7.6 Plotsuboptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

1.7.7 ControlPanel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

1.8 Print Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
1.8.1 PrintOptions1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
1.8.2 PrinterSize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
1.8.3 PrintOptions2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
1.8.4 FontSettings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
1.8.5 ControlPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
1.8.6 Printing on banner paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
1.8.7 Print preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
1.9 FileHeader Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
1.9.1 Fileheader coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
1.9.2 Fileheader time specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
1.9.3 Fileheader input1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
1.9.4 Fileheader filename specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

1.9.5 Fileheader ControlPanel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

1.9.6 Traceheader Edit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
1.9.6.1 traceheader tabella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
1.10 Edit several FileHeaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
1.11 Processing MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
1.11.1 1D-Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
1.11.1.1 Meanfilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
1.11.1.2 Medianfilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
1.11.1.3 Bandpassfrequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
1.11.1.4 Bandpassbutterworth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
1.11.1.5 Filter/timedependent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
1.11.1.6 Notchfilter/frequ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
1.11.1.7 spectrum spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
1.11.1.8 Subtract-mean (dewow). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
1.11.1.9 Subtract-DC-shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Table of Contents

1.11.1.10 Crosscorrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

1.11.1.11 auto correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
1.11.1.12 Resampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
1.11.1.13 Walsh bandpass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
1.11.2 Gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
1.11.2.1 AGC-Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
1.11.2.2 Energy decay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
1.11.2.3 Gain function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
1.11.2.4 Remove header gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
1.11.2.5 div. compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
1.11.2.6 Manual gain (y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
1.11.2.7 Manual gain (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
1.11.2.8 Scaled windowgain(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
1.11.2.9 trace normalize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
1.11.2.10 x-distance decay(db) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
1.11.2.11 compensate stripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
1.11.2.12 normalize profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
1.11.2.13 normalize 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
1.11.3 StaticCorrection/muting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
1.11.3.1 Static correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
1.11.3.2 Dynamic correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
1.11.3.3 Move starttime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
1.11.3.4 Muting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
1.11.3.5 surgical muting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
1.11.3.6 Time cut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
1.11.3.7 Correct max. phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
1.11.3.8 Corr.max. phase/wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
1.11.3.9 Correct picked phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
1.11.3.10 Correct for 2 layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
1.11.3.11 Correct 3D-topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
1.11.3.12 Suppress multiples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
1.11.4 Declipping/arithmetic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
1.11.4.1 Declipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
1.11.4.2 Unwrapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
1.11.4.3 Arithmetic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
1.11.5 Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
1.11.5.1 Complex trace-analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
1.11.5.2 Trace spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
1.11.5.3 Moving window spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
1.11.5.4 Rotate 2 components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
1.11.5.5 Add random noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
1.11.5.6 Trace phase-spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
1.11.5.7 texture attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
1.11.6 Trace Interpolation/Resorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
1.11.6.1 Markerinterpol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
1.11.6.2 Traceincr-resampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
1.11.6.3 Make equidist.traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
1.11.6.4 fix profile length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
1.11.6.5 split file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
1.11.6.6 YFlipProfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
1.11.6.7 XFlipProfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
1.11.6.8 Resort-traceheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Table of Contents

1.11.6.9 Resort-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

1.11.6.10 XY-exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
1.11.6.11 Yo-Yo section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
1.11.6.12 VSP corridor stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
1.11.6.13 Traceinterpol-3DFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
1.11.6.14 XFlip-3DFile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
1.11.6.15 Shift-3DFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
1.11.6.16 create 3D-ensembles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
1.11.7 Edit traces/traceranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
1.11.7.1 Remove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
1.11.7.2 Remove range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
1.11.7.3 Interpolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
1.11.7.4 Extract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
1.11.7.5 Replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
1.11.7.6 Reverse polarity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
1.11.7.7 Set to zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
1.11.7.8 Duplicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
1.11.7.9 Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
1.11.7.10 Swap 2 timeblocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
1.11.7.11 Insert profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
1.11.7.12 Combine files f.CMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
1.11.7.13 merge files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
1.11.7.14 merge in timedir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
1.11.7.15 insert zero traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
1.11.7.16 remove zero traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
1.11.7.17 remove idle traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
1.11.8 2D-Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
1.11.8.1 Running average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
1.11.8.2 Subtracting average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
1.11.8.3 Background removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
1.11.8.4 Compress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
1.11.8.5 Expand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
1.11.8.6 Stack traces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
1.11.8.7 Subtract traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
1.11.8.8 Compress 3D-file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
1.11.8.9 Expand 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
1.11.8.10 average xy-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
1.11.8.11 median xy-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
1.11.8.12 dilation xy-filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
1.11.8.13 erosion xy-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
1.11.8.14 constrain borders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
1.11.8.15 average 3D-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
1.11.9 Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
1.11.9.1 Diffraction stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
1.11.9.2 Kirchhoff migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
1.11.9.3 Fk migration (Stolt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
1.11.9.4 topography migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
1.11.9.5 diffraction 2D-veloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
1.11.9.6 Kirchhoff 2D-veloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
1.11.9.7 FD-migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
1.11.9.8 timedepth conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
1.11.9.9 semblance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Table of Contents

1.11.9.10 prestack migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

1.11.9.11 3D-diffraction stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
1.11.9.12 3D-Kirchh. migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
1.11.9.13 3D-fk migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
1.11.9.14 3D-Kirchh. 2D-vel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
1.11.9.15 3D-semblance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
1.11.10 fk-filter/data fusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
1.11.10.1 Fk filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
1.11.10.2 Fk filter-lineparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
1.11.10.3 Fk spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
1.11.10.4 dispersion curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
1.11.10.5 data fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
1.11.10.6 Mix profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
1.11.11 Deconvolution/shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
1.11.11.1 Deconvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
1.11.11.2 Deconvolution/shap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

1.11.11.3 Spectral whitening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

1.11.11.4 differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
1.11.11.5 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
1.11.11.6 Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
1.11.11.7 extract wavelet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
1.11.12 Sequence Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
1.12 Analysis MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
1.12.1 Velocity adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
1.12.2 Pick MenuItem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
1.12.2.1 Pick save MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
1.12.2.2 Auto-Pick MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
1.12.3 LayerShow MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
1.12.3.1 Create LayerShow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
1.12.3.2 Create LayerShow report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
1.12.3.3 Create LayerShow velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
1.12.3.4 LayerShow amplitude calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
1.12.3.5 LayerShow multioffset picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
1.12.4 CMP-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
1.12.4.1 CMP-processing geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
1.12.4.2 CMP-processing stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
1.12.5 edit comment markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
1.12.6 adjust trace gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
1.12.7 3-component analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
1.12.8 create mpeg file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
1.12.9 2D-lines statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531

2. CMP(1D) velocity analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

2.1 CMP velocity adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
2.2 CMP semblance/Const.velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
2.3 CMP 2D-model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
2.3.1 2D vrms velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
2.3.2 2D interval layer velocities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
2.4 CMP practical aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
2.5 calculation of synthetic seismograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Table of Contents

3. 3D-datainterpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
3.1 3D-datainterpretation MenuItems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
3.1.1 3D-File MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
3.1.2 Scan 3D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
3.1.3 3D-fixed array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
3.1.4 View MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
3.1.5 Analyse MenuItem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
3.1.6 3D-file processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
3.2 Scroll 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
3.2.1 xyz-cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
3.3 Windowing 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
3.4 3D-cube display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
3.5 Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
3.6 Generate single timeslices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
3.6.1 Timeslice calculation example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
3.6.2 Timeslice calculation overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
3.7 view fast data cube display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
3.8 3D picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
3.8.1 Picking a crooked target object with depth variations . . . . . . . . . 613
3.9 3D-fixed array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
3.9.1 3D-fixed array MenuItems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
3.9.2 3D-fixed array timeslices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
3.9.3 3D-fixed array velocity adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
3.9.4 3D-fixed array picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
3.9.4.1 2D-picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
3.9.4.2 3D-picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
3.9.5 3D-fixed array layer show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
3.9.6 3D-fixed array gps map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
3.10 Scan 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628

4. Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
4.1 Modelling File MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
4.2 Modelling Edit MenuItem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
4.3 Modelling View MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
4.4 Model generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
4.4.1 Getting started. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
4.4.2 Generating a new layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
4.4.3 Input of model parameters window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
4.4.4 Changing an existing layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
4.4.5 Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
4.5 FD-Model simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
4.5.1 FD-computation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
4.5.2 Computation of several single lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
4.5.3 Absorbing Range for the e.-m. wave propagation. . . . . . . . . . . . 668
4.5.4 FD-modelling 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
4.6 Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
4.7 raytracing/wavefront inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
4.7.1. raytracing 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
4.7.1.1 raytracing shot/receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
4.7.1.2 raytracing reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
4.7.1.3 automatic adaptation of primary reflections. . . . . . . . . . . . 685
4.7.2 wavefront-inversion 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Table of Contents

5. Refraction traveltime analysis 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689

5.1 traveltimes put together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
5.2 traveltimes assign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
5.3 traveltimes combine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
5.3.1 combine traveltimes for the uppermost layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
5.3.2 combine traveltimes for deeper layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
5.4 time term analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701

6. Seismic crosshole testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

6.1. Original data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
6.2. Channel sorting and filtering within seismic crosshole testing . . . . . . . 704
6.3. Apply borehole deviations and edit geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
6.4. Arrival time picking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
About REFLEXW 12

About REFLEXW
Short program description:

REFLEXW is a Windows™9x/NT/XP/Vista/7/8/10 program for the processing and

interpretation of reflection and transmission data (special applications: ground
penetrating radar (GPR), reflection and refraction seismics and ultrasound).

graphics resolution: It is recommended to use true color resolution. The fonts and
the glyphs of the buttons will be dynamically adapted to the used scale value of the
text. Normally 96 dpi are used for 100% scale. If a larger value will be chosen the
glyphs will be automatically adapted.

The following modules are available:

module 2D data-analysis with

- easy import of data of many different formats (e.g. SEGY, SEG2, most of the
EMR- and seismic systems (for example: GSSI, MALA RD3, PULSE-EKKO) and
so on), integration of other nonstandard formats.
- conversion of single sections and of a profile sequence (automatic assembling
and storing of the sections under one single data file or automatic generation of
data files for parallel and inline-sections).
- many different display and processing possibilities
- interactive processing of single files or by generating a batch-file (sequence
About REFLEXW 13

processing)
- one- and multi-channel filters, editing, static correction, deconvolution, migration
and much more.
- interactive velocity adaptation
- picking of onsets
- layer-show
- CMP-processing

module CMP velocity analysis which the calculation of a one-dimensional velocity-

depth-distribution from CMP- or moveout-data based on different analysis
techniques with the following possibilities:

- interactive CMP velocity adaptation of a velocity-model for a CMP- or a

moveout-section with continuous indication of the current reflections
- CMP semblance analysis for a given velocity-interval, interactive choice of a
vrms-depth-distribution from the semblance or unnormalized correlation
analysis, direct reconstruction of the interval velocities, possibility to change the
resulting distribution by the model generation module described above
- generation of a CMP 2D-model based on the resulting 1D-velocity-depth
distributions. This 2D-model represents the base for the stacking, the migration
and the depth-conversion.

module 3D data-interpretation for displaying x-,y- or z-slices with the following

possibilities:

- easy generation of a 3D-dataset from individual 2D-lines which may be parallel,

crossing or randomly spaced wihtin the xy-plane
- Display of x-,y- or z-slices. The slices are either displayed in manually scalable
windows or by moving through the 3D-dataset using a track bar
- 3D-cube display of the individual slices or of the full 3D-data using shading
algorithms
- 3D-Picking of arrivals
- The scan 3D tool (see chap. 3.10) allows a fast access to rectangular
3-dimensional GPR- or seismic data which have been acquired along
2D-parallel lines in one or two perpendicular directions without going through the
whole process of import, processing and generation.
- The 3D-fixed array tool (see chap. 3.9) allows a fast interpretation of
multichannel data with fixed lateral offset between the channels which allows to
easily interactively reach each point within the dataset using the mouse either
within the indivdiual profiles or timeslices.
About REFLEXW 14

module modelling (simultation/inversion) with the following tools:

- interactive generation of a underground model consiting of different layers and

different physical parameters for the seismic or electromagnetic wave
propagation
- wavefront inversion of refraction traveltime curves
- different raytracing methods are available for the evaulation of synthetic
traveltimes, e..g. forward modellilng of traveltimes using a FD approximation of
the Eikonal equation
- forward modelling for simulating the electromagnetic and seismic wave
propagation in a 2-dimensional medium using a Finite Difference scheme
- A 2D-tomographic approach based on SIRT is incorporated for the inversion of
the picked traveltimes (refraction and transmission). Straight and curved rays
are supported. A 3D-tomography is available for transmission traveltime data.

module traveltime analysis 2D which allows to analyse and interpret picked first
arrivals (refraction seismics).
- various sorting and combining possibilities for the picked traveltimes
- these combined traveltimes are the bases for a FD based wavefront inversion

If the main windows will be minimized it is possible to maximize them again using
the corresponding button within the main menu.
About REFLEXW 15

Installing Reflexw under Windows™Vista, Windows™7 and Windows™10:

There are 2 main differences between running under Vista, 7,8 and 10 and other
former Windows systems. :

1. the hlp-files are no longer supported. Therefore the new Reflexw from version
4.5 comes with a chm helpfile.

2. A new User Account Control:

When User Account Control (UAC) is enabled (the default), standard user
permissions are used to run applications--even if the user is an administrator.
According to Microsoft this "helps eliminate the ability for malware to invoke
administrator privileges without a user's knowledge."
Reflexw won't normally crash when it tries to write to a protected resource, such
as Program Files. Instead, those writes are virtualized. Trying to write to a file in
C:\Program Files\Some Folder causes that file to be created or updated in
C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files (x86)\Some
Folder, where username is the name of the logged-in user.
You must have the rights to write to these protected resources because some
files will be stored there. These are:
password.txt - contains your Reflexw access parameters
palette.fil - contains the stored color palettes
reflexw.ini - contains the last Reflexw settings
net.dat - contains the star for the network raytracing
fdem.dat - contains the interface between Reflexw and the fd-simulation program
palette.bmp - is used for a buffer storage
dummy*.bmp - is used for a buffer storage when plotting/printing
dummy*.sta - is used for a buffer storage for the random model generation
TraceHeaderAsciiFormat.txt - contains the free ascii settings for the traceheader
FreeAsciiFormat.txt - contains the free ascii settings for the ASCII picks
zone.txt - is used for the utm conversion
If you do not have the rights for this folder it is recommended to install Reflexw
under any path unless C:\Program files (x86)

The folder AppData is hidden by default. Therefore the hidden attribute must be
eliminated or the hidden files and foldes are made visible. For that purpose you
have several possibilities. The easiest way to make visible hidden folders is listed
within the next two pages.

In order to eliminate the hidden attributes perform the following steps:

About REFLEXW 16

Windows7/8:

- go to computer and launch the folder C:\Users\username.

- use the classic view within the Control Panel and click on Folder Options.

Within the Folder Options click

on View:

- Select (dot) Show hidden files,

folders, and drives.
- Click on the Apply button.

Now the hidden directories

and files are visible.

Windows 10:

- enter the Explorer and go to

computer and launch the
About REFLEXW 17

folder C:\Users\username.

- click on View in the toolbar. A- activate Hidden items

- click on Options and the folder options menu opens.

Within the Folder Options cli

ck on View:

- in the “Advanced Settings” lis

t, find and click the radio b
utton “Show hidden files, fol
ders, and drives”.
- Click OK to save your
change and close the Folder
Options window.
About REFLEXW 18

The following files will be stored under this “virtual” folder:

password.txt
palette.fil
reflexw.ini
net.dat
fdem.dat
palette.bmp
dummy*.bmp
dummy*.sta
TraceHeaderAsciiFormat.txt
FreeAsciiFormat.txt
zone.txt [utm conversion file)

These files will not be removed when the program Reflexw will be uninstalled.
They must be removed manually. The main problem may occur with the
password.txt file if you have installed another licence before and you want to use
a new licence installed on the same path. In this case you must manually remove
the file password.txt before the new installation.

The processed files of the folder demodata will also be written to the virtual
folder. This is not visible when running the program Reflexw.

It is strongly recommended not to use any protected folder for the data projects.
About REFLEXW 19

If you disable the user account control no difference exists to the former
Windows version. Two different method of disabling the user account control are
listed below:

Method 1 - Using MSCONFIG

1. Launch MSCONFIG by from the Run menu.

2. Click on the Tools tab. Scroll down till you find "Disable UAP" (this should
probably change to UAC in next Vista beta builds and in the RTM version). Click
on that line.
3. Press the Launch button.
4. A CMD window will open. When the command is done, you can close the
window.
5. Close MSCONFIG. You need to reboot the computer for changes to apply.
About REFLEXW 20

Method 2 - using the user control panel

1. Open Control Panel.

2. Under User Account and Family settings
click on “user account”
the "Add or remove user account".
3. Click on "Turn User Account Control
(UAC) on or off" link.

4. In the "Turn on User Account Control

(UAC) to make your computer more
secure" click to unselect the "Use User Account Control (UAC) to help protect
your computer". Click on the Ok button.

5. You will be prompted to reboot your computer. Do so when ready. In order to

re-enable UAC just select the above checkbox and reboot.
About REFLEXW 21

Windows 10 pecularities:

One of the native features of Windows 10 is the ability to scroll inactive windows
by just hovering over such a window with the mouse pointer and then using the
mouse wheel. If this feature is activated the scroll wheel within Reflexw does not
work any more. You must deactivate this feature.

To disable scrolling inactive windows in Windows 10, do the following.

Open the Settings, e.g by the short key Win + I

Go to Devices and then select Mouse
Disable the option Scroll inactive windows when I hover over them

Under a speccal Windows 10 version, namely version 1909 the scroll bars within
the 2D-dataanalysis have not been visible. An upgrade to Version 20H2 does not
show this problem any more.
About REFLEXW 22

Used background colors:

Reflexw uses some system colors for the background of the individual panels.
The following colors are used:
ActiveTitle, InactiveTitle, GradientActiveTitle, GradientInactiveTitle.
As these colors may be changed the visibility of some options might be
restricted. In this case you should set the corresponding system colors to the
default values shown below. Press the button combination [Windows] + [R],then
select regedit and select ok. The registry menu will be opened. Select the options
shown below and change the corresponding colors.
REFLEXW, short users’s guide 23

0. REFLEXW user’s guide

Within this short user’s guide some basic applications are described. It mainly
concerns:
the import and display of GPR-data (chap. 0.3)
the filtering (chap. 0.4)
the picking (chap. 0.5)
the use of GPS-coordinates (chap. 0.6.2)
the seismic refraction interpretation (chap. 0.7)
the seismic reflection interpretation (chap. 0.8)
the 3D-datainterpretation (chap. 0.9)
the modelling/tomography (chap. 0.10).

0.0 the different REFLEXW modules

This is the first window of REFLEXW from which you may enter the different
program modules (see also program modules).

Project: Selection of a new project. After selecting this option the directories
included in the current project directory are listed. From these you can choose
the project you want to work with.

Exit: Exit the program REFLEXW.

REFLEXW, short users’s guide 24

Modules: Chose of the different program modules:

- 2D data-analysis which allows the complete processing of 2D-lines.

- module CMP velocity analysis which the calculation of a one-dimensional

velocity-depth-distribution from CMP- or moveout-data based on different
analysis techniques.

- module 3D data-interpretation for displaying x-,y- or z-slices. The slices are

either displayed in manually scalable windows or by moving through the 3D-
cube using a track bar.

- module fixed 3D-array - allows the interactive interpretation of multichannel

data with a fixed offset of the individual channels and based on relative
coordinates. The target of this module is the interpretation of data consisting
of many traces into one direction, e.g. along a road and a relatively small
number of datapoints perpendicular to it (number of parallel lines).

- module modelling for the 2D-simulation of the seismic or electromagnetic

wave-propagation based on a Finite Difference approximation. In addition a
tomographic algorithm for traveltime data is included.

- module traveltime analysis 2D which allows to analyse and interpret picked

first arrivals (refraction seismics).

If the main windows will be minimized it is possible to maximize them again using
the corresponding button within the main menu.
User’s guide - directory structure/project directory 25

0.1 Directory structure/project directory

The program REFLEXW uses a special directory structure, where the data are
stored in the order of projects and processing steps.
The root project directory name is the subdirectory, where all projects shall be
stored - e.g c:\data\reflex.
The program directory is the directory where the program has been installed.

It is not recommended to use the folder C:\Program Files (x86)\reflex as root

project directory because of the virtualization of this directory. If used
nevertheless the files can be found under
C:\Users\username\AppData\Local\VirtualStore\Program Files (x86)\Reflex,
where username is the name of the logged-in user. A warning message appears
if the project directory has been chosen under the path C:\PROGRAM FILES
(X86).
A new root project directory may be created manually, e.g. using the explorer or
using the button new root directory within the ProjectDirectory menu. For that
purpose please you first have to select the overall root ( eg C:\ if your root
directory shall be saved directly under C:\ ) and then click on new root directory.
Now you may create a new project directory by entering the project root directory
name.

The last specified root project directory is automatically stored when leaving the
program.

Under the root project directory the user has to create himself his projects as
subdirectories (option new project) These subdirectories are the so called
project directories. All subdirectories created by the user under the root project
directory are listed after calling REFLEXW.
An existing subdirectory can be chosen by simply click on the wanted directory
(either single or double click).
When calling the option confirm project the current chosen directory is used as
the working project directory.
When calling the option new project the current entered project name is used as
the working project directory.
Each project again has 6 subdirectories, which, if not already created by the
user, are created by the program REFLEXW automatically after selecting the
project.

Overview over the directory structure:

ASCII
ORIGINAL
ROHDATA
project root directory - project directory - PROCDATA
LINEDATA
MODEL

Externally formatted data (e.g. SEGY or SEG2-data) should be stored in the

directory ASCII (default import directory) or ORIGINAL (default import directory if
the option import from Original is activated) but it is also possible to import the
data from any other directory or drive (see also Import Menu). The imported data
will be stored under the path ROHDATA, the processed data are stored under
User’s guide - directory structure/project directory 26

PROCDATA. The LINEDATA directory contains the pick and layershow file. In
the MODEL directory the files which form the base for a simulation are stored.

Installing the DEMO-DATA:

The demo-data enclosed on the CD are automatically installed under the path
REFLEXW has been installed. Example:
installation directory: C:\Program Files (x86)\reflex
data directory: C:\Program Files (x86)\reflex\demodata

subdirectory rohdata:
mala_original_data.dat - original Mala data converted to Reflexw format

subdirectory procdata:
gprline_.00t - a GPR-2D profile with a 300 MHZ antenna -
this file may be used within the 2-d-data-analysis module.
seismic1.01t - a seismic shot file consisting of 46 shots -
this file can be processed using the CMP-processing routines
within the 2-d-data-analysis module.
gprcmp1_.00t -a GPR moveout file - this file can be interpreted within the
CMP-velocity- analysis module
3ddata__.00t - a 3D-GPR datafile - this file may be used within the
3D-datainterpretation module.
R001695-r001697 - 3 different seismic refraction shot files

subdirectory model:
gprmod - a model file for use wihtin the modelling tool
tomo - a model file for use the tomographic inversion

subdirectory ASCII:
tomo1.tom - - ASCII-traveltime data for performing a tomographic inversion
based on the initial model tomo.mod
gprline_.dzt - a dzt GPR-2D profile with a 300 MHZ antenna
xp005000.dzt - xp030000.dzt - some parallel dzt GPR files with a profile
increment of 50 cm
dat_0001.rd3 - a ramac GPR 2D-profile
ramac_file.rd3 - a ramac GPR 2D-profile
xp*.dzt - 6 parallel GPR-files acquired with a GSSI system
shot_forward.sg2 - a SEG2 seismic forward shot
shot_reverse.sg2 - a SEG2 seismic reverse shot

subdirectory LINEDATA:
refrdata.pck - seismic refraction traveltimes put together and assigned to layers
User’s guide - directory structure/project directory 27

The program has automatically copied the following demo data files to the
program directory for the program Reflex3dScan:
Scan3DXY.sg2:
SEG2-formatted file containing a 3D-GPR dataset consisting of:
88 scans in x-direction and 35 traces/scan
antenna polarization in y-direction (perpendicular to the profile direction)
Scan3DYX.sg2:
SEG2-formatted file containing a 3D-GPR dataset consisting of:
35 scans in y-direction and 88 traces/scan
antenna polarization in x-direction (perpendicular to the profile direction)
User’s guide - some general comments 28

0.2 some general comments

1. import NON-reflex formatted data:

Externally formatted data (e.g. SEGY or SEG2-data) should be stored in the

directory ASCII (default import directory) but it is also possible to import the data
from any other directory or drive. Use the option file/import within the 2D-
dataanalysis module for importing the data. The converted files are written to the
subdirectory ROHDATA, any processed data and the timeslices are saved under
the subdirectory PROCDATA.

2. first filter operations:

Some data like MALA RD3, RD7 or PULSE-EKKO formatted data must be
preprocessed in a special way in the module 2D data- analysis. The first filter is
either the so called subtract-mean(dewow) under the 1D-filter processing group
or the subtract DC-shift filter which eliminates a possible time constant shift. The
second filter consists of the application of a gainfunction (e.g. option manual
gain(y), energy decay, AGC or gain function under the Gain processing group).
The AGC (AutomaticGain Control) or the energy decay has not to be used as a
filter function but can also be used only for the presentation of the data (see plot
options). Each filtered data set is stored on disc with a user defined label in the
extension.
Using the option "change second to primary" you may declare the current filtered
file as the primary file which can be processed in a different manner. In order to
enable a good control of the filtering you may choose between non split, vertically
split or horizontally split window (options horizontal split or vertical split under
plotoptions).

3. demodata

If the program is delivered on CD demo data are automatically installed under

your working directory. Thereby a project named demodata is automatically
created.

4 hardware dongle

if the program is supplied with a hardware dongle the dongle must be installed on
one of the two parallel or on the USB port.
The program works both with the attached USB and the parallel port dongle.
For a proper working of the hardware dongle under Windows9x or Windows NT
and Windows 2000/XP the Crypto-Box Windows 95/2000/NT/XP driver must be
installed.
Enter cbsetup.exe from the CD for the installation. Click on install and OK and
then choose CRYPTO-BOX USB CrypToken (USB) for the USB dongle or
CRYPTO-BOX Versa (LPT) for the parallel port dongle.

The files CBNDLL.DLL and CBN.VXD are copied under your system directory.
User’s guide - some general comments 29

If the installation is made under Windows NT or Windows 2000/XP, in addition

three different drivers (MARXDEV1.SYS, MARXDEV2.SYS and
MARXDEV3.SYS) are installed which allow the proper access to any parallel
port.
To be considered under WindowsNT and Windows 2000/XP: You must be a
member of the administration group for installing the driver properly.

5. display resolution

Please use high color (16 bit) resolution because this is the best compromise
between color resolution and needed RAM. True color (32 bit) needs twice as
much memory and therefore slowens plotting significantly. When using 256
colors the colors don't remain when switching to another window.

6. Decimal separator

Reflexw always uses the dot (“.”) for the numerical data representation within
ASCII-files to be read or saved. The decimal separator within the Reflexw input
windows is given by default by the Windows settings and may be changed within
the gloabal settings menu (chap. 1.2.1).

7. data restriction

max. number of processing steps: 40

modelling - interactive construction of layer boundaries:

max. number of layers: 500
max. number of layer points per layer: 250

32 bit version:

max. number of traces: 1048576

max. number of picks: 1048576
max. number of samples: 65000
max. number of traces for fk-filter: 32500

3D-datainterpretation:
max. number of datapoints for 3D-files in each direction: 2048

64 bit version:

max. number of traces: 3000000

max. number of picks: 1048576
max. number of samples: 65500
max. number of traces for fk-filter: 325000

3D-datainterpretation:
max. number of datapoints for 3D-files in each direction: 8192
User’s guide - some general comments 30

8. Licence number and password

The licence number and the password will be stored within the file password.txt.
This file will not be removed when uninstalling Reflexw. If for some reasons a
new Reflexw version with a different licence number/password will be installed on
the same path the new access parameters will not be queried. You have the
possibility under Help/change lic.nr./password within the Reflexw main menu to
change the licence number and password and thereby to enter the correct ones.
User’s guide - import and first display of GPR-data 31

0.3 Import and first display of GPR-data

In the following the import and the first display of GPR-data within REFLEXW
are described. The functions are described using a MALA/RAMAC GPR-example
file. You only have to change some options for other data types.

0.3.1 Import GPR-data

1. enter the module 2D-dataanalysis

2. enter the import menu using the

option File/Open/import. The
REFLEXW-DataImport menu
appears (see figure at the right).

3. Make the following inputs:

input format: MALA RD3
output format: 16 bit integer
filename specification: original
name for example; to be
considered: REFLEXW (until
version 2.5.x) only uses max. 8 (16
from version 3) characters for the
filename for DOS-compatibility.
Choose X or Y as ProfileDirection
and Y or X as ProfileConstant.
Choose if the traceincrement
and/or the coordinates shall be
read from the original data.

4. Activate the option Convert to

Reflex. A fileopen menu appears
with the directory ASCII under your
project directory as the standard
import path. You may choose an original MALA RD3 file (RD3 or RAD-file) from
this import path or from any other directory. In any case both MALA RD3 files
(RD3 and RAD) must be present. After having chosen the wanted MALA RD3 file
the data are converted into the REFLEXW internal format and stored under the
path ROHDATA under your project directory. With the option PrimaryFile
activated the imported data are automatically displayed into the primary window
(see figure below).

5. Exit the import menu using the option exit.

User’s guide - import and first display of GPR-data 32

0.3.2 Display the data

1. After having done the import the data are displayed using the standard plot
options. You may change these plot options using the option Plot/Options.
Activating this option the Plot Options menu appears (see figure on the right).

2. The main plot options for

GPR-data are:

- Plotmode
- PointmodeScale
- EnergyDecay
- AmplitudeScale

Plotmode: by default use

Pointmode for GPR-data.
PointmodeScale:
XYScaledPlot: the data are
completely plotted into the
current window provided that
the two scale options XScale
and YScale are set to 1. The
option may be used for small
data (few traces) or if you want
to display the complete dataset
into the main menu ( the Zoom-
options are available - see also
option Xscale and Yscale)). With no zooming and large datasets the display
User’s guide - import and first display of GPR-data 33

resolution is quite poor.

PixelPerSample: the plotting size of each data point is given in screen pixels.
Zooming or rescaling is only possible in y-direction (option Yscale). The option
might be useful for large data.
PixelsPerTrace: the distance between successive traces is given in screen
pixels. The complete time series of each trace is plotted corresponding to the
size of the current window. No zooming possibilities are available. For example
this option may be used for large data (many traces).
EnergyDecay: the MALA RD3 GPR-date are raw data without any gain in time-
direction. Therfore activate this option if no gain-filter (see also filtering guide)
has been applied on the GPR-data in order to compensate the energy decay with
time.
AmplitudeScale: this parameter controls the contrast of the data display.

On the lower figure you see the data using the plot parameters shown in the
plotoptions figure above.

To be considered: Normally the data must be filtered (see the filtering guide). The
main filters are:
static correction to compensate for the time delay of the first arrival.
y(time)-gain
dewow
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 34

0.4 Filtering the imported data

In the following the filtering within REFLEXW is described including single

filtering (chapter 0.2.3.2) and sequence processing (chapter 0.2.3.3).

0.4.1 General overview of filtering

1. The filtering options can only be applied on REFLEXW formatted data - this
means that other formatted data (like MALA RD3, GSSI, SEGY,...) must be
imported first using the option File/import. The imported data are stored under
the subdirectory rohdata.

2. The filtered data are always stored on a separate file using the same filename
and a special extension given by the processing label. Example: original file:
profile1.dat; filtered file: profile1.00t (the processing label was set to 0). The
filtered data are always stored under the subdirectory procdata.

3. Filtering can be done for a single dataprofile (see section II) or for a number of
profiles (so called sequence processing, see section III).

0.4.2 Filtering of a single datafile

In the following the filtering of a single REFLEXW-formatted datafile is described
step by step. The following filtering sequence is used:
subtract-mean(dewow)
static correction
manual gain(y)
background removal
This may be a standard filter sequence for GPR-data which are stored as raw
data like MALA RD3 or PULSEEKKO data. For a detailed information about the
individual filter steps please press F1 within the corresponding filtermenu.

1. enter the module 2D-dataanalysis

2. load the wanted datafile into

the primary window using the
option File/Open/rawdata and
then choose the wanted
datafile.

3. The chosen datafile has

been plotted into the primary
window (Hor.Split activated).
Depending on the settings of
the split plot options (see option
Plot/Options - options Ver.Split
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 35

or Hor.Split activated) the screen is

subdivided vertically or horizontally into two
different windows (primary window and
secondary window). If none of the two options
is activated the screen is not subdivided.

4. enter the first filter step using the option

Processing/1D-Filter.

5. The 1D-filter window appears. Enter

the following parameters or options:
- activate the option subtract-mean
(dewow)
- enter the filterparameter timewindow
- enter the wanted ProcessingLabel
- start the filtering

With the option Apply on example

trace activated the effect of the entered
filterparameter(s) can be controlled
interactively (filtered trace and filtered
spectrum). Trace number controls
which trace is shown.

With the option SequenceProc.

activated the SequenceProcessing menu opens in addition which allows you to
add the current filter step to the processing flow (see chapter 0.2.3.3).

6. The filtered data have been plotted into the secondary window. Now close the
filter window and you must enter the option File/ChangeSecondToPrimary in
order to use the filtered dataset
for the next desired filter step.

7.Enter the second filter step

using the option
Processing/staticCorrection/
muting.

8. Within the
StaticCorrection/muting window activate the option static correction and the
suboption move to negative times.

9. A table appears on the right side. You may either enter manually the correction
values within this table or you may enter the values interactively using the left
mouse button within the data. The option save allows to store the correction
values on file for any later step.

10. Enter the wanted ProcessingLabel and start the static correction. To be
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 36

considered: the processing label must be different

from that of the primary file because original and
filtered datafile must not have the same filename.

11. The static corrected data have been plotted

into the secondary window. Close the static
correction window and use the option
File/ChangeSecondToPrimary in order to use
the filtered dataset for the next desired filter step.

12. Enter the third filter step using the option

Processing/Gain.

13. Within the Gain window activate the option manual gain (y). A table appears
on the right side for entering the gainvalues (analogous to the previous static
correction) together with a new window which allows to interactively enter the
gainvalues.

14. Enter the wanted ProcessingLabel

and start the manual gain (y) processing
step. Again the processing label must be
different from that of
the primary file.

15. The manual gain

(y) corrected data
have been plotted into
the secondary
window. Close the
gain window and enter
the option File/
ChangeSecondToPri mary in order to use
the filtered dataset for the next desired filter
step.

16. Enter the last filter step using the option Processing/2D-filter.

17. Within the 2D-filter window activate

the option background removal. In this
case the complete datarange is used for
determining the filtertrace (suboption
whole line activated). Enter the wanted
ProcessingLael and start the
background removal filter. Again the
processing label must be different from
that of the primary file.
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 37

18. The filtering is finished. You may use the option

File/ChangeSecondToPrimary and deactivate the option Hor.Split within the
plotoption menu in order to only view the finally filtered dataset. The complete
processing flow can be displayed using the option File/ProcessingFlow. The
processing flow of the current file may also be saved on a separate file and be
used for a further sequence processing (see section 0.2.3.3).
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 38

0.4.3 Filtering different 2D-lines using the same filter

sequence (sequence processing)
The sequence (batch) processing facilitates a completely automatic sequence of
processing steps for a choosable number of profiles. For this you have to define
a sequence of processing steps before, then select the data lines and then start
the sequence processing.

1. Defining the sequence during the filtering of a single example file (see
section II).

For that purpose you must always activate the option SequenceProc. when
entering any of the filter menus. Then the SequenceProcessing menu opens in
addition and you are able to add the current filter step to the processing flow
using the option AddCurrentProc.
The step AddCurrentProc. must be
done after having specified the filter
parameters and before closing the
current filter menu (e.g. between step
5 and step 6 within chapter II).

After having done all wanted filter

steps for the example file including
adding to the sequence processing
you may save the current sequence
processing on a separate file using
the option
SaveSequence.

Such a processing
sequence file may
be loaded at any
time using the option
LoadSequence.

Normally the current

processing step is
added at the end of
the processing
sequence but it is
also possbile to
inlcude it at any
position. For that purpose you must click on the wanted processing step (a tick
appears) the current step shall be included before.

It is also possbile to remove a special processing step from the processing flow.
For that purpose you must click on the wanted processing step (a tick appears)
and then use the option DeleteProc. in order to remove this processing step.
To be considered: for some processing steps where you have to enter the
processing values by the mouse or within the table these values have to be
saved on an ASCII file before defining/starting the sequence processing. For the
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 39

following processing steps the edit values are read from a file:
manual gain (y), manual gain (x), static correction, muting and fk-filter.

Therefore when you are adding for example the processing step static correction
to the sequence processing flow first you must enter the wanted static correction
values and then you must press the option save within the static correction
menu. The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the
procject directory with the name correct and a freely choosable extension. This
datafile is asked for when you are starting the sequence processing which
includes the static correction (see item 2).

2. Start the sequence processing

The sequence processing menu is entered either during filtering a single

example file or by the option Processing/SequenceProcessing.
After having defined the processing flow you must specify the ProcessingLabel
and then start the sequence processing.
Activating the option StartCurrentLine applies the processing flow on the current
primary file.
Activating the option StartSeveralLines applies the processing flow on a number
of files to be chosen. The option filefilter allows to enter a filter for the multi file
choice. Filepath specifies the path for loading the files to be processed. The
multifile choice is done using the Shift or ctrl-key.
Activating the option plotdata allows you to display original and filtered file
simultaneously, whereby a direct control of the result is given.
You may choose between the so-called sequence mode and the single
processing mode (option SingleProcess activated) with the possibility of
applying the processing steps individually on the original file(s).

Flow for the option StartSeveralLines:

1. After having defined the sequence processing (see item 1.) activate the option
filepath and choose rohdata if the files to be processed are the original date or
procdata if the files have been processed before.
2. Enter the wanted processing label.
3. activate the option plot data in order to plot the processed files during the
sequence processing.
3. Click on StartSeveralLines and choose the wanted files - multifile choice using
the shift or the ctr-key.
4. the sequence processing is started and after having finished the processing a
report menu is shown.

To be considered: For the following processing steps the edit values are read
from an ASCII file which is asked for after having choosen all wanted files (item
4):
manual gain (y), manual gain (x), static correction, muting and fk-filter.
The program uses the correction (processing) values for each profile within the
sequence processing. Therefore it must be ensured that the precondintion for
that holds true (especially for the processing step static correction).
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 40

0.4.4 Handling of a strong topography for ZeroOffset

data

If a strong topography is present the following pecularities must be considered:

- the two-way traveltime section does not represent the true location. For
example the vertices of the diffractions mounted below the flanks of the
topographic surface will be clearly dislocated as the back-reflected beam, which
is the shortest duration, does not point in a purely vertical direction but
perpendicular to the topographic surface. This shift is greater, the deeper the
object is located.

- the distance axis if measured along the topographic surface has been
lengthened and does not represent the correct x-projection.

Intensive studies using FiniteDifference simulations for different models (see our
article www.sandmeier-geo.de/Update/simulations/Strong_topography.pdf) have
shown that the topographic migration in combination with the option correct 3D-
topography yields the best results in the presence of a strong topography.
Therefore the following guide only treats these two processing options.

As both the topographics corrections values and the ZO data can be acquired in
a different way in the following the sequence processing for a best correction of
the topography for different measure conditions are given.
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 41

1. The data have been equally spaced acquired along the topography and
the topographic values have been measured as xyz-values

The left panel shows the model of the underground. The source/receiver has
been equally spaced along the topographic interface. As a result (right panel) the
distance axis has been lengthened (from 50m to about 58 m). In addition the
vertices of the diffractions which are placed below the flanks of the topographic
surface are clearly dislocated.
In contrast to the GPR data the topographic values have been measured as xyz-
values with x corresponds to the true profile position in x-direction, y is equal 0
and z represents the elevation relative to 0.
0.000000 0 0.000000 29.212790 0 -10.632910
4.674047 0 -0.303798 30.996309 0 -9.949367
7.872079 0 -0.455696 32.410820 0 -8.582278
12.730630 0 -1.594937 34.747849 0 -5.696202
15.498160 0 -2.506329 36.223862 0 -3.265823
16.871920 0 -3.458647 37.330879 0 -1.670886
17.650681 0 -4.556962 38.238918 0 -1.127820
19.618700 0 -6.987341 38.854679 0 -0.902256
21.059111 0 -8.872180 39.544899 0 -0.759494
21.955721 0 -9.797468 44.403450 0 -0.607595
23.706900 0 -10.375940 47.601479 0 -0.379747
24.815269 0 -10.676690 49.754002 0 -0.151899
25.830259 0 -10.784810 50.000000 0 -0.151899

As the topographic migration needs an identical

level both for the coordinates of the GPR data
and of the topographic correction values the first
processing step must be the projection of the
distance axis measured along the topographic
surface. This is done using the option correct
3D-topography with activated suboption only
project-no correct based on the topographic
correction ASCII-file (see above). As a result
(see next picture) the distance axis has been
shortened and the diffractions below the flanks
are clearly deformed.
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 42

The next step is the topographic migration

based on a constant velocity and a selectable
summation width. Again the topographic
correction ASCII file is used. As a result (see
below) the diffractions are well focused and the
reflector has been moved to its correct place but
still following the topographic surface.

The last step is the topographic correction using again the option correct 3D-
topography but with deactivated suboptions. The result is very similar to the
input model.
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 43

2. The data have been equally spaced acquired along the topography and
the topographic values have also been measured along the topography

The left panel shows the model of the underground. The source/receiver has
been equally spaced along the topographic interface. As a result (right panel) the
distance axis has been lengthened (from 50m to about 58 m). In addition the
vertices of the diffractions which are placed below the flanks of the topographic
surface are clearly dislocated.
The topographic values have been measured as xyz-values with x corresponds
to the profile position along the topography, y is equal 0 and z represents the
elevation relative to 0.
0.000 0.0 0.000000 30.000 0.0 -10.752213
2.000 0.0 -0.132743 32.000 0.0 -10.663716
4.000 0.0 -0.265487 34.000 0.0 -10.265487
8.000 0.0 -0.486726 36.000 0.0 -9.159292
10.000 0.0 -0.929204 38.000 0.0 -7.699115
12.000 0.0 -1.371681 40.000 0.0 -6.150443
14.000 0.0 -1.946903 42.000 0.0 -4.469027
16.000 0.0 -2.610620 44.000 0.0 -2.787611
18.000 0.0 -3.849557 46.000 0.0 -1.327434
20.000 0.0 -5.442478 48.000 0.0 -0.752212
22.000 0.0 -6.991150 50.000 0.0 -0.707965
24.000 0.0 -8.584071 54.000 0.0 -0.530973
26.000 0.0 -9.911505 56.000 0.0 -0.353982
28.000 0.0 -10.530973 58.000 0.0 -0.132743

As the base for the coordinates are the same both

for the GPR data and the topographic correction
values one can directly perform the topographic
migration based on a constant velocity and a
selectable summation width. The ASCII
topographic correction file with the x
corresponding to the profile position along the
topography is used. As a result (see below) the
diffractions are quite well focused and the reflector
has been moved to its correct place.
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 44

The last step is the topographic correction

using the option correct 3D-topography
with deactivated suboptions based on the
same ASCII topographic correction file.
The distance axis of the resulting profile still
represents the positions along the
topographic interface. The diffractions
below the flanks are more poorly resolved
but located at the correct place. The layer
and the diffractions below the trough are
well resolved.
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 45

3. The data have been equally spaced acquired along the true x-axis and
the topographic values have been measured as xyz-values

The left panel shows the model of the underground. The source/receiver has
been equally spaced along the true x-axis. The distance axis of the model and of
the GPR data are the same. The vertices of the diffractions which are placed
below the flanks of the topographic surface are clearly dislocated.
The topographic values have also been measured as xyz-values with x
corresponds to the true profile position in x-direction, y is equal 0 and z
represents the elevation relative to 0.
0.000000 0 0.000000 29.212790 0 -10.632910
4.674047 0 -0.303798 30.996309 0 -9.949367
7.872079 0 -0.455696 32.410820 0 -8.582278
12.730630 0 -1.594937 34.747849 0 -5.696202
15.498160 0 -2.506329 36.223862 0 -3.265823
16.871920 0 -3.458647 37.330879 0 -1.670886
17.650681 0 -4.556962 38.238918 0 -1.127820
19.618700 0 -6.987341 38.854679 0 -0.902256
21.059111 0 -8.872180 39.544899 0 -0.759494
21.955721 0 -9.797468 44.403450 0 -0.607595
23.706900 0 -10.375940 47.601479 0 -0.379747
24.815269 0 -10.676690 49.754002 0 -0.151899
25.830259 0 -10.784810 50.000000 0 -0.151899

As the base for the coordinates are the same both for the GPR data and the
topographic correction values one can directly perform the topographic
migration based on a constant velocity and a
selectable summation width. The ASCII
topographic correction file with the x
corresponding to the true x-position iis used. As
a result (see below) the diffractions are quite
well focused and the reflector has been moved
to its correct place.
User’s guide - filtering the imported data 46

The last step is the topographic correction

using the option correct 3D-topography with
deactivated suboptions based on the same
ASCII topographic correction file. The result
is very similar to the input model. Both the
diffractions and the layer are very well
resolved.
User’s guide - picking 47

0.5 Picking within REFLEXW

0.5.1 Picking single objects

0.5.1.1 Picking hyperbola along one profile line
The following flow described one way how to mark single objects (hyperbola) and
to save the parametres x, z and ID on an ASCII file for a further interpretation
with any other CAD-system.

1. enter the module 2D-dataanalysis

2. load the wanted GPR or seismic ZO(zero offset) profile

3. activate the option pick

4. activate the option manual pick

5. enter the ID of the hyperbola within the paramter pickcode

6. click on the cusp of the hyperbola within the profile using the left mouse button

7. repeat step 5-6 until all hyperbola cusps have been picked

8. enter the option save and activate the pickformat ASCII-colums. In addition
you also may save the picks using the REFLEXW-Win format in order to load the
picks at a later stage again.

9. Activate the options depths, amplitudes and pick codes.

10. enter the wanted velocity in m/ns for converting the 2-way traveltimes into
depths

11. enter the wanted filename and press save

12. each line of the output file contains the following informations:
profiledirection profileconstant traveltime depth amplitude code
User’s guide - picking 48

0.5.1.2 Use of xy-coordinates defined within the fileheader

The ASCII-output described above does not contain the real xy-coordinates but
the distance coordinates along the profile together with the start coordinate in the
profile constant direction. Therefore these coordinates only correspond to the
real xy-coordinates if the profiledirection is strictly orientated into x- or y-direction.
If this does not hold true (e.g. diagonal lines) you must take into account the so
called traceheader coordinates in addition.

The following steps are necessary before picking:

1. Define the geometry of your file

within the fileheader either during
the import or within the edit
fileheader menu (option edit
fileheader). The example shows a
diagonal line.

2. After having defined the

fileheader coordinates (do not forget
so save them before when you have
changed the fileheader coordinates
within the fileheader menu) activate
the option ShowTraceHeader.

3. The traceheader menu opens.

Here you may update the
traceheadercoordinates either
based on the fileheader coordinates or
based on different ASCII-files (see also
guide for GPS-coordinates, chap. 0.6).
Enter within the Update panel for type
fileheader and press the buttom update.

4. Now the traceheader coordinates are

defined based on the given fileheader
coordinates. You may check the
coordinates using the trace number edit
button.

5. Close the traceheader and the

fileheader menu and pick the hyperbola
like described in chapter 1.
User’s guide - picking 49

6. When saving the picks

using the format ASCII-colums
you must activate the option
xy-coordinates in addition.

7. 12. Now each line of the

output file contains the
following informations:
profiledistance profileconstant-
start shot-x shot-y receiver-x
receiver-y traveltime depth
amplitude code

For zero offset data the shot

and the receiver coordinates
are the same and you only
may consider one coordinate pair.
User’s guide - picking 50

0.5.1.3 control and output of single picks for several profiles

It is also possible to save the picks of different 2D-profiles into one ASCII-file.

1. For that purpose first you must save the picks of the 2D-profiles into different
Reflexw-pickfiles using the pick format Reflex Win.

2. You may control the location of the picks within the interactive choice menu -
enter for that purpose
file/interactive choice
within the 2D-
datananalysis - the
interactive 2D-line choice
menu opens

3. Choose the wanted

filepath and press show
all lines

4. Click on show picks

and choose the wanted
pickfiles (multifile choice
using the shift or ctrl key)

5. Picks belonging to the

same code are
connected if the option interpolation is activated. If the option use code within the
2D-dataanalysis is activated the layershow-colors are used for the display of the
picks.

6. If the picks are correct you may leave the interactive choice menu and enter
the pick save menu in order to save all the picks for the different 2D-lines into
one single ASCII-file.

7. Within the save pick menu you must choose the “ASCII-colums” pick format
and you have to activate the option “export several existing picks into 1 ASCII-
file”.

8. Click on save and choose all wanted ReflexWin formatted pickfiles (multi
filechoice using the shift or ctrl key).

9. Each line of the resulting ASCII-file contains the following values:

traveltime depth amplitude x-shot y-shot z-shot x-receiver y-receiver z-receiver
code(optional)
Depths and amplitudes are set to zero if the corresponding options depth and
amplitudes are deactivated.
User’s guide - picking 51

0.5.1.4 Picking linear structures within a 3D-datafile

Reflexw allows a fast picking of single objects within the 3D-datainterpretation.
The following procedure may be applied to all types of single objects like pipes,
rebars or other line structures.

1. Load a 3D-file within the 3D-

datainterpretation and choose
Scroll and the appropriate cut
2. Activate pick and activate use
code and auto cor. based on
corr.max/dist.range (option only
act. code is deactivated)
3. Click on apply to all codes
4. Pick all elements using
different codes (the F4 key may
be used in order to increase the
code) within the actual cut
5. Go to the next cut using the
right scroll button (hand)
6. Click on take over - the picks
from the previous cut will be
taken over to the actual cut
7. Click on the right arrow in
order to scroll through the
complete 3D-block. The new picks will be
displayed. You can stop the scrolling at
any time.
8. Control the picks by scrolling back. If
any element will be lost due to a lateral
jump for example (see example on the
left for the two last picks) you may
manually change the false pick:
- enter the code of the false pick (here 9)
- activate the option only act code
- change the correction type if necessary
- activate change and click on the correct
pick position
- activate the option take over and scroll
using the right arrow to the end of the
block, the wrong picks will be changed
according to the new settings.
9. Make the same for all wrong picks
10. Save the picks
11. Deactivate the option only act code
and reset all picks using the option reset
12. Enter a new code for the starting pick
of the next set of picks, e.g. the lower
picks. Make sure that the new pick
code(s) has not been used before.
13. Perform step 4 to 10 to the next set of picks.
14. Perform step 11 to 13 for all wanted pick sets.
User’s guide - picking 52

15. It is recommended to store all different picks sets on different files as this
simplifies the semi automatic picking.

After having picked and saved all wanted structures it is possible to view the
picks within the 3D-cube display.
Enter for this purpose the option view picks surfaces
for 3D-cube and choose the pick files. Different
display options are available, e.g. for the color or the
shading.
User’s guide - picking 53

0.5.2 Picking different reflectors within REFLEXW

0.5.2.1 General flow
1. pick a distinct reflector - it is not necessary that the reflector is continuous but
it also may consist of different broken parts (chap. 0.5.2.2)

2. save the picks of one reflector using a special name (e.g. layer 1)- enter the
layer number, the mean velocity and a layer code

3. repeat step 1 and 2 until all reflectors have been picked

4. enter the layer-show

5. create a velocity file if layer velocities shall be used instead of mean velocities
(chap. 0.5.2.3)

6. create the layer-show (chap. 0.5.2.4)

7. create a report (chap. 0.5.2.5)

0.5.2.2 pick a distinct reflector

Each reflector must be picked separately. It is not necessary that the reflector is
continuous but it also may consist of several broken parts. In the following the
different steps are described:

1. enter the module 2D-dataanalysis

2. load the wanted GPR or seismic ZO(zero offset) profile - comment: GPR
profiles are normally ZO-lines

3. activate the option pick

4. pick the reflector using one of the possible picking possibilities:

phase follower: use this option for long profiles (plotoption PixelsPerTrace
recommended) and for the case that the reflector is quite continuous. The
automatic phase follower is stopped using the right mouse button or the escape
key. Then you may force the phasefollower to continue the picking at a distinct
place. Already existing picks are replaced by the new ones - for a detailed
description please see online help.
continuous pick: use this option for a continuous manual picking
manual pick: use this option for single trace picking or for changing individual
picks
auto pick: use the object type continuous reflector (from ver. 2.5)
User’s guide - picking 54

5. use the option save for saving

the picks of one reflector using the
format Reflex Win. Enter the
following parameters:
global code: any code
layer number: number of the layer
- necessary for the following
combination of the different picked
reflectors, min. layer number is 0,
max. layer number is 10 (up to ver.
2.1) or 100 (from ver. 2.5). Each
reflector should receive an
individual number.
mean velocity: enter a mean
velocity for the depth conversion
filename: filename for the picks (automatic extension is pck)

6. reset all picks if you want to pick a new reflector

7. repeat step 4-6 until all reflectors are picked - to be considered: the layer
number must be changed for every different reflector. The max. layer number is
10 until ver. 2.1.2 (100 from ver. 2.5).

8. activate the option layer-show or under analyse/layer-show - the

corresponding ZO-profile must be loaded - the new layershow parameter panel
opens.

0.5.2.3 generate a velocity file for the time-depth conversion

(open layershow panel )

For the time-depth conversion using the option create LayerShow (see section
0.5.2.4) it is necessary to take a velocity into account.
The first possibility is to use the constant mean velocities for the total
overburden or layer velocities of every pick file, which were set during the pick
process (see section 0.5.2.2 - step 5). If you want to use this option you may
skip this chapter and you may continue with chapter 0.5.2.4.
The second possibility is to use an ASCII velocity datafile (e.g. test.vla). In that
case, the velocities for each layer may vary laterally and they are given as layer
velocities in contrast to the mean pick velocities. Such an ASCII-file contains the
following information:
comment line
comment line
1.velocity line
....
n. velocity line
Each velocity line contains:
distance v-layer1 v-layer2 ..... v-layer10 or v-layer 100 (from ver. 2.5)
User’s guide - picking 55

The layer velocities may not defined at each desired distance position but the
program performs a linear interpolation between the given values.

Such an ASCII velocity datafile can either be generated manually using any
editor or using core files (see chapter 6.1.7.4 within the manual) or using the
option create velocity in the LayerShow panel. The latter option is described
below in detail:

1. activate the option create velocity within the layershow panel - the create
velocity menu opens (see figure on the right).

2. there are four different ways to generate an ASCII velocity datafile: The layer
velocities are set manually, which implies no lateral change of the velocity in one
layer, or the velocities are calculated using an amplitude calibration of the
picked layer boundaries, or the velocities are calculated based on different
multioffset picks or they are taken from core
data. The second case (amplitude calibration) is
only integrated within REFLEXW for
completeness. We do not recommend this
method (see manual, chap. 1.12.3.4 ). You may
use different ways for the different layers.

3. Activate the option manual and enter the

velocities for the individual layers and the
filename for the velocity file (the velocity file
automatically has the extension vla).

4. activate the option start for the generation of the ASCII file. The file is shown
in a window and activate the option close for closing the display of the file.

5. activate the option close for closing the create velocity menu.

6. The ASCII-file can be changed manually within any editor in order to take into
account lateral velocity variations.
User’s guide - picking 56

0.5.2.4 combine the different picked reflectors into one layer

model (open layershow panel )

This option offers the possibility to

combine individual pick files stored
on file, to plot them together with the
wiggle-files and to output them in
report form on printer or file. The
maximum number of combined
picks per layer boundary is equal to
the max. number of traces per
profile. The maximum number of
layer boundaries is 10 (until ver. 2.1)
or 100 (from ver. 2.5).
The picked traveltimes of the
reflectors are transformed into
dephts using either a mean velocity
for a distinct layer or based on a
laterally varying velocity file.

In the following the individual steps of creating a layer-show are described.

1. activate the option create within the layershow panel - the create layer show
menu opens (see figure on the right).

2. activate the option pick files within the layer show menu and choose all
wanted pickfiles (multiple choice using the shift or str-key) - the chosen pick files
are listed in the textbox on the right.

3. Control the other parameters like start/end position, increment and the
velocity choice for the time-depth conversion.
If you want to use a velocity file for the time-depth conversion instead of the
mean or layer pick velocity stored with each pick file first you must create such
a velocity file (see section III). Then you must activate the option velocity file and
load the wanted velocity file. The option interpolate layer controls how the
special case of broken reflectors are handled (see below).

4. Enter a filename for the layer-show (extension is automatically lay) and

activate the option start in order to create the layer-show.

5. activate the option close for closing the create layershowy menu.
User’s guide - picking 57

6. the layer-show is
displayed in the lower
window - the traveltime
picks are displayed
together with the ZO-profile
within the upper window.
Note: If the option depth
axis within the plotoptions
is activated the depths for
the picks of the upper
window are only
comparable to the depths
of the layers in the lower
picture if mean velocity has
been used for creating the
layershow and if all mean
velocities of the picks are
equal to the velocity for the
depthaxis display.

7. Any layershow can be reloaded using the option load within the layershow
panel.

To be considered: If the mean pick velocities are used for the time-depth
conversion, the time-depth conversion of each layer boundary is independent
from the conversion of the upper boundary.
In contrast, if layer pick velocities or an ASCII velocity datafile is used, the
time-depth conversion of each layer boundary depends on the conversion of the
upper boundary. Therefore, in that case one has to control how the time-depth
conversion for a special layer is done if any upper layer is not continuously
picked. This is done using the option interpolate layer.
If this option is activated every upper layer is assumed to be continuous even if it
is not picked and either an interpolation or an extrapolation both for the layer
points and the velocities is done. Based on these calculated values the time-
depth conversion of the current layer is done.
If the option is deactivated, the velocities of the next upper picked layer are used.
This might result in a sharp step of the depth of the current layer at the point
where any of the upper layers is broken.
User’s guide - picking 58

0.5.2.5 generate an output report of the layer-show (open

layershow panel )
The results of the current layershow can be stored in a report. The output is
performed either on a printer or on a file with an arbitrary name. According to the
individual settings, the report contains information about single layers like e.g.
thickness, velocity, amplitudes and coordinates. In addition, currently loaded
coredata and marker comments can be reported. It is also possible to reduce the
information on single points e.g. to represent only material depth between two
construction changes.

1. activate the option create report within the layershow panel - the create report
menu opens (see figure on the right). Precondition: a layershow must be loaded
or just created.

2. enter the necessary parameters for

the output:
- start/end position and increment
- layers: enter the numbers of the
layers for the report output: e.g. 1-5 or
1-5,8,9

3. activate the option start in order to

start the report output.
User’s guide - coordinates 59

0.6 coordinates
Reflexw uses both fileheader and traceheader coordinates.
The fileheader coordinates contain all the information about the geometry of the
whole file, e.g. it‘s start and end coordinates, distance dimension, trace
increment. Therefore, if one deals with equidistant data, the coordinates of any
single trace are known in relation to the other traces of one file without defining
the traceheader coordinates.
The traceheader contains additional information concerning a single trace: e.g.
shot position or receiver position in relation to the trace, which are needed in the
case of multi shot data or if GPS-coordinates are present.

Normally the data are displayed using the fileheader coordinates. The
traceheader coordinates are only used in addition, e.g. for the ASCII-output of
the picks, for the CMP-processing of multi-offset data or for the interpretation of
the refraction picked traveltimes.

0.6.1 pecularities for meandering 2D-profiles

Reflexw only allows a positive traceincrement, this means the endcoordinates in
profiledirection must be larger than the startcoordinate.

If you have acquired 2D-profile in two different directions (meandering

acquisition) you have two different possibilities how to handle the problem:

1. during the import of the data:

- here you may enter a larger startcoordinate than the endcoordinate. In this case
the imported profile will be automatically flipped in x-direction (this means the first
trace becomes the last one and the last one the first one) and the end- and
startcoordinate will be exchanged.
- if you have activated the option "parallel lines" you may activate the suboption
"meandering". In this case each 2. line will be automatically flipped in x-direction.
If your entered startcoordinate is smaller than the endcoordinate the 2., 4., ....
profile will be flipped. If the startcoordinate is larger than the endcoordinate the
1.,3.,5.,.... profile will be flipped.
The status menu shows after the import whether a profile has been flipped.
Please check after the import whether the coordinates are correct and whether
the correct profiles have been flipped because there are some additional
controlling options like "read traceincr." and "fix endcoord." which affect the
resulting coordinates. If the meandering option has been activated the
traceheaders cannot be updated any more in most case because the original
tracenumbers mostly form the base for the import of the gps data. In this case
the profile must be flipped afterwards using the processing option XFlipProfile.

2. using the processing option "XFlipProfile":

this processing option can be found under processing/traceinterpolation
/resorting. Use the option "XFlipProfile". The processed profile has been flipped
in x-direction. The start- and endcoordinates will not be changed.
Within the sequence processing an option named only every 2.line exists which
may simplifiythe file choice process.
User’s guide - coordinates 60

0.6.2 Use of GPS-coordinates

REFLEXW allows to handle so called traceheader coordinates which are stored

within the header of each trace. Therefore it is possible to use GPS-coordinates
for a special analysis.

0.6.2.1 Set the GPS-coordinates

First you must set the traceheader coordinates using the GPS-coordinates.
For that purpose it is necessary that the GPS-coordinates are stored within an
ASCII-file. Several formats are supported. For example:
1. ASCII-DST format - each line contains the following informations:
tracenumber distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y receiver-X receiver-Y shot-Z(opt.) receiver-
Z(opt.)
2. RAMAC GPS format (extension COR) - each line contains the following
informations:
tracenumber,date,time,Northing,West,altitude,PDOP

The traceheader coordinates of REFLEXW are changed using one of these

ASCII-formats within the traceheader menu. The traceheader menu is entered
within the fileheader menu using the option ShowTraceHeader.

Within the traceheader menu you

must choose either ASCII-file,
ASCII-file/interpol. or RAMAC-GPS
for type and then you must press
the button update inorder to update
the traceheader coordinates.
With the type “ASCII-file/interpol.”
activated an automatic interpolation
is done if for various traces no
coordinate data are present within
the ASCII-file.
With the type “RAMAC-GPS” the
program controls if there are
consecutive identical coordinates in
the *.cor file - these coordinates are
automatically be replaced using an
interpolation.
The option “interpolation 0-data” allows the interpolation of those coordinates
which have 0 values.

The option calculate distancies allows to update the traceheader distances

based on the x- and y-receiver and optionally z-receiver traceheader coordinates.
The start distance is taken from the fileheader but can be changed manually
(option start distance).

To be considered: The traceheader coordinates are stored either using a 32 bit

floating format (Reflexw formats 16 bit integer and 32 bit floating point within the
import menu) or using a 64 bit double precision format (Reflexw formats new 16
bit integer and new 32 bit floating point) - see also chap. 1.5.4 Import format
User’s guide - coordinates 61

specification. If the coordinates have very high values with small changes, the
data representation of the 32 bit floating format may not be good enough. In this
case the Reflexw new format with the 64 bit double precision format must be
used when importing the original data or a constant offset should be subtracted
from the coordinates before storing them into the traceheaders.

0.6.2.1 Handle the traceheader(GPS)-coordinates

0.6.2.1.1 picking

The traceheader coordinates can be used for exporting picked data to an

ASCII-file. For that purpose you must activate the option xy-coordinates within
the save pick menu (format: ASCII-colums). Each line of the ASCII-file contains
the following values: coordinate in profiledirection(10:3), coordinate in
profileconstant(10:3), x-traceheader-
coordinate, y-traceheadercoordinate,
travel time(12:6), depth(10:4),
amplitude(10:2).
The ASCII-file has the extension PCK
and will be stored in the path ASCII in
the current projectpath.

0.6.2.1.2 viewing options within

the 2D-dataanalysis

Within the 2D-dataanalysis module there exist two different viewing options of
the traceheader xy-coordinates.
First using the option profile line (trace header coord.) the profile location
based on the traceheader coordinates is shown in an additional window (any
curvature of the line coordinates is displayed). When moving the mouse cursor
within the data window the current xy-position of the mouse cursor is also shown.
Second with the option TraceHeader axis activated the xy-receiver
traceheadercoordinates are displayed along the distance axis in addition.

The traceheader z-coordinates are used for the plotoption correct header
elevations. If activated the traces are shifted based on the receiver and the shot
elevation values stored within the traceheader of each trace and the entered
elevation level. The shift levels are calculated from the difference of the entered
elevation level and the individual traceheader elevation values. Based on the
current velocity the traveltime shift value is calculated from the sum of the shot
and the receiver elevation differences. The option is only enabled if the option
elevation is activated.

The plotoption TraceHeaderDistancies allows to plot the profile based on the

individual distances stored in the single traceheaders and not based on the equal
trace increment of the fileheader. The option is available both for the wiggle and
point plotmode.
User’s guide - coordinates 62

0.6.2.1.3 processing options

There exist several processing options which allow the use of the traceheader-
coordinates. For example:

a. correct 3D-topography under processing/static correction: With the suboption

z-tracecoord activated the static correction is based on the shot and the receiver
elevations stored within the traceheader of each trace. The option is available
from Reflexw version 3.5.

b. make equidist. traces: the option allows to interpolate non-equidistant data in

such a way that the resulting data are equidistant. The precondition is that the
true position of each trace is stored in the parameter distance within the
individual trace header. If the distance is not defined you may do this within the
traceheader menu using the option update and the type “calculate distances”
(from version 3.5).

0.6.2.1.4 3D-datainterpretation
It is possible to build up a 3D-datafile based on freely distributed 2D-lines
whereby the individual positions of the traces are either taken from the fileheader
or from the traceheader coordinates (see also guide 3D-dataintepretation, chap.
0.9.1.2.2 - Generating a 3D-file for freely distributed 2D-lines). With the sorting
type “receiver coordinates” the xy-positions of each trace is taken from the xy-
receiver traceheader coordinates.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 63

0.7 Introduction to seismic refraction data

interpretation

In the following the complete interpretation of seismic refraction data is described

including import of the seismic data, picking the first onsets, putting together the
picked traveltimes, assigning to specific layers, doing the layer inversion and
refining the resulting model by raytracing (chapter I to chapter III).
Another possibility of interpreting seismic refraction data is the refraction-
tomography, which is presented in chapter IV.
Furthermore is shown in chapter V, how the results of these two independent
methods are used to get reliable information about the investigated area.
As the interpretation of seismic refraction data measured along a line with
topography is widely done in the same manner as the interpretation of seismic
refraction data along a line without any topography, we firstly explain the
interpretation of seismic refraction data in general (chapter II), before going in de-
tails, how the topography can be taken into account (chapter VI).

0.7.1 Import the data and pick the first onsets (done
within the module 2D-dataanalysis)
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 64

1. Enter the module 2D- To be considered for SEGY or SEG2-

dataanalysis. data: The option swap bytes controls
if the original data originate from
2. Activate the option import. UNIX (activate option) or DOS-ma-
chines (deactivate option). If the
3. Choose the following options conversion fails try to change this
within the import menu (left figure parameter.
above):
The following plot options (right
data type: single shot figure above) should be set (the
rec.start: start of the receiver line option may be activated within the
rec.end: end of the receiver line import menu (the speed button below
shot-pos.: position of the shot the help option):

outputformat: new 32 bit floating Plotmode: Wigglemode

point for a higher data resolution tracenormalize activated
XYScaledPlot activated

4. Activate the option Convert to Reflex and choose the wanted original datafile
from the filelist.

REFLEXW uses the individual traceheader coordinates stored with each trace
for the further traveltime analysis. The coordinates defined above (shot-pos. and
rec.start and rec.end) only serve as so called header coordinates and may be
used to actualize the traceheader coordinates (see below).
REFLEXW automatically reads in the shot and receiver positions of the individual
traces if these are defined within the original files and stores them into the
traceheader coordinates. After the import the traceheader coordinates are auto-
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 65

matically shown within a table.

If the traceheader coordinates are not correct (e.g. because they are not stored
within the original files) these coordinates must be defined separately:
a. within the table use the option update from fileheader inside the
UpdateGroupBox and then save changes in order to actualize the
traceheadercoordinates based on the entered fileheader coordinates (shot
position, rec. start and end, see above).
b. within the traceheader menu. The traceheader menu is entered within the
fileheader menu using the option ShowTraceHeader. Here different
actualization options are available. You may choose either fileheader, ASCII-
file or table and then you must press the button update to actualize the trace-
header coordinates. For a further description of the individual options please
refer to the online-help of the traceheader menu.
If the traceheader coordinates are read in correctly from the original data you
also may use the option update fileheader in order to actualize the fileheader
coordinates from the traceheader coordinates. In this case there is no need to
enter the correct rec./start and end coordinates and the shot position within the
import menu.

5. Do any processing if necessary or change the settings within the fileheader

(option edit/fileheader), e.g. the start time, ... Note: Filtering the data can lead
to wrong first arrivals!

6. Pick the first arrivals and save them on file.

- Use the PlotoptionsMenu if necessary to adjust the display of the data to
ease the identification of the first arrivals. (E.g., set scale to 70, and clip to
100 and fill to negative.)
- Click on pick and pick the very first arrivals (see left figure below).
For traces close to the shot point it might be different to pick the correct first
arrival. In such cases it might be better to skip these traces instead of picking
wrong events. The zero traveltimes can be inserted later on in the module
traveltime analysis, see below.
- Save the picks using the option save. It is recommended to use the automatic
name for saving the picks. It is not necessary to enter the layer number and
the velocity within the save picks menu. These parameters are only
necessary for reflection data (see right figure below).

7. Do this procedure for all wanted shots. Then the picked traveltimes are ready
for interpretation.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 66

8.You also may perform for every shot a simple intercepttime interpretation within
the 2D-dataanalysis module.
For that purpose load the wanted shot, enter the option analyse/velocity
adaptation and activate the option intercept time analysis. Now click on the data
and move the cursor with clicked mouse button to the first bending point and
leave the mouse button. Do not simply click on the bending points because this
yields wrong velocities. The first point is automatically set to time zero and to the
shot position. After having released the mouse button at the first bending point
activate again the left mouse button and move to the next bending point with
pressed mouse button, and so on. The velocities derived from these settings
must increase with depth. After having finished the settings the depth and
velocities of the calculated 1D-model are shown in a window.
To be considered: If the geophone positions are not equidistant you must
activate the plotoption traceheader distances in order to plot the traces at these
positions stored within the traceheader distance positions (distance position
should be equal rec.x position).
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 67

0.7.2 interpretation of the picked traveltimes (done

within the module traveltime analysis 2D)
1. Enter the module traveltime analysis.

2. Load the wanted traveltimes which

shall be interpreted together - option
file/load traveltimes - multiple choice
using the shift- or ctrl-key.
In order to display the data in ‘refraction
mode’ (i.e. the time axis faces upwards)
please activate the plot option
FlipYAxis. If the option colored is
activated, every shot is displayed in a
certain color. This may help to get a first
overview of the picked traveltimes.

3. Use the option

edit/InsertshotZerotraveltime in order to insert a zero traveltime at all shot
points if this zero traveltime is not still defined. This is useful in order to get a
better determination of the velocities of the uppermost layer.

4. Enter a filename for the actually put together traveltimes and save them on
disk.

5. Increase the layer-no to 1.

6. Activate the option assign in order to assign the wanted traveltimes to layer 1.
(It is recommended to deactivate the option colored now.)

7. Assign the traveltimes to layer 1 by

using the different possibilities.
Assign all traveltimes of one shot until
a distinct change of the apparent
velocity within the traveltime curve
occurs. This change is sometimes not
easy to determine. Use the options
Forward, Reverse and keep last
shot for a better definition at those
dataparts, where the pick position is
not well defined (e.g. overlapping
files) - for further information refer to
the online help. The traveltimes as-
signed to layer 1 will be highlighted
(default color green), save the traveltimes. For shots outside the receiver line do
not assign those traveltimes which have only been inserted and do not have at
least one additional real datapoint (within this example shot 12 and 13) because
then a wrong velocity would result.

8. Activate the option combine in order to do the inversion for the first layer. If no
topography is given, do not activate the topography in the CombinePanelLayer1.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 68

If topography is given, please refer to chapter VI.

(To be considered: The inversion for the first layer only consists of the determi-
nation of the velocity.)

9. Activate the option wavefront-inversion and a new window (the modelling

window) opens and a model has been automatically created consisting of one
layer with the velocities taken from the linear regression analysis of the assigned
traveltimes.

10. Do some changes of the model if you

want (e.g. remove some unwanted
velocity points, adapt the model size) - to
be considered: the option topography
should be deactivated. Increase zmax in
such a way that all layers to be inverted
fall into this depth range.

11. Enter a modelfile name and save this

model on disk.

12. Close the modelling window.

13. Increase the layer-no. to 2.

14. Activate the option assign in order to assign the wanted traveltimes to layer
2.

15. As for layer 1 assign the

traveltimes to layer 2 by using the
different possibilities. The travel-
times assigned to layer 2 will be
highlighted (default color blue).
Save the traveltimes.

16. Activate the option combine

in order to do the inversion for the
second layer.

17. Enter the forward and the

reverse shot numbers - these
numbers define the range for do-
ing the inversion of the actual
layer.

18. Activate the option generate when the option autocombine is chosen - a
complete combined traveltimecurve (forward and reverse) is generated and the
total forward and reverse traveltimes are shown.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 69

19. If the total forward and

reverse traveltimes differ
significantly (e.g. more than 5
ms) activate the option balance
in order to balance the forward
and reverse traveltime branches.
A large difference can be have
difference causes:
- wrong assignment of the picks
- too large gaps between the
picks (an interpolation should be
avoided if possible)
- 3D-effects
In any case the inversion is more
accurate the smaller the
difference between forward and re-
verse traveltimes. If the difference is
too big it might be useful to perform
the inversion for several partions.

20. Activate the option wavefront-

inversion - a file choice window
opens and you must choose the
modelfile containing the first layer
already interpreted.

21. The chosen modelfile is shown

within the modelling window – the
inversion must be started manually
within the RayGroupBox on the right hand side of the model. To be considered:
The max. depth of the model must be chosen in such a way that the max.
estimated depth of the layerboundary to be inverted is smaller than this max.
depth value.

22. Enter the wanted increment DeltaX for the wavefront-inversion (e.g. 0.5 m)
and the expected number of different velocities for the new refractor.

23. Start the wavefront-inversion using the option start. Note: If the inversion fails
(because of not setting an appropriate max. depth values, e.g.) do not use the
options start to start the inversion a second time. Instead doing that, please shut
the modelling window and activate again the option wavefront-inversion inside
the module traveltime analysis 2D to start the inversion again (ref. to 20).

24. At the end of the inversion the velocity determination menu for layer 2
velocity appears. If the entered number of different velocities (see item 22) is
greater 1 the traveltime branches are automatically subdivided into a number of
different linear regression curves of which you may interactively change the start
and end position by simply clicking on it and drawing with pressed left mouse
button. If its o.k., close it. The inversion is finished and the new layer boundary is
plotted into the model. If more than one velocity for the refractor had been
chosen it is possible to interactively choose the different lines of best fit.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 70

25. Extrapolate the inverted boundary to the model borders (option hor.extrap. or
extrapolate) and do some changes of the model if you want to - for example:
smoothing is often useful and sometimes some artefacts at the outer borders
occur which must be eliminated.

26. Save the model using the old or another filename.

27. Close the modelling menu.

28. Repeat step 13 - 27 for the next layers.

If all remaining traveltimes belong to the
last layer (e.g. layer 3), you can use the
option all unassigned to assign them.

29. After having done the complete

inversion the inverted model should always
be checked (and changed if necessary)
using the forward raytracing included
within the modelling menu, refer to chapter
0.7.3.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 71

0.7.3 Forward raytracing to refine the model (done within

the module model generation/ modelling)

The ray tracing modelling tool allows the traveltime simulation of seismic wave
propagation by means of a finite difference approximation of the eikonal
equation. The calculation of the synthetic traveltimes is restricted to the first
arrivals and reflections for an arbitrary 2-dimensional medium. No secondary ar-
rivals can be calculated.
The raytracing may be used for
- the control of an inverted model and
- an iterative adaptation of the calculated and real data by stepwise changing the
underground model.

1. Enter the module model generation/ modelling.

2. Load the inverted model using the option file/load model.

3. Activate the option ray.

4. The Ray-GroupBox opens in

addition (see figure on the right).
Within this group box you have to
enter the necessary raytracing
parameters, see below.

5. As you want to simulate the ob-

served traveltimes of different
shots along the line, you have to
load the observed traveltimes
using the option File/load data
traveltimes. Then the screen is
split vertically showing in the
upper window the model and in the lower the data.

6. Now the ray tracing parameters have to be chosen:

- enter the wanted raytracing type FD-Vidale.
- enter the gridding increment
DeltaX (equal in x- and z-
direction - should be in the range
of the receiver increment or less -
depends on the model com-
plexity), e.g. 0,5.
- enter the output-scale, e.g. 1.
- enter the calculate type - in this
case data traveltimes because
we want to simulate all loaded
observed traveltimes.
- enter the outputfile name.

7. Start the raytracing.

User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 72

8. At the end of the raytracing the calculated traveltimes are shown in the lower
picture in addition to the observed data. Depending on which view option is
checked, the calculated rays are shown in addition in the upper picture.
Now you may check for the mean traveltime difference using the option
Analyse/calculate traveltime differences using actual coord.projection. As
the positions of the data and the synthetic traveltimes may vary because of the
fixed raster increment of the raytracing you may enter a position bin which is
used for the determination of quasi-identical positions. By default the current
raster increment of the raytracing is used.

9. If the calculated and the

observed traveltimes do not
match, you may make some
changes within the model and
restart the raytracing in order to
get a better match. For this
purpose you can concentrate on
one single shot using the option
highlighted shot., e.g. shot 12.

10. The last picture shows the final model (black) resulting from the interactive
refining of the first model (stemming from the inversion of the observed
traveltimes, green) by forward ray tracing and comparing the calculated with the
observed traveltimes. As you can see the main differences are at the outer
borders of the model because these cannot be directly inverted because of the
missing receiver or shots points there.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 73

0.7.4. Refraction-tomography: A second kind of

interpreting the data
In the case of the 2D refraction vertical tomography all sources and receivers
are located within one line at the surface. In order to allow for a high data
coverage within the medium vertical velocity gradients should be present and a
curved raytracing for the calculation of the traveltimes must be used.
The curved rays are calculated using a finite difference approximation of the
eikonal equation . A start model must be defined. No assignment to layers is
necessary.
The start model should contain a quite strong vertical velocity gradient and the
max. velocity variations for the tomographic inversion should be large enough
(e.g. 200 % of the original values) in order to enable strong vertical gradients at
those positions where an interface is assumed. A smoothing in horizontal
direction is often useful because of the normally quite large receiver increments.

1. First a starting model must be

generated or an already existing
model must be loaded using the
option file/load model. Enter the
min./max. borders (xmin, xmax, zmin,
zmax) in such a way that all desired
shots and receivers positions fall into
and that zmax exceeds the expected
max. reached depth. The wavetype
must be set to seismic(elastic) or
acoustic. Normally the starting model
is a simple homogeneous model with
a quite strong vertical velocity gradient
(dv/dz = 100 m/s per m, e.g.), whereby the velocity at the surface boundary
should be within the expected range. In the following we will show two models
which are generated based on the same starting model but different starting
velocities:
v = 800 m/s and v = 300 m/s.

2. Activate the option Tomo

3. The TomographyGroupBox opens in addition (see figure above). Within this

group box you have to enter the necessary tomography parameters.

- Load the data (ASCII-data with the extension tom) using the option load data. If
the data are only available as pck file use the option export to Ascii within the
traveltime analysis module in order to generate a tom file.
The program automatically controls, whether the data is in 2D- or in 3D-format.

- Enter the wanted space increment (equal in x- and z-direction, we used 1 m).
Normally this increment should be small enough in order to allow small scale
variations with depth. It should be significantly smaller than the receiver
increment.

- The following options must be set for the refraction-tomography:

User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 74

- activate the option curved ray.

- set the parameter start curved ray to 1.

- Enter a quite large value for max.def.change (%). We used 200 %.

- Often it is useful to force the first iteration (option force 1.iter. activated) to
generate a new model even if the resulting residuals are larger than for the
starting model.

- Enter a smoothing value in x-direction (parameter average x, we used 10,

about one half of the shotpoint distance ).

- To minimize artefacts at the borders of the model and to be able to compare the
resulting model with the result of the inversion, it is often useful to activate the
option restrict to covered areas.

- Activate the option show result in order to display the tomography result.

- For a first tomographic result you may use the other default parameters. There
are no general rules for these parameters. You have to adapt the parameters to
your data in order to get the best result.

- Enter a name for the final model. Note: do not use the same name like for the
starting model.

- Start the tomography. The tomographic result is stored using the “normal”
REFLEXW format. You may display the result within the 2D-dataanalysis.

v = 800 m/s v = 300 m/s

4. The tomographic result can be controlled by a forward raytracing in the same

manner as the inverted model. For that purpose activate the option ray. The
raytracing menu opens in addition.
Load the traveltime data using the option File/load data traveltimes. Then the
screen is split vertically showing in the upper window the model together with the
tomographic result and in the lower the data.
Now the ray tracing parameters have to be chosen:
- enter the wanted raytracing type FD-Vidale.
- enter the gridding increment DeltaX - this increment must be equal to the
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 75

increment used for the tomography (1 m in our case).

- enter the output-scale, e.g. 1
- enter the calculate type - in this case data traveltimes because we want to
simulate all loaded observed traveltimes
- enter the outputfile name
- deactivate the option raster
- start the raytracing using the option start. As the option raster is deactivated
you are asked for the raster file. Choose as datatype reflex-files and choose the
tomography raster file from the path rohdata.
- the calculated traveltimes are shown in the lower picture in addition. Now you
may check for the mean traveltime difference using the option Analyse/calculate
traveltime differences.

Note: RMS deviations < 2 ms are acceptable for traveltimes < 100 ms and depth
< 30 m, resp.. So, the tomographic result with both starting velocities are
trustworthy.
Both resulting models show on
their right edge (x > 275 m), that a
reliable result can only be
achieved, if information is existent
not only from far distance shots.
Otherwise the lack of information
leads to artificial and hence
unrealistic results.

The lower starting velocity yields to

a ?sharper” first layer boundary,
whereby a general rule is confirm-
ed: The tomographic algorithm
works best, if the starting velocity is
v = 300 m/s not to high and the velocity gradi-
ent is sufficiently strong, so that
great velocity steps are possible. In
addition, the gridding increment
should not be to small to avoid
artefacts.

In contrast to the model resulting

from the wavefront-inversion, a
shallow low velocity zone appears
in the region x = 150 m to x = 280 m
in both models resulting from the
refraction-tomography, which is
best visible, if isolines are plotted in
addition. Especially the model with
the starting velocity v = 300 m/s
strongly suggests, that the data in
v = 800 m/s the region x = 150 m to x = 280 m
should be interpreted as an anthro-
pogenic filling, i.e. an area with a strong vertical velocity gradient (v . 500 m/ns
up to v . 1000 m/s), instead of a rising boundary with little velocities (v . 400
m/ns up to v . 500 m/s), as the wavefront-inversion model suggests.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 76

Presentation of the tomographic result:

The tomographic result will be stored as a Reflexw file and therefore all
processing possibilities within the 2D-dataanalysis are available. The
presentation of the tomographic result may be improved using the following two
processing steps:
- expand (e.g. using 4 in both directions, set the option keep 0 values to 1)
- median xy-filter (e.g. using 8 in both directions)
These processing steps smooth the stepwise character at the model borders due
to the rough increment during the tomogprahic inversion - see picture below
(original upper panel, processed lower panel)

The plotoptions have been set in the following way:

activated option AutoInterpolation and no
interp.f.min.color
activated option background for 0 value
Activated options for isolines as shown within the
box isolines (see image on the right)
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 77

0.7.5. Joint interpretation of the results of the Wavefront-

Inversion and the Refraction-tomography
As shown above, both methods provide different information about the
underground and hold different sources of error, too: While the wavefront-
inversion requires an assignment of data points to distinct layers, which is often
not easy to decide, the refraction-tomography uses all information given, without
paying attention, if the data coverage is good enough or the starting velocity
leads to a reasonable result, e.g.. Therefore, we often recommend to take into
account the results of both methods to come to a final interpretation of the data,
which contains both, the information of the wavefront-inversion and of the
refraction-tomography.

Manual change of the wavefront inversion model under consideration of the

tomographic results

In a first step it is often helpful to display both models together:

1. Enter the module model generation/ modelling.

2. Load the resulting model of the wavefront-inversion using the option file/load
model.

3. Load the resulting model of the refraction-tomography (reflex-files format in

folder rohdata) using the option view/show additional rasterfile. (We used the
model with the starting velocity v = 300 m/s.)

First of all it is visible in our

example, that the second
layer boundary is relatively
undetermined due to the
high velocities (v > 4500
m/s), but the first layer is
represented quite well by
both models in the region x =
0 m to x = 150 m.
For the region x = 150 m to x
= 280 m our example
illustrates impressively,
which advantage the joint in-
terpretation offers: The
assumption of a distinct layer
boundary stemming from the
wavefront-inversion without
taking into account the tomographic model would lead to an interpretation, which
could result in serious consequences for buildings potentially constructed on top
of this area! Not until with the help of the tomography model with it’s strong
velocity gradients this near-surface region can be interpreted as an
anthropogenic filling, which leads – with all consequences for potential
construction works – in greater depths than the sharp layer boundary resulting
from the wavefront-inversion.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 78

Taking this into account the primary wavefront-inversion model, which was
generated without knowing the results of the refraction-tomography, can be
analyzed once again as described in chapter III to obtain a refined model, which
also maps the anthropogenic filling. The main changes concerned a strong
vertical gradient has been included within the first layer between 150 and 280 m
and the depths of the second layer which had been increased within this distance
range.
The leftt of the following two figures shows the refined model (black) in
comparison to the primary wavefront-inversion model (green): The refined model
fits the data just as good as the primary model.
As can be seen in the right figure, the first layer boundary of the refined wave-
front-inversion model fits the zone of the narrow isolines of the refraction-
tomography model, i.e. the zone with very strong gradients, very well now.
So, the refined wavefront-inversion model does map the anthropogenic filling as
well.

Using the Wavefront-Inversion model as a starting model for the Refraction-

tomography

To include the information

gained from the wavefront-
inversion into the refraction-
tomography one can also use
the primary wavefront-
inversion model (ref. to
chapter III) as a starting model
instead of a homogeneous
starting model with a quite
strong vertical velocity
gradient (right figure).
As expected, the tomographic
algorithm – as a consequence
of the much more restrictive
starting model – is forced to
provide a resulting model
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 79

which reflects the two layer model resulting from the wavefront-inversion.
This is clearly visible eyeing the second layer boundary, which is now determined
very distinct. But, since the restriction of the starting model is so strong, there is
nothing else for the tomographic algorithm but to layaway along the
predetermined layer boundary! Nevertheless, the resulting model – as the
tomographic model with a homogenous starting model shown above – contains
in the region x = 150 m to x = 280 m also a near-surface zone with relatively low
velocities, which leads in greater depths than the sharp layer boundary resulting
from the wavefront-inversion. With regard to potential construction works the two
models resulting from the tomography both add up to the same result for this
area: The basements of potentially constructed buildings have to be grounded in
a greater depth than indicated by the resulting model of the wavefront-inversion.

0.7.6 Topography
The wavefront-inversion and the refraction-tomography do not automatically take
into account the topography of a profile regarding it’s localization in a given xz-
coordinate system .
Normally the seismic refraction data are acquired along a line with equidistant
distances on the topographic surface. These values are entered into the file and
traceheader coordinates of the original seismic data. You should always use x as
the profile direction and one value for the offset for all receivers and shots which
shall be interpreted together.
For many cases it is not necessary to take into account any topographic
xz-values (shot and receiver positions and elevations, resp.). For example, if the
data is collected on a slope inclining with α = 10 °, the velocity of the bedrock is
vb = 500 m/s and the topography is not taken into account – which means that
the geophone-distances dg are taken as correct x-coordinates and the elevation
is neglected – the apparent velocity is va = 508 m/s (dg = x / cos α and hence va =
vb / cos α, 1/cos 10° = 1,015), which means a tolerable increase of the velocity I <
2 %.
But, if the inclination is stronger, it has to be taken into account to avoid
significant errors:
α = 25 °, 1/cos 25° = 1,103, vb = 500 m/s: va = 551 m/s, I > 10 %.

Redefinition of the source and receiver geometries

If a strong topography is present it is important to work with geometries based on

a true xz-coordinate system. If the data geometry of each trace and thereby each
traveltime is already given as xz-coordinates, e.g. using GPS no redefinition is
necessary and you can skip this chapter.

If the data have been acquired along the topographic interface and the z-
values along the acquisition line have been acquired independently, e.g. using
GPS first the geometries of the shots and the receivers must be redefined,
whereby the following preconditions must be fulfilled:
- The x-values of the current traveltimes (before redefinition) do not represent
the correct x-coordinates but are determined directly on the topographic
interface.
For example, the data is collected with a fixed receiver offset = 2 m along a
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 80

line with a variable inclination. So, the measured x-values would be x = 0 m, x

= 2m, x = 4 m, ..., which do not coincide with the true x-coordinates within the
xz-coordinate system .
- The topographic xz-values can be
read from an ASCII-file whereby
each line of the ASCII-file contains
one pair of xz-values. The x-
coordinate within the ASCII-file
represents the true x-coordinate
within the xz-coordinate system
(stemming from GPS-
measurements, e.g.). The z-values
are either depths or altitudes.

With the help of this ASCII-file the program automatically determines the
positions of all shots and receivers on the given topography and calculates the x-
and z-projections of these positions: The geometries of the shots and receivers
are redefined and can be stored using a new file name. This redefinition is
necessary for big slopes. For a slope of 10° the redinition is in the range of 1 %
and therefore negligible but for a slope of 40° as within the lower example the x-
projection is only 75 % of the topographic distance and therefore not negligible
any more.
The redefining of the geometry of a profile – and hence the consideration of the
topography regarding it’s localization in a given xz-coordinate system – is done in
the module traveltime analysis.

1. Enter the module traveltime analysis.

2. Load the wanted traveltimes which

shall be interpreted together - option
file/load traveltimes - multiple choice
using the shift- or ctrl-key.
In order to display the data in
‘refraction mode’ ( i.e. the time axis
faces upwards) please activate the plot
option FlipYAxis. If the option colored
is activated, every shot is displayed in
a certain color. This may help to get a
first overview of the picked traveltimes.

3. Start to redefine the geometry of the positions of the shots and the receivers
using the option edit/apply x-z topography. If convert altitude to depth has been
activated the altitude values within the ASCII-file will be converted to depth
values from the difference of the entered reference level and the altitude values
(reference level - altitude values). The reference level should be set at least to
the maximum existing altitude value to achieve positive depth values.
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 81

4. Pressing the start button opens a

window allowing to choose the ASCII-
file within the folder ASCII containing
the topographic xz-values.

5. Choosing the file automatically

starts the redefinition of the
geometry: The positions of the shots
and the receivers move closer to
each other, why the gradients of the
traveltime branches increase and
hence the velocities decrease (see
straight lines in the figures).

6. To store the data with redefined geometry enter a new name and store the
data. Otherwise the original data will be overwritten.

7. The resulting traveltimes now contain both the x- and z-coordinates. You may
check the geometries using the option file/export to ASCII.

Considering the topography

There are two possibilities–both of them having advantages–to take the

topography into consideration:
Firstly, one can do the modelling by disregarding the topography until the final
model is found and simply adding the topography thereafter. In many cases (see
above), acting like this provides results with negligible errors but makes the data
analysis much more easier: Please refer to chapter VI.b1 ?Easy” Topography.
Secondly, the topography is taken into account creating the start model, which is
always the correct way: Please refer to chapter VI.b2 ?Correct” Topography.

“Easy” Topography

The ?easy” topography has some advantages. The most important is the
significantly lower computing time, because of the smaller depth (i.e. zmax) of a
model, if the topography is not considered.
Furthermore, the manual adaptation of the model is simpler, because the
complete (smaller) model is better visible on the monitor screen and the sloping
or the rising, resp., of a layer boundary can be recognized a lot easier, if the
topography is not taken into account.
The ‘easy’ model is achieved by firstly doing the inversion according to chapter II,
i.e., the topography is taken into account not at all. To be considered: if the
geometry has been redefined according to chap. VI.a you must be careful with
the derived velocities of the upper layer. These velocities are too small for big
layer slopes. You must manually correct the velocities using the cosine of the
slope (see also estimate at the beginning of the chapter).
After having done the inversion, the topography is simply added in three steps
using the modelling module:
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 82

1. Change zmax in such a way that the complete model including topography fall
into this range.

2. Select the 1. layer and use the option

import (x,z) within the Input of model
parameters window to import the topographic
xz-values from an ASCII-file. The ASCII-file may
either only contain x- (=distance) and z-
coordinates or x-, y- and z-coordinates. In the
second case the distance along the line will be
automatically calculated from the x- and y-
coordinates. The first given (x,y) coordinate pair
must correspond to the start (min.) position of
the model.
The geometry of the first layer will be changed
according to these topographic x(distance)z-
values. The option topography will be
automatically activated if deactive. If the values
within the ASCII-file exceed the max. x and z
model values the borders of the model will be
expanded accordingly.

3. If the first layer boundary is not fully

determined over the whole model range use the
option hor. extrap.

4. As the first layer has a topography now, this

topography can be added to ALL other layers
by clicking ONE time the button add topog..

As written at the beginning of this chapter, this

?easy” method of adding the topography
described here is o.k., whilst there are no
regions with steep inclinations along the
topographic surface. (On this refer to the last
figure of the chapter VI.b ?Correct” Topography,
in which both methods are compared.)
User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 83

?Correct” Topography

1. Enter the module traveltime analysis. The wavefront-inversion is done

according to chapter II, but the topography is taken into account now (see step 6
below):

2. Increase the layer-no to 1.

3. Activate the option assign in order to assign the wanted traveltimes to layer 1.
(It is recommended to deactivate the option colored now.)

4. Assign the traveltimes to layer 1 by using the different possibilities. Use the
options Forward, Reverse and keep last shot for a better definition at those
dataparts, where the pick position is not well defined (e.g. overlapping files) - for
further information refer to the online help. The traveltimes assigned to layer 1
will be highlighted (default color green), save the traveltimes.

5. Activate the option combine in order to do the inversion for the first layer. (To
be considered: The inversion for the first layer only consists of the determination
of the velocity.)

6. Select Topography and/or altitude in the CombinePanelLayer1 to take the

topography into account correctly. (If the option altitude is activated in addition
the z-values stored within the traveltimes define altitudes and no depths. The
depth values are then calculated in the form reference level - altitude values. The
reference level should be set at least to the maximum existing altitude value to
achieve positive depth values. Please consider: If the option convert altitude to
depth had been activated within step 3 the
altitude/depth conversion has already been
done and altitude should not be activated
within this step.)

7. Activate the option wavefront-inversion

and a new window (the modelling window)
opens and a model has been automatically
created consisting of one layer with the ve-
locities taken from the linear regression
analysis of the assigned traveltimes and the to-
pography taken into account.

8. Do some changes of the model if you want (e.g. remove some unwanted
velocity points, adapt the model size) - to be
considered: the option topography should be
activated. Increase zmax in such a way, that
all layers to be inverted fall into this depth
range.

9. Enter a modelfile name and save this

model on disk.

10. Close the modelling window.

User’s guide - seismic refraction data interpretation 84

11. Increase the layer-no. to 2 and process the data according to chapter II until
all the data is inverted.

The inverted model of the data shown here consists of two different layers, in
which the topography is taken into account correctly.

Which not negligible errors occur in our example, if

the topography is not taken in to account during
the inversion but is only added afterwards (refer to
chapter VI.a ?Easy” Topography), is shown in the
last figure.
Looking at the both results displayed together, it is
obvious, that in this region, where the inclination is
steepest, the second layer boundary of the ?easy”
model (green line) differs up to 10 m (i.e. > 15 %,
which is not tolerable!) from the correct model (red line).

As expected, the models do not differ significantly in that regions, where the
inclination is not as steep.

So, if there are no regions with steep inclinations along the topographic surface,
the topography can be taken in to account in an easy and fast manner as
described in chapter VI.b1 ?Easy”.
But the – admittedly more time-consuming – method, which leads always to a
correct model, is to use the topographic xz-values to redefine the geometry
before doing any inversion of the data.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 85

0.8 Introduction to the processing of seismic

reflection data within REFLEXW
In the following the complete processing of seismic reflection data is described
including import of the seismic data (chap. 0.8.1), crosscorrelation (optional for
vibration data, chap.0.8.2), setting the geometry (chap. 0.8.3), filtering the shot
data (chap. 0.8.4), performing the velocity analysis and stacking (chap. V).
Please use in addition to this user‘s guide the handbook and the online help.
The guide describes both the processing of “normal” shot data and of horizontal
vibration data. The processing of horizontal vibration data needs some more
steps which are highlighted by red.

0.8.1 Import the data (done within the module 2D-

dataanalysis )

1. enter the module 2D-

dataanalysis

2. activate the option file/import

3. choose the following options

within the import menu:

data type: several shots

increment: average receiver
increment (this increment is used
for the equidistant display of the
data - the stacking is done based
on the traceheadercoordinates
which may also be nonequidistant -
see also chapter 0.8.2 setting the
geometry).
outputformat: new 32 bit floating
point for a higher data resolution.
To be considered for SEGY or
SEG2-data: the option swap bytes
controls if the original data
originate from UNIX (activate
option) or DOS-machines
(deactivate option). If the
conversion fails try to change this
parameter.
filename specification: manual input
filename: any name (e.g. line1_all_shots)
TimeDimension: ms
conversion sequence: combine lines/shots
line distance: no meaning, may be set to increment
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 86

number: no meaning, may be set to 0

The following plot options may be set for example (the option may be activated
within the import menu (the speed button below the help option)):

Plotmode: Wigglemode
XYScaledPlot activated
Scale: setting depends on the amplitude
values of the data. The amplitude values
multiplied with scale gives the wiggles size
in pixels. The value must be adapted to the
original data values.
Optionally you also may activate the option
Tracenormalize. Then the option Scale
directly gives you the wigglesize in pixels.

4. activate the
option Convert To
Reflex: the
wanted shots
must be chosen
and they are automatically combined into
one single datafile containing all the shots.

There are 2 different possibilities of choosing the datafiles:

a.. choose the datafiles from the openfile dialog (multiple choice using the shift or
str-key) : all choosen original data files are sorted with ascending order of the
filenames. Problems may occur if the files don't have the same length (e.g. file1,
file2,..., file11). In this case a warning message appears. In order to avoid this the
filenames should be chosen in such a way: file001, file002, ... file125.

b. open an external ASCII-filelist with the

extension "lst": the external filelist
contains all wanted datafiles in an
arbitrary order (one row contains one
filename). The datafiles must be stored
under the same path like the
ASCII-filelist. Example:
TEST__02.sg2
TEST__01.sg2
TEST__03.sg2
TEST__04.sg2

The horizontal vibrator may have two

different excitation directions (plus and minus). The data of these different
excitation directions must be imported separately.

After having chosen all the wanted datafiles the combined datafile including all
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 87

the shots is displayed using the actual plot settings. Because of the normally
huge number of traces and the choosen plotmode (Wigglemode, XYScaledPlot)
the screen display resolution may be too small to plot the data correctly (XScale
too small). In this case choose the Zoom-option in order to only display a small
part of the data in x-direction. The plot option point mode allows y higher
resolution but it is not so useful for the further processing, e.g velocity analysis.

NOTE: The standard display within the 2D-dataanalysis uses the product of the
given traceincrement and the actual tracenumber for the axis display. Therefore
this display does not represent the correct coordinates for the combined shot
data and you may ignore them. But you don’t have to worry about them because
the subsequent sorting and stacking is always done based on the traceheader
coordinates (see chap. 0.8.3). The coordinates of resulting stacked section (see
chap. V) however are displayed correctly within the standard display.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 88

0.8.2. Crosscorrelation for vibration data (done within the

module 2D-dataanalysis )

If the data have been acquired using a vibrator the data must be first
crosscorreltated with the sweep signal before these can be interpreted. The
vibrosource emits a long sinusoidal signal with varying frequency over several
seconds (in this case 10 s). The recorded signal is a mixture of many
time-delayed copies of the signal. Cross-correlation is then used as a trace
compression using the original signal and the observed data to unravel all of this.
The processing flow:

1. Load the file containing all combined shots

2. Enter processing/1D-filter
3. Activate crosscorrelation
4. Enter the start and end reference time (normally the total time range, also by
default)
5. Enter the postion of the reference trace, in this case channel no. 96
respresents the sweep signal
6. Activate the option lineparts if the datafile consists of several individual shot
datasets
7. Deactivate the option keep ref.trace because the sweep signal is no longer
necessary
8. The method works both in time and frequency domain. Both methods produce
similar results but the frequency domain method is faster.

The resulting crosscorrelated traces now are comparible to “normal” shot data
(e.g. using a hammer or an explosive source).
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 89

It is recommended to restrict the timerange, in this case to 750 ms, using the
option timecut under processing/static correction
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 90

0.8.3. setting the geometry

1. activate the option CMP within the 2D-dataanalysis

2. activate the option geometry

If the geometries have been already entered during the data acquisition and
REFLEXW allows to automatically take over these geometries the geometry is
shown in a tabella with shot number, shot position and receiver line position. If
the geometry is okay you may leave the geometry settings by deactivating the
option CMP and go on with chapter 0.8.4
If the geometry is not correct you must proceed with the following steps:

3. There are different possibilities to define the geometry. The most convenient
way is to use a standard geometry (option moving line and option fixed line) for
a selectable number of traces. Apart from the standard geometry it is also
possible to edit the geometry of single traces (option edit single traces) or to
load the geometry from an ASCII-file (option read from ASCII-file).

a. Activating fixed line allows you to define the geometry for a fixed geophone
line for different shot points. An example of the input parameters is shown on the
next figure. Nr.of channels is the number of channels per shot. First and last
trace define the range on the profile for which the standard geometry should be
valid. This gives you the opportunity to declare standard geometries for different
ranges of the profile. Instead of the first and last trace it is also possible to define
the range using the original field record numbers. Shotstart is the position of the
shot of the first ensemble, shot increment is the distance between successive
shots and shot offset is the distance between a shot and the profile in
perpendicular direction. Receiver increment is the distance between successive
receivers and receiver
offset is the distance
between a geophone
and the profile in
perpendicular direction.
First receiver and last
receiver define the
position of the
geophones with respect
to the shot. These are
the absolute
coordinates in contrast
to moving line where
relative coordinates (to
the shot) are used.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 91

b.. Activating moving line allows you to define the

geometry for a geophone line moving with the shots. An
example of the input parameters is shown on the right
figure. Nr.of channels is the number of channels per shot.
First and last trace define the range on the profile for which
the standard geometry should be valid. This gives you the
opportunity to declare standard geometries for different
ranges of the profile. Instead of the first and last trace it is
also possible to define the range using the original field
record numbers. Shotstart is the position of the shot of the
first ensemble, shot increment is the distance between
successive shots and shot offset is the distance between a
shot and the profile in perpendicular direction. Receiver
increment is the distance between successive receivers
and receiver offset is the distance between a geophone
and the profile in perpendicular direction. First receiver, left
shot receiver, right shot receiver and last receiver define
the position of the geophones with respect to the shot.

c. The option read from ascii-file allows you to read the

geometry from an ASCII-file. The ASCII file must exist
under the path ASCII and must have the extension DST. Each line of the ASCII
file contains the following 6 informations:
tracenumber distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y-Pos receiver-X-Pos receiver-YPos
Defining the tracenumber gives you the opportunity to read the geometry only for
a distinct part of the data.

d. The option edit single traces allows you to change the geometry of each
trace individually. When activating this option the trace header Edit menu will be
opened where you can edit the shot and receiver coordinates for each trace
separately.

4. If you want to apply a standard geometry (3.a or 3.b) you must activate the
option
apply std. geometry in addition.

5. If necessary enter an additional standard geometry and apply it onto the

profile or choose one of the other geometry edit possibilities.

6. If the geometry setting is finished choose the option save geometry in order to
save the geometry within the traceheader coordinates of the file.

7. Now the file is ready for pre-stack processing and stacking.

User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 92

0.8.4 pre-stack filtering (done within the module 2D-

dataanalysis)
The aim of the pre-stack filtering is to prepare the dataset for the subsequent
stacking. Therefore the most important processing steps are:
- energy normalization
- elimination or suppression of the surface waves and other non desired waves

The energy normalization should be the first filter step especially if you are
using multi-channel filters (e.g. FK-filter) for the suppression of non desired
waves.. This filter step is applied to correct for the amplitude effects of wavefront
divergence and damping. It is also necessary if a subsequent filter shall be
applied for eliminating the surface waves.
The easiest way would be a manual gain function, e.g. manual gain (y). In the
case of strong surface waves this gain recovery function is not very suitable. In
this case the filter scaled windowgain(x) may be a good choice.
To bo considered: Filtering and stacking are always done on the true amplitude
data. The option tracenormalize within the plotoptions is only a plotoption and
does not effect the filtering/stacking process. Therefore the option tracenormalize
within the plotoptions should be deactivated because otherwise the effect of the
energy normalization may not be controlled correctly.

The second filter step consists of the elimination of the surface waves and
other non desired waves. For that purpose you may distinguish between editing
and 2D-filter steps.
Editing may be used for muting (set to zero) special data parts or to delete single
traces or trace ranges.
2D-filters may be used to suppress unwanted signals. A FK-filter may be a good
choice.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 93

0.8.4.1 prestack filter sequence for data exhibiting surface waves

In the following the processing using a scaled windowgain(x) and a FK-filter is

described:

1. load the wanted raw data for which the geometry has already been defined (all
shots are stored within one file, see chap. I and II).

2. enter the first filter step using the option Processing/gain.

3. The Gain window appears. Enter the following parameters or options:

- activate the option scaled
windowgain(x)
- enter the filterparameter start
window and end window, the
window size should be choosen
in such a way that a good
energy normalization is fulfilled.
Default values are:
start window: 0
end window: the traveltime of
the main reflection at the
greatest distance offset.
- enter the wanted
ProcessingLabel
- start the filtering

4. The filtered data have been

plotted into the secondary
window (depending on the
settings of the screen splitting
within the plot option menu). Whereas in the original data only the surface waves
and the very first arrivals are visible due to the non normalized display the filtered
data show clear refracted waves for all distancies and some reflections. Now
close the filter window and
you must enter the option
File/ChangeSecondToPri
mary in order to use the
filtered dataset for the next
desired filter step.

5. Choose the filter which

allows to eliminate or at
least decrease the surface
waves.

Surface waves normally

differ from the body waves
in two siginifant
characteristics. These
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 94

properties involve the frequency and the apparent velocity. Both are often
significantly lower than those of the body waves.

If a lower frequency content is inherent a high pass bandpassfiltering is the

best choice.

5.1 enter processing/1D-filter

and choose
bandpassfrequency

For the tapering the

butterworth type of the order 3
is often useful.

Enter the wanted lower and

upper cutoff frequency. If the
option Apply on example trace
the original and the filterd trace
as well a the original and the
filtered spectrum are displayed.

In this case the high pass

bandpass filtering allowed a
very well elimination of the
surface waves - see picture
below.
If the bandpass filtering is not
sufficient a fk-filtering might be useful. Here it must be considered that no
spatial aliasing occurs. This may happen if very low velocities are present
together with a too high receiver increment. Then after applying the fk-filter some
energy of the surface waves will remain.

5.2 enter the second filter step using the option Processing/FK-filter/FK-
spectrum.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 95

The FK-filter/FK-spectrum window appears. Enter the following parameters or

options:
- activate the option fk filter-lineparts
- enter the filterparameter tracenumber (corresponds to the number of traces
per shot)
- activate the option generate fk-spectrum

A new FK-filter/FK-spectrum window appears.

Enter for example the following parameters or
options:
- activate the option velocity range
- activate the option bandpass
- activate the option Hanning **2
- enter 5 for the taper widths
- enter the velocity fan for example:
1.neg.vel. to -2000, 2.neg.vel. to -1000000,
1.pos.vel. to 1000000 and 2.pos.vel. to 2000.
These values may differ significantly from case to
case. The velocity fan should be set in such a
way that all non desired onsets are suppressed.
- enter the wanted ProcessingLabel
- start the fk-filtering

The filtered data have been plotted into he

secondary window (depending on the
settings of the scree splitting within the plot
option menu). The surface waves as well
as the first arrivals (refracted waves) are
quite well suppressed. If the result is
sufficient the pre-processing is finished and
you may continue with chapter 0.8.5 If not
some other filter or editing steps must be
performed.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 96
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 97

0.8.4.2 prestack filter sequence for horizontal vibration data

1. load the wanted raw data for which a crosscorrelation has been done and the
geometry has already been defined (all shots are stored within one file, see chap.
I to 0.8.3).

2. enter the first filter

bandpassfrequency
within Processing/1D-
filter, in this case a
frequency range
between 40 and 150
Hz and a butterworth
taper of order 3 has
been used. The
tracenormalize
plotoption has been
activated in order to
view the filter effects.

3. Enter the second

filter step div.
compensation under
processing/gain which
compensate for the
geometrcial divergence
losses

4. Enter the third filter

step scaled
windowgain (x) under
processing/gain which
facilitates the
amplitude equality
distribution in x-
direction for a y(time)-
window to be specified.
The tracenormalize
plotoption has been
deactivated in order to
view the true amplitude
representation.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 98

5. Enter the fourth filter

step spectrum spikes
under processing/1D-
filter which is suitable
for suppressing nearly
mono-frequency noise
which is not restricted
to a special frequency
but may vary from
trace to trace.

6. The filter steps

described above must be applied on the two
datasets of different signal excitation (plus,
minus). Now the processed data may be
combined using the
option mix profile with
suboption add.
Although the original
non crosscorrelated
data of course exhibit
different signs (plus and
minus signal excitation)
both datasets must be
added because the
different signs will be
lost during the
crosscorrelation
process.

Now the data are ready

for stacking (see chap.
0.8.5).

Within this chapter we

have discussed two
example of a possible
pre-processing. It is not
possible to give some
general rules for the
processing because of
the huge different
problems involved with
the datafiles. In any
case a gain recovery
(energy normalization)
and a suppression of the unwanted onsets must be performed.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 99

0.8.5 velocity analysis and stacking (done within the

module 2D-dataanalysis)
1. load the pre-processed datafile

2. activate the option CMP within the 2D-dataanalysis

3. click on CMP-sorting/stack

4. Choose the sorting option CMP or SHOT

5. choose the first and last CMP (or SHOT) and the increment for which a
velocity analysis shall be done (example 10 for the first shot, 40 for the last shot
and 10 for the increment in order to do the velocity analysis for 5 different shots).

6. activate the option velocity analysis

7. the mean traceincrement for the ensembles is asked for. This increment is
used for the equidistant display of the CMP or shot-ensembles.

8. The velocity analysis menu opens with the first CMP(shot)-data ensemble
loaded. On the left the actual layer model is shown (by default one single layer
included). On the right the CMP (or Shot) is shown.
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 100

9. Activate the option semblance or unnormalized corr. for doing a first

estimation of the velocity model.

10. Enter the velocity range and increment and start the semblance analysis.
The semblance is shown in an additional window.

11. set the left mouse button at the wanted positions within the semblance
analysis window in order to create a velocity model. The velocity model on the
left is automatically updated.

12. Activating the option interactive adaptation allows you to refine the model -
for a detailed description of the options see online help.

13. Save the model

14. click on Next to proceed with the next CMP (shot).

15. The last velocity model remains and you may refine the model using the
interactive adaptation or may create a completely new model using the
semblance or unnormalized corr. (see point 9).

16. Save the velocity model.

17. Repeat step 14 until 16 until the last wanted CMP (shot) is reached

18. Activate the option 2D-model

User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 101

19. create a new 2D-model - after having activated the option create you are
asked for the wanted 1-dimensional velocity model. Choose the wanted models
from the open file dialog (multiple choice using the shift or str-key), enter a
filename of the 2D-model and the interpolated 2D-model is plotted into the right
window.

20. Exit the CMP-velocity analysis menu.

21. Choose NMO-stack and load the wanted 2D-model using the option load
2D-model.

22. Enter the wanted sorting ensemble (e.g. CMP) and enter the ensemble
range for the stacking (e.g.: 1. CMP and last CMP and increment whereby the
increment should be set to 1). Start the stacking using the option stack. Enter a
filename for the stacked data and enter the traceincrement (a calculated value
based on the fileheader traceincrement of the original file is given by default).
The stacked section is stored under the path procdata using the processing label
0 and is shown in an additional window. To be considered for the stack section:
The default value of the trace increment is given by the number of stack traces
and the coordinate range. If this mean traceincrement does not equal any
increment between successive stack traces the resulting stack traces are
obviously not equidistant. This may happen for example if the shot interval is not
equidistant for all shots. In this case the program (from version 3.03) gives a
warning message and asks if equidistant traces based on the mean
traceincrement shall be made from the non equidistant stack section. If this
procedure is cancelled the resulting stack section not equidistant and you must
activate the plotoption TraceHeaderDistancies (only enabled for the wiggle
mode) or you must make the stack section equidistant afterwards.

23. Now the stacking is finished and you may look for it and do some post-
processing within the 2D-dataanalysis (see also guide filtering). For that
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 102

purpose deactivate the option CMP and load the stacked section.

24. The stack section is still not

migrated and not converted to
depths. The migration and time-
depth conversion may be done
within the migration /time-depth
converison menu. The example
shows the processing based on the
same 2D-velocity model used for
the stacking. For the migration the
Kirchhoff 2D-veloc. option has
been used and for the timedepth
conversion the parameters shown
on the right. The lower panel shows
the original stack section (left) and
the the section after migration and
timedepth converison (right).
User’s guide - seismic reflection data interpretation 103

0.8.6 Prestack migration as an alternative to the

standard NMO-stacking
The prestack migration is an alternative possibility for getting a stacked section.
The resulting section is automatically migrated and converted to depth.

1. load the pre-processed

datafile

2. Enter the processing option

prestack migration under
processing/migration

3. Enter the 2D-velocity model

and the max. depth as well as
the min./max. offsets. If a 2D-
velocity shall be the same of the
migratio use curved ray slow.

4. The lower panel shows the

comparison of the prestack
migrated section and the NMO-
stacked section including
migration and timedepth
converison.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 104

0.9 Introduction to the 3D-datainterpretation within

REFLEXW
In the following the 3D-datainterpretation of REFLEXW is described including the
generation of a 3D-dataset (Chap. 0.9.1), the processing of 3D-datafiles (chap.
0.9.2) and the interpretation of 3D-datafiles (chap. 0.9.3).
Please use in addition to this guide the instructions within the corresponding
chapters of this manual and the online help.

0.9.1. generation of a 3D-dataset

A 3D-data file is a single REFLEX formatted file which consists of several
equidistant 2D-lines sequentially stored. All traces belonging to one 2D-line have
the same ensemble-number which is stored within the REFLEXW traceheader.
The direction (x or y) within the fileheader determines the direction of the 2D-
lines.

Depending on the original data there are several ways to generate a 3D-file in
ReflexW format:

generate 3D-file without an interpolation:

Precondition is that the original data have been acquired along parallel
equidistant 2D-lines. If this is true the 3D-file may be generated
- from original 2D- or 3D-data during the import (chap. 0.9.1.1.1). In this case the
complete dataprocessing is done for the 3D-datafile (see chap. 0.9.2.).
- from REFLEXW formatted 2D-lines (chap. 0.9.1.1.2). The 2D-lines may be raw
data (then the processing is done for the 3D-datafile) or already processed data.
There are no general rules whether the processing shall be done for the 3D-
datafile or for the individual 2D-lines.
The rasterincrements of the resulting 3D-datafile will not be changed.

generate 3D-file with interpolation:

The 3D-datafile may be constructed from Reflexw formatted parallel 2D lines,

crossing 2D lines (chap. 0.9.1.1.2) or from freely distributed lines using e.g.
GPS based coordinates (chap. 0.9.1.1.3).
The rasterincrements of the resulting 3D-datafile may be freely entered.

In both cases, the data points of the resulting 3D-file have fixed increments in x-,
y- and time-direction, respectively, and the max. size of the 3D-file is limited to
2048 points in each direction. The resulting 3D-datafile has the same REFLEXW
format like a 2D-datafile (the ensemble number within the traceheader controls
the sequential storing) and it therefore may be processed within the 2D-
dataanalysis module (chap. 0.9.2) whereby the interpretation must be done
within the 3D-datainterpretation (chap. 0.9.3).
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 105
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 106

0.9.1.1 Generating a 3D-file without interpolation

A 3D-file without interpolation may
be generated from original 2D- or
3D-data during the import (chap.
0.9.1.1.1) or from REFLEXW
formatted 2D-lines (chap.
0.9.1.1.2). In both cases the
original data are parallel 2D-lines
with equidistant profile increment
orientated either in x- or y-
direction.

0.9.1.1.1 Generating a 3D-file from during the import from parallel

2D-lines
The original data are parallel 2D-lines which are either stored as separate 2D-
files or stored within one single file including all 2D-lines.

A. original parallel 2D-lines stored as separate files

The precondition is that the original data are:
- parallel 2D-lines with a fixed profileincrement (increment between the different
2D-lines) and identical startcoordinate
- fixed traceincrement
- fixed timeincrement
- same number of points per trace (identical timerange)
- same number of traces per 2D-line (identical distancerange)

Then a 3D-datafile may be easily constructed during the import by simply storing
sequentially the different 2D-lines within one file. The size of the 3D-cube is
determined from the number of 2D-lines, the number of traces per 2D-line and
the number of points in timedirection. Example: 21 different 2D-lines with 200
traces per 2D-line (profiledirection: y) and 256 points per trace: xpoints: 21,
ypoints: 200, zpoints (timepoints): 256.

In the following the individual steps for creating such a 3D-file are described in
detail:

1. enter the module 2D-dataanalysis

2. activate the option file/import

3. choose the following options within the import menu:

data type: const. offset (version 2) or 3D-const.offset (from version 3)

User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 107

ProfileDirection: direction of the original 2D-lines (enter either x or y)

ProfileConstant: constant coordinate direction of the original 2D-lines (enter
either y or x depending on the chosen profile direction)
xstart: start coordinate in x-direction
ystart: start coordinate in y-direction
xend, yend, zstart, zend: not necessary to input

outputformat: 16 bit integer (e.g. for GPR-data) or 32 bit floating point for a
higher data resolution (e.g. for seismic data).
To be considered for SEGY or SEG2-data: the option swap bytes controls if the
original data originate from UNIX (activate option) or DOS-machines (deactivate
option). If the conversion fails try to change this parameter.
filename specification: manual input
filename: any name (e.g. line_3d)
TimeDimension: ns (GPR data) or ms (seismic data)
conversion sequence: combine lines/shots
linedistance: enter the distance between the individual parallel 2D-lines

4. activate the option Convert To Reflex: the wanted shots must be chosen and
they are automatically combined into one single datafile containing all the shots.

There are 2 different possibilities of choosing the datafiles:

a.. choose the datafiles from the openfile dialog (multiple choice using the shift or
str-key) : all chosen original data files are sorted with ascending order. Problems
may occur if the files don't have the same length (e.g. file1, file2,..., file11). In this
case a warning message appears.

b. open an external ASCII-filelist with the

extension "lst": the external filelist
contains all wanted datafiles in an
arbitrary order (one row contains one
filename). The datafiles must be stored
under the same path like the
ASCII-filelist. Example:
TEST__02.sg2
TEST__01.sg2

After having chosen all the wanted

datafiles the combined 3D-datafile is
displayed using the current plot settings.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 108

B. original parallel 2D-lines stored as one single 3D-datafile

In this case it is is assumend that the original profile is a 3D-file consisting of
parallel 2D-lines with:
- equidistant trace increment
- equal trace number for each 2D-line
- identical start coordinate for each 2D-line
- equidistant distance between the individual 2D-lines.

In the following the individual steps for creating such a 3D-file are described in
detail:

1. enter the module 2D-dataanalysis

2. activate the option file/import

3. choose the following options within the import menu:

data type: const. offset (version 2) or 3D-

const.offset (from version 3)
ProfileDirection: direction of the original 2D-
lines (enter either x or y)
ProfileConstant: constant coordinate
direction of the original 2D-lines (enter either
y or x depending on the chosen profile
direction)
xstart: start coordinate in x-direction
ystart: start coordinate in y-direction
xend, yend, zstart, zend: not necessary to
input
outputformat: 16 bit integer (e.g. for GPR-
data) or 32 bit floating point for a higher data
resolution (e.g. for seismic data).
To be considered for SEGY or SEG2-data:
the option swap bytes controls if the original
data originate from UNIX (activate option) or DOS-machines (deactivate option).
If the conversion fails try to change this parameter.
filename specification: original name
TimeDimension: ns (GPR data) or ms (seismic data)
conversion sequence: 3D-file equidistant
linedistance: enter the distance between the individual parallel 2D-lines
tracenr./2D-line: enter the number of traces for each 2D-lines containing within
the 3D-file
traceincr.: enter the increment between the traces within each 2D-line

4. activate the option Convert To Reflex: the wanted original 3D-file must be
chosen. The data within the resulting REFLEXW 3D-datafile are stored in the
same manner like the original data but the ensemble number which controls the
different 2D-lines is set based on the entered tracenr./2D-line.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 109

0.9.1.1.2 Generating a 3D-file from Reflexw formatted parallel 2D-

lines
The preconditions for generating a 3D-file within the 3D-datainterpretation without
interpolation are REFLEX formatted 2D-lines with:

- parallel 2D-lines with equidistant profile increment

- equidistant trace increment
- equidistant time increment
- same number of points per trace
- same number of traces per 2D-line

If these preconditions are satisfied you

may easily construct a 3D-file without a
spatial interpolation:

1. enter the module 3D-

datainterpretation

2. activate the option file/Generate 3D-file from 2D-files

3. choose the following options within the Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines menu:

3D-filename: enter any name for the 3D-datafile

type of interpolation: equidistant parallel 2D-lines without interpolation

EquidistantGroupBox:
choose either sort by filenames or sort by coordinates (see item 4)
line-increment: enter the increment between the different 2D-lines

4. choose the wanted filepath and activate the option load 2D-files in order to
choose the wanted 2D-files from the openfile dialog (multiple choice using the
shift or str-key). The sorting of the 2D-files depends on the chosen option within
the EquidistantGroupBox. With sort by
filenames activated all chosen original
datafiles are sorted with ascending
filename order. To be considered:
problems may occur if the files have
names like file1, file2,..., file10, file11.
In this case the choosen files are
resorted in thefollowing manner: file1,
file10, file11, file12, .... ,file2, .... which
leads to a wrong sorting within the
resulting 3D-file. With sort by
coordinates activated all chosen
original datafiles are sorted with
ascending profileconstant
coordinates. In this case the profileconstant coordinates must have been defined
first within the fileheader.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 110

5. Activating the option start starts the generation of the 3D-datafile. The 3D-file
is generated without any interpolation. With ProfileDirection set to X and
ProfileConstant set to Y the number of points in x-direction is equal the number
of traces per 2D-file, the number of points in y-direction is equal the number of
2D-files and the number of points in z-(time-)direction is equal the number of
points per trace. The file will be stored under the path rohdata under the current
project directory. After having created the file the 3D-data are automatically
loaded into the RAM (see also chap. 0.9.3). The 3D-datafile can be processed
within the 2D-dataanalysis (see chap. 0.9.2).
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 111

0.9.1.2 Generating a 3D-file with interpolation (done within the

3D-datainterpretation)
A 3D-datafile may also be generated from REFLEXW formatted 2D-lines. The
2D-lines may be raw data (then the processing is done for the 3D-datafile) or
already processed data. There are no general rules whether the processing shall
be done for the 3D-datafile or for the individual 2D-lines. If only few 2D-lines are
present it might be better to do the processing for the 2D-lines.
REFLEXW allows to construct a 3D-datafile either from equidistant parallel or
crossing 2D-lines (chap. 0.9.1.2.1) or from 2D-lines freely orientated within one
acquisition plane (chap. 0.9.1.2.1) both using a weighted interpolation. In any
case the coordinates (start- and endcoordinate in profiledirection and
profileconstant coordinate) must have been defined within the file- or
traceheader(s) of each 2D-line.

0.9.1.2.1 Generating a 3D-file from parallel or crossing 2D-lines

If the original data are not

parallel equidistant lines of
constant lengths but they
have for example different
lenghts, different start
coordinates or crossing lines
you may use the interpolation
routines within REFLEXW for
generating a new 3D-datafile.
You may also use this
interpolation for parallel
equidistant lines (see also
chap. 0.9.1.1.2) if an interpolation is wanted (e.g.
if only few 2D-lines exist).
To be considered: The necessary processing
(see chap. 0.9.2.) should always be done onto
the original 2D-datafiles. Therefore the 3D-
datafile should be generated based on the
completely processed 2D-datafiles.

generation flow:

1. enter the module 3D-datainterpretation

2. activate the option file/Generate 3D-file from 2D-files

3. choose the following options within the Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines menu:
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 112

3D-filename: enter any

name for the 3D-datafile

type of interpolation: use

independent interpolation
scheme for pure x- and
y-2D-lines

3D coordinates group box :

XStart, XEnd, YStart and
YEnd: specify the range
coordinates within the
dataacquisition plane for the
computation of the 3D-data
cube.
XRasterincrement and
YRasterincrement: specify
the grid interval of the two
coordinate axes spanning
the plane in the given
distance dimension. A
useful value for both XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement is the
traceincrement used for the individual 2D-profiles.
XInterpolation and YInterpolation: define the interpolation area (a rectangle) in
the given distance dimension. To guarantee a complete filing of the 3D-data cube
the interpolation range in x- and y-direction has to comply with the greatest
occuring distance between two data points in the correspoinding direction
whereby a too large range leads to an averaging.
interpol.weight: allows to specify the type of the interpolation weight.

timerange/sorting group box :

time end: specifies the timerange for the 3D-data. The start time is always 0.
sorting: determines the sorting of the profiles entering the computation of the
time slices. Four different sortings are possible: fileheader coordinates or
receiver coordinates, midpoint coordinates and CMP coordinates (defined within
the individual traceheaders).

4. choose the wanted filepath and activate the option load 2D-files in order to
choose the wanted 2D-files from the openfile dialog (multiple choice using the
shift or str-key).

5. Activating the option start starts the generation of the 3D-datafile. The number
of datapoints depends on the entered range of the 3D-cube and the raster
increments. To ensure, that the resulting 3D-file does not exceed the max. size of
20483 points, the parameters XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement can be
enlarged and/or the volume of the data to be considered can be reduced. The
file will be stored under the path rohdata under the current project directory. After
having created the file the 3D-data are automatically loaded into the RAM (see
also chap. 0.9.3). The 3D-datafile can be processed within the 2D-dataanalysis
(see chap. 0.9.2).
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 113

0.9.1.2.2 Generating a 3D-file for freely distributed 2D-lines

If the original data are freely distributed within the acquisition plane you must use
the interpolation routines within REFLEXW for generating a new 3D-datafile. To
be considered: The necessary processing (see chap. 0.9.2.) should always be
done onto the original 2D-datafiles. Therefore the 3D-datafile should be
generated based on the completely processed 2D-datafiles.

generation flow:

1. enter the module 3D-datainterpretation

2. activate the option

file/Generate 3D-file from
2D-files

3. choose the following

options within the Generate
3D-file from 2D-lines
menu:

3D-filename: enter any

name for the 3D-datafile

type of interpolation: use

interpolation scheme for
freely distributed 2D-lines

3D coordinates group box :

XStart, XEnd, YStart and
YEnd: specify the range
coordinates within the
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 114

dataacquisition plane for the computation of the 3D-data cube.

XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement: specify the grid interval of the two
coordinate axes spanning the plane in the given distance dimension. A useful
value for both XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement is the traceincrement
used for the individual 2D-profiles.
XInterpolation and YInterpolation:
define the interpolation area (a
rectangle) in the given distance
dimension. To guarantee a
complete filing of the 3D-data
cube the interpolation range in x-
and y-direction has to comply
with the greatest occuring
distance between two data points
in the correspoinding direction
whereby a too large range leads
to an averaging.
interpol.weight: allows to specify
the type of the interpolation
weight.

timerange/sorting group box :

time end: specifies the timerange
for the 3D-data cube. The time
always starts at 0.
sorting: determines the sorting of
the profiles entering the
computation of the time slices.
Four different sortings are
possible: fileheader coordinates
or receiver coordinates, midpoint
coordinates and CMP coordinates (defined within the individual traceheaders).

4. choose the wanted filepath and activate the option load 2D-files in order to
choose the wanted 2D-files from the openfile dialog (multiple choice using the
shift or str-key).

5. Activating the option start starts the generation of the 3D-datafile. The number
of datapoints depends on the entered range of the 3D-cube and the raster
increments. To ensure, that the resulting 3D-file does not exceed the max. size of
20483 points, the parameters XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement can be
enlarged and/or the volume of the data to be considered can be reduced. The
file will be stored under the path rohdata under the current project directory. After
having created the file the 3D-data are automatically loaded into the RAM (see
also chap. 0.9.3). The 3D-datafile can be processed within the 2D-dataanalysis
(see chap. 0.9.2).
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 115

0.9.1.3 resulting REFLEXW 3D-datafile

The resulting 3D-file is a new file with equidistant rasterincrements in x, y or z
(time) direction. The 3 rasterincrements may
differ. The max. number of points in one direction
is 2048, the max. size is 2048*2048*2048 points.
The resulting 3D-file has the same REFLEXW
format like a 2D-datafile and may be processed
within the 2D-dataanalysis module (chap. 0.9.2.)
whereby the interpretation must be done within
the 3D-datainterpretation (chap. 0.9.3).

The different 2D-lines are stored sequentially. The

distance axis within the 2D-dataanalysis
represents the distance sum over all 2D-lines.
Because of the normally huge number of traces
and the chosen plotmode (Pointmode, XYScaledPlot) the screen display
resolution may be too small to plot the data correctly (XScale too small). In this
case choose the Zoom-option in order to only display a small part of the data in
x-direction.

To be considered: If only few 2D-lines have been acquired with a large number of
traces the resulting 3D-datafile may have many points in one direction and very
few in the other. In this case it might be better to use the interpolation method for
generating a 3D-datafile from REFLEXW formatted 2D-lines (see chap. 0.9.1.2.1)
especially if you want to display timeslices. Although it is clear that the resolution
will not be enhanced the timeslices may appear more reasonable by the
averaging of the interpolation.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 116

0.9.1.4 combine different 3D-datafiles

The option generate 3D-file from 2D-lines as described in chap. 0.9.1.2.2 can
also be used in order to combine different 3D-datafiles into one 3D-datafile. It is
recommended that all 3D-datafiles have the same trace- and lineincrements but
in principle they can also differ. The calculation must be based on the
traceheader xy-receiver coordinates. Therefore the following processing flow
must be done:

1. Load the first 3D-file within the 2D-

dataanalysis and enter the edit
fileheader menu and define the
correct start x and y-coordinate if not
already done. Set the data type to 3D
const. offset and click on save.
2. Click on show traceheader and
update the traceheader coordinates for
using the update option fileheader-3D
within the trace header menu.
3. Do step 1 and 2 for all wanted 3D-
files.
4. Enter the 3D-datainterpretation
module and choose the option
generate 3D-file from 2D-lines and
activate the interpolation type use
interpolation scheme for freely
distributed 2D-lines. Enter the overall
xy-range and the x- and y-raster
increments. Useful values for the x- and
y-increments are the traceincrement
(corresponds to x-increment for
profiledirection X and y-increment for
profiledirection Y) and the lineincrement
(corresponds to x-increment for
profileconstant X and y-increment for
profileconstant Y) of the original 3D-
datafiles. If all 3D-files have the same
increments the Xinterpolation and
Yinterpolation can be set to the same
value of the rasterincrements. In this
case no interpolation will be done.
Enter the time end and set sorting to
receiver coordinates. Choose the
wanted 3D-files using the option load
2D-files and enter a 3D-filename and
click on start. The resulting 3D-file
contains all informations of the
chosen 3D-files within the given
overall xy-range.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 117

0.9.2 processing a 3D-data file (done within the 2D-

dataanalysis)
A 3D-data file is a single REFLEX formatted file which consists of several
equidistant 2D-cuts sequentially stored. All traces belonging to one 2D-cut have
the same ensemble-number which is stored within the REFLEXW traceheader.
The direction (x or y) within the fileheader determines the direction of the 2D-
cuts.
A 3D-data file may be processed like any 2D-file (see for example filtering guide)
but there are some peculiarities to be considered for:

1. If the 3D-datafile is generated by an interpolation (chap. 0.9.1.2) the complete

processing should be always applied onto the original 2D-datafiles.

2. If the data contain hyperbola from small scale objects or from pipes a
migration is necessary in addition if timeslices are used for the interpretation (see
also chap. 0.9.3.).

3. The processing step static correction is very important because the same time
baseline must be used for all 2D-cuts. Otherwise the timeslices are not correct.

4. multichannel filters like background

removal or fk-filter:
the option line parts should be
activated. In this case the distance
range for applying the filter is
automatically determined for line parts
(individual 2D-cuts) separated by each
other by a new ensemble number.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 118

0.9.3 interpretation of a 3D-data file (done within the 3D-

datainterpretation)
The module 3D data-interpretation allows the interpretation of 3-dimensional data
by displaying x-, y- or z-slices or the full 3D-data volume.
The data are completely loaded into the RAM of the computer whereby a fast
visualization of the data is possible. The max. number of points in each direction
(x-cuts, y-cuts and z-(time)cuts) is 2048.Three different display options are
available (option windows, option scroll and option 3D-cube - see below).

0.9.3.1 load a 3D-datafile

1. enter the 3D-datainterpretation

2. load the 3D-datafile using the option

File/Open 3D-file

3. After having chosen the wanted 3D-

file the Ref3DProcessingFom menu
opens which allows you to define the
internal processing of the 3D-file. Use
envelope if you want to display
timeslices. Use no if you want to
interpret x- or y-cuts.

4. activate the option close and the

chosen 3D-file is loaded into the RAM.

5. The internal processing may be changed at a later stage using the option
processing.

0.9.3.2 display a 3D-datafile using the scroll option

1. after having loaded a 3D-datafile
activate the option scroll

2. Activating one of the three different

cuts (X-Cuts, Y-Cuts or Slices) allows to
scroll through the 3D-datacube into the
given direction using the scroll bar or the
arrows. The option xyz-cuts allow the
simultaneous display of the 3 cuts (see
chap. 0.9.3.2.1)

3. The coordinate parameters within the

Options Menu are automatically set. The
option StepRate allows you to change
step rate for scrolling. Every step range
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 119

2D-cut will be plotted when scrolling.

The option smoothing allows to enter a value for smoothing the data in the scroll
direction. A value of 1 means no smoothing. A value of 2 means that 2D-cuts are
summed up and the mean values are calculated. The smoothing parameter is
independent from the StepRate parameter. The smoothing is done symmetrically
in both directions (half the smoothing value in each direction).

0.9.3.2.1. xyz-cuts option

1. The option xyz-cuts allows different simultaneous display possibilities of the 3

cuts. The actual positions of the other cuts are indicated by a large cross within
each cut.
A fast interactive change of the cuts is done by several mouse actions:
- the mouse wheel can be used in order to go through any of the cuts
- pressing the left mouse button allows to control the other cuts within any cut.

2. The grouping box allows the following display types:

- by geometry (see picture below). The z-cut (slice) is displayed on the top/left
surrounded by the x- and y-cut using a free of distortion scale and using a time
axis scale which automatically takes into account the velocity entered for the
depth axis within the plotoptions menu or within the xyz-cut option panel.
- by colums/rows (see picture above). The xy-cuts are displayed right to the z-
cut (slice). The time
axis scale of the xy-
cuts may be adjusted
to the xy-scale
activating the option
time axis free of
distortion
- by rows/colums.
The xy-cuts are
displayed below the
z-cut (slice). The time
axis scale of the xy-
cuts may be adjusted
to the xy-scale
activating the option
time axis free of
distortion
- by colums (see
picture below): all
three cuts will be
displayed within one
row with the z-cut
(slice) in the middle
- by rows (see picture below): all three cuts will be displayed within one column
with the z-cut (slice) in the middle
Activating one of the three different cuts (X-Cuts, Y-Cuts or Slices) allows to
scroll through the 3D-datacube into the given direction using the scroll bar or the
arrows.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 120

0.9.3.3 display a 3D-datafile using the windows option

1. after having loaded a 3D-datafile activate the option windows

2. Activating one of the three different cuts (X-Cuts, Y-Cuts or Slices) allows to
display several 2D-cuts of the 3D-cube, placed in freely choosable manner within
the working window.

3. The coordinate parameters within the Options Menu are automatically set.
The max. number of cuts to be displayed simultaneously is 25. The program
automatically calculates the StepRate for the given cut range (in this example
TimeStart and TimeEnd) and calculates the increment (this example 0.125 ns).
You may manually change these parameters.

4. The option window comb. allows to choose the combination of the windows
to be subdivided in horizontal and vertical direction. the possible combinations
are automatically predefined. If you have 24 different cuts to be displayed you
may choose the combination 8/3 - this means the screen is subdivided into 8
horizontal and 3 vertical cuts.

5. The option Options can be deactivated. In this case the OptionsMenu

disappears and the full screen is visible.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 121

0.9.3.4 display a 3D-datafile using the 3D-cube option

1. after having loaded a 3D-datafile activate the option 3D-cube

2. The 3D-cube will be displayed together with the Cube3DOptions menu.

3. The size of the 3D-

cube is determined from
the number of the points
into the different
directions x, y and
z(time). The point
numbers are displayed
within the options
min/max for x, y and z.
Here you also may
restrict the range. The
axis scales of the 3D-
cube are based on these
values and do not
correspond to the real
coordinates. This may
significantly differ for
example if the 3D-datafile
has been created without
interpolation
(traceincrement and
lineincrement differ
significantly). It is
possible to change the axis scales using the options ScaleX, ScaleY and
ScaleZ.

4. You have the possibility to look at the cube from different angles, e.g. from the
front side, the back side or from the side. The angles can be changed manually
within the options x°, y° and z° or using the mouse with pressed left mouse
button within the 3D-cube display.

5. You have different display possibilities. You may select if only the front or back
planes of the data cube are displayed (options front and back) or the full 3D-
data volume (option full). In addition you only may select single cuts (option
single) and scroll (option scroll) through the cube in one distinct direction.
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 122

0.9.4 3D-view of single 2D-lines with arbitrary geometry

In many cases only few 2D-lines with different geometry (parallel or crossing or
any other angle) have been acquired which you also want to display within a 3D-
cube. The following chapter describes how to manage such a 3D-view of single
2D-lines with arbitrary geometry. Precondtion is that the geometries of the 2D-
lines have been specified either within the fileheaders or within the individual
traceheaders.

1. enter the module 3D-datainterpretation

2. activate the option file/Generate 3D-file from 2D-files

3. choose the following options within the Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines menu:

3D-filename: enter any name for the

3D-datafile

type of interpolation: use interpolation

scheme for freely distributed 2D-lines

3D coordinates group box :

XStart, XEnd, YStart and YEnd:
specify the range coordinates within
the dataacquisition plane for the
computation of the 3D-data cube.
XRasterincrement and
YRasterincrement: specify the grid
interval of the two coordinate axes
spanning the plane in the given distance dimension. A useful value for both
XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement is the traceincrement used for the
individual 2D-profiles. The rasterincrements should not be smaller than the
increments within the original 2D-lines.
XInterpolation and YInterpolation: enter the same values as for Xrasterincrement
and Yrasterincrement in order to avoid any interpolation.
interpol.weight: allows to specify the type of the interpolation weight. It has no
meaning if the interpolation values match the rasterincrements.

timerange/sorting group box :

time end: specifies the timerange for the 3D-data cube. The time always starts at
0.
sorting: determines the sorting of the profiles entering the computation of the
time slices. Four different sortings are possible: fileheader coordinates or
receiver coordinates, midpoint coordinates and CMP coordinates (defined within
the individual traceheaders).

4. choose the wanted filepath and activate the option load 2D-files in order to
choose the wanted 2D-files from the openfile dialog (multiple choice using the
shift or str-key).

5. Activating the option start starts the generation of the 3D-datafile. The number
of datapoints depends on the entered range of the 3D-cube and the raster
User’s guide - 3D-datainterpretation 123

increments. To ensure, that the resulting 3D-file does not exceed the max. size of
20483 points, the parameters XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement can be
enlarged and/or the volume of the data to be considered can be reduced. The
file will be stored under the path rohdata under the current project directory. After
having created the file the 3D-data are automatically loaded into the RAM (see
also chap. 0.9.3). The resulting 3D-file contains 0 amplitude values at all
positions where no original data are present.

6. Activate the option 3D-cube. The other 2 display modes (scroll and windows)
may not be very useful because of the 0 values at the non originally covered
positions. Use any of the available scaling and rotating options in order to get the
best 3D-view.

7. Activate the option outside within the Cube3DOptions box and enter the value
range 0 for min. and 0 for max. This ensures that all 0 values will not be taken
into account when plotting the 3D-data.

8. Activate the option full and plot the data by pressing the option plot.

9. If any other combination of the original 2D-lines is wanted a new 3D-file must
be generated (items 3-8).
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 124

0.10 Introduction to the modelling/tomography tools

within REFLEXW
In the following the different modelling/tomography tools within the modelling
menu of REFLEXW are described. The main tools are:
2D and 3D Finite difference modelling for seismic and electromagnetic wave
propagation (chap. 0.10.2)
2D ray tracing (chap. 0.10.3)
2D- and 3D- transmission and refraction tomography (chap. 0.10.4)
Chap. 0.10.1 includes the generation of a model. This chapter is a more general
one because all tools need a model to be generated first.
Please use in addition to this guide the instructions within the corresponding
chapters of this manual and the online help.

0.10.1 model generation

0.10.1.1 create a new model

First the generation of a

complete new model is
described.

1. Enter the module

modelling

2. Choose the wavetype (e.g.

electromagnetic for a GPR-
modelling or acoustic for a
raytracing).

3. Enter the min./max.

borders of the model (parameters xmin, xmax, zmin, zmax). To be considered: z
is going from top to bottom with positive numbers (e.g. zmin=0 and zmax=20).

4. activate the option new. The layer nr. is changed to 1.

5. The first boundary at z=0 has been automatically created by setting two layer
points at the left and right upper
corner point of the model. Now
you must set the parameters for
this boundary within the input
of model parameters window
which has been automatically
opened. If this window is not on
front press the right mouse
button in order to bring it to the
front.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 125

6. You may set or change the parameters either by editing the corresponding
fields of the table or by using the general fields situated in the right upper corner.
Using the second possibility first you have to enter the parameters within these
fields. These parameters can be overtaken to selected points of the current layer.
The selection is done by clicking on the fields in the first column of the table (the
fields, which indicate the number of the points) and is indicated by a cross or by
activating the option take over all. Clicking the take over button in the
ControlBox leads to the updating of the parameters at the selected points or at
each point (option take over all activated).

7. Use the button update for updating the model.

8. You may include some new layer points by simply clicking within the main
modelling menu. The current general model parameters of the fields within the
right upper corner of the input of modelling parameter menu are automatically
taken over for these new layer points. You may change these parameters like
described under step 6.

9. Return to the main modelling menu by simply activating it or by closing the

input of model parameters menu.

10. activate the option new for the next layer. The layer nr. is changed to 2.

11. For that layer you have to define all layer points and the corresponding model
parameters - see step 6 to step 9.

12. Additional layers are defined as described for layer 2.

13. All layers must be closed - this means they must start or end at the model
border or at any other layer boundary. It is not necessary to do this manually but
the options extrapolate and hor.extrapol. may be used for that purpose. The
interfaces don't have to be entered exactly at the edge, intersection with another
interface, respectively, but in the vicinity because the option extrapolate makes
the automatic interpolation between two interfaces as well as the extrapolation of
the interface to the boundary possible. Therefore the program searches
automatically the nearest border at the exposed end and extrapolates in that
direction (in the case of an edge, extrapolation in x-, z-direction, respectively, in
the case of an interface to the nearest layer point).

PLEASE NOTE: The layer points are sorted automatically from lower x-distance
to higher x-distance, i.e. the interface function is unequivocal. Should for example
a convolution be given it has to occur by giving several interfaces, like it is done
by the predefined symbols circle and rectangle.

14. Enter a filename and save the model using the speedoption or the option
file/save model.

15. For additional features like using predefined symbols, combining existing
layers or adding a topography please refer to the instructions under the individual
chapters of this manual or to the online help.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 126

0.10.1.2 change an existing model

In this chapter the changing of an existing model will be described. Such a model
may be built up as described in the previous chapter or it may result from a
seismic refraction inversion (see chap. 0.7.2).

There are different possibilities to change the existing model. A few of them are
described below:

First it might be useful to restrict the number of points of each layer. This will be
done using the option edit layer. Activate this option and then activate the option
average. Enter an average value (e.g. 5 for amount) and click on the wanted
layer boundary (left mouse button). Then this layer boundary will only consist of a
5 times fewer datapoints. The option may be applied for each layer boundary.
After this option it might be useful to extrapolate the boundary either using the
option hor.extrap. or extraplate.

Activating the option vert.move allows you to move up or down a special layer
boundary (all depth values by the same amount).

In order to change the individual datapoints of a distinct layer activate the option
choose layer and click on the wanted layer - the layer will be highlighted (in red).
Now you may either change the layer boundary or the velocity within the layer.

When clicking on the right mouse the input parameter window appears and you
may change the velocities for the individual datapoints. You may enter the new
values either within the table or within the upper right overall table which allows
you to change the velocities for all points (option "take over all" activated) when
clicking on the option take over.

In order to change the individual depths of the layer boundary activate the option
change p. and click on the wanted boundary datapoint and then move this
datapoint with pressed mouse to the wanted position.
The option remove p. allows to remove any layerboundary points, set p.
includes a new layerboundary point.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 127

0.10.2 Finite Difference (FD) modelling

The Finite Difference (FD) modelling tool allows the simulation of electromagnetic
or seismic wave propagation, respectively by means of FD-method for different
sources (plane wave, point source as well as "Exploding-Reflector"-source). As a
result a single line or the complete wavefield are stored and can be displayed
after.

In the following we are describing the GPR-simulation for a 2D zero-offset section

(standard GPR-data acquisition).

1. First a new model must be generated (see chap. 0.10.1) or an already existing
model must be loaded using the option file/load model.

2. Activate the option FD

3. The FD-GroupBox
opens in addition (see
figure on the right). Within
this group box you have to
enter the necessary FD-
Parameters.

4. First you must enter the

main frequency for the
simulation in Hz (seismics)
or MHZ (GPR).

5. enter the wanted

source type - for this
example exploding
reflector. The exploding
reflector type allows you a simulation of a 2D zero offset section within one
calculation.

6. Enter the wanted DeltaX increment in space direction (equal in x- and z-

direction). For the FD-computation the layer model has to be rastered with a
given increment in x- and z-direction (option DeltaX). Just so, a time increment
has to be given (option DeltaT). The size of the space- and time-increment
corresponds to the minimal wave length as well as the velocity. The program
determines automatically the critical value of the space-increment (1/8 of the min.
wave length for FD-scheme 4-space, 1/12 of the min. wave length for FD-scheme
2-space, respectively) and shows this one in the calc. critical values box down
right. This value should not be passed over. A too big chosen DeltaX increment
results in numerical dispersion of the wavelet. Therefore if the result shows such
a dispersion you have to decrease the DeltaX increment.

7. Enter the wanted timeincrement DeltaT. The max. time-increment depends on

the max. velocity as well as on the given space-increment DeltaX (approximately:
Δt <= 1./(%2V) for the el.magnetic propagation and Δt <= 1./(Vp+Vs) for the
elastic propagation). The critical time-increment of the current set DeltaX
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 128

increment is shown in the calc. critical values box at the bottom. A too big chosen
DeltaT increment results in an instability, this means the amplitude increases
exponentially with time. Therefore if the result shows such an amplitude increase
you have to decrease the DeltaT increment.

8. Enter the total time TMax for the simulation.

9. Enter the boundary conditions, e.g. lin.absorbing range for the GPR-
simulation.

10. Choose the wanted excitation and registration components. By default the
EY-components are activated.

11. Choose the output type - for this example single line.

12. Enter the output parameters for the single line (rec x start, rec x end, rec z
start, rec z end). For example: rec x start: 0; rec x end: 5; rec z start: 0; rec z end:
0 (registration line at the surface)..

13. Activating the option StartFD starts first the rastering of model (if the option
raster is activated) and then starts the external program FDEMSEIS.EXE which
will normally be executed in the background (option background activated), so
that it is possible to go on with the work in REFLEXW. If the option background is
deselected, the computation is faster but there is no possibility to work with
REFLEXW until the FD-computation is finished.

14. After having finished the FD-computation you may display the simulation
result within the 2D-dataanalysis.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 129

0.10.3 ray tracing

The ray tracing modelling tool allows the traveltime simulation of electromagnetic
or seismic wave propagation, respectively by means of a finite difference
approximation of the eikonal equation. The calculation of the synthetic
traveltimes is restricted to the first arrivals for an arbitrary 2-dimensional medium.
No reflections and secondary arrivals can be calculated. This can be done using
the FD-simulation (see chap. 0.10.2).
The main application is the seismic refraction but it is also possible to simulate
any transmission data. The raytracing may be used for
- the control of an inverted model
- an iterative adaptation of the calculated and real data by stepwise changing the
underground model

In the following the application to seismic refraction data is described.

1. first a new model must be generated (see chap. 0.10.1) or an already existing
model must be loaded using the option file/load model.

2. activate the option ray

3. The Ray-GroupBox
opens in addition (see
figure on the right).
Within this group box you
have to enter the
necessary raytracing
parameters.

4. We want to simulate
the observed traveltimes
of different shots along
the line. For that purpose
we have to load the
observed traveltimes
using the option File/load
data traveltimes. Then
the screen is split
vertically showing in the
upper window the model
and in the lower the data.

5. Now the ray tracing parameters have to be chosen:

- enter the wanted raytracing type FD-Vidale.
- enter the gridding increment DeltaX (equal in x- and z-direction - should be in
the range of the receiver increment or less - depends on the model complexity).
- enter the output-scale, e.g. 4
- enter the calculate type - in this case data traveltimes because we want to
simulate all loaded observed traveltimes
- enter the outputfile name
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 130

6. Start the raytracing using the option start

7. the calculated traveltimes are shown in the lower picture in addition. Choose a
shot number for highlighting using the option highlighted shot. You can
interactively go through the highlighted shot numbers in order to analyse the
differences of the individual shots.
You may also check for the mean traveltime difference using the option
Analyse/calculate traveltime differences using actual coord.projection.

8. If the calculated and the observed traveltimes do not match you may make
some changes wthin the model and restart the raytracing in order to get a better
match.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 131

0.10.4. tomography
Tomographic methods have been well established for borehole-borehole or
borehole-surface measurements whereby the object will be directly transmitted
(so called transmission tomography).

In the case of the 2D refraction vertical tomography all sources and receivers
are located within one line at the surface. In order to allow for a high data
coverage within the medium vertical velocity gradients should be present and a
curved raytracing for the calculation of the traveltimes must be used.

REFLEXW supports a 2D- and 3D-transmission traveltime tomography and a 2D

refraction tomography. For the 2D-tomography both straight and curved
raytracing is supported. For the 3D-tomography only straight raytracing is
supported.

Chapter 0.10.4.1 includes the format and the picking of the traveltime data.
In chapter 0.10.4.2 the 2D tomographic interpretation of borehole-borehole
transmission tomography is described.
In chapter 0.10.4.3 the 2D tomographic interpretation of a refraction
tomography is described.

0.10.4.1 picking the traveltime data and description of the

format
Before performing the tomography the traveltime data to be inverted must be
present.

REFLEXW uses a 2D or 3D ASCII-data format:

2D-data format:
travel time, code, transmitter_X, transmitter_Y(Z), receiver_X, receiver_Y(Z)
The code is given as an integer value.
example (2 travel times):
800.00 1 0.00 2.00 100.00 2.00
801.60 1 0.00 2.00 100.00 6.00

3D-data format:
traveltime,code,transm._X,transm._Y,transm._Z, receiv._X, receiv._Y, receiv._Z
example (2 travel times):
800.00 1 0.00 2.00 1.00 100.00 2.00 5.00
801.60 1 0.00 2.00 1.00 100.00 6.00 5.00

These data can be created externally or within REFLEXW when picking the
original wavedata.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 132

In the following the picking of the original wavedata within REFLEXW is

described.

The most important part is the definition of the source- and receiver-coordinates.
These coordinates are stored within the traceheader of each trace. There are
two different possibilities for both the refraction and the transmission data.
Either each shot is imported (single shot analysis), filtered and picked separately
(standard procedure for “normal” refraction interpretation - see also refraction
guide, Import the data and pick the first onsets (done within the module 2D-
dataanalysis).
Or one datafile contains all shots (several shots analysis - standard procedure for
the reflection seismic interpretation - see also reflection guide, Import the data
and setting the geometry (both done within the module 2D-dataanalysis)) and the
data are filtered and picked in one step. If a very high data coverage is present
the refraction data may also be handled like the reflection data with one datafile
containing all shots. In that case the various possibilities of defining the geometry
may be claimed.

To be considered: In any case the traceheader coordinates must be correctly

defined before picking! If the 2D-data format shall be used the x- and y-
traceheadercoordinates will be considered. The z-traceheader coordinates will be
ignored. In the following the definition for this 2D-data format for equidistant
receivers will be described.

0.10.4.1.1 single shot analysis

Depending on the shot/receiver geometry three different data types can be
distinguished:

single shot: surface/surface geometry - shots and receivers are located on the
surface, e.g. seismic refraction or reflection data
single shot/boreholes: borehole/borehole geometry - shots and receivers are
located within two parallel boreholes
single shot/VSP: borehole/surface geometry - the receivers are located within
a borehole, the shots are located at the surface

The shotfiles can be imported and handled completely separately or using a

conversion sequence.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 133

import each shotfile separately (conversion sequence set to no)

Enter the import menu and choose the correct data type and enter the overall
2D-fileheader geometry of your shot and the receivers- see the tabella below.
Depending on your original data it might be useful to deactivate the import option
read traceincr. Otherwise the end receiver coordinates might be changed.

surface/surface Borehole/borehole Borehole/surface

The equidistant The equidistant The equidistant

receivers are located at receivers are located receivers are located
the surface from 5 to27 within borehole 1 (25 m within the borehole (at
m. The shot is placed at along the surface) from 25 m along the surface)
22 m. The lateral 5 to 27 m depth. The from 5 to 27 m depth.
offsets of the receivers shot is situated within The shot is situated
and the shot are 0. borehole 2 (4 m along along the surface at 4
the surface) at 5 m m.
depth.

If the traceheader coordinates shall be updated based on these overall fileheader

coordinates choose fileheader for update
traceheaders within the update
traceheader/gps cordinates box. The
receiver positions are assumed to be
equidistant.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 134

After having converted the original shotfile the edit traceheader coordinates
tabella menu opens (example below for the borehole/borehole layout). If the
traceheader coordinates are not correct there exist different possiblities to
change them. They can be manually entered or load from an ASCII-file or you
may use the option update from fileheader in order to update the traceheader
coordinates from the entered fileheader coordinates if not already done(see
above). By default the shotx and recx positions describe the location along the
surface and the shoty and recy positions describe either the positions within the
boreholes or the y-offsets. Close the menu with saving the changes. Now the
geometry of this single shot is ready and the shot may be processed or the first
arrivals may be picked. Do the same procedure for all subsequent shots.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 135

import all shotfiles and set the geometry within one step (conversion
sequence set to inline lines)

In all cases the conversion sequence inline lines can be used in order to import
the different shot files within one step with an automatic actualization of the
overall fileheader geometry and of the traceheader coordinates. For the latter
case choose fileheader for update traceheaders within the update
traceheader/gps cordinates box. After having
activated the option convert to Reflexw you
must select all original files which fall in the
selected geometry layout using the shft or ctrl
key. In the case of the converison sequence
inline lines the edit traceheader coordinates
menu does not open after having converted
the files.

Surface/surface layout 1 with moving

receivers and shots (e.g. seismic refraction
or reflection data). For a fixed line with
moving shots simply deactivate move
receivers.

After having imported all files it is possible to redefine the geometry of the single
shots within the edit several fileheaders menu (to be found under file):
! Select the wanted filepath and open files.
! Choose all wanted files and make any changes for the shot and receiver
positions if necessary. Rec-start and rec-end as well as shot pos.
describe the location along the surface. Rec-offs. and shot offs.
describe the lateral offset.
! Choose "update trace headers" -> fileheader and click on save. You
may check your geometry using the option file/edit traceheader.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 136

Borehole/borehole layout 2 with a start

position within the borehole for the shot at
15 m and moving shots upwards with an
increment of 5 m:
After having imported all files it is possible

to redefine the geometry of the single shots within the edit several fileheaders
menu (to be found under file):
! Select the wanted filepath and open files.
! Choose all wanted files and make any changes for the shot and receiver
positions if necessary. Rec-offs. and shot offs. describe the location
along the surface. Rec-start and rec-end as well as shot pos. describe
the location within the boreholes.
! Choose "update trace headers" -> fileheader and click on save. You
may check your geometry using the option file/edit traceheader.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 137

Borehole/surface layout 3 with a start

positionwithin the borehole for the shot
at 15 m and moving shots upwards with
an increment of 5 m:

After having imported all files it is possible to redefine the geometry of the single
shots within the edit several fileheaders menu (to be found under file):
! Select the wanted filepath and open files.
! Choose all wanted files and make any changes for the shot and receiver
positions if necessary. Rec-offs. and shot pos. describe the location
along the surface. Rec-start and rec-end describe the location within the
boreholes. The shot is always situated at the surface at a depth of 0m.
! Choose "update trace headers" -> fileheader and click on save. You
may check your geometry using the option file/edit traceheader.

It is only possible to redefine the geometry within one step for the same
shot/receiver layout. Therefore if you have two different layouts as described
within example 1 and 2 you must redefine the geometry for these two layouts
separately.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 138

0.10.4.1.2 several shots analysis

Putting all shots together has several advantages:
- setting the geometry is easier
- picking is faster

You can put together the shots during the import (conversion sequence combine
lines/shots) or afterwards using a special processing option. The shots must
have the same sample number if using the import option conversion sequence
“combine lines/shots”.

The step-by-step procedure:

1. Import your single shot data. Set
datatype to several shots because in
step 2 all shots will be combined within
one single file. The order of the files
must be correct (e.g. file001.sg2 and not
file1.sg2) because otherwise the sorting
of the files is not correct for step number
2.
If you are using the conversion sequence
“combine lines/shots” it is possible to
load all shots within one import step
(multiple file choice using the ctr or shft
key). The step number 2 can then be
ignored. The coordinates must be
defined afterwards if not already existing
within the original data. Therefore
choose no for update traceheaders
within the update traceheader/gps
cordinates box.

2. load the first shot and put together all shots using the option combine files f.
CMP under processing/edit
traces. Click on load and choose
all the other shots except the
actually loaded file (multiple file
choice using the ctr or shft key).
To be considered: the sorting of
the files is done automatically
with ascending alphabetic order
of the filenames. Therefore a
renaming of the files e.g.
1.dat,...,9.dat to 01.dat,...,09.dat
may be necessary.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 139

3. do any filtering, e.g. bandpassfiltering and time cut (optional).

4. enter the geometry using the option CMP (see also chap. 1.12.4.1). Click on
geometry and activate fixed line for standard geometry. Enter the geometry within
the standard geometry box.
The radio box standard line direction allows to define the direction of the
standard geometry.
x-direction activated: the line (shots and receivers) is assumed to be orientated
in x-direction (surface/surface layout). This is the case for a seismic refraction
dataset. Shot offset and receiver offset define the constant offset in y-direction
and should be set to 0 for seismic refraction data.
y-direction shots/rec. activated: the total line (receivers and shots) is assumed
to be orientated in y-direction (borehole/borehole layout). Use this option for
example to define the geometry of a two boreholes transmission measurement.
Shot offset and receiver offset define the positions of the 2 boreholes along the x-
axis (surface).
y-direction shots activated: the shots are assumed to be orientated in y-
direction (surface/borehole layout). Use this option for example to define the
geometry of a borehole containing the shots and the receivers placed at the
surface.Shotoffset specifies the x-position of the shot borehole and receiver
offset specifies the location of the receivers in y-direction (normally 0 for surface).
y-direction rec. activated: the receivers are assumed to be orientated in y-
direction (borehole/surface layout). Use this option for example to define the
geometry of a borehole containing the receivers and the shots placed at the
surface. Receiver offset specifies the x-position of the receiver borehole and shot
offset specifies the location of the shots in y-direction (normally 0 for surface).
Click on apply std. geometry - the geometry will be updated and save the
geometry. It is recommended to check the geometry of the individual traces using
the edit single traces.
The standard geometry must be applied separately on each individual
configuration. A new configuration is given for example if the receiver line has
been changed or if the shots and receivers have been exchanged. The
parameters first trace and last trace define the range for the individual
configuration.
The following example is a dataset containing three different configurations
corresponding to the three layouts of chap. IV.1.1.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 140

The parameters for the surface/surface

configuration (layout 1 of chap. IV.1.1 with 12
receivers) are the following:

nr. channels: 12
first trace: 73
last trace: 108
shot start: 12
shot increment: 5
shot offset: 0
receiver increment: 2
receiver offset: 0
First receiver: -7
left shot receiver: -1
right shot receiver: 1
last receiver: 15
x-direction shots/rec. activated

The parameters for the borehole/borehole configuration (layout 2 of chap. IV.1.1

with 12 receivers) are the following:

nr. channels: 12
first trace: 1
last trace: 36
shot start: 27
shot increment: -5
shot offset: 4
receiver increment: 2
receiver offset: 25
First receiver: 5
last receiver: 27
y-direction shots/rec. activated

The parameters for the borehole/surface configuration (layout 3 of chap. IV.1.1

with 12 receivers within the borehole) are the following:

nr. channels: 12
first trace: 37
last trace: 72
shot start: 4
shot increment: 5
shot offset: 0
receiver increment: 2
receiver offset: 25
First receiver: 5
last receiver: 27
y-direction rec. activated

The rays of the two configurations

User’s guide - modelling/tomography 141

layout 1 and layout 2 are shown on the right (option show rays within the
modelling menu).

The geometry of layout 1 cannot be controlled using the show ray option as
source and receivers are placed at the surface. A control can only be done using
the edit trace header option or using the option check rays within the modelling
menu and a manual control of the source/receiver coordinates.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 142

0.10.4.1.3 picking the first arrivals

After having imported the data and having defined the traceheader geometry the
traveltime data must be picked.
For that purpose activate the option pick and pick the data using one of the
picking options. Open the pick save menu using the option save. The save picks
menu opens (see figure on the right). In any case the picks also should be
saved using the Reflex Win format in order to have the possibility to load them
again in a later stage.
Use the format ASCII-2D
tomography or ASCII-3D
tomography in order to generate
the ASCII-file for a subsequent
tomography. With the option
“export several existing picks into 1
ASCII-file” activated you may
export several existing pickfiles into
1 ASCII-file.
The pick-file will have the extension
TOM and will be stored under the
path ASCII under the current
projectpath.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 143

0.10.4.2 performing the transmission tomography

1. First a starting model must be generated (see chap. 0.10.1) or an already
existing model must be loaded using the option file/load model. Normally the
starting model may be a simple homogeneous model whereby the velocity
should be within the expected range.

2. Activate the option Tomo

3. The TomographyGroupBox
opens in addition (see figure on the
right). Within this group box you
have to enter the necessary
tomography parameters.

- Load the data using the option

load data (see also chap.
0.10.4.1). If the 3D-data format is
used for the 2D-tomography you
have to specify the second
coordinate (y or z) within the
radiobox sec.coord. The first
coordinate is always x. The third
coordinate is neglected. The
ASCII-tomography data may be created within the modules
a. 2D-dataanalysis - save picks using the formats ASCII-2D tomography or
ASCII-3D tomography
b. traveltime analysis - option export to ASCII
c. modelling - export data
traveltimes to ASCII

- Check the geometry of your

loaded traveltimedata using the
option show rays.

- Enter the wanted space

increment (equal in x- and z-
direction). This increment should be
within the range of the receiver or
shot increment.

- Activate the option curved ray if

the curved raytracing shall be used.
If activated the option start curved ray specifies the iteration step for which the
curved raytracing will be used first.

- For a first tomographic result you may use the other default parameters. There
are no general rules for these parameters but you have to adapt the parameters
to your data in order to get the best result.

- Enter a name for the final model. Please use not the same name as for the
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 144

starting model because this may lead to problems.

- Start the tomography. The

tomographic result is stored
using the “normal” REFLEXW
format. You may display the
result within the 2D-
dataanalysis.

4. Control the tomographic result by a forward raytracing. For that purpose

activate the option ray. The raytracing menu opens in addition.
Load the traveltime data using the option File/load data traveltimes. Then the
screen is split vertically showing in the upper window the model together with the
tomographic result and in the lower the data.
Now the ray tracing parameters have to be chosen:

- enter the wanted raytracing type FD-Vidale or network..

- enter the gridding increment DeltaX - this increment must be equal to the
increment used for the tomography.

- enter the output-scale, e.g. 1

- enter the calculate type - in this case data traveltimes because we want to
simulate all loaded observed traveltimes

- enter the outputfile name

- deactivate the option raster - this must be done because otherwise the
currently loaded model (normally the start model for the tomography) will be used
for the raytracing

- start the raytracing using the option start. As the option raster is deactivated
you are asked for the raster file. Choose the tomography raster file.

- the calculated traveltimes are shown in the lower picture in addition. Within the
traveltimes checkbox you must select over which axis the traveltime data shall
be plotted, e.g. for borehole-borehole data select y-project. You may use the
reduction velocity plot option in order to stretch the time axis for a better visibility.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 145

Choose a shot number for highlighting using the option highlighted shot (within
the picture highlighted in cyan). You can interactively go through the highlighted
shot numbers in order to analyse the differences of the individual shots. With the
option hide other shots activated only the highlighted shot will be displayed.
You may also check for the mean traveltime difference using the option
Analyse/calculate traveltime differences using all coordinates or calculate
traveltime differences using actual projection. The option color ray for dt’s
allows to colour the rays based on the actual traveltimedifferences (green below
rms deviation, blue for too small calculated traveltimes, red for too large
calculated traveltimes).
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 146

0.10.4.3 performing the refraction tomography

In the case of the 2D refraction vertical tomography all sources and receivers
are located within one line at the surface. In order to allow for a high data
coverage within the medium vertical velocity gradients should be present and a
curved raytracing for the calculation of the traveltimes must be used.
The curved rays are calculated using a finite difference approximation of the
Eikonal equation (see raytracing). A start model must be defined. No assignment
to layers is necessary.
The start model should contain a quite strong vertical velocity gradient and the
max. velocity variations should be large enough (e.g. 200 % of the original
values) in order to enable strong vertical gradients at those positions where an
interface is assumed. A smoothing in horizontal direction is often useful because
of the normally quite large receiver increments.

1. First a starting model must be generated (see chap. 0.10.1) or an already

existing model must be loaded using the option file/load model. Normally the
starting model may be a simple homogeneous model with a quite strong vertical
velocity gradient (dv/dz = 50 1/m, e.g.) whereby the velocity at the surface
boundary should be within the expected range (e.g. v=400 m/s).

2. Activate the option Tomo

3. The TomographyGroupBox
opens in addition (see figure on
the right). Within this group box
you have to enter the necessary
tomography parameters.

- Load the data using the option

load data (see also chap.
0.10.4.1). If the 3D-data format is
used for the 2D-tomography you
have to specify the second
coordinate (y or z) within the
radiobox sec.coord. The first
coordinate is always x. The third
coordinate is neglected. The
ASCII-tomography data may be
created within the modules
a. 2D-dataanalysis - save picks using the formats ASCII-2D tomography or
ASCII-3D tomography
b. traveltime analysis - option export to ASCII
c. modelling - export data traveltimes to ASCII

- Enter the wanted space increment (equal in x- and z-direction). Normally this
increment should be small enough in order to allow small scale variations with
depth. It may be significantly smaller than the receiver increment.

- The following options must be set for the refraction tomography:

- activate the option curved ray.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 147

- set the parameter start curved ray to 1.

- Enter a quite large value for max.def.change (%), e.g. 200 %

- Often it is useful to force the first iteration (option force 1.iter. activated) to
generate a new model even if the resulting residuals are larger than for the
starting model.

- Enter a smoothing value in x-direction (parameter average x, e.g. 10).

- Activate the option show result in order to display the tomography result

- For a first tomographic result you may use the other default parameters. There
are no general rules for these parameters but you have to adapt the parameters
to your data in order to get the best result.

- Enter a name for the final model. Note: do not use the same name like for the
starting model.

- Start the tomography. The tomographic result is stored using the “normal”
REFLEXW format. You may display the result within the 2D-dataanalysis.

4. Control the tomographic result by a forward raytracing. For that purpose

activate the option ray. The raytracing menu opens in addition.
Load the traveltime data using the option File/load data traveltimes. Then the
screen is split vertically showing in the upper window the model together with the
tomographic result and in the lower the data.
Now the ray tracing parameters have to be chosen:

- enter the wanted raytracing type FD-Vidale.

- enter the gridding increment DeltaX - this increment must be equal to the
increment used for the tomography.

- enter the output-scale, e.g. 1

- enter the calculate type - in this case data traveltimes because we want to
simulate all loaded observed traveltimes

- enter the outputfile name

- deactivate the option raster - this must be done because otherwise the
currently loaded model (normally the start model for the tomography) will be used
for the raytracing

- start the raytracing using the option start. As the option raster is deactivated
you are asked for the raster file. Choose the tomography raster file.

- the calculated traveltimes are shown in the lower picture in addition. Choose a
shot number for highlighting using the option highlighted shot. You can
interactively go through the highlighted shot numbers in order to analyse the
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 148

differences of the individual shots.

You may also check for the mean traveltime difference using the option
Analyse/calculate traveltime differences using actual coord.projection
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 149

0.11 Use of CMP-analysis for a single or several

independent CMP-files
In the following the use of the velocity adaptation for a single or several
indiependent CMP-files is described.A single CMP data may be recorded along a
zero-offset line at any position in order to get informations about the velocity
distribution with depth. These informations may be used afterwards e.g. for
performing a migration or a timedepth-conversion of the zero-offset line. Of
course those measurements may also be performed as standalone
measurements. The CMP measurement may be performed with moving source
and receiver positions as shown below or by fixing the source and moving the
receivers or using a receiver group. The import, processing and analysis are
identical for all configurations.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 150

0.11.1. Import the data data for single CMP

Enter the following parameters within the import menu:

- data type: single shot

rec.start, rec.end and shot start must be

entered as if the data had been acquired with a
fixed shot position and a moving receiver.
Therefore shot pos. corresponds to the CMP-
position and rec.start “CMP-position plus the
first shot-receiver separation” and rec.end “CMP
position plus the last shot-receiver separation”.
Assuming CMP-position is given at 0 then the
following values for the above example must be
entered:

- rec.start: 0.5 m (first shot/receiver separation)

- rec.end: 8,1 m (last shot/receiver separation)

shot start: 0 m (position of the CMP)

After having converted

the data to Reflexw
the edit traceheader
menu opens. If the
traceheader
coordinates are not
taken from the original
data click on update
from fileheader and
save the changes.
Close this window.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 151

0.11.2. Processing single GPR CMP

Apart from other possible
necessary processing steps the
main problem with GPR CMP’S
is given by the fact that the
start time normally is not
exactly given. Therefore the
start time must be defined
manually. If a direct air wave is
present this direct air wave
allows you to define the start
time, this means the time the
wave has been transmitted.
Expand the visible distance
range by the first shot/receiver
separation using the plotoption
manual scaling (in this case
xmin has been set to 0, the
other values had been kept)
and enter the interactive
velocity adaptation and choose
the straight line adaptation.
Choose a velocity of 0.3 m/ns
and adapt the direct air. The
crossing point at distance 0

yields the time at which the wave has

been transmitted - in this case 12 ns.
This values now may be entered as a
negative value wihin the fileheader. If no
air wave is visible you may use the direct
ground wave instead. Of course the
velocity of the direct ground wave first

must be determined.
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 152

0.11.3. velocity analysis

1. Enter the CMP-module and load the wanted
cmp-file using the option file/open. The file is
plotted together with a simple one layer
startmodel on the left handside. By default the
velocity for the first layer is set to 0.1 m/ns for
GPR or 3000 m/s for seismics respectively. The
default max. modeldepth is calculated from this
velocity and the max. time of the loaded cmp-file.

2. activate the options unnormalized cor. or

semblance and use for example the following input parameters for the min. and
max. vel. and the vel.interval. Click on start and on the right hand side the
correlation histogram is shown. Within this correlation histogram you may choose
the best adapted velocities. Click on the chosen velocity within the correlation
histogram and the current 1D-model will be updated. Choose the next best
velocity for the next reflection and a second layer will be created and so on. The
solid lines define the layer
velocities, the dashed ones the
mean (vrms) velocities. To be
considered: the mean velocities
correspond to those velocities
which come from the interactive
velocity adaptation within the 2D-
dataanalysis. To be considered
especially for GPR data: Only the
first-breaks yield correct vrms
and layer-velocities. If a later
arrival (e.g. the second or third
half-cycle) is used for the
analysis too low vrms velocities
result. Especially the semblance
analysis may lead to these wrong
velocities because the maximum semblance response normally relates to later
arrivals

3. After having created all layers

you still can change interactively
(option interactive adaptation
active) the layer boundaries
and/or velocities by simply
clicking on the boundary and
drag it with pressed mouse key.
The same is possible for the
velocity within the layer (option
velocity activated). A new layer
boundary can be inserted (option
insert activated) and an existing
one can be removed (option
remove activated). The current
1D-model can be stored using
User’s guide - modelling/tomography 153

any filename. The option model pos. defines the position of the 1D-model along
the distance axis. This paramter is important for creating a subsequent 2D-model
consisting of different 1D-models.

4. If several CMP’s are present you may do the same procedure for each CMP.
Then you may create a 2D-model using the option 2D-model. Click on create
and choose the wanted 1D-models. Enter the filename for the 2D-model. This
2D-model can be used for a subsequent 2D-migration or depth-conversion
(option CMP-analysis within the 2D-velocity model groupbox). If only one CMP is
present you still must create a 2D-model for the use within the migration or time-
depth conversion. In this case you simply choose one 1D-model when creating
the 2D-model. A laterally homogeneous 2D-model will be created.
User’s guide - 2D-velocity models 154

0.12 Introduction to the use of 2D-velocity models

for further processing

A 2D-velocity model will be used for different applications:

• migration
• time-depth conversion
• CMP-stacking
• NMO-correction

Depending on your data different methods for creating a 2D-velocity model are
suitable.
A layered model may be useful if distinct reflections are visible whereas a more
smooth velocity model might be a good choice if only diffractions are present. It
is possible to extract the velocity informations from the data to be processed (e.g.
ZO data with diffractions for a subsequent migration or single shot data for a
subsequent stacking) or from totally different data (e.g. refraction data).
Therefore different methods for creating a 2D-velocity field are implemented
wihin Reflexw:

• interactive velocity analysis of zero offset data

• CMP velocity analyis
• layer picking within zero offset data
• interactive model generation based on seismic refraction data
• tomographic inversion
User’s guide - 2D-velocity models 155

0.12.1. 2D-model from the interactive diffraction analysis

-> single mean velocity points from which a 2D-mean velocity model is created
by spatial interpolation

ZO (zero offset)-data

Interactive velocity adaptation of

diffractions or coredata

2D-rasterfile containing mean velocities by spatial interpolation

single “mean velocity” points

Migration Time-depth conversion

step by step guide:

• load the ZO-profile

• activate the option velocity adaptation
• choose and adapt the wanted diffractions or use the coredata
adaptation
• save the adaptations on file
• click on 2D and enter a rasterfilename (optional)
• activate within the processing migration menu any of the 2D migrations
or the timedepth conversion
• choose hyperb.adaptation (creates automatically a 2D-rasterfile) or
rasterfile mean if you manually created a rasterfile using the option 2D
• perform the processing - the hyperb.adaptation file or the mean
rasterfile will be queried.
 User’s guide - 2D-velocity models 156

0.12.2. 2D-model from CMP velocity analysis

-> single 1D-layer models from which a 2D layer velocity model is created by
spatial interpolation

shot data (prestack) Single CMP’s external informations from boreholes

CMP (1D)-velocity analysis

single 1D-layer models

2D-rasterfile containing mean velocities (vrms) by spatial interpolation

CMP-stacking NMO-correction Migration Time-depth conv.

step by step guide for shot data (for a detailed description of the CMP-geometry
and stacking see the seismic reflection guide):

• load the single shot data (all shots must have been stored within one
single file)
• activate the option CMP and choose the wanted ensembles for the
velocity analysis
• enter the velocity analysis and create the 1D-models for the chosen
ensembles
• enter the 2D-model panel and create the 2D-model (2dm-file). If a
rasterfilename has been entered this Reflexw rasterfile can be used
later for stacking
• close the velocity analysis menu and activate load 2D-model. Activate
for filetype 2D-models if you want to load the created 2D-model (spatial
interpolation will be done automatically). The filetype Reflexw rasterfile
mean allows you to load the already rastered mean velocityfile when
creating the 2D-model.
• perform the stacking or the nmo correction
User’s guide - 2D-velocity models 157

step by step guide for ZO-data and additional single CMP-data

• enter the CMP(1D)-velocity analysis menu load the single CMP data
• create the 1D-model for the choosen CMP and enter the shot and model
position
• load the next CMP and create the next 1D-model together with the
correct shot and model position
• enter the 2D-model panel and create the 2D-model (2dm-file). If a
rasterfilename has been entered this Reflexw rasterfile can be used
later for migration or timedepth conversion
• close the velocity analysis menu and enter the 2D-analysis module
• activate within the processing migration menu any of the 2D migrations
or the timedepth conversion
• choose CMP-analysis (creates automatically a 2D-rasterfile) or rasterfile
mean for the already rastered mean velocityfile when creating the 2D-
model.
• perform the processing - the hyperb.adaptation file or the mean
rasterfile will be queried.
User’s guide - 2D-velocity models 158

0.12.3. 2D-model from the layershow (picked interfaces)

-> Reflexw layer rasterfile

ZO (zero offset)-data

Pick the interfaces and create a

layershow

layered 2D-model

2D-rasterfile containing layer velocities by spatial interpolation

Migration Time-depth conversion

step by step guide:

• load the ZO data within the 2D-dataanalysis

• activate pick and pick the interfaces and store each interface on a
separate file with the velocity above the interface (layernumber must
increase with depth)
• pick and save a last horizontal layer at the max. traveltime or a little bit
less by setting one pick at the profilestart and another pick at the
profileend and use the option interpolate (the interface will be
continuous). Use for velocity the velocity of the lowermost layer
• enter the layershow and create the layershow using the pickfiles (option
layer pick vel. within the velocity choice panel must be chosen).
• click on export and activate the option generate Reflexw rasterfile, click
on start
• close the layershow panel and activate within the processing migration
menu any of the 2D migrations or the timedepth conversion
• choose rasterfile layer for the already rastered layer velocityfile
• perform the processing - the layer rasterfile will be queried. menu
 User’s guide - 2D-velocity models 159

0.12.4. 2D-model from the modelling menu, e.g. from

refraction data
-> Reflexw layer rasterfile which will be used for a different dataset like a zero
offset file for subsequent processing

Seismic refraction 1D-models from External informations

data CMP-velocity analysis from

Interactive model generation

layered 2D-model - layer boundaries with layervelocities

which also may vary laterally

2D-rasterfile containing layer velocities

shot data (prestack) ZO (zero offset)-data

CMP-stacking NMO-correction Migration Time-depth conversion

User’s guide - 2D-velocity models 160

step by step guide:

• enter the model generation menu

• create manually a 2D-velocity depth model or generate the model from
seismic refraction data or from single 1D-models
• enter a rasterfilename and activate the option fill
• close the model generation menu and load the different dataset (either
ZO-data or single shot data)

single shot data:

• load the single shot data and activate the option CMP
• choose the wanted ensembles for the stacking
• activate load 2D-model - choose for filetype Reflexw rasterfile layer for
the already rastered layer velocityfile
• perform the stacking or the nmo correction

zero offset data:

• load zero offset data and activate within the processing migration menu
any of the 2D migrations or the timedepth conversion
• choose rasterfile layer for the already rastered layer velocityfile
• perform the processing - the layer rasterfile will be queried
 User’s guide - 2D-velocity models 161

0.12.5. 2D-model from tomography

-> Reflexw mean rasterfile which will be used for a different dataset like a zero
offset file for subsequent processing

Transmission or refraction data

Tomography within the modelling menu

2D-rasterfile containing mean velocities

shot data (prestack) ZO (zero offset)-data

CMP-stacking NMO-correction Migration Time-depth conversion

step by step guide:

• enter the model generation menu

• perform a transmission or refraction tomography
• close the model generation menu and load the different dataset (either
ZO-data or single shot data)

single shot data:

• load the single shot data and activate the option CMP
• choose the wanted ensembles for the stacking
• activate load 2D-model - choose for filetype Reflexw rasterfile mean for
the tomographic model
• perform the stacking or the nmo correction

zero offset data:

• load zero offset data and activate within the processing migration menu
any of the 2D migrations or the timedepth conversion
• choose rasterfile mean for the tomographic model
• perform the processing - the mean rasterfile will be queried
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 162

0.13 GPS based Radar array data

REFLEXW allows to handle GPR array data from different manufacturers as:
- MIRA from Mala
- Stream from IDS
- Utsi
- Raptor from Impulse Radar
- 3D Radar

The GPR device normally consists of different

transmitter and receiver antenna which may be
combined in different ways. In most cases the
geometry of the array is stored within an ASCII file.
The data acquistion is normally done based on a
single GPS mounted on the GPR device. Based on
these gps coordinates and the relative array
coordinates the position of each channel may be
calculated. This is done automatically during the
import of the data within Reflexw.

The following files must be present for the different devices:

MIRA from Mala:

the data are either stored on single 2D-lines or multiplexed within one single file.

rad and rd3- datafile of each channel or one single file for all channels
CHANNELS:24
CHANNEL CONFIGURATION:T1 - R1

cfb - geometry file of the array for the whole array (filename as datafilename
(multiplexed data) or without 5 last characters (single 2D-lines))
1 T1R1 1.270000 -0.454000 1
2 T2R1 1.190000 -0.454000 1

rad - contains the geometry for the whole array or if all channels are stored within
one single rd3-file
NUMBER_OF_CH:16
CH_X_OFFSETS:0.078 0.158 0.238 0.318 0.398 0.478 0.558 0.638 0.718 0.798 0.878 0.958 1.038 1.118 1.198 1.278
CH_Y_OFFSETS:3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013 3.013

utm - utm file for the whole array (filename as datafilename (multiplexed data) or
without 5 last characters (single 2D-lines)
tracenumber converted latitude converted longitude elevation utm-zone
2 7607031.67 561559.74 8.33 33W
14 7607031.67 561559.75 8.33 33W

pos - gps or local coordinate file for the whole array (filename as datafilename
(multiplexed data) or without 5 last characters (single 2D-lines)
tracenumber (converted) latitude (converted) longitude elevation
1 6611453.473800 650087.201400 5.755800
9 6611453.554100 650086.624000 5.750200
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 163

IDS Stream C:

dt - datafile of each channel containing the relative geometry within the array

GPS_config.txt - file containing the position of the GPS-device relative to the

antenna centre
<OFFSET_GPS_ARRAY_XYZ_METERS>
0.42,0.13,0

gec - xyz local or utm coordinates for the whole swath

<VERSION>
07.00.000
<OFFSET_GPS_ARRAY_XYZ>
0.13,0.42,0
<UTM_ZONE>
32,1
<REFERENCE_XYZ> converted longitude, converted latitude
512941.685563995,5290630.10008273,433.657
<REFERENCE_LLA>
0,0,0
<XCELL>
0.0416389
<VALID_MARKERS_SWEEP>
69
1,0,0,512941.685563995,5290630.10008273,433.657,32,1
8,0,1.59999999999854,512941.370795237,5290630.019358,433.667,32,1

geox - gps file for each channel

<01.01.000>
<XYZLatLonAltTL>
764
1,-.331284451472892,.39801794668614,1,0,0,.517849083876708
2,-.372188774882243,.396415705932969,1,0,0,4.09356916273305E-02
3,-.415734322142434,.395758968497921,1,0,0,4.35504993111233E-02
4,-.46195840176718,.395337384737874,1,0,0,4.62260020986197E-02
5,-.510303558617004,.394877267426637,1,0,0,4.83473463467663E-02
6,-.558162396879843,.393745335548008,1,0,0,4.78722223178161E-02
7,-.604604194717226,.391815503848043,1,0,0,.046481876433278

gps - gps coordinats for the whole swath, the synchronization with the radar data
works using markers within the dt-file. It is not recommended to use this file if the
warning message appears that the number of markers and the number of gps
coordinates do not coincide.
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 164

Raptor from Impulse Radar:

iprb and iprh - datafile of each channel, iprh also contains channel geometry
CHANNEL CONFIGURATION: T1 - R1
CH_X_OFFSET: -0.710000
CH_Y_OFFSET: 0.000000

ord - geometry file of the array (filename without 4 last characters)

0 -0.710000 0.000000 1
1 -0.630000 0.000000 1

cor - gps file for the whole array (filename without 4 last characters)
tracer date time latitude longitude elevation
3 2018-05-11 09:38:40:796 64.73240969383 N 20.97510585233 E 11.665 M 4
6 2018-05-11 09:38:41:203 64.73240943933 N 20.97510009633 E 11.646 M 4

Utsi:

gps - contains the gps coordinates for each file - identical for each channel
dat - datafile
gpt - gps synchronization file

3D-Radar:

nav - contains the navigation data as well as the channel geometry

<AntennaElementInfos>
<AntennaElementInfo TransverseOffset="-0.75" RelativeScanTime="0" TxRxDistanceX="-0.44"
TxRxDistanceY="0.074999999999999956" TxRxDistanceZ="0" TxElementNumber="0" RxElementNumber="0" />
<AntennaElementInfo TransverseOffset="-0.675" RelativeScanTime="0" TxRxDistanceX="-0.44"
TxRxDistanceY="-0.075000000000000067" TxRxDistanceZ="0" TxElementNumber="1" RxElementNumber="0" />
<AntennaElementInfo TransverseOffset="-0.6" RelativeScanTime="0" TxRxDistanceX="-0.44"
TxRxDistanceY="0.074999999999999956" TxRxDistanceZ="0" TxElementNumber="1" RxElementNumber="1" />

<TriggerPosition Lat="51.357426374537489" Lon="-1.0838945838397325"

Velocity="0.01567959226667881" Heading="98.008865356445313" DHeading="-
0.0031359302811324596" SourceType="Normal" />
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 165

0.13.1. Import the data

The import from the different array data formats is performed in a similar way. In
each case the resulting Reflexw files are 2D-files each containing the corrected
(based on the antenna geometry) gps, utm or local coordinates stored within the
traceheaders.
The standard automatic import procedure is the following:
1. Convert the original data to 2D-lines
2. Load the gps-data from an external file (one file for the whole swath)
3. Correct the gps-data depending on the antenna position relative to the GPS
device

This procedure and the necessary settings are described below in detail.

The conversion sequence must be set to

multichannel (any other conversion
sequence like several lines is also possible
but only in this case the offsets of the
antenna are read from the original data).
This allows to import a set of 2D-lines or
swaths within one step. It is even possible to
import files of different antenna setups if the
antenna array geometry if read from the
original data (option use correctoffset.txt
deactivated). In addition it is possible to set
an overall swath offset and antenna offset
within the swath. These values are used for
an update of the fileheader coordinates
which also may serve as the coordinate base
if no gps coordinates are present.
For the import of the gps coordinates you
must choose the corrsponding update
traceheader format. This depends on your acquisition system (see below). Two
parameters must be entered correctly. The option 1. original coord. allows you
to specify where the first original coordinates shall be stored - either on the x- or
y-traceheader coordinates. The option latitude allows to tell where the latitude
has been stored within the traceheader depending on the setting of the 1. original
coord. (latitude in degrees either in x- (shot x, rec x and CMP x-pos) or y-coord).
The longitude is automatically saved vice versa in y- or x-coord. It is
recommended to always save the latitude or converted latitude values on the y-
coordinate. In most cases both the original utm and the gps coordinates have a
format where the latitude coordinates are saved
under the 1. original position. In this case set both
1. original coord. and latitude to y-coord.
The correction of the antenna array geometry in
relation to the gps-device is done by activating the
option correct for offset. Precondition is that the
coordinates are in meter. Therefore a utm-
conversion must be done if the gps-coordinates
are given in degrees (set utm-conversion to UTM-
conversion).
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 166

With activated option use correctoffset.txt or if the conversion sequence has not
been set to multichannel the existing correctoffset.txt which must have been
defined before manually is used for the correction of the antenna array instead of
the original data. If deactivated the original geometry is read in and the
correctoffset.txt is always automatically updated based on the original array
coordinates.

A good check for the effectiveness of the antenna geometry correction may be
done by analysing the resulting
timeslices and looking for
linear features which are not
orientated in profile direction. If
these features show distincts
steps the correction failed. The
right picture shows such a
wrong correction because the
position of the gps-antenna in
profile direction was wrongly
entered. The lower picture
shows the correct result with a
corrected position of the gps
device in profile direction.
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 167

Following the parameter settings for the the different data acquistion systems are
listed.

0.13.2. Mira from Mala

The original Mira data are either saved as single 2D-lines or multiplexed within
one single file containing all data of the antenna array. Multiplexed means that
the sorting of the data is based on the channels (1. Trace of all channels, then 2.
trace of all channels and so on). In this case Reflexw automatically performs a
demultiplexing during the import and stores the files as individual 2D-lines with a
filename extension indicating the channel number (number defines the naming
value of the first channel). If single 2D-lines are present the filename contains
both the channel (last 2 characters) and the swath number (last characters 6-8).

The Mira system generates either utm

or local coordinates or degree data. For
Utm (file extension utm) or local
coordinates or degree data given in
decimal(file extension pos) use as
update traceheaders WSKTRANS-
GPS which format fits in most cases.
If a cor-file is present use RAMAC-
GPS. Here the gps-data are given in a
special own format.
The option correct for offset allows to
correct the offsets of the antenna in
relation to the gps-device. With
activated option “use correctoffset.txt”
the values within the existing
correctoffset.txt tile are used for the
correction of the antenna array instead
of the original data. If deactivated the
original geometry is read in: if the
original data are multiplexed 3D-data -
this means all data of the antenna array
are saved within one single file - the
antenna geometry is read from the rad-
file. Otherwise the offsets (perpendicular to and in profile direction) are read from
a file with the extension cfb. The original offsets are defined as: offset in profile
direction will be added to the gps coordinate, lateral offset perpendicular to the
profile direction is assumed to be positive right to the profile direction and vice
versa. The file correctoffset.txt will be updated based on these geometries. To be
considred: the colums within the resulting correctoffset.txt file are defined
different from the colums within the cfb-file. Here the first colum defines the offset
in profile direction and the second colum the offset perpendicular to it - see
example below. In addition the profile direction offset has been defined in
opposite direction to that within the cfb-file.
Example of four channels from 24 channels in total:
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 168

original cfb-file
1 T1R1 1.270000 -0.454000 1
2 T2R1 1.190000 -0.454000 1
1 T2R2 1.110000 -0.454000 1
2 T3R2 1.020000 -0.454000 1
resulting correctoffset.txt file
1 0.454000000000000 1.27000000000000
2 0.454000000000000 1.19000000000000
3 0.454000000000000 1.11000000000000
4 0.454000000000000 1.02000000000000

A very simple processing flow for the

whole dataset is shown on the right side.
The single channels normally exhibit
different time zero values.
The time zero correction may be done using
the correct max. phase option after
application of the subtract
mean(dewow) filter. The
parameters shown on the right side
often satisfy the needs for a stable
correction. Nevertheless this
should be controlled.
Besides these processing steps
standard processing steps like
gain, bandpassfiltering, migration,
bakcground removal, .... may be
applied.
The option normalize profiles is
sometimes necessary because of
possible different amplitude
distribution of the individual
antenna channels.
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 169

0.13.3. IDS Stream C

Reflexw only allows to import dt-files. These files must be generated using the
IDS HD-data converter.
Within this data converter the option Position data must be activated. The
resulting dt-files will be stored within the destination folder. It is recommended to
use the import folder of Reflexw as destination folder.

The original IDS dt data are saved as single 2D-lines The filename contains both
the channel ((characters 3 and 4) and the swath number (characters 5-8).

The HD-data converter program generates dt-files containing the radar data and
the relative coordiantes of the antenna and gps files containg the gps and gec
files containg the utm- or loacal coordinates. It is recommended to use the gec-
files because the gps-data are often much more irregular and often the number
of markers does not coincide with the number of gps lines within the gps-file.
The option read coordinates must be
activated (the option old IDS-system
should be deactivated for almost all
systems).
For gec files use the IDS-GEC as
update traceheaders. Both the gps-
file and the gec-file contain the
latitude and the converted latitude
values within the 2. place in contrast
to most of the other systems.
Therefore it is recommended to set 1.
original const. To x-coord. and latitude
to y-coord.
The option correct for offset allows
to correct the offsets of the antenna in
relation to the gps-device. With
activated option “use
correctoffset.txt” the values within
the existing correctoffset.txt tile are
used for the correction of the antenna
array instead of the original data. If
deactivated the original geometry is
read in from the dt-files (relative
antenna postions) and from the the
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 170

GPS_config.txt file which contains the relative coordinates of the gps-device. The
original offsets are defined as: offset in profile direction will be subtracted from
the gps coordinate in profile direction, lateral offset perpendicular to the profile
direction is assumed to be positive left to the profile direction and vice versa and
will be subtracted from the gps coordinate in profile constant direction. The file
correctoffset.txt will be updated based on these geometries. To be considered:
the colums within the resulting correctoffset.txt file are defined different from the
colums within the gps-config.txt file. Here the first colum defines the offset in
profile direction and the second colum the offset perpendicular to it - see
example below.

Example of four channels from 32

channels in total:
original coordinates within dt-file
1 0.4785 0.38
2 0.4350 0.38
3 0.3915 0.38
4 0.3480 0.38
.......
Gps-file
0.42 0.13

Offset in profile direction for channel 1: 0.13-0.38 = -0.25

Lateral offset for channel 1: 0.42-0.4785 = -0.0585

resulting correctoffset.txt file

1 -0.250000 -0.058500
2 -0.250000 -0.015000
3 -0.250000 0.028500
4 -0.250000 0.072000
.......

The IDS Stream C consists of 23 VV dipoles and 9 HH dipoles. You may create a
3D-file only from the VV dipoles or HH dipoles or from the total dataset.
Depending on this choice you may adapt your processing flow.
A useful processing flow for the whole dataset including the VV and HH dipoles is
shown on the right side.
It has been subdivided into two
individual processing flows which may
be performed within one step by
activating the option several processing
flows. Such a subdivision is necessary
because the option normalize profiles
within the second processing flow must
stand at the first postion of the
processing flow and it makes no sense
to use this option for the very first step.
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 171

The single channels normally exhibit different time zero values and sometimes
different overall amplitude distributions.
The time zero correction may be
done using the correct max. phase
option after application of the
subtract mean(dewow) filter. The
parameters shown on the right side
often satisfy the needs for a stable
correction. Nevertheless this should
be controlled.
The option normalize profiles is
sometimes necessary because of
the different amplitude distribution of
the individual antenna channels. If
this option is not used the resulting
timeslices may show significant
stripes especially when using both
the VV and HH dipole data (see
picture below - upper panel).
Depending on the data the option
normalize profiles may be
performed before the optional
application of the background removal or afterwards.
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 172

3D-data generation:

The 3D-data generation is very simple. Use as type of interpolation use

interpolation scheme for freely distributed 2D-lines and for example as X- and Y-
rasterincrement 0.05 m and and the double values for the interpolation. These
are useful values because of the offsets between the dipoles of 8 cm within the
Stream C array and the small interpolation allows a full coverage if the data are
not acquired strictly along parallel lines. As sorting receiver coordinates must be
entered.
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 173

0.13.4. ImpulseRadar (Raptor)

The original Raptor data are either saved as single 2D-lines or multiplexed within
one single file containing all data of the antenna array. Multiplexed means that
the sorting of the data is based on the channels (1. Trace of all channels, then 2.
trace of all channels and so on). In this case Reflexw automatically performs a
demultiplexing during the import and stores the files as individual 2D-lines with a
filename extension indicating the channel number (number defines the naming
value of the first channel). If single 2D-lines are present the filename contains
both the channel (last 2 characters) and the swath number (last characters 5-7).
The 2D-files have the extension iprb and iprh, the multiplexed file has the
extension ipr and iph.

There exist different types of gps-data:

- cor-file:

If the raptor system has generated a

cor-file which contains degree data
use RAMAC-GPS as update
traceheaders type and in most
cases 1. original coord. set to y-
coord and latitude set to y-
coord..The cor-filename is the same
as for the ipr file and as for iprb files
except the last 4 characters
indicating the channel. For the iprb
file only one cor-file is given for all
channels. A possible latency must
be included afterwards by using the
option correct for offset within the
edit traceheader menu or within the
edit several fileheaders menu. The
gps-data are given as in a special
own format with the first column
indicating the tracenumber following
with the date and time and the gps
coordinates.

Filename examples:
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004_A01.iprb
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004_A01.iprh
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004.cor

cor-file
1 2023-06-07 08:54:15:600 49.74780606667 N 10.20359405750 E 203.836 M 4
3 2023-06-07 08:55:22:400 49.74780558033 N 10.20359243800 E 203.835 M 4
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 174

- time and gps file:

The newer Raptor acquisition

software does not generate a
cor-file anymore but only a
time and a gps-file.The
time/gps filenames are the
same as for the ipr file and as
for iprb files except the last 4
characters indicating the
channel. If these files are
present use again RAMAC-
GPS as update traceheaders
type together with activated
option time/gps-file and in
most cases set 1. original
coord. to x-coord and latitude
set to y-coord. This is different
to the cor file because
normally the colums
containing the longiitude and
latitude within the gps file are
exchanged in comparion to the
cor-file.
Based on the time and the gps
file a gpss-file is generated
containing the tracenumber
within the first column in
addition. A possible latency
must be included afterwards
by using the option correct for
offset within the edit traceheader menu or within the edit several fileheaders
menu.

Filename examples:
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004_A01.iprb
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004_A01.iprh
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004.time
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004.gps

gps-file
2023-06-07 08:54:15:600 10.2035940575 49.74780606666666 203.8364 0.6 17
2023-06-07 08:55:22:200 10.2035933145 49.74780581516667 203.8344 0.6 17
time-file
1 2023-06-07 08:55:22:081
2 2023-06-07 08:55:22:237
resulting gpss-file
1 2023-06-07 08:54:15:600 10.2035940575 49.74780606666666 203.836 4 0.6 17
2 2023-06-07 08:55:22:200 10.2035933145 49.74780581516667 203.834 4 0.6 17
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 175

- pos file:

When using the ViewR program from

ImpulseRadar in order to export the
data the GPR data are muliplexed data
containing all channel data within one
file. The filename extensions are ipr
and iph. In this case a pos file is
generated which normally contains utm
coordinates. The filename is the same
as for the gpr data including _G01 and
the extension pos. Use as update
traceheader format WSKTRANS-GPS.
and in most cases set 1. original coord.
to x-coord and latitude set to y-coord.
If the coordinates are given in meter a
utm conversion is not necessary.
The pos file includes the x-, y-, z-
coordinates which are all saved within
the Reflexw traceheaders. As the time
is not given a change based on a
possible latency cannot be done
afterwards. Such a correction might
have already been done within the
ViewR program.

Filename examples:
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004.iph
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004.ipr
5_9_2023 104922 AM_004_G01.pos

pos-file
2 352268.523213 5745966.681008 44.350
3 352268.452970 5745966.683447 44.335
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 176

- tsp file, Raptor 45 with total station GPS

The Raptor 45 with total station GPS
generates a different GPS ASCII-file
with the extension tsp. gps-file.The tsp
filenames is the same as for the ipr file
and as for iprb files except the last 4
characters indicating the channel. Use
as update traceheader format
WSKTRANS-GPS. Normally the GPS-
data are given in METER. Therefore
no utm-conversion is necessary. The
1. Original coord. and the latitude must
be set according to the original
settings.
The tsp file includes the x-, y-, z-
coordinates as well as the time which
are all saved within the Reflexw
traceheaders. A possible latency must
be included afterwards by using the
option correct for offset within the edit
traceheader menu or within the edit
several fileheaders menu.

Filename examples:
Braunschweig_001_A01.iprb
Braunschweig_001_A01.iprh
Braunschweig_001.tsp

tsp-file
3 5792124.700000 32603203.340000 75.270000 10:13:18:100 0
6 5792124.700000 32603203.330000 75.270000 10:13:18:300 0

To be considered for all gps formats:

The colums within the different gps files containing the longitued lateitude values
or the converted utm x-, y-coordinates have different sortings (exchanged
colums) within the different files. Therefore it is recommended to always control
the correct setting of the option 1. original.coord.
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 177

The option correct for offset allows to correct the offsets of the antenna in
relation to the gps-device. Precondition is that the coordinates are in meter.
Therefore a utm-conversion must be done if the gps-coordinates are given in
degrees (set utm-conversion to UTM-conversion).
With activated option “use correctoffset.txt” the values within the existing
correctoffset.txt tile are used for the correction of the antenna array instead of the
original data. If deactivated the offsets (perpendicular to and in profile direction)
are read from a file with the extension ord if the original database are 2D-lines or
from the idh file in case of a multiplexed 3D-file. The original offsets are defined
as: offset in profile direction will be added to the gps coordinate, lateral offset
perpendicular to the profile direction is assumed to be positive right to the profile
direction and vice versa. The file correctoffset.txt will be updated based on these
geometries. To be considered: the colums within the resulting correctoffset.txt file
are defined different from the colums within the ord-file. Here the first colum
defines the offset in profile direction and the second colum the offset
perpendicular to it - see example below. In addition the profile direction offset has
been defined in opposite direction to that within the ord-file.Example of four
channels from 18 channels in total:
original ord file
0 -0.710000 0.000000 1
1 -0.630000 0.000000 1
2 -0.550000 0.000000 1
3 -0.460000 0.000000 1
resulting correctoffset.txt file
1 -0.000000 -0.710000
2 -0.000000 -0.630000
3 -0.000000 -0.550000
4 -0.000000 -0.460000
In case of ipr/iph data the iph file contains the following informations:
CH_X_OFFSETS:-0.294 -0.210 -0.126 -0.042 0.042 0.126 0.210 0.294
CH_Y_OFFSETS:0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100
-> resulting correctoffset.txt file:
1 0.100 -0.294
2 0.100 -0.210
3 0.100 -0.126
4 0.100 -0.042
5 0.100 0.042
6 0.100 0.126
7 0.100 0.210
8 0.100 0.294
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 178

A possible processing flow for

the whole dataset is shown on
the right side.
The single channels normally
exhibit different time zero
values.
The time zero correction may
be done using the correct max.
phase option after application
of the subtract mean(dewow)
filter. The parameters shown
on the right side often satisfy
the needs for a stable
correction. Nevertheless this
should be controlled.
Besides these processing
steps standard processing
steps like gain,
bandpassfiltering, migration,
bakcground removal, .... may be
applied.
The option normalize profiles is
sometimes necessary because
of possible different amplitude
distribution of the individual
antenna channels.

The 3D-data generation is very simple. Use as type of interpolation use

interpolation scheme for freely distributed 2D-lines and for example as X- and Y-
rasterincrement 0.08 m and the double values for the interpolation. These are
useful values because of the offsets between the dipoles of 8 cm within the
Raptor array and the small
interpolation allows a full coverage
if the data are not acquired strictly
along parallel lines. As sorting
receiver coordinates must be
entered.
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 179

0.13.5. Utsi

The original Utsi data are saved as

single 2D-lines.
The filename contains the channel
(last character).

The Utsi system normally generates

degree data stored on a file with the
extension gps. An additional gpt file
is generated which contains the
tracenumnbers of the gpr-file for the
synchronization with the gps-file. An
identical gps and gpt file is
generated for all channels. As
update traceheader type use UTSI-
GPS. The relative positions of the
antennas and the gps device must
be defined manually within the
correctoffset.txt file.
The option correct for offset allows
to correct the offsets of the antenna
in relation to the gps-device.
Precondition is that the coordinates
are in meter. Therefore a utm-
conversion must be done if the
gps-coordinates are given in
degrees (set utm-conversion to
UTM-conversion).
As mentioned before the antenna geometry must be enered manually using the
ASCII-file correctoffset.txt.

Example file:
1 1.0 -0.42
2 1.0 -0.18
3 1.0 0.18
4 1.0 0.42
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 180

0.13.6. 3D-Radar
Reflexw only supports vol data from the 3D-Radar examiner program. The
original 3D-Radar vol-data are saved within one single file containing all data of
the antenna array. Reflexw automatically stores the files as individual 2D-lines
with a filename extension indicating the channel number (number defines the
naming value of the first channel).

The GPS-device is assumed to be

located at 0/0 relative to the antenna
array. If this is not correct the option
use correctoffset.txt must be activated
and the correctoffset.txt file must be
adapted accordingly.
The gps data are stored within the
navigation file with the extension nav.
These are normally degree data. The
options 1. original coord. as well as
latitude should be set to y-coord.
The option correct for offset allows to
correct the offsets of the antenna in
relation to the gps-device. As the gps
data are normally given as degree
values the option UTM-conversion must
be set in this case.
With activated option “use
correctoffset.txt” the values within the
existing correctoffset.txt tile are used for
the correction of the antenna array
instead of the original data. If
deactivated the original geometry is
read in.
The original offsets are defined as: RelativeScanTime in combination with the
mean velocity defined within the TriggerPostion block will be transformed into an
offset in profile direction, lateral offset perpendicular to the profile direction is
assumed to be positive right to the profile direction and vice versa. The file
correctoffset.txt will be updated based on these geometries.

Example of four channels from 21 channels in total:

original nav-file
<TriggerPosition Lat="63.355818291253627" Lon="10.408339335089199"
Velocity="0.60743814706802368" Heading="201.91848754882812" DHeading="0.058531187474727631"
SourceType="Normal" IndexInPrimaryCube="1409" Time="2014-02-07T13:36:45.7270Z"
Elevation="187.61172485351562" />

<AntennaElementInfo TransverseOffset="-0.75" RelativeScanTime="0" TxRxDistanceX="-0.44"

TxRxDistanceY="0.074999999999999956" TxRxDistanceZ="0" TxElementNumber="0"
RxElementNumber="0" />
<AntennaElementInfo TransverseOffset="-0.675" RelativeScanTime="0" TxRxDistanceX="-0.44"
TxRxDistanceY="-0.075000000000000067" TxRxDistanceZ="0" TxElementNumber="1"
RxElementNumber="0" />
User’s guide - GPS based Radar array data 181

<AntennaElementInfo TransverseOffset="-0.6" RelativeScanTime="0" TxRxDistanceX="-0.44"

TxRxDistanceY="0.074999999999999956" TxRxDistanceZ="0" TxElementNumber="1"
RxElementNumber="1" />
<AntennaElementInfo TransverseOffset="-0.525" RelativeScanTime="0.002693631"
TxRxDistanceX="-0.44" TxRxDistanceY="-0.075000000000000011" TxRxDistanceZ="0"
TxElementNumber="2" RxElementNumber="1" />

resulting correctoffset.txt file

1 -0.00000000000000E+0000 -7.50000000000000E-0001
2 -0.00000000000000E+0000 -6.75000000000000E-0001
3 -0.00000000000000E+0000 -6.00000000000000E-0001
4 -2.42163682900181E-0003 -5.25000000000000E-0001
User‘s Guide - general considerations 182

0.14 general considerations

In this chapter the user will find answers to distinct questions which occur by the
processing of data using ReflexW.

0.14.1 Which data types can be imported?

At the moment the program supports among others the following formats: SEGY,
SEG2, SEG2-RADAR, RADAN, RADAN_ANALOG, PULSEEKKO, MALA RD3,
EMR, BGREMR, BGRDHU, BGRBHRU, UTSI, IDS, TRS2000, ABEM, BISON-2,
OYO8BIT, ASCII-OYO8BIT, ASCIISYNTH, ASCII-3COLUMS.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.5 (Import Menu).

There exist three different default data types in the Import Menu of ReflexW:
const. offset, single shot and several shots.
The default data type ‚const. offset‘ can be used for the import if the
measurement is done along a line using a fixed offset between shot and receiver
(e.g. Constant-Offset (CO) radar data).
If the data set is the result of a measurement with only one shot point but many
receivers in a line, the use of the default data type ‚single shot‘ data is
recommended (e.g. Common-Mid-Point (CMP) radar data).
In case of data, which contain any kind of multiple shot / multiple receiver data,
the default data type ‚several shots‘ should be used (e.g. one data set combined
of individual CMP data sets).
For further information please see below and refer to chapter 1.5 (Import Menu).

0.14.2 The difference between FileHeader and

Traceheader
The fileheader contains all the information about the geometry of the whole file,
e.g. it‘s start and end coordinates, distance dimension, trace increment.
Therefore, if one deals with equidistant data, the coordinates of any single trace
are known in relation to the other traces of one file without defining the
traceheader coordinates. Consequently, in most cases of radar data, no matter
whether CO data or CMP data, the fileheader coordinates are sufficient to
process the data (see chapter 7.5). PLEASE NOTE: The trace coordinates must
not be mistaken for the traceheader coordinates!
The traceheader contains additional information concerning a single trace: e.g.
shot position or receiver position in relation to the trace, which are needed in the
case of multi shot data.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.9, especially to chapter 1.9.1 and
chapter 1.9.6)
User‘s Guide - general considerations 183

0.14.3 How is the FileHeader set or changed?

There exist different possibilities to set or change the fileheader:
First of all, the fileheader of every single file is set during the import. For further
information please refer to chapter 1.5 (Import Menu).
To change and supplement the fileheader of one single file, please use the
option Edit Fileheader in the File MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module. For
further information please refer chapter 1.9 (FileHeader Edit).
To change and supplement the fileheaders of several files belonging to one pro-
ject, please use the option Edit several FileHeaders in the File MenuItem of the
2D-Data-Analysis Module. For further information please refer to chapter 1.10
(Edit several FileHeaders).

0.14.4 How is the TraceHeader set or changed?

In comparison to the fileheader coordinates which must be set in any case, the
traceheader coordinates can be set if they are needed at all.
If the original file format provides them, it is possible to read them during the
import. In that case the button ‘read coordinates‘ has to be activated in the
control options of the Import Menu (see chapter 1.5).
To change or set the traceheader coordinates of a single file after the import
please use the option ShowTraceHeader in the option Edit Fileheader of the File
MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module. There exist three default possibilities
to update the traceheader coordinates:
- They are read from an ‚Ascii file‘ (*.DST), which contains the needed
information for every trace.
- They are updated by using the fileheader coordinates.
- They are calculated using the ‚fileheader‘ coordinates and the default type
‚circle‘ if the receivers are orientated along a circle with the shot at the midpoint
of the circle.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.9 (FileHeader Edit).

The traceheaders of several files belonging to one project can only be set or
updated, respectively, simultaneously, in case of using the fileheader coordinates
(option ‚Update traceheaders‘ in the option Edit several FileHeaders in the File
MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module. ). Otherwise, there exists no
possibility to change or set the traceheader coordinates of several files at the
same time. For further information please refer to chapter 1.10 (Edit several
FileHeaders).

0.14.5 How are the PlotOptions set or changed?

Not only the fileheaders but also the plotoptions of every single file are set during
the import. Therefore, it is recommended to set the desired plotoptions before the
import of the data. For further information please refer to chapter 1.5.6
(ImportControlPanel) and chapter 1.7 (Plotoptions).
After having imported the files there are two possibilities to change the
plotoptions:
To change the plotoptions of one single file please use the option PlotOptions of
the option Edit Fileheader of the File MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module.
User‘s Guide - general considerations 184
For further information please refer chapter 1.9 (FileHeader Edit) and chapter 1.7
(Plotoptions).
To change the plotoptions of all or some, respectively, files of one project, please
use the option PlotOptions of the option Edit several FileHeaders in the File
MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module. For further information please refer to
chapter 1.10 (ProjectFile-Headers) and chapter 1.7 (Plotoptions).

0.14.6 Some special recommendations about geometry

and preprocessing
Before starting the processing and interpretation of radar data the user of
ReflexW must ensure, that the file header coordinates, trace coordinates (NOT to
be mistaken for the traceheader coordinates) and the start time of the data are
correct. Otherwise any information (e.g. material velocity or target position)
extracted from the data is wrong!

0.14.6.1 Fileheader
Normally the fileheader coordinates set during the import are sufficient to
process radar data, because in most cases one deals with equidistant data.
Nevertheless, it can be necessary to enter some additional information in the
fileheader: If the data file is e.g. a CMP, the position of the CMP point must be
entered. For further information please refer to chapter 7.1.3 and chapter 1.9
(FileHeader Edit).

0.14.6.2 Coordinates
As already mentioned, the trace coordinates are set correctly during the import
using the fileheader coordinates, if one deals with equidistant data. But there are
some peculiarities:
If the data is measured by setting markers and not by using a survey wheel, the
data must be preprocessed in the module data-analysis by means of the function
markerinterpol to achieve correct trace coordinates (see chapter 1.11.6.1).
For some data like e.g. non equidistant data the traceheader coordinates (Hence
the trace coordinates, too!) must be updated after the import. For further
information please refer to chapter 7.1.3, chapter 7.1.4 and chapter 1.9.6
(Traceheader Edit).

0.14.6.3 Shot time

In the case of radar measurements it is not possible to measure exactly the
moment at which the shot was generated, because one is dealing with a high
frequency equipment. To ensure that no information is lost during the
measurement, the data are often registered by starting the registration before the
generation of a shot.
Therefore, the so-called shot time must be defined by a correction of the start
time of the traces. This can be done in different manner dependent on the data:
User‘s Guide - general considerations 185
In the case of single CMP data or single Moveout data, respectively, the shot
time is defined by the direct air wave which intersects the time axes at the
position of the CMP or the shot point, respectively. Often, the direct air wave has
very small amplitudes in comparison to the other information in the data. In this
case it is helpful to display the data using the plot option AGC-Gain (see chapter
1.7.5).
In default of distinct information the shot time for CO data is often set to that time,
at which the first non zero amplitude is recorded, and the distance between
transmitter and receiver is neglected.
For fixing the shot time of ZO data there is information needed about the time the
radar system needs to switch from sending state to recording state.
For other data like non equidistant data, 3D data or VSP data no recipe for
setting the shot time can be given.
In all cases the start time of the data has to be corrected in a way that afterwards
the shot time is situated at t == 0 (see chapter 1.11.3.1). PLEASE NOTE: The
correction of the start time does not automatically change the gain values, which
were possibly set in the fileheader before! These values must be updated after
setting the shot time according to the resulting time shift.

0.14.6.4 Peculiarities
Some data like MALA RD3 or PULSE-EKKO formatted data must be prepro-
cessed in a special way using the module data- analysis: The first filter is either
the so called subtract-mean(dewow) under the 1D-filter processing group (see
chapter 1.11.1.8) or the subtract DC-shift filter (see chapter 1.11.1.9) which
eliminates a possible time constant shift. The second filter consists of the
application of a gainfunction (e.g. option manual gain(y), energy decay, AGC or
gain function under the Gain processing group, chapter 1.11.2). The AGC
(AutomaticGain Control) or the energy decay has not to be used as a filter
function but can also be used only for the presentation of the data (see chapter
1.7.5).
User‘s Guide - general considerations 186

0.14.7 Getting information about the velocity of the

medium
There are various possibilities to get information about the velocity distribution in
the investigated medium. Depending on the data, there are different ways to
create 2D-velocity models, which can be used for further processing steps (see
chapter 7.1.7.5).

0.14.7.1 Migration
If one deals with ZO- or CO-data with little offset, respectively, the energy, which
was spread by any object, can be again concentrated at the place of the object
by migration. This is done by e.g. summation along synthetic hyperbola, the
shape of which is dependent on the velocity of the background. With the correct
velocity the concentration of the energy is maximal. Therefore, if the background
velocity is more or less homogeneous, the carrying-out of some migrations - by
taking different velocities as a basis - will lead to the right background velocity.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.11.9 (Migration)

0.14.7.2 ZO-data / CO-data

If the ZO- or CO-data with little offset, respectively, contains well defined
hyperbola, e.g. originating from reflexions on pipes, synthetic hyperbola can be
adapted to the data using the option velocity adaptation of the Analysis Menu-
Item of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module. The shape of these synthetic hyperbola
can be changed by e.g. varying the medium velocity or the radius of the pipes. It
is also possible to determine a velocity by creating a straight line between two
points. All adapted velocities can be stored on file with the extension hyp (e.g.
test.hyp). When saving the current velocity adaptation, the following parameters
are stored: velocity, distance in profile direction, x-weight.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.1 (Velocity adaptation).

0.14.7.3 CMP-Measurements / Moveout-Measurements

If no hyperbola but reflectors are visible in radar ZO- or CO-data with little offset,
respectively, CMP- or Moveout-measurements should be carried out to get
information about the velocity distribution in the investigated medium. Every
CMP- or Moveout data set can be processed within the module CMP-velocity-
analysis to get a 1D-velocity-depth-model which can be stored.
This can also be done for CMP sorted data because the module CMP-velocity-
analysis can also be awaked from the option CMP-Processing of the Analysis
MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module.
For further information please refer to chapter 2 (CMP velocity analysis) and
chapter 1.12.4 (CMP-processing).

Another way to interpret CMP data is to adapt reflection hyperbola or straight

lines to the data using the option velocity adaptation of the Analysis MenuItem of
the 2D-Data-Analysis Module. Again, all adapted velocities can be stored on file
User‘s Guide - general considerations 187
with the extension hyp (e.g. test.hyp). When saving the current velocity
adaptation, the following parameters are stored: velocity, distance in profile
direction, x-weight.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.1 (Velocity adaptation).

0.14.7.4 Using Coredata to get velocity information

A core data file contains the information of several cores associated with a 2D-
line. This ASCII-file is either generated using real geological cores or may also
automatically be created within the CMP 2D-model menu if the option create
corefile is activated (see chapter 7.1.7.5 and chapter 2.3 (CMP 2D-model)). The
core data file should be stored in the path ASCII in the current project directory
and must have the extension cor (e.g. test.cor) For the format specification of a
core data file please refer to chapter 1.4 (View Menu Item).
A core data file can be displayed as vertical bars onto a 2D-line by means of the
option Core data/1D models in the View MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis
Module. If the core data do not contain the velocities of the individual core layers,
all velocities are preset to the current adaptation velocity (option velocity
adaptation of the Analysis MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module). Within
this option velocity adaptation you may interactively adapt the core bars to layer
boundaries visible within the 2D data, if the speed button core is activated: Click
on any layer bar which you want to adapt. The fill style of this layer bar changes.
With the adaptation parameter v highlighted it is now possible to change the
velocity of this distinct layer by pressing the key < or >, respectively.
Again, all adapted velocities can be stored on file with the extension hyp (e.g.
test.hyp). When saving the current velocity adaptation, the following parameters
are stored: velocity, distance in profile direction, x-weight.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.1 (Velocity adaptation).
There are some global settings influencing e.g. the display or saving of the core
data files. For further information please refer to chapter 1.2.1 (Global settings).
But there are two peculiarities which should be mentioned here: With the option
save corefile in the option global settings of the Global MenuItem of the 2D-Data-
Analysis Module activated the currently loaded corefile is automatically updated if
the layer velocities are changed. With the option save VLA-file in the option
global settings of the Global MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module activated
a VLA-ASCII velocity DataFile is automatically created when storing the core
velocity adaptations on file with the extension hyp (e.g. test.hyp). This VLA-ASCII
file may be used for the generation of a layershow. For further information about
the layershow please refer to chapter 1.12.3 (LayerShow MenuItem).
With the global option save vel,2dm-files activated VEL-ASCII velocity datafiles
for each core as well as a 2Dm-file (see CMP-velocity analysis) is automatically
created when storing the core velocity adaptations which may be used for e.g.
migration, timedepth-conversion, stacking,
User‘s Guide - general considerations 188

0.14.7.5 Generating 2D-velocity models

2D-velocity models can be created either using the option velocity adaptation of
the Analysis MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module or by means of the
option 2D-model in the CMP-velocity analysis module.

Using the suboption 2D in the option velocity adaptation of the Analysis Menu-
Item of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module it is possible to generate the 2-dimensional
velocity distribution based on the current adapted or loaded, respectively,
velocities. The interpolation is controlled by the parameter x-weight.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.1 (Velocity adaptation).

The option 2D-model in the CMP-velocity analysis module allows the creation of
a 2-dimensional velocity model on the basis of 1D-velocity-depth-profiles. For the
creation of the distribution previously created 1D-velocity models are comprised
to a 2D-model. For this the position within the profile line for the corresponding
1D-models has to be determined previously (see option model pos.). Between
these 1D-models a linear interpolation is performed. The 1D-model with the
largest model position is extrapolation to greater position values. The 1D-model
with the smallest model position is extrapolation to smaller position values of the
2D-model.
PLEAS NOTE: Within the 2D-model file only the filenames of the chosen 1D-
velocity models are stored. That is why changes in any of these 1D-models at a
later stage have an influence, if the 2D-model file is used for any processing
step.
For further information please refer to chapter 2.3 (CMP 2D-model).
User‘s Guide - general considerations 189

0.14.8 Picking of onsets

The picking is done using the option Pick in the Analysis MenuItem of the 2D-
Data-Analysis Module.

0.14.8.1 Preconditions for picking

If picking shall be done, the traceheader coordinates must be set to get the exact
location of any pick. For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.2 (Pick
MenuItem).

0.14.8.2 Setting of picks

The picks are set using one of the options manual picking, continuous pick, a
semi-automatic picking using a phase follower and a special function called
difference pick.

manual pick: With the option set activated a pick can be set with the left mouse
button. The same applies to the manual removal or change of an existing pick
after selecting the options remove or change, respectively.

continuous pick: With this option activated you can set, remove or change picks
by moving the mouse cursor over the data set with continuously pressed left
mouse button.

phase follower: The option allows the automatic assignment of picks to a

selected phase. For this you first have to select the desired phase at an arbitrary
position of the profile with the left mouse button.

difference pick: With this option activated the traveltime difference between two
successive picks is automatically determined. In addition the thickness is
calculated based on this traveltime difference and the entered velocity (see
PlotOptions chap. 1.7). First you must enter the reference pick and then the
investigation pick. The two values traveltime distance and calculated thickness
are plotted right to the investigation pick using the symbol font. The remove
button as well as the sort and control buttons are disabled. After having activated
this option all picks are reset.

For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.2 (Pick MenuItem).

0.14.8.3 Saving of picks

The picks are saved using one of the following formats:

ReflexWin: new binary REFLEX pick format containing both the travel times and
the amplitudes.

ReflexDOS: old binary REFLEX pick format.

ASCII-columns: convert picks to an ASCII file whereby every pick uses one line.
User‘s Guide - general considerations 190
Ascii-tomography: also convert picks to an ASCII file whereby every pick uses
one line. But the stored information differs from that stored using ASCII-columns.

For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.2.1 (Pick save MenuItem).

0.14.8.4 Saving of picks to create a layershow

If the option pick shall be used together with the option layershow in the Analysis
MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis Module, the picks have to be stored in the
format ReflexWin. PLEASE NOTE: For using all options the layershow is
providing, all the following information must be set before storing the picks:
To add a legend to the layershow, for every specific pick file a ‚global code‘ has
to be specified. As global code every combination of characters and numbers is
allowed.
Additionally a ‚velocity‘ has to be preset which is used for the conversion of the
travel times in depths in the layershow if no other velocity information can be
used (see chapter 7.1.8.6). You have to specify a mean velocity for the TOTAL
overburden of the picked onsets (and NOT a layer velocity in between two sets of
picked onsets).
Also, a ‚layer number‘ must be specified, which serves to identify the individual
picks within the layershow. Therefore, you should process together and save on
a file only those arrivals that belong to one layer, if using the option pick together
with the option layershow.

For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.2.1 (Pick save MenuItem).

0.14.8.5 Export of picks to create contour plots

To create contour plots, the picks must be exported using the format ‚ASCII-
columns‘in one of the two following manners:

1. Export of current picks:

With the option ‚export several existing picks into 1 ASCII-file‘ deactivated it is
possible to save the current picks (no matter if just set or loaded from a pick file)
into an ASCII-file, whereby every pick uses one line. Each line contains the
following values: coordinate in profiledirection(10:3), coordinate in
profileconstant(10:3), x-traceheadercoordinate (optional,10:xx), y-
traceheadercoordinate (optional,10:xx), travel time(12:6), depth(10:4),
amplitude(10:xx) where xx defines the number of decimal places given within the
global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1). By default the travel times and also the plane-
coordinates of the picks are written on a file. Additionally the travel time can be
converted into depths on the basis of a specified constant velocity (option depth
activated) and the current amplitude of each pick can be saved (option
amplitudes activated). If no depths and/or amplitudes shall be extracted, these
values are set to zero. Optionally the xy-coordinates of the receivers
(specification xy-coordinates) stored in each trace header may be written out
(see also FileHeader Edit). This allows you for example to write out non
equidistant xy-coordinates or the xy-coordinates, if the profile is not orientated
into one direction (x or y). The xy-coordinates are only saved on file if chosen.
Optionally the acquisition times of each trace stored within the traceheader is
User‘s Guide - general considerations 191
written out (option acquisition times activated). The parameter n.pick controls the
pick number to be output: only every n. pick will be output. The file has the
extension PCK and will be stored in the path ASCII in the current projectpath.

2. Export of several pick files:

With the option ‚export several existing picks into 1 ASCII-file‘ activated you may
export several existing pickfiles into 1 ASCII-file. Each line of the ASCII-file
contains the following values:
traveltime(12:6), depth(10:4), amplitude(10:xx), x-shot(10:xx), y-shot(10:xx), z-
shot(10:xx), x-receiver(10:xx), y-receiver(10:xx), z-receiver(10:xx) where xx
defines the number of decimal places given within the global settings menu
(chap. 1.2.1). The x-,y-,z-shot and receiver coordinates have been taken from the
traceheaders of the individual profiles when picking the onsets (see also trace
header Edit menu - chap. 1.9.6). Depths and amplitudes are set to zero if the
corresponding options depth and amplitudes are deactivated.

For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.2.1 (Pick save MenuItem).

0.14.8.6 Picking and time-depth conversion of several layer

boundaries
To get information about the depth of arrivals/layer boundaries occurring in the
radar data, the arrivals have first to be picked and then to be processed further
on with the option LayerShow in the Analysis MenuItem of the 2D-Data-Analysis
Module.

The picking has to be done as described in the preceding chapters. Afterwards

the saved pick files can be loaded and displayed in the option LayerShow. This
option offers the possibility to combine individual pick files stored on file, to plot
them together with the wiggle-files and to output them in report form on printer or
file.
For more information please refer to chapter 1.12.3 (LayerShow MenuItem).

For the time-depth conversion using the option LayerShow it is necessary to take
a velocity into account.
The first possibility is to use the constant mean velocities for the total overburden
of every pick file, which were set during the pick process.
The second possibility is to use layer pick velocities or a VLA-ASCII velocity
datafile (e.g. test.vla). In the latter case, the velocities for each layer may vary
laterally and they are given as layer velocities in contrast to the mean pick
velocities. Such a VLA-ASCII velocity datafile can either be generated using core
files (see chapter 7.1.7.4) or using the option ‚Create LayerShow velocities‘ in the
LayerShow option (see below).

The option ‚Create LayerShow velocities‘ (button ‚create velocity‘ in the option
LayerShow) can be used in two different ways to generate a VLA-ASCII velocity
datafile: The layer velocities are set manually, which implies no lateral change of
the velocity in one layer, or the velocities are calculated using an amplitude
calibration of the picked layer boundaries.
In the latter case there exist also two possibilities to proceed: The needed
reference amplitude can be set manually or calculated based on a picked onset,
User‘s Guide - general considerations 192
e.g. the reflexion from a metal plate. In the manual case, the reference amplitude
must have been corrected for all necessary effects, i.e. a TRUE amplitude must
be entered. If the reference amplitude is calculated based on a picked onset,
their amplitudes need not to be corrected for all necessary effects. They will be
corrected automatically if one of the following correction options are updated:
‚correct gain curve‘, ‚correct transmission losses‘ and ‚correct geom. spreading‘.
These correction options influence beside the reference amplitude also the
amplitudes of the current radar data during the calculation of the layer velocities
using the amplitude calibration.
No matter how the layer velocities are calculated, they finally will be stored in a
VLA-ASCII velocity datafile, which can be used to create a layershow.
PLEASE NOTE: Due to the huge number of possible effects which cannot be
corrected for, the velocity determination based on the amplitudes must be very
carefully interpreted!
For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.3.3 (Create LayerShow
velocities) and chapter 1.12.3.4 (LayerShow amplitude calibration).

A new layer show is created using the ‚create‘ button in the option LayerShow,
which opens the create LayerShow window. This window allows to create a file
of combined equidistant picks. The "Input-picks", which do not have to be
equidistant, have to be saved on file before under the option PICK.
The creation is done by defining a filename for the layershow, it‘s start and end
position and an increment for the equidistant picks, which will be generated. Also,
up to 200 pick files can be loaded. Finally, one has to choose, if the mean pick
velocities, the layer pick velocities or a VLA-ASCII velocity datafile shall be used
for the creation of the layershow.
PECULIARITIES:
If the mean pick velocities are used for the time-depth conversion, the time-depth
conversion of each layer boundary is independent from the conversion of the
upper boundary.
In contrast, if the layer pick velocities or a VLA-ASCII velocity datafile is used, the
time-depth conversion of each layer boundary depends on the conversion of the
upper boundary. Therefore, in that case one has to control how the time-depth
conversion for a special layer is done if any upper layer is not continuously
picked. This is done using the option ‚interpolate layer‘.
If this option is activated every upper layer is assumed to be continuous even if it
is not picked and either an interpolation or an extrapolation both for the layer
points and the velocities is done. Based on these calculated values the time-
depth conversion of the current layer is done.
If the option is deactivated, the velocities of the next upper picked layer are used.
This might result in a sharp step of the depth of the current layer at the point
where any of the upper layers is broken.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.3.1 (Create LayerShow).

The results of the current layershow can be stored in a report. The output is
performed either on a printer or on a file with an arbitrary name. According to the
individual settings, the report contains information about single layers like e.g.
thickness, velocity, amplitudes and coordinates. In addition, currently loaded
coredata and marker comments can be reported. It is also possible to reduce the
information on single points e.g. to represent only material depth between two
construction changes.
For further information please refer to chapter 1.12.3.2 (Create LayerShow
report).
2D-Data-Analysis 193

1. 2D-Data-Analysis
The module 2D data-analysis allows the complete processing of 2D-lines (B-
Scans).

The possibilities:

-A easy import of data of many different formats (e.g. SEGY, SEG2, most of
the EMR- and seismic systems (for example: GSSI, MALA RD3, PULSE-
EKKO) and so on), integration of other nonstandard formats.
- conversion of single sections and of a profile sequence (automatic
assembling and storing of the sections under one single datafile or
automatic generation of datafiles for parallel and inline-sections).
- many different display and processing possibilities
- interactive processing of single files or by generating a batch-file (sequence
processing)
- one- and multi-channel filters, editing, static correction, deconvolution,
migration and much more.
- interactive velocity adaptation
- picking of onsets
- layer-show
- CMP-processing From this menu you may enter the main options.

Use the lower panel for a speed access to different options:

2.->1. button: Use this option if you want the secondary file to be the primary
file (see also File MenuItem)
2<>1 button: Use this option if you want the secondary file to be the primary file
and the primary to be the secondary

These options allow a fast access to the data.

The left button changes according to the last settings to

caption import: enter Import Menu
caption raw: open REFLEX raw data (see also File MenuItem)
The middle button changes according to the last settings to
caption proc: open REFLEX processed data (see also File MenuItem)
caption procf: open REFLEX processed data with filter (see also File MenuItem)
The right button changes according to the last settings to
caption raw 2.li: open secondary REFLEX raw data (see also File MenuItem)
caption proc 2.li: open secondary REFLEX processed data (see also File
MenuItem)
caption procf 2.li: open secdonary REFLEX processed data with filter (see also
File MenuItem)
The caption is automatically updated when using one of the following options
within the File MenuItem: open rohdata, open procdata, open procdata filter,
import, open Second Line/rawdata or procdata or procdata filter

next button: allows to switch to the next primary file (ascending alphabetic
order). The current filefilter for the primary file is taken into
account. Example: the primary file “file001.01t” has been loaded
2D-Data-Analysis 194
using the filenamefilter “01t”. The next file must have the same
extension “01t” and the next file therefore may be “file002.01t”. If
no filenamefilter has been specified the next file in ascending
alphabetic order is chosen.
prev. button: allows to switch to the previous primary file (ascending
alphabetic order) - see option next. Under special circumstances
it may happen that the filefilter does not work correctly. If this is
the case activate the option double check filefilter within the
global settings menu. This may solve the problem.
1./2.: for the use with the next and prev. buttons: if activated the secondary
profile will be correspondingly updated when using the next and prev.
buttons. The specified filefilter for the secondary file will be used.
2.: for the use with the next and prev. buttons: if activated only the secondary
profile will be updated when using the next and prev. buttons. The
specified filefilter for the secondary file will be used. The primary profile
remains unchanged.

print the current data files (see also Print Menu). Depending on the current
settings either only the primary file or the primary and secondary file are
printed based on the current splitting parameters. With the option
showmarker activated (see PlotOption) the markers are printed in addition.
The size of the markers are taken from the size defined within the symbol
font (see FontSettings).

enter FileHeader Edit

enter PlotOptions
copy image to clipboard
jpg: copy image to file (jpg or other formats)

plotscale: enter multiplication factor for the color-amplitude assignment

or for the wiggle size

velocity: enter a velocity for the transformation of the time scale to a

depth scale for the depth axis and for the layer image.

act.palette: load the wanted color palette from the stored palettes (see also
PlotOptions menu).

the options allows an automatic scrolling of the file in x-

direction if a zoom has been activated (scroll to the left, stop
scrolling, scroll to the right). The spin button located beneath
the autoscroll options defines a delay factor in order to slow
down the scrolling. Value 0 no delay - value 500 max. delay. If the option file has
been activated the autoscroll allows an automatic passing through all files of a
project (switch to the next (right arrow) or previous file (left arrow)). Again the
delay value controls how fast the switching to the next file is done.
2D-Data-Analysis 195
allows to easily switch between pointmode and wigglemode

allows to directly change the display split - ver. split, hor. split, overlay
and no split

Pecularity for overlay: if a second file has been loaded and overlay has been
activated, the display of the second file may be enabled/disabled by simply
activate/deactivate overlay. A possible zoom will be kept if the option keep/kept has
been used.

If more than 2 profiles have been loaded it is possible to splite the windows
vertically horizonally, vertically and horizontally and manually

If manually has been chosen click on one item (1..4) within the CheckListBox and
use the mouse with pressed mouse button in order to exchange two items (this
item with any other one). The option ver., hor. and split define the type of display
splitting.

replot current line with current zoom parameters

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots the current
line
enable magnifying glass function

enable manual zoom - With the option ZOOM an arbitrary area of the data
set can be selected and plotted in full screen size. If the screen is split in
order to show two data sets, this option can be applied to each data set, but
not across the separating line of the two data sets. With split screen the
ZOOM option automatically acts on both data sets.
The area to be enlarged, a rectangle, has to lie within a data set. Pressing
the left mouse button you determine a corner of this rectangle and by moving
the mouse with pressed button the desired area is opened.
The zoom range may be changed step by step using the small + or - buttons
on the right side. Clicking on the + button increases the zoom by 10 %,
clicking on the - button decreases the zoom by 10 %, this means the x-y-
range to be shown will be larger.
The current zoom may be stored using the small "s" button and may be
restored using the small "g" button.

If activated it keeps automatically actual zoom settings when

performing a filter action or loading a new profile using next or prev.
button as well as when using the 2<->1 or 2-> buttons.
2D-Data-Analysis 196

enters the velocity adaptation MenuItem

pick button: enters the Pick MenuItem

enter the LayerShow MenuItem

CMP button: enters the CMP-processing

x-dist. button: allows to measure the distance between 2 points in horizontal (x)
direction. The program waits for the input of two data points for generating a
straight line. Pressing the left mouse button determines the first data point and by
moving the mouse with pressed button the line for measuring the x-distance is
shown. Leaving the mouse button holds the current line and shows the distance in
horizontal direction.

Core: the option is identical to the option View/Core data/1Dmodels (Chap. 1.4,
more details are given there). Activate this option if you want to display core data
(1D-depth distributions) as vertical bars onto the primary line and onto the
layershow depth profile. With the option auto activated the corefile with the same
filename like the primary file will be loaded automatically. The postposition text
entered within the pick panel (2D-dataanalysis) for the automatic load of the picks
is used in additon. This allows you to specify a different filename for the automatic
load. The option has the same effect as the option autom.load within the global
settings menu.

3-comp. button: enters the 3-component analysis menu (chap. 1.12.8).

2D-Data-Analysis 197
GPS button:

The option allows to control the display of the current profile by GPS-coordinates
coming through the serial port. The option opens a new panel where you can enter
the necessary parameters for the serial port.
The option might be useful if you want to display a camera video together with the
radargram. The synchronization will be done by the gps-coordinates stored within
the Reflexw traceheaders and the gps-coordinates coming through the serial port.
The device GeoAudio+ from Intuitive Circuits for example allows such a
synchronization. The device with integrated GPS receiver converts GPS position,
heading, speed, altitude, date and time into a continuous audio stream that can be
recorded by standard camcorders. The converted audio data is automatically
synchronized with the camera's video image.
The device may be used afterwards in order to decode the audio stream into GPS-
coordinates and outputs the coordinates as a NME string using the serial port.
The option activate synchronization starts the synchronization with the NMEA
strings. Each time a NMEA string has been recognized at the entered com port the
programs skips to the position given within the NMEA coordinates. The delay is
necessary for the address of the com-port. The radio group box GPS trace at
allows you to define where the trace with the found GPS coordinates is situated
either at the start, at the middle or at the end. The position will be marked by a blue
rectangle. Because of the delay of the GPS-system the GPS mark may not be
correct. Therefore it is possible to define a second mark for the corrected GPS
position. The correction range must be given in traces. The position will be marked
by a blue circle. The NMEA string must have the following form:
$GPGGA,095656,3757.3888,N,02348.9613,E,1,09,1.3,914.8,M,34.4,M,,0000*4A
The coordinates are given in degress. If the profile has been converted to UTM-
coordinates the option UTMToDegree must be activated and the corresponcding
UTM zone must be chosen.
The scroll type box allows you to define a stepwise or a smooth skipping. If
smooth has been activated you can choose a delay value in order to adapt the
scrolling. Three smooth steps are available.
2D-Data-Analysis 198
video-button:

The option allows to control the display of the current profile by a video and vice
versa.

Precondition is a txt file file of the following format:

Each line contains

- the video time in hour:minute:second
- a Scan_ID identical to the tracenumber which will not be interpreted
- a Swatz_ID which will not be interpreted
- the distance along the profile
Example in which the gpr profile starts at the video time 10 sec:
00:00:1.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:2.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:3.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:4.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:5.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:6.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:7.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:8.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:9.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:10.000 0 1 0.00
00:00:11.000 100 1 5.00
00:00:12.000 200 1 10.00
00:00:13.000 300 1 15.00
00:00:14.000 400 1 20.00
00:00:15.000 500 1 25.00
00:00:16.000 600 1 30.00
00:00:17.000 700 1 35.00
2D-Data-Analysis 199
The SRS Sync Video application from IDS already creates such a synchronization
file which partly may be used here. First such a file must be created for each profile
and second the filename must be renamed in such a way that it fits the original
data filename.

The option opens a new panel where you can enter the necessary parameters for
the synchronization.

Open allows to open a video file, e.g. a mp4 file. The video synchronization text file
with the same filename but with the extension txt must exist. Otherwise an error
message appears.
The synchronization panel allows to synchronize the gpr profile with the video
(profile activated) or vice versa (video activated).
The synchronize at panel allows to specify the location of the actual video within
the gpr profile (start, mddle or end).
The step rate allows to set a rate for the synchronization.
Activate the option audiomute in order to mute the audio.
The option Pause pauses the video and the synchronization. Step allows to step
one video screen forward. Stop stops the video and the synchronization.
The trackbar at the buttom allows to switch to any part of the video.
2D-Data-Analysis 200
Within the Main Menu Bar you may choose the following items:

File MenuItem: From this menu you may open any primary or secondary file,
import data from different formats, export the data to different formats, copy the
current images to the clipboard or print out the data.

Processing MenuItem: From this item you may choose the different filter and edit
possibilities.

View MenuItem: This item controls some display options.

Global MenuItem: Enter some global settings like fonts, printer,...

Plot MenuItem: Within this icon you may activate all the plot settings.

Analysis MenuItem: This menu allows you to activate analysis procedures like
picking or velocity adaptation.

key shortcuts:

There exist some key shortcuts for a fast access:

F2 - opens the plotoptions menu
F3 - deactivates show second line and screen split
F4 - increases the actual pick code by 1
F5 - decreases the actual pick code by 1
F6 - dataanalysis - copy to clipboard
F7 - save actual zoom settings
F8 - get actual zoom settings
“<“ and “>” keys: the plotscale value can be changed using these keys. The step
size of 20 % corresponds to the step size of the plotscale up/down arrows. The
keys cannot be used if the interactive velocity analysis is activated as in this case
the keys are used for changing the adaptation parameters.

General viewing options:

The working panel at the bottom contains a small black rectangle which shows the
actual zoom. Next the actual sample number as well as the actual trace number is
shown when moving the mouse. If a zoom is active the actual scroll position of the
primay file (mid position of the screen) will also be displayed.
The panels at the upper right corner contain the actual x and y-values of the mouse
position as well as the actual amplitude (option amplitude under view active) and
the depth (if a depth axis is shown) and the xyz-receiver traceheader coordinates
(options xyz-traceheader coordinates under view active).
2D-Dataanalysis, File MenuItem 201

1.1 File MenuItem

From this menu you may open any primary or secondary file, import data from
different formats, export the data to different formats, copy the current images to
the clipboard or print out the data.

ProjectDir: Selection of a new project. After selecting this option the directories
included in the current project directory are listed. From these you can choose the
project you want to work with.

Open: Use this option to load an existing REFLEX-file into the primary data
window. You may load the data from the rawdata directory (the directory containing
the files which are not precessed) or from the procdata directory. If you are
choosing procdata filter a filter for the file extension must be entered in order to
make the choice easier. In addition you may load a REFLEX-file interactively from
the profile plan (see also interactive choice).

Open SecondLine: Use this option to load an existing REFLEX-file into the
secondary data window. You may load the data from the rawdata directory (the
directory containing the files which are not precessed) or from the procdata
directory. If you are choosing procdata filter a filter for the file extension must be
entered in order to make the choice easier. The procdata filefilters can be chosen
independently for both the primary and the secondary file. The secondary data are
plotted into the second image depending on the current screen split (horizontal
split, vertical split or no split - see also Plotsuboptions).
The secondary data file cannot be processed. The file is only used for a
comparison with the primary file. When a processing is done for the primary file the
secondary file is automatically overwritten with the current processed file.

Open 1.-4. Line: Use this option to load up to 4 different REFLEX-files into different
windows. The data windows may be splitted vertically (vertical split activated) or
horizontally (horizontal split activated) or both (options vertical split and horizontal
split deactivated). The chosen files are automatically sorted in alphabetic
acsending order. The option 2<->1 allows you to change the order. The first line
becomes the last one, the second the first one and so on.
The print, zoom and scroll options are available for all 4 lines whereas picking and
velocity adaptations can only be done within the standard 2 window configuration.
When a processing step is performed always the datafile of the first window is the
base for the processing and the datafile of the second window is replaced by the
new processed datafile.

ChangeSecondToPrimary: Use this option if you want the secondary file to be the
primary file. For example use this option if you want to use a filter sequence on the
primary file - e.g. 1.filter: bandpass, 2.filter: run.average.
- apply the bandpass filter on the primary file - in the secondary window the
bandpass filtered data are displayed
- choose option ChangeSecondToPrimary
- apply the run.average filter on the new primary file - in the secondary window the
completely filtered data are displayed (bandpass filter and run.average).

Print: Use this option if you want to print out the data. Depending on the current
settings either only the primary file or the primary and secondary file are printed
2D-Dataanalysis, File MenuItem 202
based on the current splitting parameters (see also Print Menu). With the option
showmarker activated (see PlotOptions) the markers are printed in addition. The
size of the markers are taken from the size defined within the symbol font (see
FontSettings). With the option Pick activated the current picks are printed in
addition. The size of the picks are taken from the size defined within the symbol
font.

Import: import data of different formats into the REFLEX-internal format (see also
Import Menu).

Export: allows the conversion of REFLEX-formatted data into different export

formats (e.g. SEGY) - see also Export Menu (chap. 1.6).

Edit FileHeader: This option allows to display and change the parameters stored
in the global file header and the individual trace headers. These parameters are for
example sample and trace increment, presetting of coordinates etc (see also
FileHeader Edit).

Edit several FileHeaders: opens the Edit several fileheaders menu (chap. 1.10).
Within this menu you may change the fileheader coordinates and the start time
(see also fileheader time specification.) of a choosable number of lines.

Edit TraceHeader: opens the trace header menu (chap. 1.9.6).

Processing flow: displays the processing flow of the current primary file. The
option save to pfl allows to save the processing flow on file with the extension pfl.
Such a file can be used wihin the sequence processing. The option reset resets
the processing flow of the current file (old processing flow will be lost). With the
option several files activated the processing flows of a number of choosable files
will be reset. The option export to ASCII allows to write the processing flow on an
ASCII-file (filename will be queried and the file will be stored with extension PFL.txt
under the project directory). With the option several files activated the processing
flows of a number of choosable files are written out.

CopyToClipboard/File: copy the current windows into the clipboard (suboption

clipboard) or into a file (suboption file). Different file-formats like BMP, JPEG or
TIFF are supported.

Image1ToClipboard: copy the primary window into the clipboard.

Image2ToClipboard: copy the secondary window into the clipboard.

Exit: leave the module 2D-dataanalysis.

2D-Dataanalysis, File MenuItem 203
1.1.1 interactive choice

Within this menu the profiles may be interactively selected from a profile map. A
preselection of the profiles to be selected is done by the option Filepath and
Filefilter.
Filepath specifies the path for the files to be shown on the profile map. Filefilter
allows to enter a filter for the files to be shown. e.g. filepath is set to procdata and
filefilter is set to *.02t - only the files with the extension 02t are shown on the profile
map and can be selected.
Additionally you must select the plane where profile to be selected are located. You
have the choice between XY-plane, XZ-plane and YZ-plane. Only those profiles
whose profile direction and profile constant span this plane, are projected.

With the option show profile activated the currently chosen profile is shown within
a separate window whereby a fast display of the different profiles is possible. The
plotting depends on the choice of the profile direction (see below). For example a
profile in x-direction is plotted with a horizontal distance axis wherey a profile in y-
direction will be plotted with a vertical distance axis. The size of the distance axis is
automatically determined from the profile length within the profile map but the
plotting window may be rescaled and moved.

With the option free of distortion activated the x- and y-axis are equally scaled for
display.

With the option use traceh.coord. activated the traceheader coordinates (receiver)
are used for the display of the profileline.

Activating the option show filenames displays the the filenames within the middle
of the profile.

With the option show markers activated the markers of each profile are shown in
addition. The precondition is that the markers are stored within the traceheaders.

With the option show currecnt picks activated the current picks are displayed in
addition.

Activating the option show all lines reads the coordinates from all profiles located
within the given plane and shows them as straight lines and within the input listbox
on the left hand side in addition.

Activating the option ResetChoice also reads the coordinates from all profiles
located within the given plane and shows them as straight lines. In addition already
chosen profiles are removed from the output listbox.

Activating the option show picks allows you to display the xy-projections of the
wanted picks. After having activated the option you are asked for the pick files to be
loaded. The option is useful for a direct control of the locations of the picks within
the xy-plane. Picks belonging to the same code are connected if the option
interpolation is activated.If the option use code within the 2D-dataanalysis or 3D-
datainterpretation is activated the layershow-colors are used for the display of the
picks. For example the option might be used for the location control of picked pipes
or rebars.
2D-Dataanalysis, File MenuItem 204
With the option interpolation activated the xy-projections of the picks belonging to
one element (given by the pick code) are connected (see option show picks).

The profiles may be selected or deselected either within the input listbox by clicking
on the checkbox or within the profile plane by clicking on the line. For a selection
the set button must be activated and for a deselection the remove button must be
activated. A deselection may also be done within the output listbox by activating
any selected file and press the delete key.
The interactive selection within the profile plane is additionally controlled by the
"direction" buttons. Only profiles can be selected or deselected, whose direction
complies with the active direction. Already selected profiles are marked red, all the
others black. For the selection of the profiles always that - not yet selected - profile
is taken that is next to the mouse cursor. If there exist more than 1 profile with
identical coordinates within the plane, then after selecting or deselecting a listbox
appears with all profile names having these coordinates. Also the beginning of the
profiles is not marked as usually by the symbol "X" but by a number, signifying the
number of profiles with identical coordinates within the plane.

To be considered: The max. number of profiles to be selected depends on the

REFLEX module from which the interactive choice has been called. When calling
from the 2D-dataanalysis the max. number is restricted to to 4 (see also option
Open 1.-4. Line, chap. 1.1). When calling from the 3D-datainterpretation the max.
number is restricted to 25. With the option show profile only 1 profile may be
selected.
It is possible to select files from different project directories and different search
paths because the outputlist box contains the full filenames.

The option Btm allows to load a background bitmap, e.g. a photo of the measure
plane. The actual clipboard may also be directly pasted using the key Ctrl V.
Precondition is that the profiles of the pofile map are already loaded and therefore
coordinate axis are present. After having activated the option Btn you are asked for
the wanted bitmap. The bitmap is plotted in addition and a menu opens where the
size of the background bitmap may be entered. By default the bitmap is plotted
filling out the complete coordinate range under the assumption that the coordinate
origin is located on the lower left corner (flippped y-axis). Within the menu you may
enter a different coordinate range of the bitmap and to deactivate the bitmap
flipping in y-direction (option FlipYAxis). After having defined the correct
coordinate range of the bitmap you may use the option close in order to close this
menu.
If a tfw file is present the coordiantes are taken from this tfw world file (see also
Geotiff export). Thereby a georeferenced bitmap may be loaded as a background.
Deactiving the option Btm removes the background bitmap. The option Btm is also
used when printing out the profile plan.
2D-Dataanalysis, File MenuItem 205
DXF export: activating this option opens a new window
for exporting the profile lines into the DXF format. The
option DXFOutputType controls if the lines will be
displayed as points or lines. An optional utm
conversion is possible. W ith the option
InterchangeXY activated the xy-coordinates will be
interchanged for the export. This might be usefo for
example if the latitude has been stored on the x-coorindate and no utm conversion
shall be done. If the option different colors is activated the different lines will have
different colors. The actual picks will also be exported as circles. The option
picksize controls the size of the picks. The layer group code within the dxf-file will
be set to the pickcode which allows an easy discrimation of the picks.

The option scale allows an manual scaling of the axis and the coordinate range to
be shown. If activated the coordinate range window is shown and with the option
manual scaling activated a manual scaling is enabled.

The option plot chosen lines allows to plot the actually chosen profiles without
closing the interactive choice menu.
2D-Dataanalysis, File MenuItem 206
KML export: allows to export the profile line coordinates to a kml file which may be
loaded afterwards by e.g. GoogleEarth. The color may be defined as well as the
number of icons (n.trace). The option UTMToDegree allows to convert UTM-
coordinates to degree values based on a given utm zone.

The option show current picks allows to show the current picks. In combination
with the options next or prev. you may easily follow a distinct reflector or diffractor
(e.g. a pipe) from one 2D-line to the next and display the current position and the
positions of the previous locations within the interactive choice map. Use for
example the following sequence:
• load the first file using file/procdata filter and enter the name filter (e.g. *.03t)
• activate the option view/interactive choice
• within the interactive choice menu activate the option show current picks
• activate the pick option within the dataanalysis menu and pick your wanted
arrival(s) (the current cursor position as well as the actual pick(s) are displayed
within the interactive menu)
• click on next and choose the pick(s) of the same event (the interactive choice
menu can be used for following e.g. a line diffractor)
The option close closes the interactive choice and the selected profiles are plotted.
You may also leave the menu by the key escape. In this case all changes done
2D-Dataanalysis, File MenuItem 207
within the interactive choice window are lost and the program returns to the calling
module.
2D-Dataanalysis, Global MenuItem 208

1.2 Global MenuItem

printersetup: enters the printersetup menu.

info: enters the info windows about REFLEXW.

fonts: enters the font menu for either the text fonts or the number fonts. Please use
only true type fonts because only these fonts are able to be rotated.

cursor: specify the wanted cursor.

global settings: this menu allows to specify some global settings parameters (see
also global settings)

language: choose the language for the automatic labelling of the axis.

1.2.1 Global settings

this menu allows to specify some global settings parameters:

delay value: dependent on the computer used the display of the hyperbola or the
continuous picks, e.g., might be significantly delayed. This is due to the need of the
computing time intensive refreshing of the screen. This problem can be resolved by
entering a delay value n for the display of the hyperbola, the continuous picking or
the phase follower (value n = 1 - no delay). Then, only every nth call the hyperbola
for example are shown. The delay value n must be individually set based on the
computer used. If the display of the hyperbola or the continuous picks is still
delayed with the chosen delay value n, please increase n. The current setting is
stored within the ini-file when leaving the program.

ScrollSize: enter the fracture part of the image to be scrolled by one scroll step.
For example ScrollSize 1/10 means that scrolling is done with a step rate of 10 %
of the total size of the image. ½ means a step rate of 50 %. The new scrollsize is
only available after a new zoom range has been entered. The current setting is
stored within the ini-file when leaving the program. After having changed the scroll
size you must reset a possible zooming using the option reset and afterwards
reenable the zoom range in order to activate the new scrollsize.

synchronize scrolling: if activated the scrolling of the primary and secondary file
within the 2D-dataanalysis is synchronized. The current setting is stored within the
ini-file when leaving the program.

complete plot by scrolling: if activated the data are completely replotted when
scrolling in horizontal direction. Otherwise only the scroll part is replotted. Activate
this option is the data are not clear when scrolling.

Check disk space: activate this option if you want that the program controls the
free disk space during storing the data.

Double check filefilter: if activated the filefilter for the next/prev. buttons within the
2D-dataanalysis will be double checked.
2D-Dataanalysis, Global MenuItem 209

White background for free datarange: if activated the background color given
within the plotoptions is used for printing or bitmap export for a free area range. A
free area range might be present if the manual scaling option is used. If deactivated
the 0 amplitude value color is used.

decimal separator: enter the character for separating floating point values within
the input menus (ASCII-files always have the dot (“.”) as separator). The default
character is given by the Windows settings. This character must be used if you
enter a floating point value (e.g. 0,50 for "," or 0.5 for "."). The current setting is
stored within the ini-file when leaving the program.

Bitmap size[kb]: this parameter controls the max.size of a bitmap created within
REFLEXW. The default value is 16318 kb. The max. allowed bitmap size may vary
from computer to computer. Therefore you may decrease this parameter if any
problems occur e.g. during printing within the 3D-datainterpretation. The program
automatically restricts the bitmap to this max. value and generates different bitmap
parts if necessary.

GPS Map API key: The GPS Map uses an API key for most map services except
OpenLayers.The API key for which you have to register within the map service like
Google Maps or Bing platform must be defined here. Reflexw uses the dynamic
maps which is only loaded once when entering the map service. Therefore the fees
will normally very low, if any. The key will be stored within the Reflexw.Ini file.

NMEA String: with $G*GGA the standard NMEA string like GNGGA will be
analysed. With $GNLLQ activated a special GNLLQ string will be analysed which
normally contains Gauss Krueger coordinates.

BackgroundColor: choose the background color for the wiggle display.

Read exist.par.-files for direct import: if activated the program looks for an
existing REFLEX-parameter file when a file is directly imported using double click
within explorer.

MarkerGroupBox: enter some parameters for the display of the comment and
distance markers:
construction change marker: enter the text for the so called construction change
marker (see also edit comment markers, chap. 1.12.6). A vertical bar is plotted in
addition to the comment marker text if the comment marker string is the same like
this text. In addition this text is used within the Create LayerShow velocities menu
(chap. 1.12.3.3 - option use construction change).
Transp. comm.marker: if activated the comment marker textbox will be
transparent
update from GPS ASCII-file if activated a gps marker will be placed at all positions
defined within the Ascii-file used for updating the traceheader coordinates (see
chap. 1.9.6).
Add. Filename for comment.fil: if activated the filename comment.fil for the
comment markers will be replaced by the actual profile filename (without extension)
plus _comment.fil, e.g. file0001_comment.fil. Thereby each profile file will receive
an own comment marker file.
2D-Dataanalysis, Global MenuItem 210
MarkerType: you can choose between a rectangle at the top of the trace or a
dashed line over the complete trace for the display of the distance markers.

pick parameters: With this groupbox you may enter some parameters controlling
the picking (see also chap. 1.12.2).
With the parameters PickSymbols you can choose between thre different symbols
for the picks (* , - and line). If line is activated the picks are plotted using an
interpolated line between the picks. The option is inactive if a single pick is set,
changed or removed. In this case the symbol ‘-‘ will be used.
The parameter display every n.pick controls that only every n. pick will be plotted.
This does not affect the settings of the picks themselves. Enter a number larger
than 1 if the phasefollower is too slow or if the picks are not displayed when
scrolling fast.
With the parameter pickcorrect traces your may enter the number (one sided) of
traces for the pick correction option corr.max/min.time (see also Pick MenuItem).
The parameter corr.xy-coord bin(%) controls the size of the crossing bin when
your are using the option control xy-coord within the pick panel (see chap. 1.2.2).
The parameter is in percentage of the current traceincrement. Increase this
parameter if the option control xy-coord does not generate any picks.
With the option show pickdifferences activated the traveltime differences and
thicknesses are displayed when using the difference pick.
With the option keep distance activated the x-position between the two picks are
plotted in addition when using the difference pick. With this option not activated the
x-position of the second pick is automatically moved to the x-position of the first
one.
The option decimal places controls the number of decimal places for the ASCII-
export of the picks.
The option places controls the number of places for the ASCII-export of the picks.
plot on 2.line: if activated the picks are also displayed on the 2.line whenever you
press the plot or reset button. For example this option may serve as a controlling
possibility of the picking if you have acquired the same data with two different
frequencies. With the options show cursor in 2. window (under 2D-
datanalysis/view) activated the actual picks will be continuously displayed within the
secondary profile.

core parameters: Within this groupbox you may enter some parameters controlling
the coredata (see also option Core data/1D models under View MenuItem). The
option bar size controls the size in pixels of the bars of the individual cores. With
the option show border activated a black border rectangle is plotted in addition to
the colored bar. With the option show label activated the labels of the cores are
shown in addition. The label corresponds to the individual corename without
CORE. With the option save corefile activated the current corefile is updated when
storing the core velocity adaptations (see also velocity adaptation). With the option
save VLA-file activated a VLA-ASCII velocity datafile (see Create LayerShow
velocities) is automatically created when storing the core velocity adaptations which
may be used for the generation of a layershow. With the option save vel,2dm-files
activated VEL-ASCII velocity datafiles for each core as well as a 2Dm-file (see
CMP-velocity analysis) is automatically created when storing the core velocity
adaptations which may be used for e.g. migration, timedepth-conversion, stacking,
..... With the option autom. load activated the corefile with the same filename like
the primary file will be loaded automatically. The postposition text entered within the
pick panel (2D-dataanalysis) for the automatic load of the picks is used in additon.
2D-Dataanalysis, Global MenuItem 211
This allows you to specify a different filename for the automatic load. The option
has the same effect as the option auto to be found below the speedbutton core
within the 2D-dataanalysis main panel.
With the option use xy-traceh.coord. activated the traceheadercoordinates are
used for determining the position of the core. The position for secondary profiles is
only correct if the traceheader coordinates are identical to those of the primary
profile.
Within the radio box quality factor you may define how the quality factors within
the core files will be used:
ignore: the quality factors will be ignored
show: if activated a second bar is shown indicating a quality factor stored within the
core datafile. The following colors are used: 1 - white, 2-yellow, 3-red.
use f.colors: if activated the colors for the layer bars will not be assigned to the
layer number but to the quality factor using the layershow colors assignment.

CMP-velocity parameters: Within this groupbox you may enter some parameters
controlling some functions within the CMP velocity analysis (see also chap. 2).
The option display scale allows to set the relation of the model display in percent
of the total window width. By default a value of 25 % is set.
The option NMO scale allows to enter the size in percent of the nmo-correction
window in comparison to the data window.
The option analyse scale allows to enter the size in percent of the analysis window
in comparison to the data window. Enter a smaller value for the semblance and a
larger value for the constant velocity analysis.
The option curves size allows to enter the number of discrete points of the
calculated traveltime curves within the CMP velocity analysis. The larger this value
the larger the needed time to compute the traveltimes. Therefore you should search
for the best compromise between a good resolution of the traveltime curves and a
fast refresh of the display. By default a value of 20 is set.
The option color allows you to enter the color for the calculated traveltime curves
within the CMP velocity analysis.
The option pen size allows you to enter the pensize in pixels for the calculated
traveltime curves within the CMP velocity analysis. The possible valuerange is from
1 (thin) to 5 (5 - very thick).
The option repaint images within the global setting menu controls the display
refresh. If activated the images will always be repainted when a model change has
been done. Deactivate this option if a canvas error occurs. Activate the option if the
images need a refresh.

LayerShow parameters: Within this groupbox you may enter some parameters for
the layershow like the plot colors (option color) and pen-thicknesses (options thick
and thick line) of the individual layer boundaries (option number). The option
thick line allows to enter the overall line thickness for those layer boundaries for
which the option thick is activated.

Model and traveltimeanalysis parameters: Within this groupbox you may enter
parameters for the modelling and traveltime analysis module. The option def.
distance dimension defines the used dimension in x-distance (either METER or
FOOT). Depending on this setting the velocity dimension is either m/s (m/ns) or ft/s
(ft/ns).
use shot for discr.: if deactivated the shot numbers are not used for the
discrimination of the traveltimelines within the modelling menu
2D-Dataanalysis, Global MenuItem 212
use code for discr.: if activated the codes stored with the picks are used in
addition for the discrimination of the traveltimelines within the modelling or the
traveltime analysis menu. Activate this option for example if different pickfiles for
one shotpoint (e.g. refractions and reflections) are loaded or calculated. Then the
code stored with the picks is used in addition to discriminate the traveltimelines (the
picks with different codes are not combined using a line).
max.diff. for traveltimelines: enter a distance value for the discrimination of the
traveltimes which will be combined with a line within the modelling menu. The
option might be useful for example if two traveltime branches for one shot have
been picked but the picks are missing in the neighbourhoud of the shot. Enter a
value smaller than the distance of this gap in order to prevent that his gap will also
be combined by a straight line.
After changing any of these three parameters the traveltimes must be loaded again
in order to take effect.
2D-Dataanalysis, Plot MenuItem 213

1.3 Plot MenuItem

enter these options either from the main menu or from the main tool bar.

PlotOptions

Plot: replots current line with current zoom parameters

Reset: resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots the current
line

Autoscroll-Right: autoscroll line to right

Autoscroll-Left: autoscroll line to left

Autoscroll-Stop: stop autoscroll

ManualZoom: enable manual zoom.Click on the uppermost left corner of the area
to be zoomed up and drag the mouse to the wanted lowermost right corner with the
left mouse button pressed. The two additional speed buttons in the tool bar enable
a steplike increase or decrease of the zoom factor.

MagnifyingGlass: enable
magnifying glass function. A
freely definable data part is
continuously magnified within a
window when moving the
mouse. The zoom factors in x-
and y-direction are
independently definable. With
the option AutoSize activated
the vertical size of the zoom
window will be automatically
adapted to the size of the time
axis of the original profile. The
zoomed display will be
completely renewed with high
resolution when moving the
mouse.
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 214

1.4 View MenuItem

ColorBars: activate this option for displaying the current color amplitude
assignment bar at the right of the window.

Amplitudes: activate this option if you want the current amplitudes to be displayed
in the status panel on the top (A:) when moving the mouse. If a secondary profile
will be loaded and overlaid the amplitudes of the secondary profile will be displayed
below (A2:).

PickPanel: activate this option if you want the pick panel always to be visible even
if the pick option is not chosen.

VelocityAdaptationPanel: activate this option if you want the velocity adaptation

panel always to be visible even if the velocity adaptation option is not chosen.

FileInfo: activate this option if you want the label infos about the loaded files shall
be visible.

act sample informations: if active a window opens near the actual cursor position
showing the actual trace and sample number, the amplitude, the distance and the
time.

WiggleWindow: This option allows the additional plotting of the current trace or of
the trace spectrum or of a second profile into freely movable and scalable window.
The y-axis corresponds to that of the primary profile. After activating the option you
may choose between current trace, ampl. spectrum, phase spectr. or 2. line.
After activating current trace the current trace (only visible part) is plotted in the
wiggle-mode using the current Plotsettings. Activating the option Tracenormalize
enables a normalization to the max. value of the current trace.
After activating the option ampl. spectrum the frequency amplitude spectrum of
the current trace is shown. Only the visible part of the current trace (e.g. if zoomed)
will be taken into account for the spectrum calculation. The option frequ.scale
allows to rescale the display of the ampl.spectrum. The frequency range to be
displayed will be decreased by the entered frequ.scale value.
After activating the option phase spectr. the frequency phase spectrum of the
current trace is shown. Only the visible part of the current trace (e.g. if zoomed) will
be taken into account for the spectrum calculation. The calculated phase is
restricted to the range between 0 and 2 pi.
Activating the option 2. line allows the plotting of a second profile in the wiggle-
mode. Open the wanted line using the option open. All traces of the profiles are
shown.
With the option view sec.trace activated the corresponding trace from the
secondary profile will be plotted in addition using a gray color.
With the option normalize activated the display will be normalized to the max.
value within the total time window. If deactivated the scale can be changed using
the up and down arrows.
With the option AutoSize activated the vertical size of the wiggle window will be
automatically adapted to the size of the time axis of the original profile.
With the option dock activated the wiggle window will be placed at the right side of
the 2D-dataanalysis window if enough space is available. If not enough space is
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 215
available the size of the data window will be decreased and the wiggle window will
be placed right to the data window. In this case the option dock becomes the color
aqua.
The current parameters time (frequency) and amplitude are shown if the mouse
cursor is inside the wiggle window.

TraceHeaderDistances: activate this option if you want the current traceheader

distance to be displayed in the status panel (dist.:) .

Core data/1D models: activate this option if you want to display core data (1D-
depth distributions) as vertical bars onto the primary line and onto the layershow
depth profile. The option is also available as a speed button It is possible to select
a choosable number of core datafiles. The core datafile should be stored under the
path ASCII under the current project directory and must have the extension cor(e.g.
c:\reflex\demodata\ascii\test.cor). A core datafile contains the informations of
several cores associated with the current 2D-line. One core block within the file has
the following format:

1. line: CORE + any identification

2. line: current location (x,y and z) within the 2D-line (floating point format)
3.-x. line: layernumber thickness quality-factor mean-velocity layer-velocity

The dimension of the thickness and of the location is identical to the current
distance dimension of the profile. The dimension of the velocity is m/ns or m/s
respectively.
A block ends when the program finds the identifier CORE or at the end of the file.

example:
CORE 1 - dist.dim: METER, vel.dim: m/s
14.00 0.00 0.00
1 7.887100 1 470.553 470.553
2 11.804501 1 576.020 677.474
3 15.052200 1 717.993 1059.677
CORE 2 - dist.dim: METER, vel.dim: m/s
24.00 0.00 0.00
1 7.887100 1 470.553 470.553
2 11.219000 1 573.388 677.474
CORE 3 - dist.dim: METER, vel.dim: m/s
34.00 0.00 0.00
1 7.887100 1 453.631 453.631
2 11.219000 1 562.827 677.474
3 15.637701 1 713.371 1059.677

The x-location corresponds to the distance. The y-location will not be used within
the 2D-dataanalysis by default. With the option use xy-traceh.coord. within the
global settings menu activated the traceheadercoordinates are used for
determining the position of the core. Then the smallest difference between the xy-
location of the core and the xy-traceheader coordinates of the actual profile is
searched and the core will be plotted at this position.
The z-location will be considered if the plotoption DepthAxis has been activated.
With the plotoption elevation activated in addition the z-locations are assumed to
be elevations, if deactivated they are given in depths. The given z-location will be
transformed into 2-way traveltimes using the velocity defined for the depth axis if
the data are timebased data (normally the case).
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 216
The max. number of different layers within one coreblock is 100 (identical to the
max. number of layers within the layershow). The colors for the individual layerbars
are identical to the colors within the LayerShow MenuItem. With the option show
quality within the global settings activated a second layerbar is shown indicating
the quality factor with the following color assignment: 1 - white, 2-yellow, 3-red.
Within the global settings menu you may also change the width of the layerbars
and activate or deactivate some checking parameters.
These core data are also the basis for a coredata based velocity adaptation (see
also velocity adaptation - suboption core).
A core datafile may also automatically be created within the CMP 2D-model menu
if the option create corefile is activated.
With the option save VLA-file within the global settings menu activated a
VLA-ASCII velocity datafile (see menu Create LayerShow velocities or Create
LayerShow - suboption velocity choice / velocity file) is automatically created when
storing the core velocity adaptations which may be used for the generation of a
layershow.

interactive choice: opens the interactive choice window without going through the
option file/open/interactive choice.

profile line (trace header coord.): with this option activated the profile location
based on the traceheader coordinates (see also trace header Edit, chap. 1.9.6) is
shown in an additional window (any curvature of the line coordinates is displayed).
When moving the mouse cursor within the data window the current xy-position of
the mouse cursor is also shown. With the option free of distortion activated the x-
and y-axis are equally scaled for display. The option show other lines allows to
show the xy-locations of other profiles. Activating the option show filenames
displays the the filenames within the middle of each profile. The option reset
choice resets this display of the other profiles. The option show 2. line position
displays the xy-position of the secondary file using the same distance coordinate.
With the option z-coord. as sec.coor. activated the secondary coordinate is
assumed to be the z-coordinate, if deactivated the y-coordinate is used. With the
option show shot positions activated the shot positions stored within the
traceheaders are displayed in addition in green (blue for 2.line) color. With the
option use lineparts activated the coordinates lines will be displayed under
consideration of the line parts (if the ensemble number changes the coordinates
will not be combined using a line). With the option show all coordinates activated
all coordinates will be plotted. Deactivating the option means that the coordinate
line will be resampled based on the max. number of 1000 for the display. With the
option view single points activated the profile line will not displayed as a line but
as single points. Activating the option might be useful in order to check for
irregularities within the traceheader coordiantes, e.g. looking for jumps due to an
inaccurate gps signal.
Zooming and copy to clipboard possibilities are included. Activating the option
use layershow colors uses the predefined layershow colors for the display of the
lines. The profile lines will be automatically updated when using the next or prev.
buttons. The option show xy-data allows to display points with xy-coordinates
taken from an ASCII-file. The first column must contain the x-coordinate and the
second column the y-coordinate. The size and color are defined by the symbol font.
The option show act. picks allows to view the actual picks. With the option 3D-
pick-cube the picks are displayed within the 3D-cube in addition.
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 217
The option Btm allows to load a
background bitmap, e.g. a photo of the
measure plane. The actual clipboard may
also be directly pasted using the key Ctrl
V. Precondition is that the profiles of the
pofile map are already loaded and
therefore coordinate axis are present.
After having activated the option Btn you
are asked for the wanted bitmap. The
bitmap is plotted in addition and a menu
opens where the size of the background
bitmap may be entered. By default the
bitmap is plotted filling out the complete
coordinate range under the assumption
that the coordinate origin is located on the
lower left corner (flippped y-axis). Within
the menu you may enter a different
coordinate range of the bitmap and to
deactivate the bitmap flipping in y-
direction (option FlipYAxis). After having
defined the correct coordinate range of
the bitmap you may use the option close in order to close this menu.
If a tfw file is present the coordiantes are taken from this tfw world file (see also
Geotiff export). Thereby a georeferenced bitmap may be loaded as a background.
Deactiving the option Btm removes the background bitmap. The option Btm is also
used when printing out the profile plan.

The options Btm/auto together with timeslices allow an automatic display of

bitmaps., e.g. timeslice bitmaps.
The option auto together with Btm allows to load a series of bitmaps, e.g.
timeslices which will be updated when moving the mouse cursor within the primary
profile. The option may be of help when picking linear elements which are clearly
visible within the timeslices. Activating the option unvisible makes the control
panel unvisible and no axis will be displayed. This might be useful if a small window
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 218
is required. Double clicking onto the interactive plan makes the control panel visible
again.

The option timeslices allows to create the

wanted bitmaps. The parameters within the
GenerateTimeslices window are the same
as for the option generate single Timeslices
within the 3D-datainterpretation.
All profiles chosen with activated option
show other lines within the show line
position menu will be automatically taken
over within the timeslice menu. Some new
parameters which are needed for the new
bitmap function have been included:
interpolate for pure x-and y-lines: if
activated the choosen 2D-lines are
assumed to be purely or nearly purely
distributed along the x- and y-axis. In this
case the interpolation will be done within 2
steps. The first interpolation is only done in
x-direction for the profiles orientated into the
y-direction. The second interpolation is only
done in y-direction for the profiles
orientated into the x-direction. Afterwards both datasets will be added.
use envelope: the envelope will be used for the generation of the timeslices
create Geotiff files: generates a tiff file together with a tfw world file containing the
coordinates.
no timeslices files: no timeslice file will be generated. This is only useful if create
Geotiff files has been activated
full screen for geotiff: the normal size of the tiff file corrsponds to the size of the
picture above. If full screen for geotiff has been activated the full size of the
GenerateTmeslices window will be used for the tiff file. This allows a higher
resolution.
plotscale: enter the plotscale for the display of the timeslice. If a Geotiff file will be
generated the plotscale must be correctly entered here because the bitmap cannot
be changed afterwards.

When moving the mouse within the primary profile within the 2D-dataanalysis the
actual time of the mouse position is used in connection of the filenaming of the
bitmap in order to determine the corresponding bitmap timeslice.
Example for automatic naming:
settings: time begin: 100 msec, max. time for calculation of timeslices: 500,
number: 0 - bitmap timeslice receives the name TP100000.TIF (tif bitmap) and
TP100000.TFW (tfw file containing the corner coordinates) and is saved within in
the directory ASCII.
Example for manual naming:
settings: time begin: 5 nsec, max.time: 50 nsec, FileName: Test - time slice
receives the name Test0500.TIF (tif bitmap) and Test0500.TFW (tfw file containing
the corner coordinates) and is stored in the directory Procdata.
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 219

DXF export: activating this option opens a new window

for exporting the profile lines into the DXF format. The
option DXFOutputType controls if the lines will be
displayed as points or lines. An optional utm
conversion is possible. W ith the option
InterchangeXY activated the xy-coordinates will be
interchanged for the export. This might be usefo for
example if the latitude has been stored on the x-coorindate and no utm conversion
shall be done. If the option different colors is activated the different lines will have
different colors. The actual picks will also be exported as circles. The option
picksize controls the size of the picks. The layer group code within the dxf-file will
be set to the pickcode which allows an easy discrimation of the picks.

Gps map: allows to view the profile lines within a GPS Map service like
OpenLayers, Google, Bing, Azure, TomTom, Here and MapBox.. The default
service is OpenLayer. The option map service allows to choose any of the other
ones.
If you want to switch between the different Map services you must have different
API keys. Only the OpenLayer service does not need a valid key. If you switch for
example to Bing, you should first enter the valid Bing key within the global settings
menu if not already done- option GPS Map API key. This key will be stored within
the Reflexw.Ini file.

The option UTMToDegree allows to convert UTM-coordinates to degree values

based on a given utm zone. The option latitude defines where the latitude
coordinates have been stored within the traceheaders (x- or y-position).
The color and the width of the lines may be adapted. The display of the profile line
may be disabled by setting width to 0. This might be useful for example if the pick
display (see below) is hidden by the line. The display of the lines might be quite
timeconsuming. Therefore the program automatically restricts the number of points
per line to be displayed to 1000 points or if more than 10 lines (max.points 250) or
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 220
more than 50 (max.points 100) lines are shown. Independently from these settings
you also may restrict the number of points manually using the option max.points.
With the option show center activated a center point of the line will be displayed in
blue.
Activating the option show filenames displays the start and end point and the
filename. Activating the option show line position allows to continuously show the
actual mouse position by a red circle when dragging over the line. Activating the
option show other lines allows to show the xy-locations of other profiles. With the
option show shot positions activated the shot positions stored within the
traceheaders are displayed in addition in green (blue for 2.line) color. Zooming and
copy to clipboard possibilities are included. Activating the option use layershow
colors uses the predefined layershow colors for the display of the lines. The option
1/1 resets and centers the display.
The display will also be automatically centered when using the zoom-option or
when scrolling through the zoomed profile. The actual profile center will be
displayed by a red circle.
Activating the option use bitmap generates an internal bitmap copy of the gps map
which is useful under some circumstances for viewing the picks or for viewing the
actual line position. For example the actual line position will not be displayed for a
very large file. In this case use bitmap must be activated which allows the view. If
the option use bitmap is activated you should not flip to any other profile within the
2D-dataanalysis but first you deactivate the option and then choose the new profile
and afterwards you may activate the option again. Otherwise the gps map display
does not work any more and you must close the window.
The actual picks may be displayed (option show activated) using a red-green-blue
color scheme for the icons with red
corresponding to the smallest
traveltime values and blue to the
largest traveltime values. The
parameter max. picks controls the
max. picks to be displayed. If the
actual number of picks exceeds this
number only every n. pick will be
displayed. If the option use bitmap
is activated the color scheme for the
pick traveltimes will be displayed at
the left border. If 3D-picks have
been loaded the option use depths
f.colours controls if you want to use
the colours for the depth assignement instead for the codes of the 3D-picks. The
option has no meaning for only profile based picks.
To be considered: if for any reasons the gps map does not work correctly any
more you may try to close the gps map window and open it again but in some
cases the Reflexw program must be completely restarted.

TraceHeader axis: if activated the xy-receiver traceheadercoordinates are

displayed along the distance axis in addition. The option is only available for the
primary profile and with deactivated plotoptions Rotate90degree and FlipXAxis. The
number font is used. The number of places and the number of decimal places may
be entered within the global settings menu within the pick parameters panel. The
option transp.comm.marker within the global settings menu controls if the text will
be transparent or if a white box will be underlied.
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 221
The suboptions at the top, at the bottom and at min.distance define the positions of
the traceheader coordinates. With at the top activated the traceheader coordinates
are displayed at the distance labels within the upper range of the profile below the
distance axis using a 90 degree rotated font. With at the bottom activated the
coordinates are displayed within the lower range of the profile again using a 90
degree rotated font. With at min.distance activated only the traceheader coordinate
for the min. coordinate will be displayed above this min. coordinate. If enough
space above the min. coordiante is available the x- and y-traceheader coordinates
will be separately plotted, otherwise they will be combined separated by the “/”
character (according to the options at the top and at the bottom).
With at the top activated also the stored collect times (option time collect) may be
displayed at the top of the profile. Otherwise and at the bottom or at min. distance
the traceheader xy-coordinates will be displayed.

show xyz-traceheader coordinates: shows the actual x-, y- and z-traceheader

coordinates (xc, yc and zc) within a new listbox on the upper right corner.

Traceheader geometry check:

allows to view the shot-receiver
geometry. The actual velocity
within the plotoptions is used in
order to define the traveltime
between shot and receiver used
for the display. The option is
useful in order to check the
geometry of a dataset consisting
of several shots, e.g. a seismic
reflection profile.

profile line within second window: the option allows to show the actual profile of
the primary profile within the secondary and vice versa. The option only makes
sense if the primary window contains a timeslice and the scondery one a 2D-profile.

add. 2colum data: option allows to display

any 2 column ASCII- data (e.g. the
topography) along the profile (distance) axis.

After having activated the option show within

the Add2ColumData menu you are asked for
the ASCII-file with each line containing two
values - the distance and the parameter
value. These parameter data may contain for example any informations (e.g.
topography, moisture, ....) along the profile. The max. number of datavalues is
restricted to 32768.
After having chosen the wanted ASCII-file a control menu opens. The option
overlay primary section control whether the data are plotted within a separate
image at the top of the profile (option deactivated) or within the current primary
section (option activated). The size of the vertical axis is given by the option
vertical size (pixels) The horizontal size is connected to the size of the profile
distance axis. The min. and max. parameter value of the chosen ASCII-file is
automatically determined. Activating the option manual scaling allows to restrict
the range to be displayed. With the option flip y-axis activated the value-axis starts
at the bottom.
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 222
With the option multi columns activated allows to use multi colums text data. The
option 1.colum defines the colum position of the distance data and the 2.colum
defines the position of the data colum to be displayed. This allows you to use data
with more than 2 columns, e.g picks stored using the ASCII-columns format.
Example: enter 2 for 1. Column if the distancies are stored within the second colum
and 4 for 2. Column if the data values have been stored within the 4. column.
The data are plotted as a polygonial line. The line color as well as line thickness is
taken from the symbol font. The option is not available for the printing.

show cursor in 2. window: shows the actual cursor position within the secondary
profiles using the settings of the symbol font.

profile sum spectrum/histogram: activating the option opens a new window

which shows the amplitude histogram or the sum trace of the primary profile
(upper panel) as well as the sum spectrum over all traces of the profile (lower
panel).

enable manual zoom - if

activated an arbitrary area of the
data set can be selected. The
sum spectrum and the histogram
will be calculated for this range.
The range will be displayed
within the table.
Use actual zoom - if activated
and manual zoom deactivated
the actual zoom settings within
the 2D-dataanalysis are used for
the calculation of the sum
spectrum and the histogram.
The number of traces and/or samples to be summed may also be entered within
the trace/sample table. The larger/smaller arrows on the right of the table allow to
increase or decrease the min./max. traces and samples. Using this option also
allows to scroll through the whole profile by setting min./max. traces to the same
value.
Double clicking on the histogram/sum trace or the spectrum copies the
corresponding chart to the clipboard for a succeeding import into any document.

The following options are only available for the spectrum calculation:
copy to clipboard
ASCII: allows to copy the sum spectrum to an ASCII-file (csv extension).
Trackbar which allows to change the max. frequency
ShowSingleSpectra - if activated the spectra of the single traces are plotted in
addition to the sum spectrum.
db scale: allows a decibel decay scale for the frequency spectrum. The max. db
decay may be entered manually
sec.profile - if activated the spectra of the secondary profiles will be shown in
addition (blue 2. line, green 3. line, yellow 4. line). With the option normalize
activated the spectra of the secondary lines are normalized to the spectrum of the
primary profile.
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 223
With the option normalize within the FrequencyGroupBox activated the freqeuncy
spectrum will be normalized to 1.

The following options are only available for the histogram:

copy to clipboard
ascii within histrogram/sum trace: allows to save the actual histogram/sum trace on
an ASCII-file (csv extension).
show sum trace - if activated the sum trace will be shown
show histogram - if activated the histogram distribution is displayed. It is possible
to select the number of subdivisions for the histogram. The default value is 50.
Activating the option log.scale enables a logarithmic scale for the amplitudes.

view camera images: if activated camera images are shown based on the actual
cursor positions within a freely moveable and scalable window. Two options are
available: marker and tracenumber.
If tracenumber has been chosen the filenames of the camera image are directly
connected to the tracenumbers of the profile. After having activated the option the
camera image files must be
selected (multiple file choice using
the ctrl or shft key). The filenames
of the camera images must have
the following form:
The last 8 characters of the
filename specify the trace number
position within the profile, e.g.:
0100003396.jpg - the string
00003396 is used in order to
determine the tracenumber position
of the camera image.
If marker has been selected one
file within the camera directory must be chosen in order to determine the path
where the camera image files which have been stored within the comment markers
in a step before are present. All comment markers of the profile which text has an
extension are assumed to represent a camera filename stored within the chosen
path (see option edit comment markers/create based on filenames, chap. 1.12.6).
The advantage using this procedure in order to view the camera images is that
processing steps which change the trace number may be applied on the data.
While moving through the profile the camera image next to the actual cursor
position will be plotted. The position of the camera image will be marked as a blue
rectangle at the top of the profile.
2D-Dataanalysis, View MenuItem 224
crossingpoints: if activated
it allows to display the
location of the crossing
points of the actually loaded
lines. The layershow colors
are used in order to assign
the related crossing points.
The parameter corr.xy-
coord bin(%) under global
settings (chap. 1.2.1)
controls the size of the
crossing bin together with
the traceincrement. Increase
this parameter if no crossing
points are found although
the lines are really crossing.
The picture on the right
shows 4 crossing profiles
(profile location is given within small lower picture on the right).
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 225

1.5 Import Menu

Use this option to import non REFLEX formatted data. The maximum number of
traces per file is limited to 256000. At the moment the program supports the
following formats:
SEGY, SEG2, SEG2-RADAR, RADAN, PULSEEKKO, MALA RD3, MALA RD6,
MALA RD7, IDS, IDS-OGPR, UTSI, IMPULSERADAR, INFRASENSE, RADSYS,
GEOSCAN32, BGREMR, BGREMRHELI, DMTKR, BGRDHU, BGRBHRU,
TRS2000, ABEM, DECOD, CSP, NWF, NICOLET, YOKOGAWA, FREE 8BIT,
FREE 16BIT, FREE 32BIT, FREE 32BIT FP, FREE 64BIT FP BIT, HP-network,
UWB-MEODAT, ASCII-1COLUM, ASCII-1COLUM-ALPS, ASCII-3COLUMS,
ASCII-GORILLA, ASCII-MATRIX, ASCII-3D-KOEHLER, BITMAP, FD-total
wavefield, 3D-Radar, ASCII-Proceq-PD80, KGS, JSF, PS3-Sonne,
Geoscanners_Gsf, VIY, HCD
The program performs a so called plausibility test, i.e. various values (e.g. the
number of samples per trace) are checked for reasonable values. If an "incorrect"
value is recognized (e.g. number of samples smaller than 0 or larger than
16000), the conversion is terminated with the corresponding message.
The default directory for the non REFLEX data is ASCII under the current project
directory (default import directory) but it is also possible to import the data from
any other directory or drive. Example for storing the externally formatted data
under the default import directory: Standard directory name is C:\REFLEX, inside
C:\REFLEX the project directory DEMO1 is created (C:\REFLEX\DEMO1), inside
this the default import directory ASCII (C:\REFLEX\DEMO1\ASCII). Into the
directory C:\REFLEX\DEMO1\ASCII the desired externally formatted data might
be copied.
In any case REFLEXW stores the converted data under the path ROHDATA
under the current project directory. REFLEXW DataView stores the converted
data under that path the non REFLEX data are placed.

For most import formats an automatic filefilter

will be used (see picture on the right). If another
fileextension for the original data is given you
may select original data within files of type
instead.

It is possible to automatically import a datafile

from the formats RADAN, PULSEEKKO, MALA
RD3 and IDS by double click on such a file
provided the corresponding datatype (DZT, DT1,
RD3 or DT respectively) is connected to ReflexW. Example: you want to
automatically import a MALA RD3 file - you must connect REFLEXW with files
with the extension RD3. After double click on such a MALA RD3-file, e.g. within
the explorer, REFLEXW is started and this file is automatically imported and
displayed. The following import options are always valid: filename is set to
original name, read traceincrement is always activated. The imported datafile is
stored under the path rohdata under the projectpath. The projectpath is
automatically determined from the path where the original file is located.
Therefore it is not possible to load a datafile from CD. If the last directory within
this path is named ASCII (standard import directory - see above), the directory
ASCII is neglected for the determination of the projectpath, otherwise the
projectpath is equal to the path where the original file is located. Example1: the
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 226
original file is located under d:\reflex\demo\ascii - the converted file is stored
under d:\reflex\demo\rohdata. Example2: the original file is located under
d:\reflex\demo\name1 - the converted file is stored under
d:\reflex\demo\name1\rohdata.
If the option apply processing flow (see also below) is activated the processing
flow named importprocessingflow.pfl if existing under the actual project directory
will be automatically applied during the import. This processingflow file can also
be copied to the actual project directory if already created for an earlier project
and if the data shall be processed accordingly.
The settings of the following options are stored within the Reflexw.ini file and
therefore will also be used for this automatic import:
apply processing flow
read starttime
single file header (RADAN Data)
swap bytes (SEGY Data)
min./max. marker (RADAN data)

Before beginning the conversion you have to specify several settings. These are
essentially coordinate settings and name specifications. These specifications
also enter the naming of the converted data, if this shall be done automatically or
not. REFLEX stores the data using a 16 bit integer format or 32 bit floating point
format. If your original data have a larger dynamic range than the output format
you must enter a scaling value (option scaling). All data are multiplied with this
value before conversion. With 16 bit outputformat specified the resulting values
larger than 16 bit are clipped during the conversion.
Note: during conversion all 8 bit-data are internally multiplied by the factor 16 in
order to be able to use all default parameters of the program (e.g. plotting
parameters) without any essential changing.

Most of the available informations are read from the data headers. There is one
peculiarity concerning the geometry. The program REFLEXW is based on a 3-
dimensional geometry. That is why the coordinates must be entered manually
and those parameters are normally not read from the file header. Peculiarities for
the following formats:

PULSEEKKO-Format: With the option read coordinates activated the starting

and ending coordinates in profile direction are read from the header. With the
option read traceincr. activated the trace increment is read from the header and
the ending coordinate is calculated based on the manually given starting
coordinate, the trace increment and the number of traces. With no option
activated the entered manual parameters are valid. With the option 16 bit data
activated the original data are stored as 16 bit integer values. With the option
deactivated the original data are assumed to be 32 bit floating point values. A
quite big scaling value is recommended (e.g. 10000) in this case.

MALA RD3 and RD7-Format: The datavalues of the rd7-data normally exhibit
quite large values. Therefore it is recommended to rescale the data during the
import using a small scaling values of e.g. 0.00002. This ensures that the
resulting datavalues fall into the “normal” 16 bit integer data range. In any case
the output format should be set to new 32 bit floating point in order to maintain
the full resolution.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 227
With the option read coordinates activated the ending coordinate in profile
direction is read from the header (the starting coordinate is set to 0). With the
option read trace increment activated the trace increment is read from the header
and the ending coordinate is calculated based on the given starting coordinate,
the trace increment and the number of traces. With no option activated the
entered manual parameters are valid.
The program supports three different marker files (same filename but different
extension as the rd3- or rd7-file):
mkr-file: ASCII file with each line containg the tracenumber of the marker. The
markers are written out as distance markers.
mrk-file: ASCII file with one header line and then each line containg the
tracenumber of the marker. The markers are written out as distance markers.
mrkj-file: ASCII file without linefeed with specification of the marker positions
about the flag “trace:”.The markers are written out as distance markers.
mkn-file: ASCII-file with up to 9 different comment markers defined at the
beginning and then each line containing the tracenumber and the code of the
marker (2. or 3. colum). The markers are written out as comment marker with the
comments defined wihin the first nine lines.
The gps-data may be loaded using the option RAMAC-GPS. If corc-file is
activated a *.corc file is searched consisting of cartesian coordinates.
The option correct for baseline allows to correct the coordinates of parallel 2D
profiles based on a baseline. An ASCII file with the extension obm must exist
which includes the actual cross positions and angles of the profiles at the
baseline. Following an example of this ASCII file is given. The programs
calculates the x- and y start and end coordiantes from the obm file and saves
them within the fileheader. An automatic flipping is done if the resulting start
coordinate in profile direction is larger than
the end coordinate. It is recommended to
update the traceheaders based on the
fileheader coordinates.
Example:
VERSION:1
NUMBER_OF_BASELINES:1
BASELINE:1
START_X:10.450
START_Y 65.200
STOP_X:30.900
STOP_Y:120.100
NUMBER_OF_PROFILES:11
22706
X_LENGTH:4.100
X_ANGLE:90.000
X_DIST2BASE:1.000
22746
X_LENGTH:15.020
X_ANGLE:270.000
X_DIST2BASE:2.000
22825
X_LENGTH:4.200
X_ANGLE:90.000
X_DIST2BASE:3.000
22858
X_LENGTH:14.700
X_ANGLE:270.000
X_DIST2BASE:4.000
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 228

It is recommended to check whether the repositioning has been successful. This

can easily be done by comparing the different 2D-files using the plotoptions man.
scaling and show marker. The baseline is shown by a marker and should be at
the correct position for each datafile.

MALA RD6-Format: The rd 6 format is used with the MALA CX system for a 3D-
grid data acquisition. Three different datafiles must be present: rhd, rad and rd6.
The rd6 file must be choosen when starting the conversion - otherwise a warning
message appears. The rad-file corresponds to the rad-file of the Mala rd3-format
and contains informations about the data acquisition like sampling rate, .... The
rhd-file contains informations about the 3D-grid like the x-size and y-size, the
resolution in profile direction and the profile spacing. One or two rd6 files are
present. They have the same filename like the rad and rhd file but in addition ‘
_1' for the gird lines in y-direction and ‘_2' for the grid lines in x-direction. The 2D-
lines building up the 3D-grid are sequentially stored corresponding to the
Reflex3D-file. It is recommended to use the datatype 3D-const.offset within the
import menu. The profiledirection and profileconstant will be set automatically
corresponding to the choose of the rd6 file (profiledirection ‘Y’ for file
<name>_1.rd6 and profiledirection ‘X’ for file <name>_2.rd6) .
With the suboption flip sorting activated it is assumed that the data have not
been stored sequentially scan (chanel) after scan (channel) but first trace of all
cuts, then second trace of all cuts. If this holds true you must activate the option.
In most cases the option must only be activated for one scan direction.

RADAN-Format: With the option read trace increment activated the trace
increment is read from the header and the ending coordinate is calculated based
on the given starting coordinate, the trace increment and the number of traces.
With no option activated the entered manual parameters are valid. The markers
are read in depending on the settings of the min./max. marker values. Newer
systems write the user markers within the associated dzx-file. If a WayPt of the
following form is present within the dzx-file user marks will be found:
<WayPt> <scan>1030</scan> <mark>User</mark> <name>Mark1</name>
</WayPt>
With the suboption read coordinates activated the local coordinates stored
within the dzx file will be used for the definiation of the fileheader coordinates.
Example:
<WayPt>
<scan>0</scan>
<distance>0.0000000</distance>
<localCoords>0.0000000,0.3000000,0.0000000</localCoords>
</WayPt>
<WayPt>
<scan>231</scan>
<distance>2.3100000</distance>
<localCoords>2.3100000,0.3000000,0.0000000</localCoords>
The program extracts the start/end coordinates 0/2.31 and 0.3/0.3 from the local
coordinates. The profile direction and constant will be automaticall updated
based on the coordinates.
The original data are saved either as 8 bit, 16 bit or 32 bit integer values.
The newest GSSI systems (from SIR-30, SIR-4000) use the 32 bit format. These
data are normally unprocessed and must be stored within Reflexw using the 32
bit floating point output format in order to preverse the full data resolution. The
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 229
outputformat is automatically set to 32 bit floating point. A scaling factor smaller
than 1 (e.g. 0.01) might be useful in order to use the same plotscale factors as
for the 16 bit data afterwards. These newer systems use a gps-file with the
extension dzg for the gps synchronization. Use the option GSSI-GPS for the
import of the GPS-coordinates (option update traceheaders or within the
traceheader menu).
A GPS-tmf file for the synchronization of the GPR-unit and a GPS-device is
supported. A tmf-datafile is created when using the older SIR-3000 or SIR-20
together with a GPS-system. The tmf-datafile is a binary file and it contains:
1. the start and end GPS-positions (in degree) and the start and end GPS UTC-
time
2. the timing of each marked scan
The option GPS mark/times controls the parameters which are stored within the
Reflexw traceheader output.
With activated option GPS mark/times the GPS-times of each marked scan are
stored on TimeCollect in secs after midnight. No coordinates will be stored.
With deactivated option GPS mark/times only the start and end GPS positions
and GPS UTC-times are stored on the traceheaders of the first and last trace
respectively and the timings of each marked scan will be ignored.
The start and end UTC-times within the tmf-file needn’t be identical to the start
and stop times of the GPR data acquisition (e.g. a wheel has been used or there
is a delay between the data acquisition and the start of the tmf-file). In this case
the timings of each marked scan must be used (option GPS mark/times
activated). On the other hand it also may happen that the mark timings do not
exactly match. Then the use of the overall start and end UTC times might be a
better solution. Therefore the user must check if the resulting GPS coordinates
coming from the procedure described below do match.
It also might happen that no GPS signal is present. Then no GPS-coordinates
and no GPS UTC times are available. If the overall GPS end UTC time is 0 (no
signal at the end of the profile) the program automatically determines the GPS
end UTC time either from the times of the GPR data acquisition unit if available
within the tmf-file or from the number of acquired traces and the number of scans
parameter. Corresponding messages are created within the import report.
Based on the imported GPS-times it is possible to input GPS-coordinated data
from an external ASCII-file using the type GPS-times or GPS-times spatial
interpolation within the traceheader menu (see chap. 1.9.6 for a detailed
description) or directly during the import using the option Update
traceheaders/gps coordinates (see also chap. 1.5.6).
In order to use this option the following currentization must be done within the
traceheader menu or withinthe update traceheader box:
1. gps-times or gps-times spatial interpolation
2. optional UTM-conversion if necessary
3. optional calculate distances
To be considered: during the RADAN-dataimport with deactivated option GPS
mark/times the GPS-start and end coordinates given within the tmf-file are also
stored within the traceheader of the first and the last trace respectively. These
coordinates will be overwritten when using the option update based on gps-times
or gps-times spatial interpolation. The coordinates are written out for
completeness and may be used when no external ASCII gps-file is present.

SEGY-Format: Some programs (e.g. Eavesdroper) are writing out ‘modified’

SEGY-data, e.g. the SEGY-fileheaders or the traceheaders are missing. In order
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 230
to be able to import these data REFLEXW allows to neglect the SEGY-file-
and/or traceheaders (options read fileheader and read traceheader).
If the original SEGY raw data have been recorded on a Unix machine the option
swap bytes must be activated. The dataformat is not always correctly defined
especially for 32 bit swapped (Unix) data. The option IBM controls in this case
whether the data are IBM-compatible or not. The program also controls whether
the data are Unix based or not and sets the option swap correspondingly. This is
not possible for the option IBM which must be always entered manually.
If the receiver coordinates are not specified within the traceheader but the source
coordinates the receiver coordinates are automatically set to the source
coordinates (zero offset data are assumed).
The distance (bytes 37-40) also uses the same scaler factor as for the xy-
coordinates.
Some SEGY-data (e.g. SEGYDECO) show swapped header values and non
swapped data values and vice versa. Therefore the option swap header has
been included which allows to only swap the header values or the data values.
If several shots has been chosen as datatype the original field record number will
also be stored within the Reflexw traceheader under the ensemble nr..
If 3D-const.offset has been chosen as datatype the crossline number from bytes
193-196 within the SEGY-file will be stored under the Reflexw ensemble-nr.

SEGY-Proceq-Format: With the option

Proceq format the SEGY-formatted data
are assumed coming from a Proceq
GPR system. The timedimension will be
automatically set to ns and the option
ps/ns timeinc will be activated. The
SEGY-data exported from the Proceq
system show small original data values
and therefore a quite large scaling factor
(e.g. 10000) is recommended.
Two additional csv files may be present
which will be interpreted.
The first one contains some metadata
which will be partly interpreted if either
the option read traceinr. or read
coordinates is activated. Dependent on
the type of acquisition (line scan or area
scan,single frequency or dual frequency)
one csv file is present for each segy-file
or only one csv file is present for the
whole block of scans of one area.
In addition the dual frequency antenna
produces two segy-files (_LF and _HF)
but only one csv-file.
The GP8100 is a 6 channel system which filenames differ in such a way that the
channel is included by e.g. _1A(first channel of first scan) or _11F (last channel
of 11. scan). This system also allows to acquire line and area scans.

Example line scan:

Linescan Feb 2021-007_20210727_175020_HF.sgy ->
Linescan Feb 2021-007_20210727_175020.csv
Linescan Feb 2021-007_20210727_175020_LF.sgy ->
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 231
Linescan Feb 2021-007_20210727_175020.csv

Example area scan:

Areascan002_L001_20210726_135121_HF.sgy->
Areascan002_20210726_135121.csv
Areascan002_L001_20210726_135121_LF.sgy->
Areascan002_20210726_135121.csv
Areascan002_L002_20210726_135121_HF.sgy->
Areascan002_20210726_135121.csv
Areascan002_L002_20210726_135121_LF.sgy->
Areascan002_20210726_135121.csv
.....

Example area scan GP8100:

Areascan002_L001_1A_20210726_135121_HF.sgy->
Areascan002_L002_1B_20210726_135121_HF.sgy->
....
Areascan002_L006_1F_20210726_135121_HF.sgy->
Areascan002_L007_2A_20210726_135121_HF.sgy->
.....
From the filename (if the labeling L001... exists) the program automatically
determines whether a linescan or an area scan is present.
Accordingly the program automatically determines whether the data stem from
the 6 channel GP8100 system.

With the import option read traceincr. activated only the traceincrement will be
read from the csv file. The following parameters are read from the csv file if
available:
Repetition Rate [scan/cm] -> traceincrement
Antenna Spacing [cm] -> S/R distance

With the option read coordinates activated the start and end coordinates of the
profile as well as the scan length are read from the csv file. This holds true both
for a line scan and an area scan.
Line scan:
the following parameters must be present for an automatic control of the
orientation:
Scan Direction Left to Right -> orientation in x-direction, no flipping
Scan Direction Right to Left -> orientation in x-direction, flipping
Scan Bottom To Top -> orientation in y-direction, no flipping
Scan Top To Bottom -> orientation in y-direction, flipping
The following parameters are read from the csv file if available:
SCAN Length [m] Start x [m] Start y [m]
Line 1 4.000 0.000 0.000
Line 2 4.000 0.500 4.000
pecularity for the GP8100 system: for this system the start x and start y values
are missing. Therefore the start is always set to 0.
Area scan:
The grid size will be interpreted
Grid Size - X [m] 4.100
Grid Size - Y [m] 4.100
Grid Spacing - X [m] 0.100
Grid Spacing - Y [m] 0.100
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 232
as well as the coordinates of the individual lines
SCAN Length [m] Start x [m] Start y [m]
Line 1 4.000 0.000 0.000
Line 2 4.000 0.500 4.000
For an area scan the program automatically controls whether the scan is
orientated in x- or y-direction and wether the scan must be flipped by comparing
the start coordinate and the grid size. In addition it is assumed that the first scans
are orientated in y-direction and the last ones in x-direction. The program
controls the parameter Line and reads the scan number and compares it to the
number defined within the orignal filename (e.g. L001).
Pecularity for the GP8100 system: as the start coordinates of the individual lines
are not given no flipping will be done and the start coordinates are calculated
from the grid parameters which only define the total range of the start points of
the first channel of the individual scans. The coordinates of the individual 2D-
lines are calculated from these start points, the relative position of the actual
channel and the given lenght.

Grid Size - X [cm] 270.0

Grid Size - Y [cm] 90.0
Grid Spacing - X [cm] 30.0
Grid Spacing - Y [cm] 30.0 ->
SCAN DISTANCE [m]
Line 1 1.15
Line 11 2.95

If a gps system is available during the acquisition the Proceq system generates a
second csv file containing these gps coordinates. The synchronization of the gps
coordinates and the gpr data is done based on a timestamp which is stored both
within the gps csv file and the SEGY gpr data. The csv file has the same name
as the first metadata csv file plus a filename extension GNSS. Reflexw supports
two NMEA sentences: $GNGGA and $GPGGA. The storing of the gps
coordinates within the Reflexw traceheader is done using the option update
traceheaders -> GPS-times.

SEG2-Format: If the trace increment is defined in the header this value is read
and the ending coordinate is calculated based on the given starting coordinate,
the trace increment and the number of traces. If the original SEG2 raw data have
been recorded on a Unix machine the option swap bytes must be activated. The
not default header word COLOUR will be used and stored within the Reflexw
traceheader flag ikomp. Together with the plotoption ikomp this allows you to use
the secondary color for the display with a value of 2 for COLOUR.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 233
Infrasense-Format: With the option read coordinates activated the starting and
ending coordinates in profile direction are read from the infrasense header. The
start coordinate is set to the beginning distance counter divided by the scale
factor. The end coordinate is set to the last distance counter divided by the scale
factor. Zero traces (marker traces) are automatically omitted as well as the traces
before the trace with the beginning distance counter. The trace after a zero
(marker) trace receives a marker flag.
With the option read coordinates deactivated the starting and ending coordinates
must be entered manually. No traces are omitted.
In both cases the current distance (distance counter / scale factor) is stored
within the trace header of each trace. Obviously the data acquired with the
Infrasense system may not always be equidistant. This means that the distances
stored within each traceheader do not exactly correspond to the distances
calculated from the fileheader coordinates even if the option read coordinates is
activated. In a subsequent processing step a file with equidistant traces can be
created based on these traceheader distances (see processing step: make
equidist. traces).

IDS-Format: There are four different prossibilities to define the geometry. The
option read coordinates, read trace increment and anten.array-coord. control it:
- With no of these options activated the entered manual parameters for the start
and end coordinates are valid.
- With the option read traceincr. activated the trace increment is read from the
header and the ending coordinate is calculated based on the manually given
starting coordinate, the trace increment and the number of traces.
- With the option read coordinates activated the starting coordinate in profile
direction and the trace increment as well as the coordinate perpendicular to the
profile direction (profile constant) are read from the original IDS header.
- With the option anten.array-coord. activated the relative antenna positions of an
antenna array are taken into account in addition to the overall starting
coordinates (see option anten.array-coord. for a detailed description of the
parameters).
For most IDS-systems GPS-data are synchronized using a comment marker
“gps”. Normally the original IDS-file contains these comment markers and they
are taken over into the Reflexw file during import. If the IDS-data have been
acquired using the Stream software the secondary channels do not contain any
informations about the gps-markers. If the conversion sequence has been set to
multichannel the gps-markers will be taken over from the first channel data in this
case.
Some newer IDS system like the Opera device uses a different format like the dt-
format. Reflexw only allows to import dt-files. These files must be generated
using the IDS HD-data converter.
Within this data converter the option Position data must be activated if the gps
coordinates are also present. The resulting dt-files will be stored within the
destination folder. It is recommended to use the import folder of Reflexw as
destination folder.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 234

IDS-OGPR: imports the data from the IDS OpenGPR File Format (file extension
ogpr). The data are blocked and may contain several channels. The channels will
be automatically demultiplexed and stored on different datafiles. The filenames
will get an extension corresponding to the entered number within the fileheader
coordinates panel. Example: the number is set to 0 and original name is used for
the filename specification. Then the imported data of the first channel has the
filename file1_00.dat and the second channel file1_01.dat.
The ogpr data also contain geolocation data x, y and z(elevation) for the different
channels. These will be automatically read in and stored within the traceheaders
of each Reflexw file. The original x- and y coordinates will always be stored on
the x- and y-places. For that purpose a dummy ASCII file with the extension csv
will be generated which also may be used afterwards for a manual control.

BITMAP: The amplitude values for the imported REFLEX file are calculated from
the color intensity of each bitmap point (sum of the three RGB values divided by
3). Therefore a gray scale bitmap will be best imported.The timeincrement must
be entered.

3D-Radar: imports the data from the 3D-Radar Examiner program (default
extension vol). The data are 3-dimensional data acquired on parallel 2D-lines.
The geometry is normally read from the original data.
With the conversion sequence set to "parallel lines" the 3D-Radar file is
automatically subdivided into different 2D-Reflexw files. If the filename has been
set to "original name" the program automatically adds the number of the 2D-lines
to the output filenames - example: the 3D-radar file testa.vol contains 20 different
2D-lines - the Reflexw files will have the names testa000.dat, testa001.dat,...,
testa020.dat.

JSF: imports the data from the sonar systems of EdgeTech. Normally the original
data are stored as complex data (real and imaginary part). Reflexw only imports
the real part of these data.

PS3-Sonne: imports the data from the Paradigma system installed on the ship
Sonne. The format is a revised version of SEGY without the EBCDIC and the 400
byte fileheader. The data are assumed to be 2 byte integer (swapped). The
timedelay is assumed to be stored on bytes 193-194 within the 240 byte
traceheader and it is multiplied by a factor of 1.3333 in order to convert the depth
(meter) values into two-way timedelay ms values. With the option ignore 0-delay
traces activated traces with a timedelay of 0 will not be imported.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 235

SEGY-PRISM: This is a modified SEGY-format for data from the Prism software
from Radar Systems Inc. The main differences to the standard SEGY-format are:
Timeincrement and lag time are given in ps and the lag time is assumed to be
negative.
The receiver group elevation (bytes 41-44) are assumed to be 32 bit floating
point values and will be stored within the traceheader z-coordinates.
The coordinate units is no standard. If set to 2 a DMS-format is used and not
arcsec.
64 bit precision coordinate values are stored within bytes 183-190 and 191-198
(double precision float values) respectively. The option read 64-bit coordinates
controls if the 64-bit coordinates will be used instead of the 32 bit values (bytes
73-76 and 77-80). If the coordinate unit (byte 89-90) is “DDMM.SSSS” the
coordinates will be automatically converted into degrees.
Within the group X-coordinates (bytes 81-84) the distance coordinates might be
stored. With the option store X-rec.group on distance activated the X receiver
group coordinate will be stored on the traceheader distancies from which also a
mean traceincrement and therefore the start and end fileheader coordiantes will
be calculated.
A marker is stored within bytes 237-238 and 239-240.

GEOSCAN32: The two file formats .gpr and .gpr2 of the OKO-2 GPR from
Geotech are supported. With the option read trace increment activated the trace
increment is read from the header and the ending coordinate is calculated based
on the given starting coordinate, the trace increment and the number of traces.
With the option read start coord. the start coordinate will be read from the header
in addition.
The import of the 3D-data with the extension prd is also supported. This 3D-files
consists of 2D-cuts acquired in y- and x-direction. Reflexw automatically
recognizes the individual 2D-scan and the scan-direction and sets the
corresponding traceheader parameters (ensemble nr. and scan direction). The
traceheader coordinates are also automatically updated. A Reflexw 3D-datafile
may be generated within the 3D-datainterpretation using the type “use
independent interpolation scheme for pure x- and y-2D-lines” based on
traceheader coordinates.

UWB-MEDOAT: imports the data from the Meodat gpr-system. The data are
blocked and contain 2 channels. The channels will be automatically
demultiplexed and stored on two different datafiles. The filenames will get an
extension corresponding to the entered number within the fileheader coordinates
panel. Example: the number is set to 0 and original name is used for the filename
specification. Then the imported data of the first channel has the filename
file1_00.dat and the second channel file1_01.dat.
The number of samples is 511 or 4095. The timeincrement is fixed by 0.1 ns (not
given within the original data).

DECOD: imports the data from the Decod gpr-system. The data are blocked and
contain several channels. The channels will be automatically demultiplexed and
stored on different datafiles. The filenames will get an extension corresponding to
the entered number within the fileheader coordinates panel. Example: the
number is set to 0 and original name is used for the filename specification. Then
the imported data of the first channel has the filename file1_00.dat and the
second channel file1_01.dat.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 236
GEOSCANNERS-GSF: import the data from the Geoscanners GPR-system.
Reflexw supports multichannel data. Activate the option flip channels if the
import of the dual channel data is not correct (channel 1 and 2 are flipped and
mixed).

IMPULSERADAR: allows to
import the data from the
ImpulseRadar-systems.
The dataformat may either be 16
bit or 32 bit. The outputformat is
automatically set to 32 bit
floating point if 32 bit data are
present. In this case a scaling
factor smaller than 1 (e.g.
0.0001) might be useful in order
to use the same plotscale factors
as for the 16 bit data afterwards.
The gps-data may be loaded
using the option RAMAC-GPS.
Reflexw supports the import from
the multichannel Raptor data. In
this case a single gps-file for one
swath is present together with a
geometry file for the different
channels (extension ord).
Reflexw automatically reads this
geometry file and creates a
CorrectOffset.txt file which is
used in order to correct the gps
coordinates for the different
channels. For this purpose the
conversion sequence should be
set to multichannel and the options Utm-converssion and correct for offset
must be activated.

ASCII-MATRIX-FREQ: The original data are stored within the frequency domain
using the following format (csv):
1. row - all frequencies -> number of frequencies
2. row - first frequency values for all positions for the imaginary part
..
(number of frequencies.+1) row - last frequency values for all positions for the
imaginary part
(number of frequencies+2). row - first frequency values for all positions for the
real part
..
(2*number of frequencies+1).row - last frequency values for all positions for the
y-part
The program automatically perform a Fourier transform in order to transform the
data into the time domain.

ASCII-Proceq-PD80: The original data are stored using the ASCII-format of the
Proceq PD 80 ultrasound device. Reflexw searches the raw data of the individual
channels of the single shots. The proceq device consists of either 8 or 16
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 237
channels and allows to acquire data along a single line or perpendicular to the
channel arrangement. 15 or 7 shots will be acquired within one single
measurement. For the first shot 15 (7) receiver channels right to the shot position
will be acquired, for the next shot only the 14 channels right to the shot, for the
next only 13 ,...., for the last shot only 1 channel will be stored. No geometry
informations will be taken from the original data. Only the sample number is read
from the original data. The time dimension is set to micro sec be default. The
timeincrement is assumed to be 1 micro second.
The data acquired along a single
line may be processed in the same
way like a standard 2D seismic
reflection survey. The geometry
may be entered within the CMP
processing module (chap.
1.12.4.1). Here a special option
named lin. decrease has been
included which takes into account
the decreasing number of channels
with increasing shot number. A
batch start allows to enter the
geometry for different scan
positions by entering a fixed shift
value.

SARA DRM: import format from the drm-files of Sara electronics. The following
header words are read in:
sps: samples per second
numero campioni: number of samples
shot x - shot position
coordinata x - receiver position
The fileheader is assumed to have a size of 50000 bytes. The original data are
saved as 32 bit integer values. With the option read coordinates activated the
fileheader start and end coordinates are defined based on the original
coordinates (see above) and in case of a smaller end coordinate than the start
coordinate an automatic flipping is done.

HCD-Format: The format supports both 16 bit and 32 bit original data. The
datavalues of the 32 bit-data normally exhibit quite large values. Therefore it is
recommended to rescale the data during the import using a small scaling values
of e.g. 0.00002. This ensures that the resulting datavalues fall into the “normal”
16 bit integer data range. In any case the output format should be set to new 32
bit floating point in order to maintain the full resolution. The program controls this
and automatically uses the new 32 bit floating point format.
With the option read trace increment activated the trace increment is read from
the header and the ending coordinate is calculated based on the given starting
coordinate, the trace increment and the number of traces. With the option
deactivated the entered manual parameters are valid.
The program supports a marker file (same filename but different extension hcm):
ASCII file with each line containg the tracenumber of the marker. The markers
are written out as distance markers.

General considerations:
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 238
Choosing the distance dimension TRACENR. the trace increment is
automatically set to 1.

If you want to convert parallel profiles with constant distance between and equal
start coordinates in profile direction, the selection of the so called conversion
sequence (see also Import ConversionMode) is recommended. This option
should also be selected, if you want to convert several shots or CMPs of a certain
geometry within a profile line. If the distance between the single profiles is
smaller than 1 unit, you have to adjust the filenamefactor accordingly, so that
different labels are possible for the automatic naming.

After the setting (please note that, according to the read format additional
parameters such as signal length or time increment have to be specified) you
can start the conversion of the external data by the option convert to REFLEX.
After selecting convert to REFLEX all files existing in the directory ASCII are
listed. If you have set the option conversion sequence to no, you have to select a
file, which then is automatically converted and stored in the directory ROHDATA.
If the target file already exists, a corresponding message is issued. After
terminating the conversion the currently converted file is automatically shown
either as primary or secondary file.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 239
1.5.1 Import Fileheader-coordinates

Within this group box the fileheader-coordinates must be entered. The geometry
of the profile is defined by the 3D-starting coordinates and the 3D-ending
coordinates. If the data are acquired in one single plane, the third coordinate
(e.g. the z-coordinates) hast not to be defined. If the coordinates are already
defined in the fileheader of the raw data, the coordinates in profile direction are
automatically updated provided that the corresponding ControlOptions are set.

DistanceDimen.: input of the desired distance-dimension. Possible inputs are

MM, CM, METER, INCH, FOOT or TRACNR.. Choosing TRACENR. means that
the trace increment is automatically set to 1 and the name of the axis in profile
direction is set to LOCATIONNUMBER.

data type: There are seven different types: const. offset, single shot, several
shots, 3D-const.offset, timeslice, single shot/boreholes and single shot/VSP.
The data type ‚const. offset‘ can be used for the import if the measurement is
done along a line using a fixed offset between shot and receiver (e.g. Constant-
Offset (CO) radar data).
If the data set is the result of a measurement with only one shot point but many
receivers in a line, the use of the default data type ‚single shot‘ data is
recommended (e.g. Common-Mid-Point (CMP) radar data, refraction seismic
data). Rec.start and rec.end mean the start and end positions of the receivers
along the profile line. Lat.Offset means the y-offset (perpendicular to the profile
line) of the receivers. Shot position means the position of the shot along the
profile line. Shot lat.offset means the y-offset (perpendicular to the profile line) of
the shot. If no conversion sequence is used and after having converted the
original shotfile the edit traceheader coordinates tabella menu opens and you
may synchronize the overall fileheader coordinates with the traceheader
coordinates which will be used in further interpretation steps like first arrival
inversion (wavefront inversion or tomography). By default the shotx and recx
positions within the traceheaders describe the location along the surface and the
shoty and recy positions describe the y-offsets.
In case of data, which contain any kind of multiple shot / multiple receiver data,
the default data type ‚several shots‘ should be used (e.g. reflection seismic -
one data set combined of individual CMP data sets).
The data type ,3D-const.offset‘ should be used for a 3D-data file consisting of
several parallel 2D-lines (see also 3D-datainterpretation). This datatype should
be used in combination with the conversion mode 3D-file equidistant or combine
lines. The ensemble nr. within the REFLEXW traceheader controls the storing of
the individual 2D-lines. All traces belonging to one 2D-line have the same
ensemble-number which is stored within the REFLEXW traceheader (see chap.
1.9.6).
The data type ,timeslice‘ should be used if the original data are timeslices i.e.
time constant cuts within the XY-plane. This data type is also automatically used
if the timeslices are created within REFLEXW (see chap chap. 3.6). The
profiledirection should be X and the profileconstant Z. The profileconstant
coordinate defines the position of the timeslice in time(z)-direction. Whereby the
coordinates in x-direction are given corresponding to the standard const.offset
type data, the coordinates in y-direction are defined like the parameters in time-
direction for the const.offset data. Therefore the increment in y-direction is given
by the y-increment which corresponds to the timeincrement for the const.offset
type data and the start position in y-direction corresponds to the starttime for the
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 240
const.offset type data and is taken from the original data if the option read
starttime is activated. Otherwise it is set to 0 and may be entered afterwards
within the fileheader menu.
The data type single shot/boreholes can be used for a borehole/borehole
geometry. Offset means the offset of the receiver borehole along the surface.
Rec.start and rec.end mean the start and end positions of the receivers within the
borehole. Shot-offset means the offset of the shot borehole along the surface.
Shot position means the position of the shot within the borehole. If no conversion
sequence is used and after having converted the original shotfile the edit
traceheader coordinates tabella menu opens and you may synchronize the
overall fileheader coordinates with the traceheader coordinates which will be
used in further interpretation steps like first arrival inversion (tomography). By
default the shotx and recx positions within the traceheaders describe the location
along the surface and the shoty and recy positions describe the locations within
the boreholes. The conversion sequence inline lines may be used in order to
update the shot position for different shots (line distance means the increment of
the individual shots in this case). For a fixed receiver line and moving shots e.g.
activate move shots and deactivate move receivers and enter the shot increment
under line distance.
The data type single shot/VSP can be used for a borehole/surface geometry.
The receivers are assumed to be placed within the borehole and the shot is
placed at the surface. Offset means the offset of the receiver borehole along the
surface. Rec.start and rec.end mean the start and end positions of the receivers
within the borehole. Shot position means the position of the shot along the
surface. If no conversion sequence is used and after having converted the
original shotfile the edit traceheader coordinates tabella menu opens and you
may synchronize the overall fileheader coordinates with the traceheader
coordinates which will be used in further interpretation steps like first arrival
inversion (tomography). By default the shotx and recx positions within the
traceheaders describe the location along the surface and the shoty and recy
positions describe the locations within the boreholes. The conversion sequence
inline lines may be used in order to update the shot position for different shots
(line distance means the increment of the individual shots in this case). For a
fixed receiver line and moving shots e.g. activate move shots and deactivate
move receivers and enter the shot increment under line distance.

The following options are valid for the data type const.offset:

ProfileDirection: enter the axis in which the profile is orientated. Possible Inputs
are X, Y or Z.

ProfileConstant: enter the axis perpendicular to the profile orientation. Possible

Inputs are X, Y or Z. With the setting of the ProfileDirection and the ProfileConst
the so called profile plane is determined.

XStart: enter the starting coordinate in x-direction.

XEnd: enter the ending coordinate in x-direction.

YStart: enter the starting coordinate in y-direction.

YEnd: enter the ending coordinate in y-direction.

2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 241
ZStart: enter the starting coordinate in z-direction.

ZEnd: enter the ending coordinate in z-direction.

The following options are valid for the data type single shot:

rec.start: enter the start coordinate of the receiver line.

rec.end: enter the end coordinate of the receiver line.

lat.offset: enter the lateral offset of the receiver line.

shot-pos: enter the shot coordinate.

shot.lat.offset: enter the lateral offset of the shot.

The following options are valid for the data type several shots:

increment: enter the mean traceincrement.

The following options are valid for the data type timeslice:

ProfileDirection: enter the x-axis for the timeslice - choose X.

ProfileConstant: enter the time (z)-axis - choose Z.

XStart: enter the starting coordinate in x-direction.

XEnd: enter the ending coordinate in x-direction.

ZStart: enter the starting coordinate in time( z)-direction.

ZEnd: enter the ending coordinate in time(z)-direction.

The following options are valid for all data types.

number: enter a number between 0 and 99 which is used for the automatic
naming of the profile if the filename specification is set to automatic name.

The X-,Y- and Z-start- and end-coordinates determine the location of the profile
line. However, this plane doesn't have to coincide necessarily with a plane
spanned by the coordinate axes. The profiles within a plane don't have to
coincide with a coordinate axis either, so that with the setting of the 6 coordinates
a profile lying arbitrarily in space is specified. The determination of the so called
profile plane, profile-direction and -constant is important for an interactive profile
selection and three-dimensional data viewing processes.
In profile direction the end coordinate must not to be identical with the start
coordinate. If the end-coordinate is smaller than the start-coordinate the profile is
inverted on request after termination of data recording. Start- and end-coordinate
together with the number of recorded traces determine the so called trace
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 242
increment, which is written in the file header. Though, this increment can be
changed again if necessary.

1.5.2 Import filename specification

This group box allows to specify the naming of the converted profiles.

specification: this option allows you to specify the naming of the converted
profiles. Entering automatic name means that the naming is based on the
entered profile coordinates in profile constant direction (see below). Choosing
manual input means that the filename must be entered manually.Choosing
original name means that the original name of the raw data is automatically
used. A prefix may be entered which will be placed in front of the original file
name. Choosing manual /automatic means that the naming is based both on
the manually entered filename and the entered profile coordinates (see below).
Choosing automatic long name allows a filename specification based on the
fileheader coordinates taken into account up to 7 places and 2 decimal places.
Thereby also UTM-coordinates can be handled.
To be considered: the max. number of characters for the filename is restricted to
16 (without extension). If the original name exceeds this number the filename is
automatically truncated.
filename: enter a name of the converted file provided that the specification is set
to manual input.
prefix: enter a prefix which will be placed in front of the original file name.

Filenamefactor: used if the specification is set to automatic name. The start-

coordinate in profile-constant direction is multiplied with that factor for naming. A
value larger than 1 (e.g. 10) is for example reasonable if floating point numbers
should enter the naming. The current coordinate is of course not influenced by
this value.

automatic name: The first two digits of the name are taken from the
ProfileConstant direction. The start-coordinate in the direction of the profile-
constant (only Integer number) is used for the digits 3 to 6. For this the
coordinate is being multiplied by the so called filenamefactor. The 7th and 8th
digit in the file name is determined by the number.
an example: ProfileDirection is set to Y and ProfileConstant is set to X. The
profile extends in Y-direction from 0 to 100 meters. The ProfileConstant
coordinates are set to XStart = 1 and XEnd=1. The number is set to 0. With
automatic file naming the name will be XP000100.DAT (filenamefactor set to 1).

manual /automatic1: the naming is based both on the manually entered

filename and the entered profile coordinates. For the manual name up to 30
characters are permitted. If you use less than 2 characters, the name is filled with
'_' . The following 6 digits are taken from the start-coordinate of the profile-
constant direction (only Integer number). For this the coordinate is being
multiplied by the so called filenamefactor.

manual /automatic2: the naming is based both on the manually entered

filename and an automatically determined part. For the manual name up to 28
characters are permitted. If you use less than 2 characters, the name is filled with
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 243
'_' . The following 6 digits are taken from the start-coordinate of the profile-
constant direction (only Integer number). For this the coordinate is being
multiplied by the so called filenamefactor. The 7th and 8th digit of the name are
according to the number, as explained under automatic name.

original name: The option reverse dot search controls how dots within the
original filename are handled. If deactivated the program searches the first dot
and only takes the filename part before this dot for the Reflexw filename. If
activated the dots which are normally used for the determination of a file
extension will be searched from the end of the filename instead from the
beginning. This might be useful if a date separated by dots is used for the
original filename. The dots within the original name will be automatically replaced
by an underline character. Example:
original filename 29.11.2022 144323_001_A01.iprb
With deactivated option the Reflexw filename will be: 29______.dat
With activated option the Reflexw filename is: 29_11_2022 144323_001_A01.dat

To be considered: Multichannel multiplexed data (e.g. RADAN multichannel

files) are automatically demultiplexed. If multichannel data are present the
number and therefore the 7 and 8. digit of the filename is used for discriminating
between the different demultiplexed datafiles independently from the filename
specification. The current number is increased by 1 for the second channel and
so on.
an example: the original filename is file1; 4 channels are used; the number is set
to 0 and original name is used for the filename specification. Then the imported
data of the first channel has the filename file1_00.dat, the second file1_01.dat,
the third file1_02.dat and the fourth file1_03.dat.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 244
1.5.3 Import ControlOptions

This group box allows to control the conversion and to specify if the coordinates
defined in the raw data header are read in or not.

read starttime: Specification not available for all formats. Active means that the
start time of the signal available in the original data is considered and saved
within the Reflexw filheheader (option start time). Not active means no
consideration (start time is set to zero). Please note that in the case of activated
it might happen that you must change manually the start time under the option
FILE/FILEHEADER in the main menu after having done a special processing
step (e.g. static correction).
To be considered for SEGY- and SEG2-format: The traceheader timedelays are
loaded from from the 240 byte SEGY-traceheaders or from the SEG2-
traceheaders. If read starttime has been activated the overall starttime of the
fileheader is determined from the min. value of all existing individual time delay
values. It is possible to correct for the individual timedelays using the processing
option static correction with suboption load trace delays.

read coordinates: specification only relevant for some data formats. Active
means, that the start- and final coordinates in profile direction available in the
PULSEEKKO-data or the final coordinate in profile direction available in the
MALA RD3-data (the start coordinate is automatically set to 0) are automatically
considered (the coordinates in profile constant must still be entered manually).
The mean trace increment is calculated based on these values and the number
of recorded traces. Concerning the PULSEEKKO-data in addition the distance
coordinates of each trace are stored in the corresponding traceheaders. For
RADAN data the local coordinates stored within the dzx file will be used for the
definiation of the fileheader coordinates.
Activating the option TraceHeaderDistances in the PlotOptions menu allows you
to plot the data (only wiggle mode) based on these coordinates, which have not
to be equidistant.
IDS data: For IDS data the start coordinates in profile direction and
perpendicular to it are taken into account (code FX and AM).
Deactive means no consideration of the original coordinates - the coordinates in
profile direction, which are manually entered, will be considered.
There are different options which control the type of data acquidistion. Depending
on the IDS-system the coordinates of the
transmitter and receiver antenna are stored in a
different way. Therefore an option named old IDS-
system has been included. It must be controlled
manually if the option shall be activated or not.
With old IDS-system activated another option
named anten.array-coord. will be enabled.
The relative coordinates of an antenna array will be
read in either if old IDS system is deactivated or if
old IDS system is activated together with
anten.array-coord.. If old system is activated and
anten.array deactivated the relative antenna
positions are not considered but only an overall position in profile direction and
constant.

The following codes will be considered:

2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 245
FI: if set to 1 the line will be automatically flipped
FX: scan offset - distance between scan starting and reference point. If FI is set
to 1 (flipped profile) this value also points to the overall scan starting after
flipping. Therefore for a meandering profile acquisition this value should be equal
for all lines.
AM: array direction L or T and start coordinate perpendicular to scan direction
(example: AM L 5.500000E-01 5.500000E-01 or AM T 5.500000E-01 5.500000E-01)
Two types of antenna arrays are taken into account:
ATR: x-coord., y-coord., angle, frequency for both transmitter and receiver. The
x-coord. will be added to the profile constant start coordinate given in code AM
and the y-coord. will be added to the profile start coordinate given in code FX.
Example:
ATR 3.330000E-01 2.500000E-01 9.000000E+01 2000 3.670000E-01 2.500000E-01 9.000000E+01 2000
Older systems use another code including the complete geometry of the antenna
array in two separate code blocks using the same format as given in code ATR:
transmitter array ATX, example:
ATX -1.650000E-01 4.500000E-02 0.000000E+00 1600 -5.500000E-02 -4.500000E-02 0.000000E+00
1600 5.500000E-02 -4.500000E-02 0.000000E+00 1600 1.650000E-01 -4.500000E-02 0.000000E+00
1600
Receiver array ARX, example:
ARX -1.650000E-01 -9.500000E-02 0.000000E+00 1600 -5.500000E-02 -9.500000E-02 0.000000E+00
1600 5.500000E-02 -9.500000E-02 0.000000E+00 1600 1.650000E-01 -9.500000E-02 0.000000E+00
1600

read trace increment: input only for some data formats. Active means, that the
trace increment is read from the fileheader if not equal 0. Based on this trace
increment and on the given start coordinate the final coordinate of the line is
redefined. Deactive means no consideration - the trace increment is calculated
from the start- and final coordinates and from the given number of traces.
SEGY-data: this format does not directly specify the traceincrement. Reflexw
offers two possibilities:
a. the traceheader word “TRACE INTERVAL” has been defined within the
EBCDIC header - then the value behind this traceheader word will be taken over.
Example: C34 TRACE INTERVAL 25
b. the traceincrement will be read from the file with the extension csv (same
filename as the orginal SEGY file) which contains a header word Repetition Rate
which will be transformed into the traceincrement. Such a file will be generated
from the export tool from Proceq.In addtion the source receiver distance will also
be taken from this file (header word Antenna spacing).
c. the mean traceincrement will be determined from the distance between the
first and last trace which has been calculated from the distances defined within
the SEGY-traceheaders (bytes 037-040) if available.

ignore 2.traceincr.: input only for RADAN-data - if activated the traceincrements

stored within the secondary headers of a multichannel dataset will be ignored.
The multichannel GSSI systems allow the input of a different traceincrement for a
multichannel array. It might occur that the traceincrements stored for th
secondary channels (channel 2, ...) are not correct (the normal situation is that
the increments are all the same). If the option is activated the traceincrement of
the first channel will be used for all channels.

fix endcoord.: if activated and activated option read trace increment the entered
endcoordinate in profiledirection is fixed and the startcoordinate is changed
based on the given endcoordinate and the given traceincrement.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 246
NOTE: If the entered startcoordinate is bigger than the endcoordinate an
automatic flipping is done in any case (also if the option meandering is activated
for the conversion sequence parallel lines) and the startcoordinate becomes the
endcoordinate and vice versa.
Therefore in the case of bigger startcoordinate the entered startcoordinate is
fixed if the option fix endcoord. is activated and with deactivated option the
entered endcoordinate will be fixed.

read stacknumber: specification only for BGREMR-data. YES means, that the
data are normalized based on the stacknumber stored in the BGREMR-
fileheader: 16*Data[i]/Stacknumber. NO means no consideration of the
stacknumber - direct transfer of the data.

swap bytes: specification only for SEG2- and SEGY-data. Activate this option if
the bytes shall be swapped for the conversion. This hold true if the original raw
data have been recording on a Unix machine.

IBM: specification only for SEGY-data. The option controls if the 32 bit SEGY-
data are IBM compatible. The option is only active with swap bytes activated.
Normally you should deactivate the option when the data are coming from an PC-
Unix system and activate this option for e.g. older Unix systems but it is not
possible to give general rules.

unsigned: specification only for SEGY-data. If activated 16 bit integer SEGY

data (format code = 3) are assumed to be unsigned. Data from the Coda system
may have been stored as unsigned 16 bit data. It must be controlled manually if
this holds true as no unique informations are given within the Coda SEGY-
header.

Swap header: specification only for SEGY-data. By default the option is set to
actual settings of swap bytes. The option has been included because some
SEGY-data show swapped header values and non swapped data values and vice
versa. Activating this option (SEGY-header values will be swapped) and
deactivating the option swap bytes (SEGY-data values will not be swapped)
might be useful for e.g. SEGYDECO data.

Use sweeplength: specification only for SEGY-data. If activated the

sweeplength stored within the SEGY-fileheader is used instead of the sample
number in order to determine the length of the output trace

control format: activate this option if you which the program to control the input
format during conversion. In that case the program performs a so called
plausibility test, i.e. various values (e.g. the number of samples per trace) are
checked for reasonable values. If an "incorrect" value is recognized (e.g. number
of samples smaller than 0 or larger than 16000), the conversion is terminated
with the corresponding message.

read fileheader: only for SEGY-data. By default activated. Deactivate this option
if the original data do not contain the SEGY-fileheaders (3200 EBCDIC-header
and 400 byte binary header), e.g. data generated by the program Eavesdroper. If
deactivated you must specify the data formattype manually from the following
format codes:
4 byte ibm
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 247
4 byte integer
2 byte integer
4 byte IEEE
1 byte integer

read traceheader: only for SEGY-data. By default activated. Deactivate this

option if the original data do not contain the SEGY-traceheaders.

ignore blocksize: only for SEG2-data. By default activated. If activated the

program ignores the datablocksize within the SEG2-traceheader and only uses
two special bytes for discriminating the individual traces. If deactivated the
datablocksize is also taken into account. The option has been included because
sometimes the datablocksize is not correct and sometimes the two special check
bytes are missing.

Corr.ampl.: only for SEG2- and Yokogawa-data. If activated the descaling and
stack factors stored within the original data are used to correct the data values.

ignore stringlenghts: if activated the trace strings will be interpreted even if the
stringlenghts are set to 0 (a different method for discriminating the indivdual
SEG2-traceheader strings will be used). Activate the option if problems occur
during reading the SEG2-traceheaders ,e.g. no timeincrement has been
detected.

ps/ns timeincr.: only for SEGY-data. Two cases must be considered:

Timedimension set to ns: If activated the segy-timeincrement is assumend to be
in picosec. The option should be activated for ns-data because SEGY only allows
to store the timeincrement as an integer value. If the option is deactivated the
program stores the timeincrement in μs which will be 0 in most ns-timeincrement
cases because of this integer restriction.
Timedimension set to ms or µs: If activated the segy-timeincrement is assumend
to be in nsec. This might be the case for e.g. high frequency ultrasound data.

SEGY-coordinates groupbox:
coord. in degree: only for SEGY-, JSF- and PS3 data. If activated the
traceheadercoordinates given in arc secs within the SEGY- or JSF-file or PS3-file
are transformed into degree values.
Ignore scale: if activated the scaler for the coordinates and the elevations within
the SEGY-traceheader will be ignored. You can enter a new scaling factor for
both the coordinates and the elevations (options coord.scaler and
elevat.scalier). By default these manual scaling values are set to 1.
unsigned: specification only for SEGY-data. If activated the SEGY traceheader
coordinates (bytes 73-88) are assumed to be 32 unsigned. Data from the
Knudsen Engineering system may have been stored as unsigned 32 bit data (no
SEGY standard).
Ignore group: specification only for SEGY-data. if activated the source
coordinates are also used for the receivers - the original group coordinates will
be ignored.

calculate traceincr.: only for SEGY-data. If activated the mean traceincrement

will be calculated from the summed up distances derived from the original SEGY-
receiver coordinates. The end coordinate in profile direction will be updated
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 248
accordingly. The actual profile distance will be stored within the Reflexw
traceheader.

man. samplenr.: only for SEGY-data. If activated the samplenumber within the
SEGY-fileheader is ignored and the manually entered value is used instead.

use sweeplength: only for SEGY-data. If activated the sweeplength stored

within the SEGY-fileheader is used instead of the sample number in order to
determine the length of the output trace.

read marker: only for SEGY-data. If activated marker events stored within the
SEGY-traceheaders are used as comment markers. The event numbers are
stored on bytes 193-196 within the SEGY-traceheader and a marker is set at that
position where the event number changes (at the 1. trace a marker is recognized
if the event number is <> 0). The number is taken as the comment.

GPS mark/times: only for RADAN-data. If deactivated the marker timings within
the tmf-file are not taken into account.

min.marker: only for importing 16 bit or 8 bit RADAN-data. Enter a 16 bit value
without sign (between 0 and 65535) or a 8 bit value respectively depending on
the dataformat of the original RADAN data. The program also controls if 16 or 8
bit data are present and changes the min./max. markers values if they do not fit
the original Radan fileformat. The parameter controls the minimum value of the
second byte within each trace of the RADAN-data for detecting a marker.
Change this value by trial and error if some markers could not be found. The
following default values can be given:
57471: SIR-10, SIR-2, SIR-2000 16 bit data
20000: SIR-20, SIR-3000 16 bit data
220: SIR-10, SIR-2, SIR-2000 8 bit data
90: SIR-20, SIR-3000 8 bit data
The very new GSSI systems (e.g. SIR 3000) automatically set markers every 1
m. In order to not consider these markers you may change the min.marker value
in a special way. Example: 25700 for 16 bit data or 110 for 8 bit data but this may
not be always correct.

max.marker: only for importing 16 bit or 8 bit RADAN-data. Enter a 16 bit value
without sign (between 0 and 65535) or a 8 bit value respectively depending on
the dataformat of the original RADAN data. The program also controls if 16 or 8
bit data are present and changes the min./max. markers values if they do not fit
the original Radan fileformat. The parameter controls the maximum value of the
second byte within each trace of the RADAN-data for detecting a marker.
Change this value by trial and error if some markers could not be found.
61184: SIR-10, SIR-2, SIR-2000 16 bit data
30000: SIR-20 16 bit data
239: SIR-10, SIR-2, SIR-2000 8 bit data
127: SIR-20, SIR-3000 8 bit data

marker autodetect: if activated the min./max. marker values will be

automatically determined from the RADAN-data format.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 249
no 32bit-systemmarker: if activated the systemmarkers for 32Bit Radan data
will be ignored. The system marker within the original Radan data must have the
value -469762048.

UseDZXMarkers: if activated the markers are read from the dzx-file if existing, if
deactivated or not existing from the dzt-file

ignore 0-delay traces: if activated traces with a timedelay of 0 will not be

imported for the PS3-Sonne format.

correct for baseline: only for Mala rd3- and rd7-data. If activated the option
allows to correct the start positions of parallel 2D profiles based on a baseline.
The baseline pos. must be entered. An ASCII file with the extension obm must
exist which includes the actual cross positions and angles of the profiles at the
baseline. Following an example of this ASCII file is given. The programs performs
a shift of the start coordinates of each 2D-profile based on the given cross
position at the baseline (parameter X_LENGTH). If meandering has been
activated each second 2D-profile will be flipped. In this case the angles within the
ASCII-file will be used in order to check whether they are consistent with the
datafile choice.
VERSION:1
NUMBER_OF_BASELINES:1
BASELINE:1
START_X: 0.000
START_Y: 0.000
STOP_X: 0.000
STOP_Y: -28.000
NUMBER_OF_PROFILES: 53
OMP20001_A1
X_LENGTH: 13.6461
X_ANGLE:270
X_DIST2BASE: 2.0000
OMP20002_A1
X_LENGTH: 17.5558
X_ANGLE: 90
X_DIST2BASE: 2.5000
OMP20003_A1
X_LENGTH: 14.0220
X_ANGLE:270
X_DIST2BASE: 3.0000
It is recommended to check whether the repositioning has been successful. This
can easily be done by comparing the different 2D-files using the plotoptions man.
scaling and show marker. The baseline is shown by a marker and should be at
the correct entered position for each datafile.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 250
use reference line: only for ImpulseRadar-data. If activated the fileheader
coordinates of each 2D-line will be changed according to the relative coordinates
to the reference line stored within
the ImpulseRadar headerfile. The
original of the reference line is
assumed to be located at 0/0.
The constant coordinate is read
from the RELATIVE DISTANCE
parameter and the start
coordinate is read from the
RELATIVE START value given
within the iprh-header file. If the
value for RELATIVE DIRECTION
is set to 90 (see line 2) the 2D-
line is assumed to have been
acquired in oppositve direction
and in this case an automatic flipping is done in profile direction and the start
coordinate given within RELATIVE START will be changed to the end coordinate.
The entered profile direction and profile constant values are used for the
determination of the xy-coordinates in relation to the reference line. With Y as
profile constant the reference line direction corresponds to Y and with X as profile
constant the reference line direction corresponds to X.

read marker from file: only for IDS-data - allows to read the user markers from
an external file named markxxx.txt with xxxx corresponding to the filenumber
which is identical to the last 4 digits of the datafile.
read times from file: only for IDS-data - allows to read the gps synchronized
times from an external file named infoxxx.txt with xxxx corresponding to the
filenumber which is identical to the last 4 digits of the datafile.

16 bit data: only for IDS-data - if activated the original IDS-data are assumed to
be 16 bit data, if deactivated the data are assumed to be 32 bit data.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 251
1.5.4 Import format specification

This option allows to specify the input format and the output format.

input format: Specification of the format of the data to be converted. At the

moment the formats SEGY, SEG2, SEG2-RADAR, RADAN, PULSEEKKO, MALA
RD3, MALA RD6, MALA RD7, IDS, UTSI, INFRASENSE, RADSYS,
GEOSCAN32, BGREMR, BGREMRHELI, DMTKR, BGRDHU, BGRBHRU,
TRS2000, ABEM, BISON-2, CSP, NWF, NICOLET, YOKOGAWA, FREE 8BIT,
FREE 16BIT, FREE 32BIT, FREE 32BIT FP, FREE 64BIT FP BIT, HP-network,
UWB-MEODAT, ASCII-1COLUM, ASCII-1COLUM-ALPS, ASCII-3COLUMS,
ASCII-GORILLA, ASCII-MATRIX, ASCII-3D-KOEHLER, BITMAP, FD-total
wavefield, 3D-Radar, OSU DZ2, KGS, JSF, PS3-Sonne, Geoscanners_Gsf, VIY
and HCD are supported. Please pay attention that the correct format is specified
for the conversion, since the program otherwise can be caught in an infinite loop
(restarting necessary) or the program is aborted.
For the conversion from the RADAN-8Bit-format the data are multiplied with the
constant factor 16. For SEGY-data, recorded under DOS, the swap bytes
controloption must be deactivated, if the data have been recorded according to
the DOS-convention. In case you don't know the recording convention you have
to test both reading in with activated and deactivated option.
The current input-format is automatically saved in the INI-file.

output format: controls the data format of the converted data. Data may be
stored in 16 bit integer or 32 bit floating point format. In case the data are stored
in 16 bit integer format the scaling value must be taken into account (see below).
To be considered: The DOS-version of REFLEX does not support the 32 bit
floating point format. Data stored with this format cannot be accessed by the
DOS-version.
There are two new output dataformats: new 16 bit integer and new 32 bit floating
point. Data stored with this format can only be accessed by REFLEXW version 3
and higher. These new data formats are using double precision (64 bit) for the
traceheader coordinates (see also trace header Edit, chap. 1.9.6). This is
necessary when storing GPS-coordinates because the resolution of single
precision data used with the two other formats is too small for most GPS-
coordinates. In addition a gain factor has been included into the traceheader of
the new formats which allows to individually adapt the single traces.

scaling: Specification of a value (real input) the original data are multiplied with
before the conversion (unless 16 bit integer original SEGY-data). The modified
data are converted. This change of the data is necessary when the dynamic
range of the REFLEX-internal format (16 bit integer format) is smaller than the
one of the original data. The 16 bit integer format only has a dynamic range of 16
Bit, in order to save memory. Data in SEGY- or other formats can be saved as 32
Bit real data or as even larger binary coding. Values larger than 16 Bit therefore
are clipped during the conversion, i.e. they are assigned the maximum value of
+- 32767.

Some format specifications:

ASCII-1COLUM: ASCII format whereby each line contains one sample (floating
point representation). The number of samples per trace must be defined
manually as well as the timeincrement and the time dimension.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 252
ASCII-3COLUMS: ASCII format whereby each line contains the distance, time
and amplitude. The overall first line is a header line. The number of samples per
trace, the traceincrement and the timeincrement are automatically determined
from the data. It is assumed that the data are equidistant in time and the number
of samples is equal for all traces.

ASCII-MATRIX: ASCII format whereby each line contains all samples of one
trace. Each value (floating point representation) must be separated from another
by a sign not containing in the floating point representation, e.g. a blank
character. Example (10 samples per trace - 2 traces):
200.1 205.1 208.9 180. 170 60. -20. -50. -80. -120.
210.1 215.1 218.9 190. 180 70. -30. 60. -9. -130.
The number of samples per trace is automatically read in from the number of
values within the first line. The time increment must be entered manually (see
Import HeaderInput).
The options file header and trace header allow to enter a number of comment
lines at the beginning of the file (option file header) and the number of comment
lines at the beginning of each trace line (option trace header). All comment lines
are only read in and not interpreted.

ASCII-3D-Koehler: import ASCII format for a 3D-dataacquisition. The datatype

within the import menu will be automatically set to 3D-const.offset. The
acquisition direction must be in x-direction.
There is an header in front of the data of 25 lines:
1..9. line will be overwritten
10.line: xmin [mm]: 145.000
11.line: xmax [mm]: 320.000
12.line: traceincrement: 7.000
13.line: number of x-lines: 26.000
14.line: ymin [mm]: 325.000
15.line: ymax [mm]: 500.000
16.line: profile increment: 7.000
17.line: number of y-lines: 26.000
18..22. line will be overwritten
23.line: timeincrement: 0.031250
24.line: number of samples: 1761
25.line: time measured: 55.031250
26.line .... n.line data
Each data line contains a complete trace with data written
in ASCII-format.

FREE XXBIT: allows to import binary data which have been stored as:
8 bit integer (FREE 8BIT)
16 bit integer (FREE 16BIT)
32 bit integer (FREE 32BIT)
32 bit floating point (FREE 32BIT FP)
64 bit floating point (FREE 64BIT FP)
The number of samples per trace must be defined manually as well as the
timeincrement and the time dimension (see Import HeaderInput).
The options file header and trace header allow to enter a number of bytes at the
beginning of the file (option file header) and at the beginning of each trace line
(option trace header). All comment bytes are only read in and not interpreted.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 253

The example at the right is for a

gsf-file from Gescanners.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 254
1.5.5 Import ConversionMode

this group box allows to specify sequence conversion modes.

The options in the right block serve to specify the input format and the input
mode as well as to set the plot parameters:

conversion sequence: This option allows you to import several 2D-lines within
one step, e.g. a 3D-data volume consisting of individual parallel 2D-lines. After
selecting this option you have the choice between no, combine lines/shots,
parallel lines, inline lines, geometry file and 3D-file equidistant. When selecting
these options the original profiles remain unchanged and are stored under
different names, determined automatically by the program corresponding to the
settings of the filename specification.
To be considered: If a conversion sequence is specified there are 2 different
possibilities of choosing the datafiles:
1. choose the datafiles from the openfile dialogue: all chosen original data files
are sorted with ascending order. Problems may occur if the filenames don't have
the same length (e.g. file1, file2,..., file11). In this case the chosen files are
resorted in the manner: file1, file11, file2, .... In this case a warning message
appears. Please take care that all original filenames have the same length - for
example: file01, file02, ..., file11.
2. open an external ASCII-filelist with the extension "lst": the external filelist
contains all wanted datafiles in an arbitrary order (one row contains one
filename). The datafiles must be stored under the same path like the
ASCII-filelist. Example:
TEST__02.sg2
TEST__01.sg2
TEST__03.sg2
TEST__04.sg2

Some recommendations for different data:

GPR zero offset data:
data type: const.offset
conversion sequence: no or parallel lines
GPR CMP data:
data type: single shot
conversion sequence: no
Seismic reflection shot data:
data type: several shots
conversion sequence: combine lines/shots
Seismic refraction shot data:
data type: single shot
conversion sequence: no or several lines
borehole-borehole data:
data type: single shot or single shot/boreholes
conversion sequence: no or several lines
borehole-borehole data:
data type: several shots
conversion sequence: combine lines/shots
VSP data:
data type: single shot/VSP
conversion sequence: no or several lines
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 255

Combine lines/shots means that all selected profiles are combined in one
profile and therefore also in one file in the sequence of selection. Use this
selection for a shot gather (see also CMP-processing ) or for a 3D-data
acquisition (see also 3D-datainterpretation) for example.
With parallel lines it is assumed that the selected profiles are parallel profiles
with identical start and end coordinates in profile-direction. The prespecified
profile-constant is altered automatically by the program by a value to be
predefined (option line distance - see below). The automatic naming is according
to the determined profile-constant.
With inline lines it is assumed that the desired profiles lie on one line each with
a constant distance to the other (e.g. single shots or CMPs). The two options
move receivers and move shots allow to specify whether the shots and/or the
receivers are moved by the constant distance (parameter line distance). For
automatic naming each of the two-digit numberings is increased by one starting
from the preset numbering. Therefore, there can be up to 100 different profiles
converted in one step.
Activating several lines no assumption about the geometry will be made for the
desired profiles. The option allows to select a number of different origianl files
which will be converted and saved as separated files. The filename specification
original name is recommended. This option might be used e.g. in combination
with the datatype single shot, single shot/boreholes or single shot/VSP in order to
import several single shots (e.g. from a seismic refraction survey) within one
step. In this case the program checks whether the trace coordinates are present
within the original data and synchronizes automatically the Reflexw traceheader
coordinates and the overall fileheader coordinates. If the original data do not
contain the coordinates the traceincrement is set to 1 and all lines start at 0.
With 3D-file equidistant it is assumed that the original profile is a single 3D-file
consisting of parallel 2D-lines with equidistant trace increment and equal trace
number for each 2D-line and equidistant distance between the individual 2D-
lines. The parameters line distance, trace incr. and tracenr./2D-line must be
entered (see below).
With geometry file the main geometrical data of the files to be converted are
read from an additional ASCII-file (name GEOMETRY.*). One line of the ASCII-
file must contain the geometry informations as following:

name(incl.extension)
profile direction (e.g. X)
profile constant (e.g. Y)
start coordinate in profile direction
end coordinate in profile direction
start coordinate in profile constant
end coordinate in profile constant
output filename (without extension) - only necessary if filename
specification is set to manual input

All inputs must be separated by at least one blank or tabulator sign (use tabulator
sign if you want to create the geometry file by Excel or Quattro Pro, e.g.).
Example of a geometry file (name: GEOMETRY.1):

TEST__01.Dzt X y 0.0 40.0 0 0 test1

TEST__02.Dzt X y 0.0 40.0 1 1 test2
TEST__03.Dzt x y 0.0 40.0 3 3 test3
TEST__04.Dzt y x 10.0 50.0 1.0 2.0 test4
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 256

If the file is not correct (e.g. an input is missing) or a file name of the files to be
converted is missing, a corresponding message is given. The ASCII-file may
have more entries than the desired number of files to be converted. The name of
the ASCII-file must be GEOMETRY.* and it must be stored under the path ASCII
under the current project path.
After clicking on ConvertToReflex first you must select the wanted geometry file
and then you are asked to select the wanted original profiles to be imported
(multi choice using the ctrl or shift key). After having chosen the wanted profiles
the conversion will be done.
With geometry filelist the main geometrical data of the files to be converted are
read from an additional ASCII-file (name GEOMETRY.*). The format of the
ASCII-file corresponds to that one of the option geometry file described above.
The name of the ASCII-file must be GEOMETRY.* and it must be stored under
the path ASCII under the current project path. In contrast to the option geometry
file all files listed within the ASCII-file will be imported even if these are listed
twice or still even more. The files must have been stored under the path ASCII
under the actual project directory. After clicking on ConvertToReflex first you
must select the wanted geometry file and the conversion starts (no files must be
selected). If a file within the geometry filelist does not exist the conversion stops
with an error message.
With multichannel a multichannel importfile (e.g. a RADAN file from the SIR-10)
is decomposed into different files and the prespecified profile-constant is altered
automatically by the program by a value to be predefined (option antenna inc -
see below). The profile constant of the first channel corresponds to the entered
profile constant. The automatic naming is according to the determined profile-
constant (see also option parallel lines). It is possible to import several
multichannel files within one step. The profiles are assumed to be parallel. The
option line distance determines the distance between the individual parallel lines.
Meandering is also supported. Example of 10 parallel lines with a 2 channel
system.
Input: Profileconstant: 100m; antenna inc.: 5 m; line distance: 10 m; meandering
active.
This results in the following profile constant values:
1. line, 1. channel: 100 m
1. line, 2. channel: 105 m
2. line, 1. channel: 115 m
2. line, 2. channel: 110 m
3. line, 1. channel: 120 m
3. line, 2. channel: 125 m
4. line, 1. channel: 135 m
4. line, 2. channel: 130 m
.....
It is possible to enter negative values both for the line distance and/or the
antenna inc. and the line distance may not necessarily double the antenna inc.
To be considered: a multichannel importfile is always decomposed into different
files.
With multi components activated a 3-component datafile will be constructed
from several original datafiles containing multicomponent data - for further details
see 3-component analysis (chap. 1.12.8).
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 257
After selecting convert to REFLEX and the possible specification of the profile
distance, the profiles to be converted have to be selected by pushing the left
mouse button or deselected again if the specification was incorrect.
If the start coordinate in profile direction is larger than the end coordinate the line
is automatically flipped in profile direction (see also XFlipProfile) after the
conversion. To be considered: an update of the traceheader coordinates based
on an ASCII-file shouldn’t be carried out any more because the original
tracenumbers mostly form the base for the traceheader updating.

line distance: Specification of the distance of 2 profiles. This value is used for
the automatic coordinate determination for a profile sequence conversion (see
above). With combine lines/shots activated the line distance is stored within the
fileheader and is used if the combination of the lines results in a 3D-file. With 3D-
file equidistant activated the line distance is stored within the fileheader.

antenna inc.: Specification of the distance between the antenna for a

multichannel system. This value is used for the automatic coordinate
determination for a profile sequence conversion multichannel.

meandering: activate this option if the profiles are acquired meandering. The
option is available for the import sequences “parallel Lines” and “combine
lines/shots”. The meandering performs a flipping of each second original
line/shot starting at line/shot number 2 if the entered startcoordinate is smaller
than the endcoordinate and starting at line/shot number 1 if the entered
startcoordinate is greater than the endcoordinate. With the import sequence
“combine lines/shots” activated this corresponds to the processing option
XFlip-3Dfile with the flipmode 1 or flipmode 2. To be considered: an update of the
traceheader coordinates based on an ASCII-file shouldn’t be carried out any
more because the original tracenumbers mostly form the base for the
traceheader updating.

check tracelength: available only for import format SEG2 and conversion
sequence combine lines - if activated the program controls the samplenumber for
each original file and sets the output samplenumber to the max. number of
samples found.

trace incr.: - parameter only enabled for the conversion sequence 3D-file
equidistant - specification of the trace increment within one 2D-line provided that
the trace increment is not automatically read from the fileheader of the original
file (see also option read trace increment under Import ControlOptions).

tracenr./2D-line: - parameter only enabled for the conversion sequence 3D-file

equidistant - specification of the number of traces for each 2D-line within the
original 3D-file.

max.traces/file: specification only for Radan, Pulseekko, MALA RD3, IDS and
SEGY-data. The max. number of traces in REFLEX is restricted to 1048576. In
order to import data files for the input-formats mentioned above with more than
1048576 traces the original profile is automatically subdivided into different
blocks with an equal number of traces. These blocks are stored on different files.
The parameter max.traces/file controls the size of the individual blocks. The max.
value is 1048576 (default value) and is identical to the max. number of traces per
REFLEX-file. It is recommended to use a number smaller than 1048576 because
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 258
in this case the individual files are easier to handle. If the number of traces to be
imported exceed the max.traces/file a new file is automatically created. The
starting coordinate in profile direction will be updated and the number is
increased by 10. This allows a max. subdivision of the original file into 10
different files with a max. size of 1048576 traces for each file. This results in a
maximum size of 1048576 traces of the original file (the number must be set
smaller than 10). If a multi-channel data file is imported, the individual channels
are also stored on different files with an automatic increase of the geometry
number by 1 for each channel (see also peculiarities of various formats -
RADAN).
example: original file with 150000 traces and 4 channels (trace increment: 1
cm)
input - max.traces/file: 64000, number: 0
1. line: from 0-640 m with 64000 traces
1.channel number 00
2.channel number 01
3.channel number 02
4.channel number 03
2. line: from 640-1280m with 64000 traces
1.channel number 10
2.channel number 11
3.channel number 12
4.channel number 13
3. line: from 1280-1500 m with 22000 traces
1.channel number 20
2.channel number 21
3.channel number 22
4.channel number 23

If the starting coordinates are greater than the end coordinates the single lines
are automatically flipped in x-direction except the case you are using a profile
sequence for the conversion. If you have entered profilesequence/inline lines no
subdivision into single lines is performed. If the total max. number of 1048576 is
reached, the conversion is broken off in this case.
To be considered: the original trace number will be lost. Therefore it is not
possible for the secondary segments for example to perform at a later date a
GPS-update based on a gps file containing the trace numbers for the
synchronization. This GPS-update must be performed directly during the import
(see option Update traceheaders/gps coordinates).
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 259
1.5.6 Import ControlPanel

This group box controls the conversion.

Convert to REFLEX: Here the conversion of a profile or the profile sequence is

started with the preset parameters. After selecting this option and confirmation of
the query if the data should be saved under the desired name, all files within the
subdirectory ASCII are shown in a window. The desired profile, or for profile
sequence-conversion the desired profiles, has (have) to be selected. The current
status is shown in a window. The maximum number of traces (Scans) for each
recorded profile is limited to 64000 (see ConversionMode). If the number of
traces exceeds this value, the conversion is terminated automatically.
If the start coordinate of the profile is larger than the end coordinate (in profile
direction, i.e. perpendicular to profile-constant), the profile is inverted
automatically, if the corresponding query is answered with yes. Such an inversion
is necessary if the same profile direction is desired. Each profile can also be
inverted in Data processing.
If the data type is set to single shot the traceheader coordinates are
automatically shown within a table after having done the conversion. The
coordinates can be changed manually or changed based on the fileheader
coordinates (option update from fileheader). On the other hand the option update
fileheader allows you to set the fileheader coordinates (rec.start and end, shot
position) based on the traceheadercoordinates. The option save changes saves
the current settings of the traceheader coordinates. The option reload from file
reloads the traceheader coordinates from file.
After the conversion a report is listed including the input and output filename as
well as informations about the fileheader coordinates and the sample and trace
numbers. This report can be saved on an arbitrary texte file (option save as).

CheckExistingFiles: activate this option if you want to check for existing files
before conversion. In that case a warning message appears if the file to be
created for conversion already exists.

PrimaryFile: activate this option if you want the converted profile to be the
primary file. Option not available for REFLEX DataView.

SecondaryFile: activate this option if you want the converted profile to be the
secondary file. Option not available for REFLEX DataView.

enter PlotOptions. Enter this option, if you want to change the plot
parameters and to save them in the fileheader of the line to be imported.

Exit button: terminates the import and exits to the main menu.

Help button: activates the main help menu for the data import (Import
Menu).
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 260
Update traceheaders/gps coordinates:
The option update traceheadears allows to automatically update the geophone-,
shot- and CMP-coordinates either based on the distance coordinates of the file
header (coordinates in profile direction and in profile constant) or based on a
GPS ASCII-file. The option is the same like given within the edit several
fileheaders menu (see chap. 1.10). The original trace numbers are used for the
synchronization of the GPS coordinates if a format was used in which the
synchronization is based on the trace numbers. This allows processing steps that
change the sorting or the number of original trace numbers (e.g. x-flipping in
profile direction if the option meandering has been activated) to be carried out
before the GPS coordinates are imported. The option 1. original coord. allows
you to specify where the first original coordinates shall be stored - either on the x-
traceheader coordinates or on the y-traceheader coordinates.
With the option use data folder activated the GPS-files will be searched under
the original data folder. Otherwise the GPS-files will be searched under the folder
ASCII under the actual project directory.
Pecularity for IDS-GPS data: The 4th character indicating the channel number
within the automatically defined GPS-filename will be set to 1 if the
corresponding filename does not exist. This might be necessary when multiple
channels of data were collected.
The option utm-conversion includes the following utm-conversion possibilities:
UTM-conversion
UTM-DEGREE-conversion
RD-conversion (netherlands)
Swiss CH1903
Swiss CH1903+LV95
Swiss CH1903+LV03
These conversions Swiss CH1903+LV95 and Swiss CH1903+LV03 use the local
reference system CH1903+ with its reference frame LV95. With the option Swiss
CH1903+LV03 an additional transformation of the plane coordinates LV95 to
LV03 will be done. In order to use these options the free
ReframeComDll_x86.msi from SwissTopo must have been installed.
The option latitude allows to specify where the latitude is stored within the
traceheader (latitude in degrees either in x- (shot x, rec x and CMP x-pos) or y-
coord). The longitude is automatically vice versa in y- or x-coord.
The option NMEA-string no degree allows if activated that the $GP Strings do
not contain degree values but the string will be interpreted as it is.
The option calculate distancies allows to update the traceheader distances
based on the x- and y-receiver traceheader coordinates. The start distance is
always set to 0. The options use z-coordinates and straight line from start point
defined within the edit traceheader menu are valid (see chap. 1.9.6).
Activating smooth xyz-coord. allows to smooth the traceheader receiver
coordinates over a selectable number of traces given by the parameter smooth.
For common offset lines the same smoothing will be done for the shot
coordinates. With the option median activated the smoothing is done based on
the median instead of the mean value which might be useful in presence of
spikes.
The option correct for offset corresponds to the option “correct for offset in
profile direction” within the traceheader menu or the edit several fileheaders
menu with activated option read from file and allows to correct the xy-GPS
coordinates for an offset in profiledirection and perpendicular to it. The two
correct offsets (in profile direction - offset - and perpendicular to it - lat.offset) are
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 261
read from an ASCII-file named CorrectOffset.txt which must exist under the
subdirectory ASCII under the actual project directory. Each line of the file must
contain the following parameters:
“channel number” “offset” “lateral offset”
Channel number defines the channel number of a multichannel device (see
above).
The smooth direction and the smooth size are taken from the values defined
within the traceheader menu (update option “correct for offset in profile
direction”).

Apply processing flow: if activated the processing flow named

importprocessingflow.pfl if existing under the actual project directory will be
automatically applied during the import. For the processing option manual gain
(y) the file ygain.import (must exist under the project directory) will be used. If this
file does not exist the processing option will be ignored as well as all the other
processing options which require a parameter file for the sequence processing
(e.g. static correction or muting).
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 262
1.5.7 Import time/comment specification

This group box allows the input of the time dimension, a comment and if
necessary (if not available in the file header of the raw data) of the time
increment and the sample number.

TimeDimension: Specification of time dimension. Possible inputs are ms and

ns. The standard setting complies with the reading-format. If you select RADAN,
RADAN_ANALOG, OYO8BIT, GEOTEL, TRS2000, PULSEEKKO, MALA RD*,
UTSI, GEOSCAN32, ASCII-PULSEEKKO, ASCII-OYO8BIT, SEG2-RADAR or
ASCII-MATRIX as reading-format ns is assumed as standard setting, for all
others ms.

Comment: Giving an arbitrary comment which is saved in the header and can be
recalled at any time. The comment is read from the raw data header and can be
changed within the edit fileheader menu (fileheader input1 ).

time increment: Specification necessary for GEOTEL, OYO8BIT, ASCII-

OYO8BIT, TRS2000, ASCII-MATRIX, FREEXXBIT or BITMAP data -
specification of increment in time direction. Together with the number of samples
(see below) the recording length per trace in the specified dimension is
determined by the time-increment.

Time resampling: only for SEG2-data. The option allows to import only every n.
sample. The option might be useful if the original number of samples exceeds the
max. samplenumber of 65000. Of course the aliasing criterium must be fullfilled if
a value greater than 1 will be entered.

sample number: Specification necessary for GEOTEL, OYO8BIT, FREE xxBIT

or ASCII-OYO8BIT-data - specification of the number of digital samples per
trace. Together with the time increment (see above) the recording length per
trace in the specified dimension is determined by the sample number.

file header: specification of the size of the filheader in bytes. Specification is

only necessary for FREE xxBIT. The information within this header will not be
taken into account. The size must be entered in order to correctly read in the
data.

trace header: specification of the size of the header of each trace in bytes.
Specification is only necessary for FREE xxBIT data. The information within this
header will not be taken into account. The size must be entered in order to
correctly read in the data.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 263

1.6 Export Menu

Use this option to export REFLEX formatted data into different data formats. The
following formats are supported: BITMAP (BMP), SEGY, SEG2, GEOTEL,
BGREMR, PULSEEKKO, MALA RD3- and RAMAC-BOREHOLE, NWF, RADAN
and four ASCII-formats (ASCIISYNTH, ASCII-3COLUMS, ASCII-
MATRIX(TRACE/ROW) and ASCII-MATRIX(TRACE/COL)).

The option allows to export a number of 2D-lines. The filename of the single
output name is equal to the filename of the original line plus an extension
corresponding to the export format.

The option export format allows to specify the format of the data to be
converted. At the moment the formats BITMAP (BMP), SEGY, SEG2, BGREMR,
GEOTEL, PULSEEKKO, NWF, MALA RD3, RAMAC-BOREHOLE, RADAN-16Bit,
RADAN-32BIT and five ASCII-formats (ASCII-3COLUMS, ASCII-4COLUMS,
ASCII-5COLUMS, ASCII-SYNTH, ASCII-MATRIX(TRACE/ROW) and ASCII-
MATRIX(TRACE/COL)) are supported.
ASCII-3COLUMS: each line contains the distance, time and the amplitude
(format yy:xx where yy defines the number of places and xx defines the number
of decimal places given within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1)). Depending
on the settings within the AsciiColums box the distance is either determined from
the fileheader (fileheader coordinates activated) or set to the distance stored
within the trace header (traceheader coordinates activated). Example for the
use of the option traceheader coordinates: the data are nonequidistant and you
want to write out the correct positions. Wit the option header line activated a
header line will be inserted at the top of the ASCII-file. This might be of interest if
the data shall be imported afterwards into Reflexw because the import ot ASCII-
3COLUMS data needs a header line at the beginning of the file.
ASCII-4COLUMS: each line contains the x-coordinate, y-coordinate, time and
the amplitude (format yy:xx where yy defines the number of places and xx
defines the number of decimal places given within the global settings menu
(chap. 1.2.1)). Depending on the settings within the AsciiColums box the x- and
y-coordinates are either determined from the fileheader coordinates (fileheader
coordinates activated) or they are set to the CMP-coordinates stored within the
trace header (traceheader coordinates activated). Example for the use of the
option traceheader coordinates: the data are nonequidistant and you want to
write out the correct CMP-positions.
ASCII-5COLUMS: each line contains the traceheader receiver x-coordinate, y-
coordinate, z-coordinate, time and amplitude (format yy:xx where yy defines the
number of places and xx defines the number of decimal places given within the
global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1)). With the option depths or altitudes activated
within the depths groupbox the converted depths or altitudes based on the given
velocity are written out instead of the traveltime. If altitudes are used the
reference level is automatically taken from the actual z-coordinate. In both cases
each line contains the x-, y-coordinates, the time, the converted depth (altitude)
and the amplitude.

ASCII-MATRIX(TRACE/ROW): each line of the ASCII-file contains the amplitude

values of one trace starting at trace 1 (row 1 = trace 1, row 2 = trace 2, ....). No
header information is written out. The format for 32 bit data is given by yy:xx
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 264
where yy defines the number of places and xx defines the number of decimal
places given within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1).
ASCII-MATRIX(TRACE/COL): each column of the ASCII-file contains the
amplitude values of one trace starting at trace 1 (column 1 = trace 1, column 2 =
trace 2, ....). No header information is written out. The format for 32 bit data is
given by yy:xx where yy defines the number of places and xx defines the
number of decimal places given within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1).
ASCII-GEOSOFT_XYZ: each line contains the distance, time and the amplitude
(format 12:3). Depending on the settings within the AsciiColums box the distance
is either determined from the fileheader (fileheader coordinates activated) or
set to the distance stored within the trace header (traceheader coordinates
activated). Each scan in x-direction is separated from the previous one by a
command line: "line xxx". The parameters XSCALE and YSCALE define a
scaling value for the x-values and the y-values respectively. The parameter
threshold defines a threshold value. Data values (absolute value) below this
threshold are not written out.
ASCII-GRD: this format corresponds to the ASCII-GRD format used by the
program SURFER. The radiobox first sorting defines how the data are written
out onto the ASCII-file. With y-(time)-direction activated the data are written out
trace after trace. Then the second line contains the number of samples and of
traces. The third line contains the start and end-position in time-direction, the
fourth line the start and end-position in profile direction. Each of the following
lines contains all amplitude values of one trace. With x-(distance)-direction
activated the data are written out sample after sample. Then the second line
contains the number of traces and of samples. The third line contains the start
and end-position in profile-direction, the fourth line the start and end-position in
time direction. Each of the following lines contains all amplitude values of one
sample.
To be considered for timeslices: in order to get the correct sorting within Surfer it
might be necessary to use the x(distance)-direction for the first sorting.
To be considered for tomographic models: as the 0/0 position normally lies on
the bottom/left within Surfer it might be useful to flip the y-axis (processing option
flip-y-axis) and to use the y-axis as an elevation axis (enter the reference level
within the fileheader - option starttime).
ASCII-3D_DATA: this format should be used for 3D-data (see also 3D-
datainterpretation, chap. 3). Each line contains the x-, y-coordinates and the time
and the amplitude. An exponential format is used. With the option depths or
altitudes activated within the depths groupbox the converted depths or altitudes
based on the given velocity are written out in addition. The ref.level will be taken
into account if altitudes are used (altitude: ref.level-depth). Then each line
contains the x-, y-coordinates, the time, the converted depth (altitude) and the
amplitude.

SEGY and SEGY-DOS: SEGY uses swapped bytes, e.g. for an Unix maching,
SEGY-DOS uses unswapped bytes (DOS, Windows format).
With the option ps timeincr. activated the segy-timeincrement within the
exported data is assumend to be in picosec if the original timeincrement is in ns.
The parameter scaling factor is used for scaling the distances and the xy-
coordinates before export. The option is only necessary for the export format
SEGY. The following bytes are written out on the traceheaders:
001-004: trace sequence number
009-012: original field record number
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 265
029-030: trace id code (1 = seismic)
037-040: distance from source to receiver
041-044: receiver group elevation
045-048: surface elevation at source
069-070: scaler for elevations and depths
071-072: scaler for coordinates and for the distance
073-076: Source x-coordinate
077-080: Source y-coordinate
081-084: group x-coordinate
085-088: group y-coordinate
089-090: coordinate units (1=length)
115-116: Number of samples in this trace
117-118: sample interval in μs
159-160: day of year
161-162: hour of day
163-164: minute of hour
165-166: second of minute
With the option load and save pick values activated the picks stored under the
same filename (option automatic name within the save pick menu) will be saved
within the SEGY traceheader bytes 237-240 in next smaller timedimension (µs if
original timedimension is ms or ps if original timedimension is ns).
With the option load header(s) from original SEGY-file activated an original
SEGY-file will be queried from which the file- and traceheader will be taken over.
Only the sample number and the dataformat of the datavalues will be updated.
The program automatically controls whether the data are swapped or not
independently from the choice SEGY or SEGY-DOS.

SEG2: non default header word Y_AXIS specifying TIME or DEPTH depending
on the timedimension.

BITMAP: The following bitmap formats are supported: bmp, jpg, tif and pcx. The
parameters AutoSize, XSize and YSize determine the size of the bitmap. With
AutoSize activated the x- and y-sizes of the bitmap are automatically determined
from the number of scans and samples. With AutoSize not activated you must
manually enter the x- and y-sizes. If the entered x- or y-size number exceeds the
trace or samplenumber an automatic interpolation in the corresponding direction
is done for the pointmode presupposed the option autointerpolation is active.
The max. x- or y-size in pixels is 30000. No flipping and rotation of the axis (see
plotoptions) are supported.
If the depthaxis under Plotsuboptions (chap. 1.7.6) is activated or if the y-axis
already is a depth axis the option scale relationship allows you to enter a scale
for the depth and therefore also the timeaxis. In this case the y-size is
determined from the x-size and this scale value. For example a number of 1 for
the scale means that the x- and the depthaxis have the same scale. Example: if
the x-axis of a file consisting of 2000 traces is 100 m long and the depth-axis is
10 m long (depth-axis/x-axis = 1/10), the bmp-file will have about 2000 x 200
pixels if the scale relation is set to 1. If the scale relation is set to 2, the number
of pixels for the depth-axis will double and the bmp-file will have 2000 x 400
pixels, approximately. The option is available both with activated and deactivated
AutoSize option.
If axis within the PlotOptions is activated, the axis in x- and y-direction are
automatically added to the bitmap using the current font settings.
2D-Dataanalysis, Import Menu 266
If a free datarange is present (e.g. when using the plotoption manual scaling) the
0 amplitude value color is used by default. If the option White background for free
datarange within the global settings is activated the background color given
within the plotoptions is used instead.
With the option show name activated the filename (without path) is shown at the
top using the textfont.
With the option showpicks activated it is possible to display picks stored within
individual pickfiles. After having pressed button start you must choose the
wanted pickfiles from the filelist. Within the fileheader of each pickfile the
corresponding datafilename is stored (see also Pick save MenuItem). This
filename serves for the assignment of the chosen pickfiles to the chosen
2D-datafiles. To be considered: the datafilename size must not exceed 20
characters including file extension.
With the option georeferenced tfw activated the bitmap export is done together
with a tfw world file. A world file file is a plain ASCII text file consisting of six
values separated by newlines. The format is:
pixel X size
rotation about the Y axis (usually 0.0)
rotation about the X axis (usually 0.0)
negative pixel Y size
X coordinate of upper left pixel center
Y coordinate of upper left pixel center
The following plotoptions are automatically used:
no axis (plotoption showaxis automatically deactivated)
max. y-value on top (plotoption flip y-axis automatically activated)

RADAN 16bit, PULSEEKKO, MALA RD3: The option scaling allows to enter a
scaling value for the data. This might be useful in order to rescale data with a
higher data representation than 16 bit.

PULSEEKKO: with the option Ekko_Project format activated the hd file will be
saved using the newer Ekko_project format.

Filefilter allows to enter a filter for the multi file choice.

Filepath specifies the path for loading the files to be processed.

addition for output filename for the automatic filenaming: enter an additional
specification for the outputfilename which will be added at the end.

manual outputfilename: if activated the output filename will be manually

queried for each file to be exported.

generate ASCII report: if activated an ASCII report will be created containing the
filename of the exported file, the start and end coordinates in profile direction and
the time start and end coordinates as well as the number of traces and of the
samples (points in x- and y-direction for the bitmap export).

Start starts the export. After having chosen the option, you must select the
wanted files to be exported. The converted files will have the same name as the
original file except the extension and will be stored under the path ASCII under
the project directory.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 267

1.7 PlotOptions
Within this menu you may change
the current plot settings.

1.7.1 Plotsettings
Plotmode: The option allows the
specification of the plottype. You may
choose between pointmode and
wigglemode.
Pointmode means that the data are
plotted with colored pixels according to
the predefined color-amplitude
configuration (see also
pointmodeattributes).
Wigglemode means that each trace of
the profile is plotted as a polygonal
line. The size of the deflections of each
wiggle is controlled by the parameter
scale (see also Wiggleattributes).
The two modes might be used together
if the pointmode is chosen together
with the activated option ShowWiggle.

Three different scale modes are incorporated:

XYScaledPlot: Activating this option means that the data are completely plotted
into the current window provided that the two scale options XSCALE and
YSCALE are set to 1. Increasing the number of the scale options means a
zooming up, decreasing means a zooming down.

PixelsPerSample: Activating this option means that the plotting size of each
data point is given in screen pixels. The size in x-(distance) direction and y-
direction can be changed using the option XSCALE and YSCALE respectively.

PixelsPerTrace: Activating this option means that the distance between

successive traces is given in screen pixels (option XSCALE). In every case the
complete time series of each trace is plotted corresponding to the size of the
current window. This means no zooming possibilities in y-(normally time-
)direction are given for that scale mode.

XScale: enter a value for the window scaling in x-(normally distance-)direction. If

PixelsPerTrace or PixelPerSample is activated, the parameter gives the distance
between successive traces in pixels. If XYScaledPlot is activated, the parameter
gives the x-zooming value corresponding to the current profile window (e.g. a
value of 2 means that half of the traces are plotted into the current window).

YScale: enter a value for the window scaling in y-(normally time-)direction. If

PixelPerSample is activated, the parameter gives the range between successive
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 268
points in pixels. If PixelsPerTrace is activated, the parameter has no meaning. If
XYScaledPlot is activated, the parameter gives the y-zooming value
corresponding to the current profile window (e.g. a value of 2 means that half of
each trace length is plotted into the current window).

Tracenormalize: Activate this option if you wish the data to be plotted amplitude
normalized for each trace. With the option profilenormalize deactivated (see
below) the maximum amplitude of each visible trace is normalized to 1. Like that
a plotting is guaranteed, where all traces are well visible. Deactivate this option if
you want to plot the data with real amplitudes. For the wigglemode the size of
the individual deflections is controlled by the parameter Scale (tracenormalize:
Scale = Size in Pixels, no tracenormalize: current amplitude * Scale = Size in
Pixels). For the pointmode the parameter Amplitude scale controls the
amplitude color assignment.

Profilenormalize: with this option activated the normalization is not done based
on the max. amplitudevalue of each trace but on the mean amplitudevalue of the
complete profile. Thereby amplitude variations from trace to trace within one
profile will remain but it is possible to compare profiles with different value scales.
The option is only available with the option tracenormalize activated. To be
considered for
Wigglemode: The entered wiggle size corresponds to the mean amplitude.
Therefore you must enter a clip value greater than 100 for the greater
amplitudes. Otherwise these amplitudes will be clipped. By default a clip value of
200 is set.
Pointmode: by default the amplitudescale is set to 0.5 - this means that the color
amplitude assignment includes all amplitude values until twice the mean
amplitude. Higher amplitude values are assigned to the max. color(s).

load from fileheader: controls if the plotoptions stored within the fileheader of
each profile (plotmode, wigglemode attributes and pointmode attributes) are
used.
With the suboption no activated the plotoptions stored within the fileheader will
not be used. The current plotoptions remain unchanged even if a new primary
profile will be loaded or if the projectdirectory will be changed.
With the suboption each primary profile activated the plotoptions are always
updated from the fileheader of the primary profile after a new pimary profile has
been loaded. These plotoptions are used for all profiles to be displayed.
With the suboption always each file activated the plotoptions stored within the
fileheader of each profile are always used for the display. This might be useful for
example if profiles with very different amplitudes (e.g. a “normal profile” and the
velocity distribution) shall
be displayed
simultaneously or if
profiles shall be displayed
both using the pointmode
and the wigglemode. If
color bar display is active
different color bars will be
shown.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 269
individual scale: only for the 2D-
dataanalysis. If activated new
pointmode scaling factors for the
secondary windows may be used by
entering a percentage value. The
options for the scaling factors are
located within the upper left corner of
each secondary profile. The stepsize
for the factors is 1 % unless the small
option right to the scaling factor within
the second window is activated. Then
the stepsiez is 10 %. The option may
be useful if profiles exhibit different
energy distributions.

Background: allows to set the

background color for the 2D-
dataanalysis and the 3D-
datainterpretation. Four predefined
colors are available - white, green,
blue and grey.

Manual scaling: Activate this option if you wish to manually input the min. and
max. axis lengths in x- and y- (time-) direction (see also chap. 1.7.4 Manual
scaling and incrementation). Deactivate this option if you wish the program to
automatically determine the axis lengths.

Man.: if activated the manual subdivision of the axis (options dx, dy and dz, see
also chap. 1.7.4 Manual scaling and incrementation) will be enabled - if
deactivated the program automatically chooses a suitable incrementation.

TickNumber: Enter the number of ticks between the axis marks.

zoom sec. lines: the zoom for the secondary lines can be deactivated using the
following suboptions no, x or y. With no activated no zoom will be done for both
axis, with x activated no zoom will be done for the x(distance)-axis and with y
activated no zoom will be done for the y(time)-axis.

Isolines: This option allows to plot isolines in addition (option show active). The
option is only available for the pointmode. The increment together with min.
value and max. value of the amplitude range of the pointmode attributes (see
also chap. 1.7.2) control the number of the isolines:
1. isoline: min.value+increment
2. isoline: min.value+2*increment
...
last isoline: max.value-increment
The color and the line thickness of the isolines are controlled by the settings of
the symbol font.
The option is available within the 2D-dataanalysis, the 3D-datainterpretation and
the modelling module. The CPU-time for plotting significantly increases if the
option will be activated.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 270
For the example on the right an increment of 100 and bold black symbol font was
used. The min./max amplitude values were fixed to 0 and 700 respectively.

It is possible to enter different start and end values for the display of the
isolines. In addition the individual isolines may be labelled (option show labels
activated). The option incr. allows to specify a different increment for the display
of the isoline which shall be labelled in addition. This value must fit the single
isoline values which are defined by the start value and the isoline increment, e.g.
incr. set to 1000, start value set to 500, end value to 2500 and increment set to
500.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 271

1.7.2 Pointmodeattributes
This group box controls the attributes for the pointmode. The color amplitude
assignment consists of 128 different colors which are linearly distributed between
a minimum and maximum amplitude value. The minimum and maximum
amplitude values are controlled by the multiplication factor Amplitude scale.
With a value of 1 for Amplitude scale the amplitudes range from -2048 to 2048
for unnormalized data and from -1 to 1 for tracenormalized data. With a Value of
0.0625 the amplitudes range from -32768 to 32768.

act.palette: load the wanted color palette from the stored palettes. The following
palettes are predefined: Rainbow1, Rainbow2, Gray1, Gray2, Gray3,
BlueGrayRed. You may add any changed or created palette by activating the
option SaveActPalette.

overlay Pal.: load the wanted color palette for overlaying a second profile. In
order to overlay the 2 profiles you must deactivate the options hor. and ver.split
and activate the option ShowSecondLine. To be considered: by default the option
ShowSecondLince is automatically deactivated when deactivating both the
options hor. and ver.split for the pointmode.
One example might be overlying a profile with the underground velocitiy
distribution e.g. taken from a seismic refraction analysis. In this case it might be
useful to activate the plotoption always each file because of the different
amplitude distribution.

NewPalette: enter this option for defining a new palette. Please choose 16
different colors from the color dialogue menu. Between these 16 colors a linear
interpolation is automatically done in order to define the 128 different colors. The
new color palette is shown in the color bar on the right-hand side.

ResetAllPalettes: this option resets all palettes to the default ones.

SaveAct.Palette: this option allows to save the current palette on disk with a
freely choosable name.

Edit act. Palettes: enters the enter the color palettes editor menu which offers
an additonal detailed possibility to edit the color palettes - see chap. 1.7.2.1.

loads a new palette file from disk

saves the actual palette file on disk using any name.

RemoveColor: with this option activated you may remove any color from the
color bar on the right-hand side by clicking on the corresponding color using the
left mouse key.

ChangeColor: with this option activated you may change any color from the
color bar on the right-hand side by clicking on the corresponding color using the
left mouse key. The new color must be defined in the opened color dialogue
menu.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 272
InterpolateColor: with this option activated you may interpolate the colors
between two choosable colors. Click on the two colors in the color bar using the
left mouse key. After having chosen the second color, the in-between colors are
linearly interpolated.

DragColor: two possibilities to interactively drag the colors

are given
- a blue panel opens (see picture on the right) which allows
to interactively change the colors when moving the mouse
with pressed left mouse key within the panel. Starting from
the midpoint increases the contrast to the right and
decreases it to the left. The color table is moved to the
colors which are assigned to negative amplitude values
when moving to the top and vice versa when moving to the bottom. The changes
are instantaneously shown within the loaded profile.
- you may continuously move a linearly interpolated color range. After having
activated this option, please click on two different colors. In-between these colors
a linear interpolation is done. The trackbar below may be used in order to
increase or to decrease this color range.
The wanted color palette must be saved for a later use. Otherwise the original
palette will be reloaded whenever you are entering the profile.

Zero level: enter a zero amplitude level for the color-amplitude assignment. The
mean level of the color amplitude assignment is shifted by this given level.
Thereby the color amplitude assignment is defined by this parameters and the
value given for the Amplitude scale. A value 0 for zero level is useful for “normal”
seismic or GPR-data. A value different from 0 is useful e.g. for displaying data
with only positive or negative amplitude values (e.g. timeslices calculated on the
base of absolute or envelope data).

Amplitude scale: The minimum and maximum amplitude values are controlled
by the multiplication factor Amplitude scale. With a value of 1 for Amplitude scale
the amplitudes range from -2048 to 2048 for unnormalized data and from -1 to 1
for tracenormalized data. With a Value of 0.0625 the amplitudes range from -
32768 to 32768 provided the value of zero level is set to 0. The min. and max.
Amplitude values are shown within the options min. value and max. value which
also may be used for defining the amplitude scale. If new values will be entered
here both the amplitude scale and the zero level will be updated accordingly.

autom.scale: the option allows to automatically define the min./max. amplitude

range for the color/amplitude assignment. If activated the program extracts the
min. and max. amplitudes from the actual profile or slice and uses these values
for setting the color palette. The amplitude scale cannot be changed in this case
any more.

background for 0 value: If activated all zero values will be plotted using the
background color.

Manual colorbar sign: if activated a manual name for the colorbar sign may be
entered. Activate this option if the sign does not fit correctly.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 273
auto 0-symmetry: If the option autom.scale is activated the 0-level of the color
palette may be different from profile (slice) to profile (slice) as the min./max.
values may vary. The option auto 0-symmetry overcomes this problem. If
activated the absolute max. value will be determined from the min./max. values
and either the min. or the max. value will be set to the absolute max. value with
the corresponding sign. Activating this option might be useful if “normal” profiles
are displayed with positive and negative amplitudes whereas deactivating this
option might be a good choice for plotting slices showing the envelope.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 274

1.7.2.1 edit color palettes

When opening the edit color palettes menu the actual palettes are displayed
within the left panel. Here you can activate one palette by clicking on it. With the
option update profile display the actually loaded line will be displayed using the
new palette. Activating the option update form updates the display of the edit
color palettes menu.
The order of the palettes may be simply modified by tracking one palette with
pressed mouse key. The option MovPosition controls therepositioning. With
insert activated the palette will be positioned at the new place and all other
palettes will be moved accordingly. With exchange activated the position of only
two palettes will be changed. The activated one will be placed at the new position
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 275
whereby the exchanged palette will be placed at the old position of the actual
palette.
Within the EditSinglePalette groupbox the actual palette may be changed.
Duplicate allows to duplicate the palette in order to make changes afterwards.
The option new palette allows to create a completely new palette. Choose 16
different colors from the color dialogue menu. Between these 16 colors a linear
interpolation is automatically done in order to define the 128 different colors.
After having entered the colors the name of the palette is queried and the paltte
will be attached at the end.
The three options interpolate, remove and change allow to edit the actual palette.
With interpolate activated you may interpolate the colors between two
choosable colors. Click on the two colors in the color bar using the left mouse
key. After having chosen the second color, the in-between colors are linearly
interpolated. With the option remove activated you may remove any color by
clicking on the corresponding color using the left mouse key. With the option
change activated you may change any color by clicking on the corresponding
color using the left mouse key. The new color must be defined in the opened
color dialogue menu.
The groupbox EditPalette may be used for editing a complete color palette
group. The individual color palettes may be marked within the field at the right
side of each palette. The marked palettes may be removed (option remove
marker palette(s) - or exported to a new fil file - option export marked
palettes(s)).
The option load palettes allows to read the palettes from any existing palette file
(extension *.fil). All existing palettes will be removed.
The option add palettes allows to add palettes from any existing palette file
(extension *.fil). These new palettes will be placed behing the last actual palette.
The option reset palettes removes all existing palettes and reads the palettes
from the file palette.fil.
The option reset to standard only keeps the internal standard palettes and
removes all other ones.
Within the save palettes groupbox the actual palettes may be saved under the
filename palette.fil (option save palettes) or under a free filename (option save
palettes with free filename).
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 276

1.7.3 Wiggleattributes
Scale: enter a value for the size of the individual wiggle deflections. The size is
calculated by: current amplitude * Scale = Size in Pixels. If the option
Tracenormalize is activated, the current amplitude must be replaced by the value
1 - therefore the size directly corresponds to the wigglesize in pixels of the max.
or mean (profilenormalize activated) amplitude.

ShowWiggle: activate this option if you want to display the polygonal line.
With the pointmode selected this option controls if the data are plotted in
pointmode together with the wiggles or not.
With the Wigglemode selected the option controls if the polygonal line is plotted
or not. With this option deactivated only the filled part is plotted in this case (see
below).

ShowAllDataPoints: activate this option if you want to display all data points of
the trace even if the number of data points per trace is larger than the pixel
number of the current window. Deactivating the option means that every trace is
resampled based on the current screen points. If the number of samples to be
displayed is much larger than the screen point number aliasing may occur. In this
case the option should be activated. This means that every data point is plotted.

ShowSinglePoints: if activated the datapoints are marked by a cross symbol in

addition.

n.trace: only every n.trace is plotted in wiggle-mode. This option is for example
useful if you want to plot a large data file in point mode together with the wiggles.

1.trace: specifies the first trace within each block to be plotted if n.trace is
greater than 1. The value of 1.trace must be between 1 and n.trace.

Color: choose the color for the polygonal line of the wiggles.

Sec.Color: choose the wiggle color for the secondary line if primary and
secondary line are plotted into one image (no horizontal or vertical split).

Back Color: choose the color for the wiggle background.

set background color: sets the wiggle background color to the overall
background color.

Use layershow colors: if activated the layershow colors are used for plotting
and filling the wiggles. Each trace has a different color (max. 100). The layershow
colors can be defined within the layershow menu (see chap. 1.12.3, option
colors).

Fill: controls the filling of the polygonal lines.

Entering no, means no filling.
Entering positive, means only the positive amplitudes are filled with the chosen
FillColor.
negative means only the negative amplitudes are filled with the chosen FillColor.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 277
colors means that the wiggles (positive and negative amplitudes) are filled with
the current color amplitude assignment. In this representation correlated signal
arrivals are very well recognizable.
Pos./neg. means that both the positive and negative wiggles are filled using the
current fill color.

Clip: With the parameter clip all amplitudes, exceeding the value of clip in pixels,
can be cut. A large value for width and a small value for clip thus facilitates to
recognize signal arrivals of small amplitudes otherwise covered by phases with
large amplitudes.

FillColor: choose the color for the filled areas of the polygonal lines. The Fill
option must be set to positive or negative.

ikomp: if activated the secondary color will be used for traces with ikomp = 2.

1.7.4 Manual scaling and incrementation

xmin: enter a value for the minimal x-(normally distance-) value of the line to be
plotted

ymin: enter a value for the minimal y-(normally time-) value of the line to be
plotted
enter a value for the maximal axis value in x-direction

xmax: enter a value for the maximal x-(normally distance-) value of the line to be
plotted

ymax: enter a value for the maximal y-(normally time-) value of the line to be
plotted
enter a value for the maximal axis value in x-direction

dx: enter a value for the subdivision of the x-axis

dy: enter a value for the subdivision of the y-axis

dz: enter a value for the subdivision of the optional depth axis. If set to 0 the
subdividion is automatically determined from dy.

1.7.5 PlotGain/Filter
This group box allows to specify a gain or filter function for the plotting of the
data.

AGCGain: if activated an AGC (AutomaticGainControl) with the given Window

value (enter the wanted window length in the current timedimension) is applied
for plotting the data. AGC facilitates the creation of equally distributed amplitudes
in y-direction (normally time axis) within a predefinable window. This option
serves for emphasizing of low amplitude ranges against ranges with high
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 278
amplitudes. The information of the true amplitude is lost, of course. The program
calculates at first an average amplitude over the total time range for each trace.
After that the program scales each amplitude value in that way that the mean
amplitude has the same value for each selected window around the current value
with in a trace. The size of the window determines the kind of amplitude equality
distribution. A window size of only one sample increment means that each time
sample within one trace receives the same amplitude value (no reasonable
choice), a window size of the whole trace length causes no modification of the
amplitude. Small window sizes cause a strong equality distribution, large
windows a weak.Often it is necessary to apply a scaling factor (parameter Scale
with which the data are multiplied after the application of the AGCGain) smaller
than one because after the application of the AGCgain some amplitude values
will exceed the maximum amplitude of the original profile. The optimal choice of
this scaling factor enables that all amplitude values will not exceed the limit of 16
bit.

EnergyDecay: if activated the energy decay curve is applied for plotting the data.
By activating this option a gaincurve in y-(time-)direction is applied on the
complete profile based on the mean amplitude decay curve. First a mean decay
curve is determined from all existing traces. After the application of a median
filter on this curve every data point of each trace is divided by the values of the
decay curve. Often it is necessary to apply a scaling factor (parameter Scale with
which the data are multiplied after the application of the EnergyDecay curve)
smaller than one because after the application of the gain some amplitude values
will exceed the maximum amplitude of the original profile. The optimal choice of
this scaling factor enables that all amplitude values will not exceed the limit of 16
bit.

tracegain: if activated the gain factors stored within the traceheader are used for
the display. The option is only available for data stored with the new 16 bit integer
or new 32 bit floating point format (see also Import format specification, chap.
1.5.4). The option has no effect with activated option tracenormalize.

Dewow: With this option activated a running mean value is calculated for each
value of each trace. This running mean is subtracted from the central point. As
filter parameter the timerange for the calculation of the running mean value must
be entered. This filter may be used for eliminating a possible low frequency part (
dewow). For this purpose the window range should be set to about one principal
period. This filter has been included wihtin the plotoptions in order to be able the
raw MALA RD3 or PULSEEKKO data without applying any processing step. In
any case you should use the processing step subtract-mean(dewow) processing
step (chap. 1.11.1.9) for the "normal" interpretation because other filters and
interpretations tools are affected by a non dewowed datafile in a non desired
way.

1.7.6 Plotsuboptions
This group box controls the main plot settings.

ShowMarker: if activated the distance markers are shown as white rectangles.

2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 279
Commentmarker: if activated the comment markers are shown as yellow
rectangles together with the comment.

TraceHeaderDistancies: if activated the profile is plotted based on the individual

distances stored in the single traceheaders and not based on the equal trace
increment of the fileheader. The option is available both for the wiggle and point
plotmode. With activated option the following restrictions for the pointmode hold
true:
- Printing is not possible
- the actual setting of the parameter n.trace is also valid for the pointmode
- for the filling a mean fill size will be determined automatically. In case of strong
variations of the trace positions gaps may occur. The same holds true for the
scrolling. Please use after scrolling the repaint button.
The actual setting of the TraceHeaderDistancies will be kept after leaving the
program if the wigglemode has been chosen. In case of the pointmode the
default deactivated setting will be used.
A repositioning of the data into equidistant traces instead of the
TraceHeaderDistancies is recommended if you are using filters which require
equidistant data (e.g. migration or fk-filter). The processing step "make
equidist.traces" (chap. 1.11.6.3) under processing/trace interpolation performs
this repositioning.

AutoInterpolation: if activated an autointerpolation in x- and y-direction is done

for the pointmode. Activate this option if your data density is smaller than the
plotting area (for example when you did a large zooming). Plotting takes more
CPU time when this option is activated.

no interp.f.min.color: if activated no interpolation will be done for amplitude

values lying within the min. color range. This might be useful for example for
plotting a tomographic inversion result which has been restricted to the covered
area. Then the border of the area will not be interpolated. The option is only
enabled if AutoInterpolation has been activated.

display split: this group box allows different display split possibilities (option is
not available for REFLEXW DataView):
Ver.Split: if activated the screen has a vertical split, this mean the display is
splitted vertically.
Hor.Split: if activated the screen is split
horizontally (option is not available for
REFLEXW DataView).
- If only two profiles have been loaded:
Overlay: the two loaded profiles will be
overlaid within one single window. The files
should have the same scale in distance (x)
and time (y) direction. Apart from
comparing files of identical type (e.g.
different filtered lines) another example
might be overlying a profile with the
underground velocitiy distribution e.g. taken
from a seismic refraction analysis. Different
combinations of point and wiggle mode
together with the load from fileheader option
are supported:
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 280
Pointmode for both profiles: the 2 profiles will be overlaid using the color palettes
defined within the option “act palette” (1. line) and “overlay Pal.” (2. line). If the
option “load from fileheader” is set to “always each file” different plotscales are
used. In this case the plotscale for the primary file still can be changed manually.
It is recommended to use a grayscale for one of the profiles because otherwise
the colours will be changed significantly by the overlay.
Combination of point and wiggle mode: this is possible if the option ”load from
fileheader” is set to ”always each file”. The fileheader of one profile must contain
wiggle mode and the fileheader of the other profile must contain pointmode. The
plotscale for the primary file still can be changed manually.
Wigglemode for both profiles: If the plotmode is set to wigglemode two different
wiggle colors are used for the different profiles.
No: the option “ShowSecondLine” will be deactivated and only one profile
without split will be plotted.
- If more than 2 profiles have been loaded (see option “open 1.-4.line”)
ver./hor.split: the data windows are both splitted vertically (first) and horizontally.
hor./ver.split: the data windows are both splitted horizontally (first) and vertically.
The different split options now can also be reached directly via speed options
within the 2D-dataanalysis menu.

ShowSecondLine: if activated the second line is plotted (option is not available

for REFLEXW DataView).

Rotate90Degree: if activated the profile is rotated by 90 degrees. With

the option elevation activated the distance(depth) axis is replaced by an
elevation axis showing the elevations based on the entered ref. level.

FlipYAxis: activate this option if you want that the y-axis starts at the bottom.

Only slices: only visible for the 3D-datainterpretation - if activated the activated
FlipYAxis option only acts on the slices.

FlipXAxis: activate this option if you want that the x-axis starts at the right. With
this option activated it is not possible to do some analysis steps like picking.

ShowAxis: if activated the x- and y-axis are plotted.

Grid: if activated a grid is plotted. The option grid color specifies the color of the
grid.

no axis space: if activated no spaces will be used for the axis display.

XAxisName: activate this option for a manual labelling of the x-axis. This manual
labelling is stored in the INI file after terminating the program and is loaded when
starting the program. If the option is deactivated, the x-axis name string stored in
the fileheader of the current line is used for the labelling.

YAxisName:activate this option for a manual labelling of the y-axis. This manual
labelling is stored in the INI file after terminating the program and is loaded when
starting the program. If the option is deactivated, the y-axis name string stored in
the fileheader of the current line is used for the labelling.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 281
AxisWithExponent: if activated the axis labelling is done with exponential
representation if the labelling values exceed some predefined values (e.g. values
between 10000 and 30000 are displayed as 100*10**2 and 300*10**2).
If activated and no manual axis labelling (options XaxisName and YaxisName
deactivated) is entered the following holds true in addition:
timeaxis: automatic display in μs instead of ns and ms instead of μs and s
instead of ms if the timerange is bigger than 10000.
distanceaxis: automatic display in KM instead of METER if the distancerange is
bigger than 10000.

reduction velocity: if activated the traces are plotted with a timeshift calculated
from the trace-distance and the entered velocity. The option is useful for e.g.
displaying refraction data.

DepthAxis: if activated an additional depth axis is plotted. The depth axis is

calculated from the timeaxis and the given velocity (see below).

v[m/ns]: enter a value for the velocity for the calculation of the depth axis.

non linear depth axis: if activated the depth axis is calculated from the timeaxis
and a 1D-depth velocity distribution which is taken from a previously stored 1D-
velocity file (see CMP-velocity analysis menu, chap. 2). When activating this
option the filename of the wanted 1D-velocity file is queried. The option is only
valid if the options flip y-axis and Rotate90Degree are disabled.

Elevation: With the option elevation activated the depth axis on the right hand
side is replaced by an elevation axis showing the elevations based on the
entered ref. level. With the option use traceheder ref.level activated the
reference level will be taken from the maximum value of the traceheader rec.
z-coordinates and does not need to be entered manually. The current elevation is
calculated from: reference level - current depth value.
If the option Rotate90Degree is activated the distance(depth) axis is replaced by
an elevation axis showing the elevations based on the entered ref. level. In this
case the optional right hand side depth axis will not be affected.

Only right axis: option only enabled if Elevation has been activated. If the option
is activated, in case of of a distance/depth secion (e.g. after a time depth
conversion) the elevation axis is drawn on the right side only.The left axis will be
drawn as a depth axis.

correct header elevations: if activated the traces are shifted based on the
receiver and the shot elevation values stored within the traceheader of each
trace and the entered elevation level. The shift levels are calculated from the
difference of the entered elevation level and the individual traceheader elevation
values. Based on the current velocity the traveltime shift value is calculated from
the sum of the shot and the receiver elevation differences.
The correct header elevations plot option is comparable with the processing
option correct3Dtopography in the processing menu StaticCorrection/muting, if
the static correction is done based on the shot and receiver elevations stored
within the traceheaders. The time range will be automatically adjusted
corresponding to the maximum shift level.
2D-Dataanalysis, PlotOptions 282
depthaxisname: activate this option for a manual labelling of the depth-axis.
This manual labelling is stored in the INI file after terminating the program and is
loaded when starting the program. If the option is deactivated, the y-axis name
string stored in the fileheader of the current line is used for the labelling.

showvelocity: if activated the depth axis labelling containes the velocity or the
velocity file which are the base for time-depth conversion.

1.7.7 ControlPanel
save in filehader: saves the actual plotsettings within the fileheader of the actual
profile.

Update: allows to show the actual profile with the new plotoptions without leaving
the plotoptions menu.
2D-Dataanalysis, Print Menu 283

1.8 Print Menu

This menu allows you to setup the parameters for printing a profile. In every case
the complete profile is printed according to the chosen minimum and maximum
border values (either automatically determined or entered manually - see also
manual scaling ). The actual picks will also be printed if the pick panel is active.

Batch printing is supported - see PrintOptions2 (option several files).

The scale in x- and y-direction is freely choosable (see also PrinterSize). The
scale is entered either by direct input of the scale or by entering the length of the
individual x- and y-axis.

A page blocking option is included (see also PrinterSize and PrintOptions1).

Printing on banner paper (printing on continuous paper) is supported.

If printing a layershow you may choose between printing both the profile and the
interpretation (options print profile and print layershow activated) and only the
profile (option print profile activated) or the interpretation (only option print
layershow activated).

If a free datarange is present (e.g. when using the plotoption manual scaling) the
0 amplitude value color is used by default. If the option White background for free
datarange within the global settings is activated the background color given
within the plotoptions is used instead.

1.8.1 PrintOptions1

This group box allows to specify some controlling options for the scale and the
print view.

automatic center: if activated the profile is automatically centered on the sheet.

Automatic centering is automatically disabled if printing is done in the Printing on
banner paper mode (continuous paper).

X-scale output: the given scale is used for determining the x-size of the output.

Y-scale output: the given scale is used for determining the y-size of the output.
With layer-show activated (see also LayerShow MenuItem) the scale is applied
on the depth axis of the layer show in the lower image and not on the time axis of
the 2D-profile in the upper image.
With depth axis activated (see also Plotsuboptions) the scale is applied on the
depth axis and not on the time axis of the profile.

page blocking: if activated only one block of the given profile length/page is
printed on one page. The program automatically subdivides the profile into
several parts of constant length which will be printed on individual sheets.
Page blocking is automatically disabled if printing is done in the Printing on
banner paper (continuous paper).
2D-Dataanalysis, Print Menu 284
Landscape: if activated the output is landscape. With deactivated option the
output is portrait. The current settings within the printer setup for landscape or
portrait are overwritten.

use current zoom: if activated the currently set zoom parameters are used for
the printing. If deactivated the complete profile(s) is plotted. The option is only
enabled for printing from the 2D-dataanalysis.

1.8.2 PrinterSize

x-axis length[cm]: enter the x-axis length of the output in cm. If page blocking is
activated, this length specifies the x-axis size of one page block.

x-scale[relation-1:?]: enter the scale if the option x-scale output is activated. For
example: profile length 200 m. You enter a x-scale of 1000: the output has a
length of 20 cm.

y-axis length[cm]: enter the y-axis (normally timeaxis) length of the output in
cm.

y-scale[relation-1:?]: enter the scale if the option y-scale output is activated

(see also x-scale[relation-1:?]).

upper border[cm]: enter the upper border in cm.

left border[cm]: enter the left border in cm.

profile length/page: enter the length of the profile part bo be printed on one
page if the option page blocking is activated.

get total print size: allows to show the total print size in x- and y-direction.

1.8.3 PrintOptions2

fast print: if activated a fast algorithm is used for printing the data for the point
mode. In some cases dependent from the printer this printing method fails (only
the frame is printed or the colors are not correct) and you must deactivate the
option in order to print out the data.

filename for title: if activated the actual filename will be used for the printer title
and the default filename for a pdf output. The file extension will be kept (the '.' is
replaced by '_').

print general comment: print a general comment - this comment is printed at

the upper left corner of the image.

print file comment: print the comment stored in the file header of the profile to
be printed. This comment is printed at the lower left corner of each line to be
printed. When printing the Windowing 3D-file the file comment is only printed
when a 3D-file has been loaded.
2D-Dataanalysis, Print Menu 285
print frame: print a frame around the output. Print frame is automatically
disabled if printing is done in the banner mode (continuous paper).

print filename: print the filename on the top of each profile.

print several files: activate this option if you want to print out several files with
the same printer attributes and printer lengths. The current plot settings are valid.
When printing from the menu 2d-dataanalysis, a filechoice query appears where
you must select the wanted profiles. All chosen profiles are printed on separate
paper sheets. With the option autom. load within the pick panel the picks saved
under the same file name as the selected profiles are automatically loaded and
printed together with the profile.
When printing a 3D-file from the menu 3D-datainterpretation with the option
scroll activated all current slices are printed on separate paper sheets.
When printing several 2D-lines from the menu 3D-datainterpretation with the
option scroll activated all currently chosen profiles are printed on separate paper
sheets.
When printing several 2D-lines from the menu 3D-datainterpretation with the
option window activated a filechoice query appears where you must select the
wanted profiles. The chosen profiles are sorted alphabetically and are printed
according to the current window combination. An example shall make the
proceeding clear once more: You want to print 20 parallel profiles and for this
combine 4 profiles each time in 2*2 windows. First you have to choose 4 arbitrary
sample profiles and make the corresponding window selection. In the next step
you choose the print button with the option print several files activated and select
the desired profiles. The program then automatically prints the first 4 profiles on
one paper sheet. After terminating the output the next 4 profiles are taken and
processed in the same way.

print header boxes: if activated the program asks for the header box file to be
loaded after having activated the option print. For a detailed description of the
header comment boxes see chap. 1.8.7 (print preview).

1.8.4 FontSettings

Text Font: enter the font for the text of the output.

Number Font: enter the font of the numbers of the output.

Symbol Font: enter the font for the symbols to be printed (e.g. picks or markers).

Please use only true type fonts because only these fonts are able to be rotated.

control fontsize: active only when printing within the windows mode of the 3D-
datainterpretation. Deactivate this option if the fontsize is not correctly
determined from the program. In this case the screen fontsize is used for
printing. Therefore you must change the fontsize in such a way that the printer
and the screen resolution match.
2D-Dataanalysis, Print Menu 286
1.8.5 ControlPanel

PrinterSetup: Enter the printer-setup menu.

Partitionscans: enter the max. number of x-pixels (scans) contained within one
single print bitmap. The program automatically subdivides the printer bitmap
based on the entered number. If problems occur with the printing (e.g. something
is missing) it might be helpful to decrease this number. The number does not
restrict the total number of scans to be printed.

Bitmap size: this is an additional check for the used printer bitmap. Specify the
maximum number of pixels (x-pixels multiplied with y-pixels) within each bitmap
that will be used to print the profile in point mode. If the number of pixels of the
whole bitmap exceeds this value, the program will automatically perform
partitioning and use smaller parts of the bitmap for the whole bitmap. Again if
problems occur with the printing (e.g. something is missing or not cleary
displayed) it might be helpful to decrease this number. The number does not
restrict the total number to be printed.

Preview: Enter the print preview menu which allows a preview of the size of the
printoutput and to define text boxes (for a detailed description see chap. 1.8.7).

CANCEL: break off printing

PRINT: start printing

1.8.6 Printing on banner paper

Banner printing (printing on continuous paper) is supported. The following

restrictions are valid for banner printing:

- no automatic center
- no page blocking
- no print frame
- the border in banner direction is always set to 0

- because banner printing is still a page based printing the following problems
may occur when switching to the next page:
- axis numbering is not correct
- the wiggles may be disturbed at this position
2D-Dataanalysis, Print Menu 287
1.8.7 Print preview

The print preview window ist only availabe within the 2D-dataanalysis.
The print preview menu allows you to preview the size and shape of the print
output and to define a print header consisting of up to 30 different header
comment boxes containing up to 6 different comments. The print area is
whitened and a simple preview of the profile(s) is shown within this area.
To be considered: The profile preview is only a simple bitmap transform from the
screen and does not exactly respresent the print output especially concerning the
axis size. Some print options like print general comment or print file comment
and print frame are also not taken into account.

If the printing is done onto several pages different print headers for each page
may be defined (see option page (max.)). In this case the profile itself is not
shown but you only may define the print headers. The option copy to all pages
(see below) allows to copy the actual print header to each page.

The following general options are available:

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots

the print preview
replot with current zoom parameters
enable manual zoom - With the option ZOOM an arbitrary area
of the print preview can be selected and plotted in full screen
size. The area to be enlarged, a rectangle, has to lie within a
data set. Pressing the left mouse button you determine a
corner of this rectangle and by moving the mouse with pressed
button the desired area is opened. Afterwards you may use the
scroll buttons to scroll through the zoomed print area.

close: close the print preview window without printing.

print: does printing using the current comment box settings and closes the print
preview window.

reset act: clear the current comment box.

reset all: clears all comment boxes.

load: loads an existing set of comment boxes from file.

save: saves the existing set of comment boxes on file. The file will have the
extension hea and is stored under the path rohdata under the current project
directory. You must store the set of comment boxes if you want to use the boxes
without entering the print preview window (see option print header boxes within
the PrintOptions2, chap. 1.8.3).

add: add header boxes (one additional file) to the current ones

copy to all pages: copies the actual print header to each page. The option may
be used if the same or nearly same print header should be used for each print
page.
2D-Dataanalysis, Print Menu 288
page (max.): choose the wanted print page for defining the print headers

The print header is built up of up to 30 different header comment boxes each

containing up to 6 different comments.

One comment box is characterized by the following values:

X-pos:enter the x-coordinate of the left corner in cm

Y-pos: enter the y-coordinate of the top corner in cm
width: width of the box in x-direction in cm
height: height of the box in y-direction in cm
degree°: specifies the rotation angle of the comment text - e.g. 0°: horizontal
alignment, 90°: vertical alignment
pen width: specifies the width of the box frame
frame: specifies the color of the box frame
fill: specifies the fill color of the box if transparent if deactivated
transparent: if activated the box is transparent, activate this option for example if
you want to place some comments within your data
bitmap-file: if activated a bitmapfile can be loaded into the box, e.g. a logo.

The current box is highlighted by a big frame. An existing box may be activated
by pressing the left mouse button wihtin the wanted box. With pressed left mouse
button the current box may be moved to any position.
The edit option box nr. shows you the number of the current box. This option
also allows you to choose any of the existing boxes.

A new box is interactively defined by spanning up the wanted area. Click on the
uppermost left corner of the area to be spanned up and drag the mouse to the
wanted lowermost right corner with the left mouse button pressed.

Each comment box may contain up to 6 different comments. Each comment is

defined by the following parameters:
the comment text itself
font: enter the wanted font of the comment
X-Pos.: enter the x-position in cm within the comment box.You may use the up
and down arrows for a fast replacement of the comment. The option change size
defines the stepwise size of each redefinition.
Y-Pos.: enter the y-position in cm within the comment box. You may use the up
and down arrows for a fast replacement of the comment. The opiton change size
defines the stepwise size of each redefinition.

To be considered: A horizontal or vertical line is easily constructed by defining

a new header box with a width (vertical line) or height (horizontal line) smaller
than 0.05 cm.
2D-Dataanalysis, FileHeader Edit 289

1.9 FileHeader Edit

Within this menu you may change the file header parameters of the current
profile.

1.9.1 Fileheader coordinates

This group box allows the input of the coordinates stored in the fileheader (see
also Fileheader-coordinates ).

DistanceDimen.: input of the desired distance-dimension. Possible inputs are

MM, CM, METER, INCH, FOOT or TRACENR.. Choosing TRACENR. means that
the trace increment is automatically set to 1 and the name of the axis in profile
direction is set to LOCATIONNUMBER.

ProfileDirection: enter the axis in which the profile is orientated. Possible Inputs
are X, Y or Z.

ProfileConstant: enter the axis perpendicular to the profile orientation. Possible

Inputs are X, Y or Z. With the setting of the ProfileDirection and the ProfileConst
the so-called profile plane is determined.

XStart: enter the starting coordinate in x-direction.

XEnd: enter the ending coordinate in x-direction.

YStart: enter the starting coordinate in y-direction.

YEnd: enter the ending coordinate in y-direction.

ZStart: enter the starting coordinate in z-direction.

ZEnd: enter the ending coordinate in x-direction.

FixTraceincrement: With this option activated the trace increment of each file
will remain fixed. This means when changing the starting coordinate in profile
direction the corresponding ending coordinate will be automatically changed
based on this new coordinate and the fixed trace increment. Also when changing
the traceincrement only the endcoordinate will be changed. A manual change of
the endcoordinate is not possible.
With this option deactivated the trace increment will be changed based on the set
starting and ending coordinates.

Fix endcoordinate: This option is only available with active option

FixTraceincrement. If activated the start coordinate will be changed instead of the
endcoordinate when changing the traceincrement or the endcoordinate. A
manual change of the startcoordinate is not possible in this case.

trace increment: enter the trace increment, i.e. the increment between
successive traces. Input in Distancedimension (see above).

trace number: enter the number of traces for the current file.
2D-Dataanalysis, FileHeader Edit 290
line increment: only for 3D-file - enter the distance between parallel lines.

number: enter a number between 0 and 99 which is used for the automatic
naming of the profile if the filename specification is set to automatic name.

utm zone: the utm zone which has been automatically used for the UTM-
conversion will be displayed and may also be changed

1.9.2 Fileheader time specification

This group box allows the specification of the parameters of a single trace within
with the profile.

TimeDimension: Specification of the time dimension. Possible inputs are ms

and ns.

time increment: Specification of the time increment in the give time dimension.
Together with the number of samples (see below) the recording length per trace
in the specified dimension is determined by the time-increment.

sample number: specification of the number of digital samples per trace.

Together with the time increment (see above) the recording length per trace in
the specified dimension is determined by the sample number.

start time: specification of the start time for sample 1 in the given time
dimension.

The total time range will be displayed below.

1.9.3 Fileheader input1

This group box allows the specification of

some important fileheader parameters.

data type: There are seven different types:

const. offset, single shot, several shots,
3D-const.offset, timeslice, single
shot/boreholes and single shot/VSP.
The data type ‚const. offset‘ can be used for
the import if the measurement is done along
a line using a fixed offset between shot and
receiver (e.g. Constant-Offset (CO) radar
data).
If the data set is the result of a measurement
with only one shot point but many receivers in a line, the use of the default data
type ‚single shot‘ data is recommended (e.g. Common-Mid-Point (CMP) radar
data, refraction seismic data). Rec.start and rec.end mean the start and end
positions of the receivers along the profile line. Lat.Offset means the y-offset
(perpendicular to the profile line) of the receivers. Shot position means the
position of the shot along the profile line. Shot lat.offset means the y-offset
2D-Dataanalysis, FileHeader Edit 291
(perpendicular to the profile line) of the shot. By default the shotx and recx
positions within the traceheaders describe the location along the surface and the
shoty and recy positions describe the y-offsets. A synchronization of the overall
fileheader and the traceheader coordinates has been done during the import or
can be done afterwards.
In case of data, which contain any kind of multiple shot / multiple receiver data,
the default data type ‚several shots‘ should be used (e.g. reflection seismic -
one data set combined of individual CMP data sets).
The data type ,3D-const.offset‘ should be used for a 3D-data file consisting of
several parallel 2D-lines (see also 3D-datainterpretation). This datatype should
be used in combination with the conversion mode 3D-file equidistant or combine
lines. The ensemble nr. within the REFLEXW traceheader controls the storing of
the individual 2D-lines. All traces belonging to one 2D-line have the same
ensemble-number which is stored within the REFLEXW traceheader (see chap.
1.9.6).
The data type ,timeslice‘ should be used if the original data are timeslices i.e.
time constant cuts within the XY-plane. This data type is also automatically used
if the timeslices are created within REFLEXW (see chap chap. 3.6). The
profiledirection should be X and the profileconstant Z. The profileconstant
coordinate defines the position of the timeslice in time(z)-direction. Whereby the
coordinates in x-direction are given corresponding to the standard const.offset
type data, the coordinates in y-direction are defined like the parameters in time-
direction for the const.offset data. Therefore the increment in y-direction is given
by the y-increment which corresponds to the timeincrement for the const.offset
type data and the start position in y-direction corresponds to the starttime for the
const.offset type data and is taken from the original data if the option read
starttime is activated. Otherwise it is set to 0 and may be entered afterwards
within the fileheader menu.
The data type single shot/boreholes can be used for a borehole/borehole
geometry. Offset means the offset of the receiver borehole along the surface.
Rec.start and rec.end mean the start and end positions of the receivers within the
borehole. Shot-offset means the offset of the shot borehole along the surface.
Shot position means the position of the shot within the borehole. By default the
shotx and recx positions within the traceheaders describe the location along the
surface and the shoty and recy positions describe the locations within the
boreholes. A synchronization of the overall fileheader and the traceheader
coordinates has been done during the import or can be done afterwards. The
conversion sequence inline lines may be used in order to update the shot
position for different shots (line distance means the increment of the individual
shots in this case). For a fixed receiver line and moving shots e.g. activate move
shots and deactivate move receivers and enter the shot increment under line
distance.
The data type single shot/VSP can be used for a borehole/surface geometry.
The receivers are assumed to be placed within the borehole and the shot is
placed at the surface. Offset means the offset of the receiver borehole along the
surface. Rec.start and rec.end mean the start and end positions of the receivers
within the borehole. Shot position means the position of the shot along the
surface. By default the shotx and recx positions within the traceheaders describe
the location along the surface and the shoty and recy positions describe the
locations within the boreholes. A synchronization of the overall fileheader and the
traceheader coordinates has been done during the import or can be done
afterwards. The conversion sequence inline lines may be used in order to update
the shot position for different shots (line distance means the increment of the
2D-Dataanalysis, FileHeader Edit 292
individual shots in this case). For a fixed receiver line and moving shots e.g.
activate move shots and deactivate move receivers and enter the shot increment
under line distance.

S/R-distance: enter the distance between source and receiver in the given
distance dimension. This value is for example used for some CMP-based
calculation like in the CMP-velocity menu.

shot position: enter the shot position within the CMP or moving line. By default
the shot location is set to 0. For a correct velocity analysis this value has to be
correctly specified.

nominal frequency: enter the nominal frequency of the antenna (GPR-data) or

seismic source (seismic data) used. Enter the value in MHz with timedimension
set to ns, KHz with timedimension set to μs or Hz with timedimension set to ms.
The option get allows to automatically determine the nominal frequency from the
data.

Comment: Giving an arbitrary comment which is saved in the header and can be
viewed or printed. 2 lines of comments with a maximum length of 120 characters
for each line can be entered.

GainValues: This option allows the specification of the gain curve used for the
acquisition of the data. The curve consists of up to 8 different gain values at
individual time points. In-between these points a linear interpolation of the curve
is automatically assumed. For some data this curve is automatically read in
during the raw data conversion (e.g. from RADAN data - to be considered:
restriction to max. 8 gainvalues - more gainvalues within the RADAN-file will be
ignored). Using the option remove header gain within processing/gain (chap.
1.11.2.4 ) this gaincurve can be removed from the data.

value dimension: used for the description of the color bars.

If given the acquidistion date, the scans/s and the channuel number for a
multichannel systems are also listed (cannot be changed).

1.9.4 Fileheader filename specification

specification: this option allows you to specify the naming of the converted
profiles. Entering automatic name means that the naming is based on the
entered profile coordinates in profile constant direction (see below). Choosing
manual input means that the filename must be entered manually. Choosing
original name means that the original name of the raw data is automatically
used.

filename: enter a name of the converted file provided that the specification is set
to manual input.

Filenamefactor: used if the specification is set to automatic name. The start-

coordinate in profile-constant direction is multiplied with that factor for naming. A
2D-Dataanalysis, FileHeader Edit 293
value larger than 1 (e.g. 10) is for example reasonable if floating point numbers
should enter the naming. The current coordinate is of course not influenced by
this value.

1.9.5 Fileheader ControlPanel

MarkerRelocate: allows the relocation of the start- and end-profile-direction

coordinate based on the marker defined by the parameter number and the
preset position. The program searches the number. marker within the line and
sets its position to the preset position value. The start and end coordinates in
profile direction are automatically updated (see also Edit several
FileHeaders).With the option comment marker activated the comment markers
are loaded in addition to the distance markers (see also edit comment markers).

ShowTraceHeader: shows the headers of the individual traces - see also trace
header Edit (chap. 1.9.6).

update from traceheader: only active for the datatypes single shot, single
shot/boreholes and single shot/VSP - allows to update the fileheader coordinates
based on the traceheader coordinates. The option is useful in order to fit the
fileheader and the traceheader coordinates

enter PlotOptions. Enter this option, if you want to change the

plot parameters and to save them in the fileheader of the
current file.

SAVE button: stores the changes in the fileheader of the current profile.

CANCEL button: leaves this menu without saving the changes.

2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 294
1.9.6 Traceheader Edit

Within this menu you may

show and edit (only enabled
if the menu is called from the
CMP-geometry menu) the
trace header informations of
each trace of the current
profile.

trace number: specifies the

trace number within the profile
to be edited.

distance: enter the distance

along the profile

shot x-pos: enter the shot

position in x-direction

shot y-pos: enter the shot

position in y-direction

shot z-pos: enter the shot

position in z-direction
(elevation)

rec. x-pos: enter the receiver position in x-direction

rec. y-pos: enter the receiver position in y-direction

rec. z-pos: enter the receiver position in z-direction (elevation)

CMP x-pos: enter the CMP position in x-direction

CMP y-pos: enter the CMP position in y-direction

ensemble-nr.: this number is used for subdividing the profile into different 2D-
lineparts, e.g. a 3D-file consisting of different parallel 2D-lines. All traces
belonging to one 2D-line have the same ensemble-nr. (see also option
Create(3D)Ensembles).

field record nr. (component): shows the field record nr. of the original data.
This value may be used for defining a standard geometry within the CMP-
processing (see also chap. 1.12.4.1). This value is read from SEG2 or SEGY
original data if defined there. In the case of mutlicomponent data this value
indicates the component (see also chap. 1.12.8).

scan direction: defines the scan direction of the individual traces of a constant
offset or 3D-constant offs. file. During the import the scan direction is set to 1 for
a profile direction of “X” and is set to 2 for a profile direction of “Y”. The
parameter scan direction is used for the generation of a 3D-datafile ( type “use
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 295
independent interpolation scheme for pure x- and y-2D-lines”) based on
traceheader coordinates.

time delay: specifies an individual time delay for each trace. The values defined
here may be used within the static correction processing option.

Timecollect: shows the original time when recording the trace

original trace number: defines the original trace number within the original file.
The number may differ from the Reflexw trace number, e.g. after an x-flipping.

SaveOnASCII: The
option allows to save
the traceheader
coordinates on an
ASCII-file using free
positioning and
separator. Activating
this option opens a new
window where you may
define which
parameters shall be
written on the ASCII-file.
Each line of the ASCII-
file contains the desired
informations of the
individual trace. In
addition to the
parameters mentioned
above two additional
parameters can be
written out: marker and
TimeCollect. Marker
values > 0 and < 100
define a distance
marker, marker values
>= 100 a comment
marker. TimeCollect is
the acquisition time in seconds after midnight. This value may be used in order to
synchronize time based GPS-data (see option update based on GPS-times).
Each line contains the desired parameters for one trace in the order (place) the
parameters have been chosen. The option reset resets the choice. The small
buttons “s” and “g” allow to save and load the actual settings on the file
TraceHeaderAsciiFormat.txt stored under the program directory.
With n.trace greater 1 it is possible to restrict the number of traces to be written
out.
Three different separator chacaters can be chosen (Tab, Comma or Blank).
The option start stores the selected traceheader values of the actual file within
the ASCII-file with the given filename.
The option batch start into one file allows to save the selected traceheader
values of different files within one ASCII-file. The option batch start allows to
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 296
save the selected traceheader values of different files within different ASCII-files.
The filenames of the ASCII-files are automatically determined from the data
filenames. After having activated one of the two options the wanted files must be
selected (multiple file choice using the ctrl or shft key).
With the option dst fileformat activated the dst fileformat is used for saving the
traceheader parameters.

apply: applies the changed geometry on the current file (only enabled if the
menu is called from the CMP-geometry menu).

update: The group box allows to update the geophone-, shot- and CMP-
coordinates based on the distance coordinates of the file header (option type is
set to fileheader - coordinates in profile direction and in profile constant - this is
also possible within the Edit several FileHeaders menu, chap. 1.10; for a 3D-
datafile you should use fileheader 3D) or based on a special circle geometry
(option type is set to circle) or the coordinates are read from an ASCII file
(option type is set to any of the different ASCII-file options).
To be considered for all tracenumber based gps-synchronizations like Ramac-
GPS, IDS-GPS, GSSI-GPS, UTSI-GPS or PulseEkko GPS:
the original trace numbers are used for the synchronization of the GPS
coordinates if a format was used in which the synchronization is based on the
trace numbers. This allows processing steps that change the sorting or the
number of original trace numbers (e.g. x-flipping in profile direction if the option
meandering has been activated) to be carried out before the GPS coordinates
are updated. With the option use act trace no activated the actual Reflexw
tracenumbers are used instead of the original ones. This might be useful if the
gps-datafile has been created afterwards based on the new tracenumbers after
any processing step, e.g. a x-flipping.
If any of the following ASCII-files will be used for updating the traceheader
coordinates a gps marker will be placed at all given positions if the global
settings option update from GPS ASCII-file has been activated.

The option fileheader takes into account the start and end coordinates in profile
direction and in profileconstant as well as the S/R distance for const.offset
profiles. The S/R distance is added to the source coordinates in the given profile
direction. This allows you to easily define the geometry for multi common offset
data, e.g. GPR data with different antenna separations.

The options interpolation and interpolation 0-data and interpolation equal

data allow the interpolation of the position data stored in the trace header, if for
various traces no corresponding values exist.
The option interpolation uses a special flag within the traceheader of each trace
which druing the import of the data is set to 0 by default and set to a special
value when traceheadercoordinates have been recognized. Only these traces
where this flag is 0 are interpolated.
The option interpolation 0-data controls if all traceheaderheadercoordinates of
one trace are 0 and performs an interpolation for those traces. With the
suboption ignore time collect activated the 0 data interpolation (extrapolation)
will be also done for those traces for which a value for timecollect has been
specified.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 297
The option interpolation equal data controls if identical coordinates for the x-
and y- shot and receiver positions for subsequent traces are present and
performs an interpolation for those traces.

If the type circle is activated, you must enter the radius r and the x- and y-
midpoint coordinates (x-mid and y-mid) of the circle. The circle is subdivided into
equidistant angle ranges. Based on these values the x- and y-CMP coordinates
are calculated using the following formulas: x=r*sin(alpha)+xmid and
y=r*sing(alpha)+ymid with alpha ranging from 0 to 360 degrees.

With the type ASCII-file activated you must choose the wanted DST file from the
file list opened when entering the option update. Any ASCII file must exist under
the path ASCII and must have the extension DST. Each line of the ASCII file
contains the following 6 or 8 (z-pos. optional) informations:

trace number distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y receiver-X receiver-Y shot-Z(opt.) receiver-

Z(opt.)

Defining the trace number gives you the opportunity to read the geometry only for
a distinct part of the data. If all distances within the ASCII-file are zero (2.colum)
the distances will be calculated from the total difference between each shot and
receiver positions (x,y and z-coordinate are taken into account).

With the type ASCII-file/interpol. activated the data are read again from an
ASCII-file (see type ASCII-file). In addition an automatic interpolation is done if
for various traces no coordinate data are present within the ASCII-file.
The option distancies instead of tracenos controls if the tracenumbers or the
distances are used for the synchronization. With this option activated the
distances defined in column 2 are used together with the distance coordinates of
the file header in order to update the traceheader coordinates.

With the type RAMAC-borehole activated it is possible to read the source and
receivers coordinates from the ASCII RAMAC-borehole files. First you must
choose the wanted tlf file. The corresponding f1.fot and f2.fot must exit.

With the type RAMAC-GPS activated it is possible to read the GPS coordinates
using the format of the RAMAC GPS device. The file should have the extension
COR or CORC (cartesian coordinates). Each line of the GPS-ASCII file contains
the following informations (following optional additional informations are ignored):
tracenumber,date,time,Northing,West,altitude,PDOP
The separator between the different values may be either comma, blank or tab.
In addition the orientation may follow the coordinate value seaparated by a
comma, blank, tab or nothing (e.g.53.5891830N or 53.5891830,N).
The latitude coordinates are always set to negative values for Northing equal ‘S’
or Northing equal ‘N’ and negative input values. The longitude coordinates are
always set to negative values for West equal ‘W’ or West equal ‘E’ and negative
input values.
REFLEXW stores the northing coordinates, the west coordinates and the altitude
into the traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output
format during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical
coordinates in the *.cor file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with
an interpolation. An interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no
coordinates are defined (missing tracenumbers).
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 298
With the type WSKTRANS-GPS activated it is possible to read the GPS
coordinates using the format of the WSKTRANS software. The file should have
the extension ut or utm or tsp. The file consists of optional header lines and then
each line of the GPS-ASCII file contains the following informations (following
optional additional informations are ignored):
tracenumber Northing West altitude time(optional)
The separator between the different values may be either comma, blank or tab.
REFLEXW stores the northing coordinates, the west coordinates and the altitude
into the traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output
format during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical
coordinates in the *.ut(m) file these coordinates are automatically be replaced
with an interpolation.An interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no
coordinates are defined (missing tracenumbers).

With the type CSV-GPS activated it is possible to read the GPS coordinates
using the format of the CSV-GPS software. The file should have the extension
csv.The file consists of one header line and then each line of the GPS-ASCII file
contains the following informations:
latitude,longitude,altitude,tracenumber
Latitude and longitude must be given in the in the format ddmm.mmmm except
the option NMEA-string no degree has bee activated (then the coordinates will
be imported as they are).
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
*.csv file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an
interpolation.An interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates
are defined (missing tracenumbers).

With the type IDS-GPS activated it is possible to read the GPS coordinates using
the format of the IDS-GPS software. A GPS ASCII-file with the extension gps
containing the GPS-coordinates must exist. The corresponding tracenumbers are
taken from the comment markers with the comment “gps”. Normally the original
IDS-file contains these comment markers and they are taken over into the
Reflexw file during import. Older IDS-systems generate an additional ASCII-file
with the extension gpt containing the tracenumbers. If this file exists (same
filename like the gps-file except the extension) the tracenumbers are taken from
this ASCII-file. If the IDS-data have been acquired using the Stream software the
secondary channels do not contain any informations about the gps-markers. If
the conversion sequence has been set to multichannel the gps-markers will be
taken over from the first channel data in this case.
There might be a header within the gps-file but the first line containing the first
GPS-coordinates corresponds to the first tracenumber stored within comment
marker or within the first line of the gpt-file. The next line corresponds to the
second tracenumber and so on.
One line of the gps-file contains the following informations:
$GPGGA,123015.00,5141.607563,N,00439.680658,E,2,04,2.3,2.74,M,47.21,M,2.8,0000*40
whereby the following fields will be interpreted:
field 3: 5141.607563 - geographic latitude in ddmm.mmmmmmm format (51
degrees and 41.607563 minutes)
field 5: 00439.680658 - geographic longitude in dddmm.mmmmmm format (4
degrees and 39.680658 minutes)
field 10: 2.74 - antenna height above MSL (mean sea level) reference (2.74 m)
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 299
The latitude and the longitude are stored in degress within the x- and y-receiver
traceheader positions. The latitude coordinates are always set to negative values
for Northing equal ‘S’ or Northing equal ‘N’ and negative input values. The
longitude coordinates are always set to negative values for West equal ‘W’ or
West equal ‘E’ and negative input values.
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.
With the option consider blank lines activated blank lines within the gps-file will
be considered to be associated with a GPS-mark within the radar datafile.
Example:
$GPGGA,212821.30,4621.65127093,N,00611.07161442,E,4,19,0.6,459.011,M,48.164,M,1.3,0439*42
$GPGGA,212821.40,4621.65103360,N,00611.07122060,E,4,19,0.6,459.016,M,48.164,M,1.4,0439*4F
$GPGGA,212821.50,4621.65079547,N,00611.07082498,E,4,19,0.6,459.024,M,48.164,M,1.5,0439*49

$GPGGA,212821.70,4621.65031574,N,00611.07002490,E,4,19,0.6,459.034,M,48.164,M,0.7,0439*45
$GPGGA,212821.80,4621.65007531,N,00611.06961940,E,4,19,0.6,459.040,M,48.164,M,0.8,0439*4F

$GPGGA,212822.10,4621.64934322,N,00611.06839377,E,4,19,0.6,459.063,M,48.164,M,1.1,0439*42

$GPGGA,212822.30,4621.64885284,N,00611.06756595,E,4,19,0.6,459.081,M,48.164,M,1.3,0439*44
$GPGGA,212822.40,4621.64860710,N,00611.06715036,E,4,19,0.6,459.093,M,48.164,M,1.4,0439*4F
The program automatically controls if the number of GPS marks and the number
of lines within the GPS-file correspond. If not a warning message appears and if
blank lines within the gps-file exist it might be useful to activate the option
consider blank lines

With the type IDS-times activated the gps-times for the individual traces are
read from an ASCII-file created by IDS in the following form (here for a 4 channel
system):
Chn;PS;Packet;Encoder;ClockCounter;Status;YYYYMMDD;TimeStampHHMMSS
1;0;1;65516;390732;1;20130829;070627.907320
2;0;2;65516;390870;1;20130829;070627.908700
3;0;3;65516;391008;1;20130829;070627.910080
4;0;4;65516;391147;1;20130829;070627.911470
1;1;5;65496;403564;1;20130829;070628.035640
2;1;6;65496;403703;1;20130829;070628.037030
3;1;7;65496;403841;1;20130829;070628.038410
4;1;8;65496;403979;1;20130829;070628.039790
Column 1 defines the channel number, 2 defines the tracenumber and column 8
the gps-time.
The program performs an automatic interpolation or extrapolation if no data are
present for some traces.
These gps-times may be used for importing gps-data using the type gps-times.

With type IDS-GEOX activated the relative coordinates are read from the geox-
files. If present the file UserMarkers.dat will be used for the xy reference
coordinate.
<01.01.000>
<XYZLatLonAltTL>
764
1,-.331284451472892,.39801794668614,1,0,0,.517849083876708
2,-.372188774882243,.396415705932969,1,0,0,4.09356916273305E-02
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 300
3,-.415734322142434,.395758968497921,1,0,0,4.35504993111233E-02
4,-.46195840176718,.395337384737874,1,0,0,4.62260020986197E-02
5,-.510303558617004,.394877267426637,1,0,0,4.83473463467663E-02
6,-.558162396879843,.393745335548008,1,0,0,4.78722223178161E-02
7,-.604604194717226,.391815503848043,1,0,0,.046481876433278
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.
Also available within the import and the edit several fileheader menu.

With type IDS-GEC activated the relative or utm coordinates are read from the
gec-files.In case of multichannel data there exists only one gec-file for the whole
swath containing either the local or the utm coordinates for the whole swath.
Example:
<VERSION>
07.00.000
<OFFSET_GPS_ARRAY_XYZ>
0.13,0.42,0
<UTM_ZONE>
32,1
<REFERENCE_XYZ> converted longitude, converted latitude
512941.685563995,5290630.10008273,433.657
<REFERENCE_LLA>
0,0,0
<XCELL>
0.0416389
<VALID_MARKERS_SWEEP>
69
1,0,0,512941.685563995,5290630.10008273,433.657,32,1
8,0,1.59999999999854,512941.370795237,5290630.019358,433.667,32,1
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.
The update type is also available within the import and the edit several fileheader
menu.

With the type UTSI-GPS activated it is possible to read the GPS coordinates
using the format of the UTSI-GPS software. A GPS ASCII-file with the extension
gps containing the GPS-coordinates must exist. The corresponding
tracenumbers are either taken from this gps-file or from an additional ASCII-file
with the extension gpt containing only the tracenumbers. If this file exists (same
filename like the gps-file except the extension) the tracenumbers are taken from
this ASCII-file. If it does not exist the gps-file must contain the tracenumbers in
the following form:
tracenumber $GPGGA,123015.00,5141.607563,N,00439.680658,E,2,04,2.3,2.74,M,47.21,M,2.8,0000*40
If the additional gpt file exists the gps file does not contain the tracenumber:
$GPGGA,123015.00,5141.607563,N,00439.680658,E,2,04,2.3,2.74,M,47.21,M,2.8,0000*40
There might be a header within the gps-file but the first line containing the first
GPS-coordinates corresponds to the given tracenumber of the first tracenumber
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 301
stored within the first line of the gpt-file. The next line corresponds to the second
tracenumber and so on.
The following fields of the NMEA gps code will be interpreted:
field 3: 5141.607563 - geographic latitude in ddmm.mmmmmmm format (51
degrees and 41.607563 minutes)
field 5: 00439.680658 - geographic longitude in dddmm.mmmmmm format (4
degrees and 39.680658 minutes)
field 10: 2.74 - antenna height above MSL (mean sea level) reference (2.74 m)
The latitude and the longitude are stored in degress within the x- and y-receiver
traceheader positions. The latitude coordinates are always set to negative values
for Northing equal ‘S’ or Northing equal ‘N’ and negative input values. The
longitude coordinates are always set to negative values for West equal ‘W’ or
West equal ‘E’ and negative input values.
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.

With the type PulseEkko-GPS activated it is possible to read the GPS

coordinates using the format of the PulseEkko-GPS software. Two different
formats with the extensions gps and gp2 are supported.
Gps-format: Each block of the file starts with a line containing the trace number.
A number of lines follow containg the gps-coordinates. By default the coordinates
are taken from the line starting with $GPGGA. Following an example of one GPS-
block is shown:
Trace #1 at position 0.000000
$GPVTG,266.2,T,,,007.12,N,013.19,K,A*4E
$GPGSA,M,3,03,19,15,16,18,22,,,,,,,2.8,1.7,2.2*33
$GPRMC,093704,V,4625.938530,N,00950.727816,E,007.12,266.2,240404,0.7,W,N*2D
$GPGGA,093705.00,4625.938360,N,00950.724940,E,1,06,1.7,2635.92,M,48.00,M,,*53
gp2-format: a header of 6 lines follows a line containing the tracenumber and the
GPS-block separated by two “-characters:
;GPS@@@
;Ver=1.1.0
;DIP=2009-00152-00
;Date=2015-Aug-26
;-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
traces,odo_tick,pos(m),time_elapsed(s),GPS
1,0,0,0,"$GPGGA,112349,2916.7149155,S,3126.59769646,E,1,1,0.1,4.88,M,26.68,M,0,0"
300,0,0,0,"$GPGGA,112610,2916.7219823,S,3126.61275112,E,1,1,0.1,3.17,M,26.68,M,0,0"
For both formats within the $GPGGA line the following fields will be interpreted:
field 3: 4625.938360 - geographic latitude in ddmm.mmmmmmm format (46
degrees and 25.938360 minutes)
field 5: 000950.727816 - geographic longitude in dddmm.mmmmmm format (9
degrees and 50.727816 minutes)
field 10: 2635.9 - antenna height above MSL (mean sea level) reference
(2635.92 m)
The latitude and the longitude are stored in degress within the x- and y-receiver
traceheader positions. The latitude coordinates are always set to negative values
for Northing equal ‘S’ or Northing equal ‘N’ and negative input values. The
longitude coordinates are always set to negative values for West equal ‘W’ or
West equal ‘E’ and negative input values.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 302
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.

With the type GSSI-GPS activated it is possible to read the GPS coordinates
using the format of the GSSI-GPS software. One GPS file with the extension dzg
must exist. Each block of the file consists of two lines, one with the tracenumber
code starting with $GSSIS followed by the line containing the GPS coordinates
starting with $GPGGA. Following an example of one GPS-block is shown:
$GSSIS,127,0
$GPGGA,183836.20,5254.4730,N,00114.8307,W,1,15,0.8,42.67,M,49.10,M,,*42
Within the $GPGGA line the following fields will be interpreted:
field 3: 5254.4730 - geographic latitude in ddmm.mmmmmmm format (52 degrees
and 54.4730 minutes)
field 5: 00114.8307 - geographic longitude in dddmm.mmmmmm format (1 degrees
and 14.8307 minutes)
field 10: 42.67 - antenna height above MSL (mean sea level) reference (42.67 m)
The latitude and the longitude are stored in degress within the x- and y-receiver
traceheader positions. The latitude coordinates are always set to negative values
for Northing equal ‘S’ or Northing equal ‘N’ and negative input values. The
longitude coordinates are always set to negative values for West equal ‘W’ or
West equal ‘E’ and negative input values.
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.

The option latitude (x-coord./y-coord.) specifies where the original latitude (or 1.
coordinate in general) shall be stored - either on the x- or the y-position within the
Reflexw traceheader. The option is available for all GPS-types. Setting the option
to y-coord. might be useful if you are using for example the option view/profile
line in order to have the same map orientation as in normal geographic maps.
The actual setting is saved when leaving the program.

The option trace delay available for 'RAMAC-GPS', 'WSKTRANS-GPS' and

'CSV-GPS' format allows to specify a delay number for the trace numbers given
within the gps-file. Enter a number greater than 0 if the gps is delayed. This
number will be subtracted from each given tracenumber within the gps-file.

The option NMEA-string no degree available for 'IDS-GPS', 'PulseEkko-GPS',

'UTSI-GPS', ‘CSV-GPS', 'GEODE-GPS', 'GSSI-GPS', ‘Marker-GPS’, 'GPS-times'
or 'GPS-times spatial interpol.' allows if activated that the $GP Strings do not
contain degree values but the string will be interpreted as it is.

Special NMEA String: With $GNLLQ activated within the global settings menu a
special GNLLQ string will be analysed for gps data with NMEA string. This string
normally contains Gauss Krueger coordinates. In this case the option NMEA-
string no degree option should be activated in addition.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 303
With the type Marker-GPS activated it is possible to synchronize the GPS with
markers stored with the datafile.
The program assumes that each marker corresponds to one line within the gps-
datafile and the that first gps-coordinate line fits the first marker.
With the option M-Master format activated the format of the M-Master software.
One GPS file with the extension txt must exist. Two header lines must be
present. Each line of the GPS-ASCII file contains the following informations
(following optional additional informations are ignored):
markernumber,x-coordinate,y-coordinate,latitude,longitude,distance
The separator between the different values may be either comma, blank or tab.
The latitude and longitude coordinates will be ignored. The markers must be
present within the datafile.
Example:
M.Nr. X Y Latitude Longitude Length
************************************************************************
1 7439138 1674843 66.99803 19.81500 0
2 7439128 1674847 66.99794 19.81516 10
3´ 7439117 1674852 66.99784 19.81526 22
4 7439105 1674858 66.99773 19.81539 35
5 7439090 1674864 66.99759 19.81551 51
6 7439074 1674872 66.99744 19.81565 68
7 7439056 1674879 66.99728 19.81580 87
8 7439039 1674888 66.99712 19.81597 106
9 7439020 1674895 66.99695 19.81611 126
10 7439002 1674904 66.99678 19.81626 145
*************************************************************************
File created 4/18/07 6:04:35 PM
REFLEXW stores the X- and y-coordinates and the distance into the
traceheaders at the corresponding marker position using a 32 or 64 bit floating
format depending on the output format during the import of the data. If there are
consecutive identical coordinates in the gps-file these coordinates are
automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An interpolation or extrapolation
is also done where no coordinates are defined (missing markers) or where the
GPS-coordinates are not defined.

With the option NWI-GPS activated ASCII-data using the format

tracenumber dummy date time longitude latitude
17 (0) 28.04.2009 15:48:26 <644.482580><5357.605670>(2)
will be used. The latitude and the longitude are stored in degress within the x-
and y-receiver traceheader positions.
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.

With the option Geode-GPS activated the GPS coordinates using the format of
the Geode software are imported. One GPS file with the extension log must exist.
Each block of the file starts with a line containing the trace number. A header
with 2 or more lines may exist followed by a number of GPS blocks consisting of
one line containing the GPS coordinates and one line containing the FFID
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 304
number (field record number) which is used for the assignment to the
traceheader field record number of the original data. Following an example of
one GPS-block is shown:
$GPGGA,162241.00,4625.938360,N,000950.727816,E,2,10,1.0,2635.9,M,45.6,M,5.0,0120*46
FFID 3783 (Stack 1, Shot Loc: 0 Meters) 16:22:41.00 09/28/2010 160 KBytes SAVED IN 3782.SGY
Within the $GPGGA line the following fields will be interpreted:
field 3: 4625.938360 - geographic latitude in ddmm.mmmmmmm format (46
degrees and 25.938360 minutes)
field 5: 000950.727816 - geographic longitude in dddmm.mmmmmm format (9
degrees and 50.727816 minutes)
field 10: 2635.9 - antenna height above MSL (mean sea level) reference
(2635.92 m)
The coordinates will be assigned to those traces which field record number within
the traceheader is identical to 3783.
The latitude and the longitude are stored in degress within the x- and y-receiver
traceheader positions.
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.
The option is also available within the import menu.

With the option DB-GPS activated the GPS coordinates using the format of the
DB Engineering software are imported:
TimeTick-Korrekturwerte: 636297668240000000 10000
km Scan Latitude Longitude Höhe TimeTick
85,805 1 5211,6893871 842,4050947 109,361 636297668255000000
85,815 204 5211,6865581 842,3970449 109,354 636297668321000000
85,825 402 5211,6839247 842,3895242 109,353 636297668347000000
The latitude and the longitude are stored in degress within the x- and y-receiver
traceheader positions.
REFLEXW stores the latitude, the longitude and the altitude into the
traceheaders using a 32 or 64 bit floating format depending on the output format
during the import of the data. If there are consecutive identical coordinates in the
gps-file these coordinates are automatically be replaced with an interpolation. An
interpolation or extrapolation is also done where no coordinates are defined
(missing tracenumbers) or where the GPS-coordinates are not defined.

With the option tabella activated the current traceheader coordinates are shown
within a table and can be changed manually. The option save changes saves the
current settings of the traceheader coordinates. The option reload from file
reloads the traceheader coordinates from file.The option save on AsciiFile allows
to write the coordinates on an ASCII-file with the extension DST (see option
ASCII-file above).

The options GPS-times and GPS-times spatial interpolation allow to update

the traceheader coordinates based on the GPS acquisition times (in secs after
midnight) stored within the file traceheader and an ASCII-file containing the GPS-
coordinates and the GPS-times.
GPS-times should be used if the data acquisition has been done on a time-base.
In this case first an automatic interpolation of the GPS-times is done at those
positions were no acquisition times had been defined.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 305
GPS-times spatial interpolation should be used if the data acquisition has been
done on a distance base, e.g. using a wheel. No interpolation of the GPS-times
will be done and only at those where the acquisition times have been defined the
GPS-coordinates will be placed. Afterwards a spatial interpolation of the
coordinates will be done at those positions were no acquisition times had been
defined.
Five different ASCII-formats for the GPS-data are available:
NMEA-Format, ASCII1-Format, ASCII-MapSource, GPX and Proceq.
The NMEA-format follows the NMEA GPS standard. If Proceq is activated the two
NMEA sentences $GNGGA and $GPGGA are supported. Otherwise two types of
messages are supported:
$GPRMC,093704,V,4625.938530,N,00950.727816,E,007.12,266.2,240404,0.7,W,N*2D
$GPGGA,093705.00,4625.938360,N,00950.724940,E,1,06,1.7,2635.92,M,48.00,M,,*53
In case of a $GPGGA sentence the data for a GPS-quality of 0 will be ignored.
The format of the ASCII1-file is as following:

Easting Northing MSL GPS Date GPS Time

638434601 7215215.236 143.227 19.05.02 07:32:12
638434.573 7215215.253 143.191 190502 0.3140509259
There is no header line - the ASCII-file must begin with the first data values. The
GPS-date must be present but it will not be used for the matching. Only the GPS-
times are used.
Two different formats for the ASCII-MapSource for UTM-data and Gauss Krüger
data are supported:
UTM:
Trackpoint 32 U 471164 5443567 24.11.2009 17:15:53 103 m 5.03 m 00:00:05 3.6 kph
162° true
Trackpoint 32 U 471159 5443560 24.11.2009 17:15:58 105 m 8.56 m 00:00:05 6.2 kph
213° true
Gauss Krüger:
Trackpoint 3 471229 5445306 24.11.2009 17:15:53 103 m 5.03 m 00:00:05 3.6 kph 162°
true
Trackpoint 3 471224 5445299 24.11.2009 17:15:58 105 m 8.56 m 00:00:05 6.2 kph 213°
true
The seconds within the time may also have decimal places.
The format GPX analyses the trkpt string of the following form:
<trkpt lat="47.1052278858" lon="12.7156866621"> <ele>2932.64</ele>
<time>2016-09-14T06:58:33Z</time></trkpt>
The program performs an automatic interpolation or extrapolation if the times do
not exactly match (normally the case). Only those data which lie inbetween the
timerange defined by the first and last trace of the profile are taken into account.
This overcomes the problem that GPS-data would be taken into account at times
when the acquisition unit did not move (e.g. at the start or the end of the data
acquisition).
With the suboption use lineparts activated only the times stored for the first
ensemble will be used for the synchronization with the external GPS-file. The
found coordinates will be transferred to the corresponding traceheaders of the
other ensembles. Activate this option if the file is a 3D-datafile consisting of
parallel 2D-files stored sequentially. As a result all 2D-ensembles will have the
same coordinates - this means that the offset between the 2D-lines will not be
taken into account.
With the suboption max.dev.time 1s activated acquisition times and GPS times
are not synchronized if the deviation between them is more than 1 sec. In this
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 306
case these coordinates will remain zero and a succeeding linear interpolation at
those positions will be done. The option is also available within the dataimport
and the edit several FileHeaders menu.
The program also supports the use if the GPS acquisition times (in secs after
midnight) are not stored within the file traceheader. For that purpose the following
assumptions must hold true:
- the data have been acquired using an equidistant timebase (traces per second
are identical within the complete profile)
- the start and end time of the profile is identical to the start and end time of the
GPS data
If necessary the start and end time of the GPS data must be adapted manually.
Two different types of interpolation are supported:
- with the option pure linear interpolation active the interpolation is linear for all
data
- with the option pure linear interpolation deactivated the interpolation is linear if
the mean acquisition velocities between two successive GPS time marks do not
vary more than 10 %. Otherwise the program performs an interpolation based on
a constant acceleration. The option check accelerations smoothes the calculated
accelerations. Activate this option if the resulting interpolations show too strong
undulations.

The option calculate distancies allows to update the traceheader distances

based on the x- and y-receiver traceheader coordinates and optionally (option
use z-coordinates activated) based on the z-receivertraceheader coordinates in
addition. The start distance is taken from the fileheader but can be changed
manually (option start distance). The distancies will be summed up from trace to
trace.
With the option straight line from start point activated the distancies will be
calculated as a straight line from the start point. This might be useful if the gps
coordinates vary irregularly from trace to trace and if the profile was acquired
along a more or less straight line.
For the datatypes single shot and borehole.... the distancies are taken from:
receiver x-coordinate for single shot
receiver y- or z-coordinate for borehole data depending on the setting of the
option use z-coordinate.

Using the option subtract constant value allows to subtract a constant value (x
and y independently) from the x- and y-shot and receiver positions.

Using the option multiply by constant value allows to multiply the xy- shot and
receiver coordinates by one constant value.

When using the option exchange rec. -> distance the distance
traceheadercoordinate is set to the x-receiver coordinate for each trace.
Afterwards the x- and y-receiver coordinates are set to the corresponding shot
coordintaes.

The option CopyCMPCoordToShotRecCoord allows to copy the CMP-

coordinates to the source and receiver coordinates.

The option get ensemble/scandir.from coord. extracts both the scandirection

and the ensemble number of a constant offset or 3D-constant offs.file from the
given traceheader receiver coordinates. The scan direction will be set to 1 if
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 307
successive y-coordinates do not change and set to 2 if successive x-coordinates
do not change. The ensemble number will be updated if the profile constant
coordinate changes.

The option project on x-coord. calculates the distances along the line based on
the receiver coordinates (see also option calculate distancies) and projects these
distances onto the x-axis: the x-receiver coordinates are set to these distances
and the y-coordinates are set to 0. The distance of the shot is also automatically
determined and the shot x-coordinate is set to this distance. This is not strictly
correct if the shot is not situated within the receiver line. The start distance is
queried after having activated the option.
The option does not work correctly if the profile consists of several shots with
different receivers.
The option might be useful if GPS-coordinates are present within the
traceheaders. These coordinates cannot be used for most of the refraction
interpretation tools which need the coordinates only along the x-axis.

The option correct for offset in profile

direction allows to correct the xy-GPS
coordinates for an offset in
profiledirection (option offset) and
perpendicular to it (option lateral offset).
The option might be useful if there exists
any offset between the geophones/shots
and the GPS-unit, e.g. a data acquisition
on a ship with a boomer and
hydrophones.
The offset in
profile direction
will be subtracted
from the distances in profile direction (this means a
negative value must be entered if the GPS unit is located
behind the receivers in profile direction and a positive
value must be entered if the GPS unit is located before).
A positive lateral offset results in a shift to the right of the
profile direction, a negative lateral offset results in a shift
to the left.
Two different cases for the automatic definition of the
profile direction are considered:
1. Special case if the GPS and the source/receiver unit are exactly located on the
same track. For this the following must hold true:
- the distancies within the traceheader are specified (see also “update
distances”) or actiivating the option use fileheader dist. which uses the
fileheader distancies instead of the traceheader distancies for the pure correction
in profile direction.
- the lateral offset is set to 0
-“smooth dir.” is set to back
Now the correction is done based on the trace header distances (see also update
option calculate distancies). This means that the corrected values follow exactly
the track of the GPS-unit. If an extrapolation is necessary at the end or at the
start of the profile (depending on the correct value) the program calculates the
actual direction of the profile from the difference of the actual GPS-coordinate
and the previous one. In this case also the z-coordinates are updated.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 308
2. GPS and source/receiver do not
exactly follow the same track. In this
case the z-coordinates will not be
updated. The option smooth dir.
together with the entered number of
smooth traces. control the automatic
definition of the profile direction from
the GPS coordinates for the
subsequent correction. The options
back, middle and forward allow to
simulate different coupling mechanism
of GPS and source/receiver devices.
Back might be useful for a flexible
connection with the GPS before the
source/receive device, middle for a rigid one and forward for a flexible connection
with the GPS behind the source/receiver device.
The option offsets from file allows to read the correct
offsets (in profile direction - offset - and perpendicular
to it - lat.offset) from an ASCII-file named
CorrectOffset.txt which must have been stored under
the subdirectory ASCII under the actual project
directory. Each line of the file must contain the
following parameters:
“channel number” “offset” “lateral offset”
Example of 3 channels with a symmetrical array:
1 0.5 0.5
2 0.5 0.0
3 0.5 -0.5
For a 3D-const.offset file the channelnumber corresponds to the individual
ensemble numbers of the 3D-file. Thereby the correct offset file must contain the
complete geometry of the antenna array. This holds true for example for a 3D-file
which has been acquired using an antenna array like 3D-radar.
The option is also available within the “Edit several fileheaders” menu.
It is recommended to check the correction, e.g. using the option view/profile line.
To be considered: the z-coordinates will also be updated if no nterpolation is
necessary, this means the correction is only done in profile direction (lateral
offset 0 and smooth direction set to back). Precondition is that the traceheader
distancies have been defined before (option calculate distancies).

The option correct latency allows to correct a possible gps latency. Precondition
is that the gps times have been stored within the Reflexw traceheaders together
with the gps coordinates. GPS always has the problem of latency when
determining position, which is why it cannot output an excact real-time position.
Different GPS can have different latency. If this time delay has not been
considered during the gpr/gps synchronization it may be corrected manually
using this option. The determination of the latency is not easy and there are no
general rules and the individual conditions must be considered. The entered
latency in s will be subtracted from the times stored within the Reflexw
traceheaders (normally coming from the synchronized original gps file) and this
new value is the base for searching the corresponding gps coordinates which
replace the old ones. Normally the latency will be given in positive values and
thereby at the beginning of the gpr line no gps coordinates are present. Here an
automatic extrapolation will be done.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 309
The option topography (x,z values) reads the topography (shot and receiver z-
values) from an ASCII-file. Each line of the ASCII-file contains the distance and
the depth or elevation. The option allows the independent input of the topography
for the shot and the receiver coordinates (options update shot z-pos. and update
receiver z-pos.). With activated option use x-traceheadercoord. the x-receiver
traceheader coordinate (rec-x) is used and with deactivated option the distance
within the traceheader is used. A linear interpolation or extrapolation is done
where no values are defined within the ASCII-file.
With the option apply x-z topography activated the geometries of the shots and
the receivers are recalculated based on the topographic xz-values. The program
automatically determines the positions of all shots and receivers on the given
topography and calculates the x- and z-projections of these positions. The option
is identical to the option apply x-z topography within the traveltime analysis
module with the difference that the z-values must be given as depths. It is
assumed that the x-values of the data do not represent the correct x-coordinates
but are determined directly on the topographic interface. The program
automatically determines the positions of all receivers on the given topography
and calculates the x- and z-projections of these positions. The x-coordinate within
the ASCII-file represents the true x-coordinate within the xz-coordinate system.
The following assumptions must hold true:
1. The topography file must contain the values for x=0 (fixed point) because this
value serves at the starting point for determing the corrections. All corrections are
relative to the value at x=0.
2. The profiledirection is pure x, this means that the y-coordinates of all shots and
receivers are equal.
3. The original x-values are taken directly on the topographic interface.
The application of this option if useful if you want to introduce a topography for
the wavefront-inversion or for the raytracing (chap. 4.7).

The option second profile marker positions allows to copy the traceheader
coordinates and times from a secondary profile at the given marker positions of
both profiles. After having activated the option the filename of the secondary
profile will be queried. Precondition is that the marker positions are identical. An
application might be the synchronization of a newer acquisition system using a
gps unit and an older system which cannot be synchronized with a gps unit.

The option UTM-conversion allows to convert GPS degree traceheader

coordinates to local cartesian coordinates using the so called Universal-
Transverse-Mercator(UTM)-conversion (WGS84). If the distancedimension =
‘foot’ the utm-conversion gives foot-values otherwise meter values.
You must specify where the latitude is stored within the traceheader (latitude in
degrees either in x- (shot x, rec x and CMP x-pos) or y-coord). The longitude is
automatically vice versa in y- or x-coord.
The eastern longitude values must be positive, the western longitued values
must be negative (see zones below).
The northern latitude values must be positive, the southern latitude values must
be negative (see zones below).
You can specify if the original data are in degrees or in arcsecs. If arcsecs is
chosen the original data are automatically divided by 3600 in order to transform
them into degrees.
The conversion can be done automatically (default) or by using a distinct zone.
If the automatic conversion is used, the UTM-zone for the whole profile is
determined using the GPS traceheader coordinates of the first trace. So the
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 310
coordinate origin is fixed for the whole profile not regarding, that the profile may
lie in different UTM-zones. The irregular utm-zones will also be automatically
taken into account. These are the zone 32V (South Norway) and 31X, 33X, 35X,
37X (Svalbard).
If a distinct zone shall be used for the conversion, it can be chosen from a list if
the option 'distinct zone' is chosen. This zone is also fixed for the whole profile.
There exist 120 different zones which cover nearly the whole globe: 60 zones
cover the northern part of the world ( 0 deg <= lat <= 84 deg), the rest the
southern part (-80 deg <= lat < 0 deg).
The zones of every half sphere are determined as following:
Zone 1: -180 deg <= lon <= -174 deg (if lat >= 0 this is zone utm1n,
otherwise utm1s)
Zone 2: -174 deg < lon <= -168 deg
..
Zone 60: 174 deg < lon <= 180 deg (if lat < 0 this is zone utm60s,
otherwise utm60n)

For the regions near the poles (Lat > 84deg or Lat < -80deg) the Universal-Polar-
Stereographic(UPS)-conversion is performed instead the UTM-conversion.
The following table contains a complete listing of all UTM zones and their
association to the countries of the world, so that the appropriate zone can be
chosen for the manual conversion:

UTM zones and their association to the countries of the world:

UTM zone 1N -180deg to -174deg Northern hemisphere. Russia.

UTM zone 1S -180deg to -174deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 2N -174deg to -168deg Northern hemisphere. Russia. United States
(USA) - Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 2S -174deg to -168deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 3N -168deg to -162deg Northern hemisphere. United States (USA) -
Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 3S -168deg to -162deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 4N -162deg to -156deg Northern hemisphere. United States (USA) -
Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 4S -162deg to -156deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 5N -156deg to -150deg Northern hemisphere. United States (USA) -
Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 5S -156deg to -150deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 6N -150deg to -144deg Northern hemisphere. United States (USA) -
Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 6S -150deg to -144deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 7N -144deg to -138deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - British
Columbia (BC); Yukon. United States (USA) - Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 7S -144deg to -138deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 8N -138deg to -132deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - British
Columbia (BC); North West Territiories; Yukon. United States (USA)
- Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 8S -138deg to -132deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 9N -132deg to -126deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - British
Columbia (BC); North West Territories; Yukon. United States (USA) -
Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 9S -132deg to -126deg Southern hemisphere.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 311
UTM zone 10N -130deg to -120deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - British
Columbia (BC); North West Territories; Yukon. United States (USA) -
Alaska (AK).
UTM zone 10S -130deg to -120deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 11N -120deg to -114deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - Alberta; British
Columbia (BC); North West Territories. Mexico. United States (USA).
UTM zone 11S -120deg to -114deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 12N -114deg to -108deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - Alberta; North
West Territories; Saskatchewan. Mexico. United States (USA).
UTM zone 12S -114deg to -108deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 13N -108deg to -102deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - North West
Territories; Saskatchewan. Mexico. United States (USA).
UTM zone 13S -108deg to -102deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 14N -102deg to -96deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - Manitoba; North
West Territories; Saskatchewan. Mexico. United States (USA).
UTM zone 14S -102deg to -96deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 15N -96deg to -90deg Northern hemisphere. Canada - Manitoba; North
West Territories; Ontario. Guatemala. Mexico. United States (USA) -
Gulf of Mexico (GoM).
UTM zone 15S -96deg to -90deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 16N -90deg to -84deg Northern hemisphere. Belize. Canada - Manitoba;
North West Territories; Ontario. Costa Rica. Cuba. El Salvador.
Guatemala. Honduras. Mexico. Nicaragua. Puerto Rico. United
States (USA).
UTM zone 16S -90deg to -84deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 17N -84deg to -78deg Northern hemisphere. Bahamas. Ecuador - north
of equator. Canada - North West Territories; Ontario; Quebec.
Cayman Islands. Colombia. Costa Rica. Jamaica.
UTM zone 17S -84deg to -78deg Southern hemisphere. Ecuador. Peru.
UTM zone 18N -78deg to -72deg Northern hemisphere. Bahamas. Canada - North
West Territories; Ontario; Quebec. Colombia. Cuba. Ecuador.
Greenland. Haiti. Jamica. Panama. Turks and Caicos Islands. United
States (USA). Venezuela.
UTM zone 18S -78deg to -72deg Southern hemisphere. Argentina. Brazil. Chile.
Colombia. Ecuador. Peru.
UTM zone 19N -72deg to -66deg Northern hemisphere. Aruba. Bahamas. Brazil.
Canada - New Brunswick (NB); Newfoundland; North West
Territories; Nova Scotia (NS); Quebec. Colombia. Dominican
Republic. Greenland. Netherlands Antilles. Turks and Caicos
Islands. United States. Venezuela.
UTM zone 19S -72deg to -66deg Southern hemisphere. Argentina. Bolivia. Brazil.
Chile. Colombia. Peru.
UTM zone 20N -66deg to -60deg Northern hemisphere. Anguilla. Antigua &
Barbuda. Bermuda. Brazil. Canada - New Brunswick (NB);
Newfoundland; North west Territories; Nova Scotia (NS); Prince
Edward Island; Quebec. Dominica. Greenland. Grenada.
Guadeloupe. Guyana. Martinique. Montserrat. Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Saint Lucia. Saint Vncent and te Grenadines. Trinidad and Tobago.
Venezuela. Virgin islands.
UTM zone 20S -66deg to -60deg Southern hemisphere. Argentina. Bolivia. Brazil.
Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Paraguay.
UTM zone 21N -60deg to -54deg Northern hemisphere. Barbados. Brazil. Canada -
Newfoundland; Quebec. French Guiana. Greenland. Guyana. St.
Pierre and Miquelon. Suriname.
UTM zone 21S 60deg to 54deg Southern hemisphere. Argentina. Bolivia. Brazil.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 312
Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Paraguay. Uruguay.
UTM zone 22N -54deg to -48deg Northern hemisphere. Brazil. Canada -
Newfoundland. French Guiana. Greenland.
UTM zone 22S -54deg to -48deg Southern hemisphere. Brazil. Uruguay.
UTM zone 23N -48deg to -42deg Northern hemisphere. Greenland.
UTM zone 23S -48deg to -42deg Southern hemisphere. Brazil.
UTM zone 24N -42deg to -36deg Northern hemisphere. Greenland.
UTM zone 24S -42deg to -36deg Southern hemisphere. Brazil. South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands.
UTM zone 25N -36deg to -30deg Northern hemisphere. Greenland.
UTM zone 25S -36deg to -30deg Southern hemisphere. Brazil.
UTM zone 26N -30deg to -24deg Northern hemisphere. Greenland. Iceland.
UTM zone 26S -30deg to -24deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 27N -24deg to -18deg Northern hemisphere. Greenland. Iceland.
UTM zone 27S -24deg to -18deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 28N -18deg to -12deg Northern hemisphere. Gambia. Greenland.
Guinea. Guinea-Bissau. Iceland. Ireland - offshore Porcupine Basin.
Mauritania. Morocco. Senegal. Sierra Leone. Western Sahara.
UTM zone 28S -18deg to -12deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 29N -12deg to -6deg Northern hemisphere. Algeria. Cote D'Ivoire. Faroe
Islands. Guinea. Ireland. Mali. Mauritania. Morocco. Portugal. Sierra
Leone. Spain. United Kingdom (UK). Western Sahara.
UTM zone 29S -12deg to -6deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 30N -6deg to 0deg Northern hemisphere. Algeria. Burkino Faso. Cote'
Ivoire. Faroe Islands - offshore. France. Ghana. Gibraltar. Ireland -
offshore Irish Sea. Mali. Mauritania. Morocco. Spain. United
Kingdom (UK).
UTM zone 30S -6deg to 0deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 31N 0deg to 6deg Northern hemisphere. Algeria. Andorra. Benin. Bukino
Faso. Denmark - North Sea. France. Germany - North Sea. Ghana.
Luxembourg. Mali. Netherlands. Niger. Nigeria. Norway.
UTM zone 31S 0deg to 6deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 32N 6deg to 12deg Northern hemisphere. Algeria. Austria. Cameroon.
Denmark. Equatorial Guinea. France. Gabon. Germany. Italy. Libya.
Liechtenstein. Monaco. Netherlands. Niger. Nigeria. Norway. Sao
Tome and Principe. Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands. Sweden.
Switzerland. Tunisia. Vatican City State.
UTM zone 32S 6deg to 12deg Southern hemisphere. Angola. Congo. Gabon.
Namibia.
UTM zone 33N 12deg to 18deg Northern hemisphere. Austria. Bosnia and
Herzegowina. Cmeroon. Central African Republic. Chad. Congo.
Croatia. Czech Republic. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire).
Gabon. Germany. Hungary. Italy. Libya. Malta. Niger. Nigeria.
Norway. Poland. San Marino. Slovakia. Slovenia. Svalbard and Jan
Mayen Islands. Sweden.
UTM zone 33S 12deg to 18deg Southern hemisphere. Angola. Congo. Democratic
Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Gabon. Namibia. South Africa.
UTM zone 34N 18deg to 24deg Northern hemisphere. Albania. Belarus. Bosnia
and Herzegowina. Bulgaria. Central African Republic. Chad. Croatia.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Estonia. Finland. FYR
Macedonia. Greece. Hungary. Italy. Latvia. Libya. Lithuania. Norway.
Poland. Romania. Russia. Slovakia. Sudan. Svalbard. Sweden.
Ukraine. Yugoslavia.
UTM zone 34S 18deg to 24deg Southern hemisphere. Angola. Botswana.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 313
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Namibia. South Africa.
Zambia.
UTM zone 35N 24deg to 30deg Northern hemisphere. Belarus. Bulgaria. Central
African Republic. Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Egypt.
Estonia. Finland. Greece. Latvia. Lesotho. Libya. Lithuania. Moldova.
Norway. Romania. Russia. Sudan. Svalbard. Turkey. Uganda.
Ukraine.
UTM zone 35S 24deg to 30deg Southern hemisphere. Botswana. Burundi.
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Rwanda. South Africa.
Tanzania. Uganda. Zambia. Zimbabwe.
UTM zone 36N 30deg to 36deg Northern hemisphere. Belarus. Cyprus. Egypt.
Ethiopia. Finland. Israel. Jordan. Kenya. Lebanon. Norway. Russia.
Saudi Arabia. Sudan. Syria. Turkey. Uganda. Ukraine.
UTM zone 36S 30deg to 36deg Southern hemisphere. Burundi. Kenya. Malawi.
Mozambique. Rwanda. South Africa. Swaziland. Tanzania. Uganda.
Zambia. Zimbabwe.
UTM zone 37N 36deg to 42deg Northern hemisphere. Djibouti. Egypt. Eritrea.
Ethiopia. Georgia. Iraq. Jordan. Kenya. Lebanon. Russia. Saudi
Arabia. Somalia. Sudan. Syria. Turkey. Ukraine.
UTM zone 37S 36deg to 42deg Southern hemisphere. Kenya. Mozambique.
Tanzania.
UTM zone 38N 42deg to 48deg Northern hemisphere. Armenia. Azerbaijan.
Djibouti. Eritrea. Ethiopia. Georgia. Iran. Iraq. Kazakhstan. Kuwait.
Russia. Saudi Arabia. Somalia. Turkey. Yemen.
UTM zone 38S 42deg to 48deg Southern hemisphere. Madagascar.
UTM zone 39N 48deg to 54deg Northern hemisphere. Azerbaijan. Bahrain. Iran.
Kazakhstan. Kuwait. Oman. Qatar. Russia. Saudi Arabia. Somalia.
Turkmenistan. United Arab Emirates. Yemen.
UTM zone 39S 48deg to 54deg Southern hemisphere. Madagascar.
UTM zone 40N 54deg to 60deg Northern hemisphere. Iran. Kazakhstan. Oman.
Russia. Saudi Arabia. Turkmenistan. United Arab Emirates.
Uzbekistan.
UTM zone 40S 54deg to 60deg Southern hemisphere. Seychelles.
UTM zone 41N 60deg to 66deg Northern hemisphere. Afghanistan. Iran.
Kazakhstan. Pakistan. Russia. Turkmenistan. Uzbekistan.
UTM zone 41S 60deg to 66deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 42N 66deg to 72deg Northern hemisphere. Afghanistan. India.
Kazakhstan. Kyrgyzstan. Pakistan. Russia. Tajikistan. Uzbekistan.
UTM zone 42S 66deg to 72deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 43N 72deg to 78deg Northern hemisphere. China. India. Kazakhstan.
Kyrgyzstan. Maldives. Pakistan. Russia. Tajikistan.
UTM zone 43S 72deg to 78deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 44N 78deg to 84deg Northern hemisphere. China. India. Kazakhstan.
Kyrgyzstan. Nepal. Russia. Sri Lanka.
UTM zone 44S 78deg to 84deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 45N 84deg to 90deg Northern hemisphere. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China.
India. Kazakhstan. Mongolia. Nepal. Russia.
UTM zone 45S 84deg to 90deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 46N 90deg to 96deg Northern hemisphere. Bangladesh. Bhutan. China.
Indonesia. Mongolia. Myanmar (Burma). Russia.
UTM zone 46S 90deg to 96deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 47N 96deg to 102eg East; Northern hemisphere. China. Indonesia. Laos.
Malaysia - West Malaysia. Mongolia. Myanmar (Burma). Russia.
Thailand.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 314
UTM zone 47S 96deg to 102eg East; Southern hemisphere. Indonesia.
UTM zone 48N 102deg to 108deg Northern hemisphere. Cambodia. China.
Indonesia. Laos. Malaysia - West Malaysia. Mongolia. Russia.
Singapore. Thailand. Vietnam.
UTM zone 48S 102deg to 108deg Southern hemisphere. Indonesia.
UTM zone 49N 108deg to 114deg Northern hemisphere. China. Hong Kong.
Indonesia. Macau. Malaysia - East Malaysia - Sarawak. Mongolia.
Russia. Vietnam.
UTM zone 49S 108deg to 114deg Southern hemisphere. Australia. Indonesia.
UTM zone 50N 114deg to 120deg Northern hemisphere. Brunei. China. Indonesia.
Malaysia - East Malaysia - Sarawak. Mongolia. Philippines. Russia.
Taiwan.
UTM zone 50S 114deg to 120deg Southern hemisphere. Australia.
UTM zone 51N 120deg to 126deg Northern hemisphere. China. Indonesia. North
Korea. Philippines. Russia. South Korea. Taiwan.
UTM zone 51S 120deg to 126deg Southern hemisphere. Australia. East Timor.
Indonesia.
UTM zone 52N 126deg to 132deg Northern hemisphere. China. Indonesia. Japan.
North Korea. Russia. South Korea.
UTM zone 52S 126deg to 132deg Southern hemisphere. Australia. East Timor.
Indonesia.
UTM zone 53N 132deg to 138deg Northern hemisphere. China. Japan. Russia.
UTM zone 53S 132deg to 138deg Southern hemisphere. Australia. Indonesia.
UTM zone 54N 138deg to 144deg Northern hemisphere. Japan. Russia.
UTM zone 54S 138deg to 144deg Southern hemisphere. Australia. Indonesia.
Papua New Guinea.
UTM zone 55N 144deg to 150deg Northern hemisphere. Japan. Russia.
UTM zone 55S 144deg to 150deg Southern hemisphere. Australia. Papua New
Guinea.
UTM zone 56N 150deg to 156deg Northern hemisphere. Russia.
UTM zone 56S 150deg to 156deg Southern hemisphere. Australia. Papua New
Guinea.
UTM zone 57N 156deg to 162deg Northern hemisphere. Russia.
UTM zone 57S 156deg to 162deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 58N 162deg to 168deg Northern hemisphere. Russia.
UTM zone 58S 162deg to 168deg Southern hemisphere.
UTM zone 59N 168deg to 174deg Northern hemisphere. Russia.
UTM zone 59S 168deg to 174deg Southern hemisphere. New Zealand.
UTM zone 60N 174deg to 180deg Northern hemisphere. Russia.
UTM zone 60S 174deg to 180deg Southern hemisphere. New Zealand.

The option UTM-DEGREE-conversion allows to convert UTM-coordinates into

degrees. You must enter the correct utm-zone and the xy-coordinates will be
automatically transformed into degrees or arcsecs.

The option national conversion allows to convert GPS degree traceheader

coordinates to local national cartesian coordinates. At present the following
national coordinates are supported:
RD-conversion (netherlands)
Swiss CH1903
Swiss CH1903+LV95
Swiss CH1903+LV03
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 315

These conversions Swiss CH1903+LV95 and Swiss CH1903+LV03 use the local
reference system CH1903+ with its reference frame LV95. With the option Swiss
CH1903+LV03 an additional transformation of the plane coordinates LV95 to
LV03 will be done. In order to use these options the free
ReframeComDll_x86.msi from SwissTopo must have been installed.

If the distancedimension = ‘foot’ the utm-conversion gives foot-values otherwise

meter values. You must specify where the latitude is stored within the
traceheader (latitude in degrees either in x- (shot x, rec x and CMP x-pos) or y-
coord). The longitude is automatically vice versa in y- or x-coord.

General:

The GPS-coordinates are stored within the x- and y-receiver traceheader

positions (rec-x and rec-y). In the case of the datatype “constant offset” the shot
and the CMP-coordinates are set equal to the receiver positions. In the case of
the datatype “single shot” the shot coordinates are set to the entered shot
position and shot offset defined within the fileheader. The CMP-coordinates are
always calculated from the receiver and shot positions.

The single coordinates stored in the individual traceheaders are necessary for
some processing steps, e.g. for Export into the format ASCII-3COLUMS, the
ascii-columns output of the picks with the option xy-coordinates activated (see
also Pick save MenuItem).

To be considered: The traceheader coordinates are stored either using a 32 bit

floating format (Reflexw formats 16 bit integer and 32 bit floating point) or using a
64 bit double precision format (Reflexw formats new 16 bit integer and new 32 bit
floating point) - see also chap. 1.5.4 Import format specification. If the
coordinates have very high values with small changes, the data representation of
the 32 bit floating format may not be good enough. In this case the Reflexw new
format with the 64 bit double precision format must be used when importing the
original data or a constant offset should be subtracted from the coordinates
before storing them into the traceheaders.

project y to xz-plane: allows to project the y-coordinates of the individual shots

and receivers onto the xz-plane. The distance between source and receiver
remains unchanged. Therefore the x- and z-coordinates are changed
respectively.

project z to xy-plane: allows to project the z-coordinates of the individual shots

and receivers onto the xy-plane. The distance between source and receiver
remains unchanged. Therefore the x- and y-coordinates are changed
respectively.

Create(3D)Ensembles: Within this groupbox it is possible to subdivide the

current profile into different lineparts. The ensemble-nr. within the traceheaders
controls the size of each linepart.
With the option equidistant activated the current profile will be subdivided into
different equidistant lineparts. The option nr. of traces defines the number of
traces per linepart (ensemble).
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 316

With the options distance markers, comment markers and constr. change
markers activated the current profile will be subdivided into different lineparts at
the given corresponding marker positions. With constr. change markers active
only those markers with the construction change comment will be used.
Activate the option create to generate the lineparts (the Ensemble-Nr. within the
traceheaders will be updated). This option allows you to redefine the individual
ensembles (2D-lines) of a 3D-file or of a 2D-file consisting of different parts. One
application for the second case is that some filter (e.g. background removal,
migration, option lineparts activated) may use this subdivsion.

close: terminates this window

2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 317

1.9.6.1 traceheader tabella

A table containing the traceheader coordinates and the traceheader gain opens
either when activating the option “file/Edit traceheader/TraceHeader Tabella” or
when using the option update together with the updatetype tabella within the
traceheader menu or after having imported a single shot line.
The table shows the traceheader coordinates (distance and the x, y, z-
coordinates of the receivers and the shots), the time delay, the gain and the time
collect. These values can be manually changed. To be considered for manual
editing: distance value and rec.-x value should be equal for each trace.

It is also possible to change the data

from a special column. First you
must click on the header parameter
using the right mouse button. Then
a small window opens with different
possibilities:
read from file: load the data for one
header column from a 2 column
ASCII-file. Each line of the ASCII-file
consists of two columns. The first
column contains the tracenumber
and the second one the value of the
traceheader header which shall be
read in. A linear interpolation inside and extrapolation outside will be done at
those positions where no data have been specified.
Example with two values for the header parameter time collect:
10 63359.00
20 63405.00
add.const. value: allows to add a constant value for all data of the currently
chosen column.
multiply by value: allows to multiply by a constant value for all data of the
currently chosen column.
take over for all: The option allows to take over the actually set value for all
values of the chosen column. For this purpose press the wanted cell using the
left mouse button. Then click the right mouse button - the edit menu opens. Enter
the new value without using any further mouse click. Click on take over for all.
Reverse order: allows to reverse order for a choosable number of traces. The
number of traces must be even. The option might be useful if the order of a
geophone array has been reversed during the data acquisition. In this case it
might be useful to reverse the order both for the distancies and for the x-rec
position. Afterwards you may use the
option resort-traceheader to be
found under processing/trace
interpolation in order to resort the
data based on the new entered
distancies.

View graph: displays the data of the

chosen column within a separate
window where an interpolation and a
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 318

smoothing is possible. Click on interpolation and select the first and secondary
point by a left or right mouse click within the graph. If zoom, pan or window is
active (see below) the right mouse must be chosen. A linear interpolation
between the two points will be done. With the option shift activated the values
between the two points will be shifted by the entered amount instead. The option
smoothing performs a running smooth of the data over an adjustable range of
traces (option factor f. smooth). The data range may be zoomed and panned.
With zoom activated you may increase or decrease the zoom in x- and y-
direction by moving the mouse with pressed left mouse button. With pan
activated you may move the data range. With window activated you may create a
zoom window. If zooming is done the smoothing only concerns the zoomed data
range.

The option save changes

saves the manual
changes within the
traceheaders of the
current file.

The option reload from

file reloads the
coordinates from the
traceheaders of the
current file. Possible
manual changes will be
lost.

The option update from

fileheader allows to
update the receiver and shot-coordinates based on the current fileheader
coordinates - active if entered from the import menu.

The option update fileheader allows to update the fileheader coordinates based
on the traceheader coordinates. The option is useful in order to fit the fileheader
and the traceheader coordinates - active if entered from the import menu.

The panel fileheader coordinates (only visible when entered from the import
menu) shows the overall fileheader coordinates which can also be edited and
allow an easy synchronization of the file and traceheader coordinates for the
datatypes single shot, single shot/boreholes and single shot/VSP together with
the options update from fileheader and update fileheader. With the option update
only shot coord. activated only the shot coordinates will be updated when using
the option update from fileheader. The option non equidistant spread allows to
enter non equdistant receiver intervals within an additional column of the table.
The first interval must be entered for trace-nr. 2, the rec.interval for trace-nr. 1 is
always 0. After having entered these intervals together with the rec.start
coordinate use the option update from fileheader in order to actualize the
receiver coordinates. The distances will be automatically updated and the
rec.end coordinate will be set to the last receiver value.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 319

The option save on AsciiFile stores the traceheader coordinates on an ASCII-

file with the extension dst. Each line of the ASCII file contains the following 8 informations:
tracenumber distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y-Pos receiver-X-Pos receiver-Y-Pos
Shot Z receiver Z

The option load from AsciiFile allows to load the traceheader coordinates from
an ASCII-file with the extension dst. Each line of the ASCII file contains the
following 8 informations:
tracenumber distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y-Pos receiver-X-Pos receiver-Y-Pos
Shot Z receiver Z
An automatic interpolation is done if for various traces no coordinate data are
present within the ASCII-file.
If all distances within the ASCII-file are zero (2.colum) the distances will be
calculated from the total difference between each shot and receiver positions (x,y
and z-coordinate are taken into account).

The option interpolate allows to interpolate between two given coordinates. The
interpolation must be done within one single traceheader coordinate group (for
example only rec-z). There are two ways how to proceed:
a. activate the option interpolate, then click on the wanted first coordinate and
then on the second one. Inbetween a linear interpolation will be done.
b. If you have changed manually any coordinate click on interpolate and then on
the second coordinate. Again the linear linterpolaiton will be performed.
With the option interpolate all activated all spreadsheet parameters will be
interpolated for the chosen rows.
Wth the option view rec.geometry activated it is possible to select the
coordinates within the view profile image using the left mouse button. Click on
the first coordinate and then on the second one (both are indicated by a blue
cross) and the interpolation will be done automatically between these two
positions for all coordinates.

The option source <-> rec. allows to exchange the shot and receiver
coordinates. The option might be useful if the shot position has been
continuously changed with a fixed receiver. Such a geometry should be
exchanged because the following interpretation methods all base on a fix shot
position and changing receiver positions.

The option x <-> y allows to exchange the x- and y-coordinates of the sources
and the receivers.

The option rec -> source allows to save the receiver coordinates within the shot
coordinates.

The option project on x-coord. calculates the distances along the line based on
the receiver coordinates (see also option calculate distancies) and projects these
distances onto the x-axis: the x-receiver coordinates are set to these distances
and the y-coordinates are set to 0. The distance of the shot is also automatically
determined and the shot x-coordinate is set to this distance. This is not strictly
correct if the shot is situated within the receiver line. The start distance is queried
after having activated the option.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 320

The option does not work correctly if the profile consists of several shots with
different receivers.
If the end-coordinates are smaller than the start coordinates an automatic flipping
in profile direction is done before calculating the distances.
The option might be useful if GPS-coordinates are present within the
traceheaders. These coordinates cannot be used for most of the refraction
interpretation tools which need the coordinates only along the x-axis.

The option topography (x,z values) reads the topography (shot and receiver z-
values) from an ASCII-file. Each line of the ASCII-file contains the distance and
the depth or elevation. The option allows the independent input of the topography
for the shot and the receiver coordinates (options update shot z-pos. and update
receiver z-pos.). With activated option use x-traceheadercoord. the x-receiver
traceheader coordinate (rec-x) is used and with deactivated option the distance
within the traceheader is used. A linear interpolation or extrapolation is done
where no values are defined within the ASCII-file.
With the option apply x-z topography activated the geometries of the shots and
the receivers are recalculated based on the topographic xz-values. The program
automatically determines the positions of all shots and receivers on the given
topography and calculates the x- and z-projections of these positions. The option
is identical to the option apply x-z topography within the traveltime analysis
module with the difference that the z-values must be given as depths. It is
assumed that the x-values of the data do not represent the correct x-coordinates
but are determined directly on the topographic interface. The program
automatically determines the positions of all receivers on the given topography
and calculates the x- and z-projections of these positions. The x-coordinate within
the ASCII-file represents the true x-coordinate within the xz-coordinate system.
The following assumptions must hold true:
1. The topography file must contain the values for x=0 (fixed point) because this
value serves at the starting point for determing the corrections. All corrections are
relative to the value at x=0.
2. The profiledirection is pure x, this means that the y-coordinates of all shots and
receivers are equal.
3. The original x-values are taken directly on the topographic interface.
The application of this option if useful if you want to introduce a topography for
the wavefront-inversion or for the raytracing (chap. 4.7).
With the option get distance along topography only the distance along the
topography will be calculated and saved within the distance traceheader.

The option check rec.coordinates checks the receiver coordinates for

breakouts and interpolates these. For that purpose the two x and y mean
absolute differences between successive xy-receiver positions are calculated. If
the absolute difference between two successive xy-receivers positions multiplied
by the value of the option factor f.check exceeds one of the two mean difference
value an interpolation for both the xy-shot and receiver coordinates is done for
this xy-position. If the breakout extends over more than one trace again an
interpolation is done In this case the new coordinates will be automatically saved
within the traceheaders.

The option smooth rec. xy-coord. allows to perform a running smooth of the xy-
receiver coordinates over an adjustable range of traces (option factor f. smooth).
The option might be useful for GPS-data especially if the option update distances
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 321

(see below) shall be used afterwards. After having completed the smoothing the
original (red color) and the smoothed coordinates (black color) will be displayed
for a direct check (see also option view rec. geometry). If the smoothing is not
correct use the option reload from file and try again using a different smoothing
parameter.
With the option smooth shot coord. activated the shot xy-coordinates will be
smoothed in addition to the receiver coordinates.
With the option median smooth activated the smoothing is done based on the
median instead of the mean value which might be useful in presence of spikes.

Smooth rec- z-coord: allows to smooth the receivers (and optionally the shot) z-
coordinates.

The option correct lat.offset allows to correct a lateral shot offset (shot-y) which
is different from the receiver lateral offset (rec-y). As a result the receiver x-
positions will be changed according to the true distancies from the shot and the
shot and receiver y-positions will be set to 0.

The option view rec. geometry allows to display the receiver coordinates within
and an additional window (any curvature of the line coordinates is displayed).
The option use GPS map for the option view rec. geometry - allows to display
the geometry within a GPS Map.
With the option free of distortion activated the x- and y-axis are equally scaled
for display. With the option z-coord. as sec.coor. activated the secondary
coordinate is assumed to be the z-coordinate, if deactivated the y-coordinate is
used. With the option show shot positions activated the shot positions stored
within the traceheaders are displayed in addition in green (blue for 2.line) color.
With the option use lineparts activated the coordinates lines will be displayed
under consideration of the line parts (if the ensemble number changes the
coordinates will not be combined using a line). With the option show all
coordinates activated all coordinates will be plotted. Deactivating the option
means that the coordinate line will be resampled based on the max. number of
1000 for the display. Zooming and copy to clipboard possibilities are included.
The receiver coordinates selected within the spreadsheet will be displayed using
a blue cross. If the option interpolate (see above) has been activated it is
possible to select the coordinates within the view profile image (not within the
Google Map) by using the left mouse button. Then the first row of the
spreadsheet jumps on this position. If the option interpolate all is active in
addition it is possible to select both the start and the end coordinate within the
view profile image. Click on the first coordinate and then on the second one (both
are indicated by a blue cross) and the interpolation will be done automatically
between these two positions for all coordinates.

The update distancies option allows to update the traceheader distances along
the profil line based on the x- and y-receiver traceheader coordinates. If the
option use z-coorindates is activated the z-receiver coordinates are also taken
into account for the distance calculation. The start distance is taken from the
fileheader. For the datatypes single shot and borehole.... the distancies are taken
from:
receiver x-coordinate for single shot
receiver y- or z-coordinate for borehole data depending on the setting of the
option use z-coordinate.
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 322

The option is also available within traceheader menu (chap. 1.9.6). The option
might be useful e.g. for non equally spaced seismic refraction data together with
activated plotoption TraceHeaderDistancies. This might be useful for example for
the interactive use of the intercept time method for non equally spaced data.

The option coordinate transformation allows to perform

the following coordinate transformations: UTM-conversion,
UTM-degree conversion and plane projective transformation.
The option several files allows to perform the coordinate
transformation automatically for a choosable number of
datasets. After having clicked on start the
wanted datasets are queried.
The plane projective transformation
allows the transformation of the original
coordinates into another coordinate system
using four pairs of transformation
coordinates. This transformation allows you
for example to use a local coordinate
system and to transform these coordinates
into UTM-coordinates (example shows data
from a 24 channel GPR antenna array - in
total 7 different arrays).
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 323

The option apply borehole deviations allows to apply the borehole coordinates
which must have been stored within 2 different ASCII-files. Each line of the
ASCII-file contains the XYZ-coordinates in meter. The Z values must be given as
above sea level. The first line corresponds to the borehole top level. The original
z-positions (see also chap. 6.2) are assumed to be relative to this top level and
must be negative. The original xy shot and receiver coordinates will be ignored. If
one of the borehole files is completely empty no changes will be done for this
borehole.
After having pressed the button generate depth files the program asks the two
borehole filenames (multiple filechoice). It is assumed that the original z-positions
have been measured along the boreholes. The program recalculates these
positions both for the shots (corresponds to borehole 1) and the receivers
(corresponds to borehole 2) based on the given borehole data. A linear
interpolation is done between the individual borehole coordinates. The following
table shows the file structure of 2 borehole data and the pictures show the
coordinates before and after the borehole correction. To be considered: The first
receiver within the example corresponds to the greatest depth.

50000.0 45300.0 110.0 50005.0 45304.0 110.0

50000.1 45300.1 108.5 50005.1 45304.1 106.5
50000.2 45300.2 106.5 50005.0 45304.2 102.5
50000.3 45300.2 102.5 50004.9 45304.2 100.5
50000.4 45300.1 100.5 50004.7 45304.1 98.5
50000.3 45300.0 95.5 50004.4 45304.0 92.5
50000.2 45300.1 90.5 50004.2 45304.1 88.5
50000.1 45300.2 85.5 50004.1 45304.2 84.5
50000.1 45300.3 80.5 50004.1 45304.3 81.5
2D-Dataanalysis, Traceheader tabella 324

The option 3D-view of boreholes allows a

3D-view of the shot and receiver xyz-
coordinates. The cube may be interactively
rotated using the left mouse key.
2D-Dataanalysis, Project Fileheaders 325

1.10 Edit several FileHeaders

Within this menu you may change the fileheader coordinates and the start time
(see also fileheader time specification.) of a choosable number of lines.

The following parameters can be changed within the table input:

ProfileDirection, ProfileConstant, XStart, XEnd, YStart, YEnd, trace-increment,

Number, time-increment, start time, shot position, S/R-distance , 2 comments
and the channel for multichannel data.

For single shot data the parameters are changed accordingly:

receiver start and end, receiver offset, trace-increment, number, time-increment,
start time, shot position and shot offset as well as 2 comments.

In addition the distance and time dimension may also be changed if desired (one
single entry for all chosen profiles).

The wanted files are loaded within the filechoice groupbox:

Filefilter allows to enter a filter for the multi file choice.

Filepath specifies the path for loading the files to be processed.

OpenFiles opens the files for which the file header coordinates shall be edited.
After having chosen the option you must select the wanted files. The fileheader
coordinates are read in and shown within the table. It is only allowed to load data
from one directory.

LoadTable loads a previously stored table from an ASCII-file. The file must have
the extension TAB and must be stored under the path ASCII under the current
project directory. To be considered: Within the ASCII file only the filenames of
the individual lines without the filepath is stored. The filepath is automatically
determined from the entered filepath and the current project directory.
2D-Dataanalysis, Project Fileheaders 326

SaveTable saves the current table on an ASCII-file. The file automatically

receives the extension TAB and will be stored under the path ASCII under the
current project directory. The file is ready for editing using any table calculation
program like Excel or Quattro Pro.

ChangeProcLabel: allows to change the processing label for the chosen

datafiles. A new proc. label must be entered. Already existing datafiles with this
processing label will be removed.

The option within the UpdateGroupBox controls what is going to be changed

within each fileheader.

The option interpolate allows to interpolate between two given values. The
interpolation is only possible within one column (for example trace-inr.). There
are two ways how to proceed:
a. activate the option interpolate, then click on the wanted first value and then on
the second one. Inbetween a linear interpolation will be done.
b. If you have changed manually any value click on interpolate and then on the
second coordinate. Again the linear linterpolaiton will be performed.
The option may also be used in order to change all values to new single one.

FixTraceinrement: With this option activated the trace increment of each file will
remain fixed. This means when changing the starting coordinate in profile
direction the corresponding ending coordinate will be automatically changed
based on this new coordinate and the fixed trace increment.
With this option deactivated the trace increment will be changed based on the set
starting and ending coordinates.

UpdatePlotSettings: With this option activated the current plot settings are
stored within each fileheader when activating the option save. The PlotOptions
menu can be entered within this menu using the corresponding speed option.

UpdateAxisNames: With this option activated the manual set axis names are
stored within the fileheader when activating the option save (see also
Plotsuboptions - x- or y-axisname).

UpdateDistanceDimen.: With this option activated the currently entered

distance dimension is stored in the fileheader of each profile.

UpdateTimeDimension: With this option activated the currently entered time

dimension is stored in the fileheader of each profile.

Update Dataype: With this option activated the currently entered data type is
stored in the fileheader of each profile.

UpdateValueDimension: With this option activated the currently entered value

dimension is stored in the fileheader of each profile.

insert markers: insert markers at the first and last trace of each profile.

UpdateTraceHeaders: This radio box allows you to automatically update the

geophone-, shot- and CMP-coordinates either based on the distance coordinates
2D-Dataanalysis, Project Fileheaders 327

of the file header (coordinates in profile direction and in profile constant) or based
on an ASCII-file - see also option actualize within the trace header menu (chap.
1.9.6).
The option offset -> x is enabled for the fileheader update and for single shots.
If activated the shot and receivers offsets are written to the corresponding
x-traceheadercoordinates and the shot and receiver positions are written to the y-
coordinates. If deactivated the y-traceheadercoordinates are used for the offsets
and the x-coordinates are used for the positions.
With the option ASCII-file or ASCII-file/int. activated the DST files for the
individual datafiles must exist. They must exist under the path ASCII under the
project directory and the filename (without path and extension) must be the same
like for the datafile and they must have the extension DST. Each line of the ASCII
file contains the following 6 or 8 (z-pos. optional) informations:
trace number distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y receiver-X receiver-Y shot-Z(opt.) receiver-
Z(opt.)
Defining the trace number gives you the opportunity to read the geometry only for
a distinct part of the data.
With the type ASCII-file/int. activated an automatic interpolation is done if for
various traces no coordinate data are present within the ASCII-file. The option
distancies instead of tracenos controls if the tracenumbers or the distances are
used for the synchronization. With this option activated the distances defined in
column 2 are used together with the distance coordinates of the file header in
order to update the traceheader coordinates.
In addition the following GPS-formats are supported: RAMAC-GPS (*.cor and
*.corc if corc-file is activated), WSKTRANS-GPS (*.utm,*.tsp), CVS-GPS (*.cvs),
IDS-GPS (*.gps), IDS-times (info????.txt), IDS-GEOX (*.geox), PulseEkko-GPS
(*.gps and *.gp2), UTSI-GPS (*.gps), GSSI-GPS (*.dzg), NWI-GPS (*.nwi),
GEODE-GPS(*.log), Marker-GPS(*.gps, only NMEA data file supported) and gps-
times or gps-times spatial interpolation (*.gps, only NMEA data file supported or
*.gpx if no gps-file is given or csv file from Proceq if present) (see also
Traceheader Edit, chap. 1.9.6 for a detailed description of the formats). For each
format the ASCII-GPS datafiles must exist and must have the same name like
the original datafile except the extension. For IDS-times format the filename
info????,txt must include four last characters of the original datafilename. The
option latitude (x-coord./y-coord.) specifies where the original latitude (or 1.
coordinate in general) shall be stored - either on the x- or the y-position within the
Reflexw traceheader. The option is available for all GPS-types. Setting the option
to y-coord. might be useful if you are using for example the option view/profile
line in order to have the same map orientation as in normal geographic maps.
The actual setting is saved when leaving the program. The option NMEA-string
no degree allows if activated that the $GP Strings do not contain degree values
but the string will be interpreted as it is.
Pecularity for IDS-GPS data: The 4th character indicating the channel number
within the automatically defined GPS-filename will be set to 1 if the
corresponding filename does not exist. This might be necessary when multiple
channels of data were collected. The option 1. orig. coord. allows you to specify
where the first original coordinates shall be stored when importing GPS-data -
either on the x-traceheader coordinates or on the y-traceheader coordinates.
With the option read from one file (only for WSKTRANS-GPS, gps-times and
gps-times spatial interpol.) activated one single gps-file will be queried and used
for all chosen original datafiles. The option might be useful for the simultaneous
import of the data of one antenna array with one single GPS-unit and using the
2D-Dataanalysis, Project Fileheaders 328

option correct for offset together with activated option offsets from file for a
correction of the gps-coordinates based on the array configuation. The option is
also available within the import menu.
Trace number based GPS-synchronization like Ramac-GPS, IDS-GPS, GSSI-
GPS, UTSI-GPS and PulseEkko GPS:
now the original trace numbers are used for the synchronization of the GPS
coordinates if a format was used in which the synchronization is based on the
trace numbers. This allows processing steps that change the sorting or the
number of original trace numbers (e.g. x-flipping in profile direction if the option
meandering has been activated) to be carried out before the GPS coordinates
are updated. With the option use act trace no activated the actual Reflexw
tracenumbers are used instead of the original ones. This might be useful if the
gps-datafile has been created afterwards based on the new tracenumbers after
any processing step, e.g. an x-flipping.

Activating the option UTM-conversion allows to convert GPS degree

traceheader coordinates to local cartesian coordinates using the so called
Universal-Transverse-Mercator(UTM)-conversion (WGS84, see also chap. 1.9.5).
The option UTMtoDegree allows to convert UTM-coordinates into degrees. You
must enter the correct utm-zone and the xy-coordinates will be automatically
transformed into degrees. The option calculate distancies allows to update the
traceheader distances based on the x- and y-receiver traceheader coordinates.
The start distance is always set to 0. The options use z-coordinates and straight
line from start point defined within the edit traceheader menu are valid (see chap.
1.9.6).

Activating smooth xy-coord. and/or smooth z-coord. allows to smooth the

traceheader receiver coordinates over a selectable number of traces. For
common offset lines the same smoothing will be done for the shot coordinates.
With the option median activated the smoothing is done based on the median
instead of the mean value which might be useful in presence of spikes.

The option correct for offset in

profile direction or activating the
option correct for offset (e.g. in
addition to a GPS-cimport) allows to
correct the xy-GPS coordinates for
an offset in profiledirection (option
offset) and perpendicular to it
(option lateral offset). The option
might be useful if there exists any
offset between the geophones/shots
and the GPS-unit, e.g. a data
acquisition on a ship with a boomer
and hydrophones. The offset in
profile direction will be subtracted from the distances in profile direction (this
means a negative value must be entered if the GPS unit is located behind the
receivers in profile direction and a positive value must be entered if the GPS unit
is located before). A positive lateral offset results in a shift to the right of the
profile direction, a negative lateral offset results in a shift to the left. If the
distances within the traceheader are specified and the lateral offset is set to 0 the
correction is done based on these trace header distances (see also update
2D-Dataanalysis, Project Fileheaders 329

option calculate distances). This means that the corrected values follow exactly
the track of the GPS-unit. If an extrapolation is necessary at the end or at the
start of the profile (depending on the correct value) the program calculates the
actual direction of the profile from the difference of the actual GPS-coordinate
and the previous one. It is possible to select a smooth range for the definition of
the profile direction. If no distances are stored within the traceheaders or if the
lateral offset is not 0 this procedure will be applied for all traces.
The option offsets from header allows to read the correct offsets offset and
lat.offset from the fileheader of each file. Offset will be set to the fileheader
startcoordinate in profile direction and lat. offset will be set to the fileheader
startcoordinate in profile constant direction.
The option offsets from file allows to read the correct offsets (in profile direction
- offset - and perpendicular to it - lat.offset) from an ASCII-file named
CorrectOffset.txt which must have been stored under the subdirectory ASCII
under the actual project directory. Each line of the file must contain the following
parameters:
“channel number” “offset” “lateral offset”
Example of 3 channels with a symmetrical array:
1 0.5 0.5
2 0.5 0.0
3 0.5 -0.5
The offset in profile direction will be subtracted from
the distances in profile direction (this means a
negative value must be entered if the GPS unit is
located behind the receivers in profile direction and a
positive value must be entered if the GPS unit is
located before). A positive lateral offset results in a
shift to the right of the profile direction, a negative
lateral offset results in a shift to the left. Channel
number defines the channel number of a multichannel
device. The number may be any number beween 1
and 64. The option has been introduced in order to autmatically correct the gps-
coordinates for a multichannel system (up to 64 channels). The corresponding
channelnumber of the datafile has been taken from the original filename during
the import and stored within the fileheader. This is in general the last two
characters of the filename (exception for IDS-data: here the third and forth digits
are used for the definition of the channel number). For GSSI-data the
channelnumber is automatically determined from the multiplexed order of the
original data.
To be considered: the z-coordinates will also be updated if no nterpolation is
necessary, this means the correction is only done in profile direction (lateral
offset 0 and smooth direction set to back). Precondition is that the traceheader
distancies have been defined before (option calculate distancies) or by actiivating
the option use fileheader dist. which uses the fileheader distancies instead of
the traceheader distancies for the pure correction in profile direction.

Pecularity for single shot data:

correct for offset: if the datatype of the loaded profiles is single shot the
correction is done based on the option correct lat.offset within the edit
traceheader tabella. The option allows to correct a lateral shot offset (shot-y)
which is different from the receiver lateral offset (rec-y). As a result the receiver x-
2D-Dataanalysis, Project Fileheaders 330

positions will be changed according to the true distancies from the shot and the
shot and receiver y-positions will be set to 0.

The option latency allows to correct a possible time delay between the gpr and
the gps times. If this time delay has not been considered during the
synchronization of both devices it may be corrected manually using this option.
The entered latency in s will be subtracted from the times stored within the
Reflexw traceheaders and this new value is the base for searching the
corresponding gps coordinates which replace the old ones. Normally the latency
will be given in positive values and thereby at the beginning of the gpr line no gps
coordinates are present. Here an automatic extrapolation will be done.

Using the option subtract constant value allows to subtract a constant value (x
and y independently) from the x- and y-shot and receiver positions.
Using the option interpolation equal data controls if identical coordinates for the
x- and y- shot and receiver positions for subsequent traces are present and
performs an interpolation for those traces.
The option exchange xy-coordinates allows to exchange the x- and y-shot and
receiver coordinates.

UpdateTable: update the table shown above based on the new set parameters.
This means the ending coordinates are recalculated if FixTraceincrement is set
to true.

old format: if activated the parameter files will be saved using the old format (up
to version 7.5).

save: save the current parameter settings within each fileheader

print: prints the current table

MarkerRelocate: allows the relocation of the start- and end-profile-direction

coordinate based on the marker defined by the parameter number and the
preset position. The program searches the number. marker within each line and
sets its position to the preset position value. The start and end coordinates in
profile direction are automatically updated (see also fileheader ControlPanel.).
With the option comment marker activated the comment markers are loaded in
addition to the distance markers (see also edit comment markers).
2D-Dataanalysis, Processing MenuItem 331

1.11 Processing MenuItem

The data processing is completely interactive. With the option Apply on example
trace activated the effect of the filter is online controlled when changing the filter
parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace. A great variety of one
and multi channel filters as well as edit and traceinterpolation functions are
included. All edit inputs may be entered either interactively in the original profile
or using the table input.
Each processing step can only be applied on the primary (1.) line. In order to
apply any processing step on the secondary (2.) line first you must define the
secondary line as the primary line using the option ChangeSecondToPrimary.

The data processing facilities are divided into different groups:

1D-Filter processing
Gain
StaticCorrection/muting
Declipping/arithmetic functions
Deconvolution/shaping
complex traceanalysis/spectral analysis
Trace Interpolation/Resorting
Edit traces/traceranges
2D-Filter
migration/timedepth conversion
Fk-filter/data fusion

The sequence (batch) processing (see also Sequence Processing) facilitates a

completely automatic sequence of processing steps for a choosable number of
profiles. Primary and secondary section are displayed simultaneously, whereby a
direct control of the result is given. You may choose between the so-called
sequence mode and the single processing mode with the possibility of applying
the processing steps individually on the primary profile.
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 332

1.11.1 1D-Filter
The following filter possibilities are included in the 1D-filter group:

Meanfilter
Medianfilter
bandpassfrequency
Bandpassbutterworth
filter/timedependent
notchfilter/frequ.
spectrum spikes
subtract-mean(dewow)
subtract-DC-shift
crosscorrelation
auto correlation
resampling
walsh bandpass

For all filters available within this group the original trace is shown together with
the currently filtered trace, the spectrum of the original trace and the spectrum of
the currently filtered trace. With the filter crosscorrelation activated additionally
the reference trace is shown. This reference trace may also be saved for a
subsequent viewing or preprocessing.
The arrows near the original trace and original spectrum are used to enhance the
resolution of the trace and spectrum windows. The trace or the spectrum is
stretched up and down when using these arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the
time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if the time scale is in nano-seconds,
respectively.
In addition to the zooming arrows there exist an equivalent spin button which
allows to move the starting point of the primary and filtered traces as well as of
the corresponding spectra.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number or by clicking in the
primary file using the left mouse button.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.

After having specified the filter parameter, you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 333

processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a

choosable number of lines after.

Activating the option close after processing allows to automatically close the
processing menu after having done the processing.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 334

1.11.1.1 Meanfilter
The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter performs a mean over a
selectable number of time sample for each time step.

The filter parameter mean range determines the window width in samples over
which an averaging of the amplitudes of a trace is performed. With a window
width of 4 samples the mean value of the current, the two preceding and the two
following samples of a trace is calculated and assigned to the current sample as
a new value. If between the current sample and the beginning or the end of a
trace lie fewer samples than half of the window width the window width is
decreased on one side.

The effect of this mean value averaging complies with a lowpass filtering in the
time domain, which is the more pronounced the larger the chosen window width.
This filter is much faster than an application of a lowpass filter with, e.g. a
bandpass filter, but not as variable.

1.11.1.2 Medianfilter
The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter performs a median over a
selectable number of time sample for each time step.

The filter parameter median range determines the window width in samples over
which the median of the amplitudes of a trace is performed. With a window width
of 4 samples the current sample, the two preceding and the two following
samples of a trace are sorted according to their value. The median of these
samples, i.e. the third largest or the third smallest value, respectively, is assigned
then to the current sample. If between the current sample and the beginning or
the end of a trace lie fewer samples than half of the window width the window
width is decreased on one side.
With the parameter min. slope (%) the samples for which the median filter shall
be applied can be restricted. First the max. absolute difference between
successive samples within the complete profile will be calculated. Then the
median filter will only be applied if the absolute difference for the actual sample is
larger than the percentage (given by the parameter min. slope (%)) of this max.
difference. Specifying this parameter allows you for example to only remove
spikes (which exhibit very large absolute differences) without influencing the rest
of the data.

The median filter can be employed for deleting spikes from the data. The
lowpass effect of the median filter is the stronger the larger the selected window
width.
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 335

1.11.1.3 Bandpassfrequency
The filter acts on each trace independently. Here you can apply a bandpass filter
to each trace. The filter works within the frequency domain.

Four different types of bandpass filtering are available: cos-taper, cos**2-taper,

butterworth and high/low butter..

The filter band for the types cos-taper and cos**2-taper is specified by the
setting of four frequency values. The first point determines the low-cut
frequency, the second one the beginning of the plateau (lower plateau).
Between the low-cut frequency and the beginning of the plateau the filter is
represented by a cosine-window or a cosine**2-window respectively. The third
point determines the end of the plateau (upper plateau) and the fourth the high
cut frequency. Between these points the filter is represented by a cosine-
window or a cosine**2-window, too. The frequency spectrum below the low cut
and above the high cut frequency are set to zero. By the corresponding choice of
the points of the bandpass either a lowpass or a highpass can be approximately
realized. The cosine-range is used to suppress unwanted reverberations
resulting from the filter operator. The cosine range should be adapted to the
spectral amplitudes existing at the high and low-cut frequencies. If the spectral
amplitudes are quite low, the cosine-range can be decreased.

The filterband for the types butterworth and high/low butter. is specified by the
setting of the two frequency values lower cutoff and upper cutoff. The
description of the filter is given in Kanasevitch (1981). The type butterworth uses
transformed frequencies which will be used for the definition of the transfer
function of the bandpass. The type high/low butter. applies both a highpass and a
lowpass butterworth filter on the data within one step in order to simulate a
bandpass. The parameter order specifies the order of the butterworth filter. The
higher the order the higher is the roll-off of the transfer function which on the
other leads to larger reverberations. Therefore a good compromise must be
found between reverberations and wanted passband.

The frequency values can be set either manually or within the frequency
spectrum of the original example trace. For that activate the wanted filter
parameter by simply enter it and then choose the wanted frequency value using
the left mouse button within the frequency spectrum. The activated filter
parameters is automatically updated.

With the option zero padding activated zeros will be automatically included
during the bandpassfiltering in order to prevent aliasing in time domain. The
option might be useful if a strong first arrival is visible.

Noise can be suppressed with the bandpass filter when it differs from the signal
in its frequency content. It is recommended to select a trace containing both a
significant portion of noise and of the signal for the filter parameters setting.
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 336

1.11.1.4 Bandpassbutterworth

The filter acts on each trace independently. Here you can apply a bandpass
filtering in the time domain using a recursive filter.

The filter band is specified by the setting of two frequency values. The first point
determines the low-cut frequency, the second one the high cut frequency. The
frequency spectrum below the low cut and above the high cut frequency is set to
zero. By the corresponding choice of the points of the bandpass either a lowpass
or a highpass can be approximately realized.
The frequency values can be set either manually or within the frequency
spectrum of the original example trace. For that activate the wanted filter
parameter by simply enter it and then choose the wanted frequency value using
the left mouse button within the frequency spectrum. The activated filter
parameters is automatically updated.

Noise can be suppressed with the bandpass filter when it differs from the signal
in its frequency content. It is recommended to select a trace containing both a
significant portion of noise and of the signal for the filter parameters setting.
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 337

1.11.1.5 Filter/timedependent

The filter acts on each trace independently. Here you can apply a timedependent
bandpass filtering in the time domain using a recursive filter.

The filter band is specified by the setting of two frequency value pairs. The first
frequency value pair is valid for the time-begin and the second frequency value
pair is valid for the time-end of each trace. The first point of each pair determines
the low-cut frequency, the second one of each pair the high cut frequency.
The frequency spectrum below the low cut and above the high cut frequency is
set to zero. New filter boundaries are calculated for each time value based on the
input value pairs (linear interpolation). Butterworth filtering is done using these
calculated filter boundaries.

Example: you want to increase the lowpass filter effect with time because of
stronger high frequency noise for greater times:
set the first filter pair resulting in a large bandpass (e.g. f1=100 MHz and f2=500
MHz).
set the second filter pair resulting in a smaller bandpass (e.g. f1=100 MHz and
f2=300 MHz).
Using these values the high frequency content of the filtered data for smaller
times is maintained whereas for greater times this frequency content is filtered
out.

Corresponding to the bandpassbutterworth filter, the frequency values can be set

either manually or within the frequency spectrum of the original example trace.
For that activate the wanted filter parameter by simply enter it and then choose
the wanted frequency value using the left mouse button within the frequency
spectrum. The activated filter parameters is automatically updated.
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 338

1.11.1.6 Notchfilter/frequ.

The filter acts on each trace independently. Here you can apply a notchfilter to
each trace in the frequency domain.

The filter band is specified by the setting of four frequency values. The first point
determines the end of the low frequency plateau (lower plateau), the second
one the low-cut frequency. Between the end of the low frequency plateau and
the low-cut frequency the filter is represented by a cosine-window. The third point
determines the high cut frequency and the fourth one the beginning of the high
frequency plateau (upper plateau). Between these points the filter is
represented by a cosine-window, too. The frequency spectrum between the cut
frequencies is set to zero.
The frequency values can be set either manually or within the frequency
spectrum of the original example trace. For that activate the wanted filter
parameter by simply enter it and then choose the wanted frequency value using
the left mouse button within the frequency spectrum. The activated filter
parameters is automatically updated.

The cosine-range is used to suppress unwanted reverberations resulting from the

filter operator. The cosine range should be adapted to the spectral amplitudes
existing at the high and low-cut frequencies. If the spectral amplitudes are quite
low, the cosine-range can be decreased.

A notch filter is especially suitable for suppressing nearly mono-frequency noise.

For this you should select a trace containing a significant portion of noise. This
facilitates the setting of the filter band.

1.11.1.7 spectrum spikes

The filter acts on each trace independently. Here you can apply a notchfilter to
each trace in the frequency domain whereby the filterrange will be automatically
determined from spikes within the frequency spectrum of the individual trace. The
spikes are not determied the quotient or from the difference of the actual trace
spectrum and the overall profile spectrum. Therefore this filter does not eliminate
spikes which occurr for each trace (e.g. 50 Hz noise) but only those spikes which
only occur for special traces, e.g. due to guiding waves or some other resonance
effects.

The parameter max. nr. of spikes defines the max. number of spikes within the
frequency spectrum which will be automatically detected and filtered out. The
parameter spike threshold (%) defines the threshold in percentage of the mean
spectrum value for finding the spikes. The parameter filter width defines the
range around the spike which will be filtered out.
The parameterbox calculate type allows to specify how the spikes are
determined. With normalization activated a normalized quotient will be used.
With no normalizat. activated the difference will be used.

The spectrum spikes filter is especially suitable for suppressing nearly mono-
frequency noise which is not restricted to a special frequency but may vary from
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 339

trace to trace. Those traces for which no spikes have been detected no filtering
will be done.

1.11.1.8 Subtract-mean (dewow)

The filter acts on each trace independently. With this option activated a running
mean value is calculated for each value of each trace. This running mean is
subtracted from the central point.

As filter parameter the time window for the calculation of the running mean
value must be entered.

This filter may be used for eliminating a possible low frequency part (dewow). For
this purpose the window range should be set to about one principal period.

1.11.1.9 Subtract-DC-shift

The filter acts on each trace independently. This option allows a so-called zero
mean, i.e. the subtraction of an existing time constant shift.

As filter parameter two time values (1.time and 2.time) must be entered. Within
this time range the mean is calculated for each trace which is subsequently
subtracted from all samples of each trace. Therefore it has to be guaranteed that
the mean value in the corresponding time range complies with the shift you want
to eliminate.

1.11.1.10 Crosscorrelation

This option allows to calculate the crosscorrelation of a time trace to be specified

with all the other traces of the profile.

The trace used for crosscorrelation is chosen by the selection of a trace/time

window given by the filter parameters. This trace is shown in the reference trace
window. The first filter parameter specifies the start time (start ref.time) and the
second one the end time (end ref.time). The third parameter reference trace
gives the number of the trace used for the crosscorrelation. The fourth parameter
max. time specifies the resulting time range which is for vibration data normally
much smaller than the original time.
The switch groupbox allows you to specify whether the only one reference trace
is specified within the whole profile or whether individual data parts are
automatically determined for line parts separated by each other by a new
ensemble number. In this case the reference trace gives the number within each
ensemble, e.g. a multi shot datafile.
With the option keep reference trace activated the reference trace(s) for the
crosscorrelation will be kept within the filtered datafile. Otherwise the filtered file
does not contain the reference trace(s) any more.
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 340

The crosscorrelation works either within the frequency domain or time domain
(option work in frequency domain active or deactivated). The CPU-time for the
frequency domain filtering is much smaller than for the timedomain calculation.

The crosscorrelation can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Another

effect is the shortening of the original wave train, if the conditions prevail (if
possible a broadband spectrum).
Another important application is given if a sweep signal has been used.

1.11.1.11 auto correlation

This option allows to calculate the autocorrelation of each trace for a given time
range.

Enter the timerange (options start time and end time) for which the
autocorrelation will be generated. The max. value of the autocorrelation for each
trace is set to the scaling factor.

1.11.1.12 Resampling
The filter allows you a resampling in time direction. The resampling is performed
wihtin the time or frequency range.

The filter parameter timeincr. determines the new sampling interval in time
direction in the given time dimension.

The groupbox working range specifies whether the resampling is done within
the timerange or within the frequency range. When using the timerange a linear
interpolation is done between the datapoints. Using the frequencyrange the
individual shape of the wavelets is taken into account more accurately. In this
case the new timeincrement must be a multiple of the original one or must be
divisible by it (e.g. original timeincrement: 0.5 - new time increment either 1.0 or
0.25).

The filter may be used for an equal redefinition of the sample interval of different
2D-lines which have been acquired with different time increments. Some
processing steps like the combination of 2D-lines into a 3D-file require equal time
increments. To be considered: decreasing the original time increment does not
mean an increase of the vertical resolution.
2D-Dataanalysis, 1D-Filter 341

1.11.1.13 Walsh bandpass

The filter acts on each trace independently. Here you can apply a bandpass filter
to each trace using the Walsh transformation. The Walsh transformation is based
on an orthonormal system of step funcitons instead of sin-functions which are
used for the Fourier transformation. Therefore this filter is more suitable for
spepwise data (e.g. timeslices) than for sinoidal data like the "normal" timeseries
of wavedata.

The filter band is specified by the setting of the lower cutoff and the upper
cutoff walsh coefficients. The max. Walsh coefficient is equal half the sample
number. The walsh coefficients are not directly connected to the frequencies of
the signal but in general one can say: the lower walsh coeffients represent more
the lower frequencies whereas the higher coefficients are dominated by the
higher frequencies. Therefore a lowpass filter is set by a small value of the upper
cutoff parameter whereas a highpass filter is set by a high value of the lower
cutoff parameter. A taper can be defined both for the lower and the upper cutoff
coefficients (parameter lower taper and upper taper).
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 342

1.11.2 Gain
The following filter possibilities for changing the gain are included in the gain
group:

AGC-Gain
energy decay
gain function
remove header gain
div.compensation
manual gain (y)
manual gain (x)
scaled windowgain(x)
trace normalize
x-distance decay(db)
compensate stripes
normalize profiles
normalize 3D-file

For some filters available within this group the original trace is shown together
with the currently filtered trace, the spectrum of the original trace and the
spectrum of the currently filtered trace. With the filter energy decay activated
additionally the reference trace is shown. This reference trace may also be saved
for a subsequent viewing or preprocessing.
The arrows near the original trace and original spectrum are used to enhance the
resolution of the trace and spectrum windows. The trace or the spectrum is
stretched up and down when using these arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the
time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if the time scale is in nano-seconds,
respectively.
In addition to the zooming arrows there exist an equivalent spin button which
allows to move the starting point of the primary and filtered traces as well as of
the corresponding spectra.

When activating the options manual gain (y) or manual gain(x) a table appears.
With the option manual gain (x) activated the inputs may be entered either
interactively within the original profile or using the table input. With the option
manual gain (y) activated a new window appears which allows the interactive
input of the new gain curve again with the possibility of entering the values within
the table. The options save and load allow to store the current edit values to an
ASCII file and to load the wanted edit values from file, respectively.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 343

After having specified the filter parameter, you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a
choosable number of lines after.

Within the distance range panel you may restrict the traces for which the filter
will be applied. With all traces activated all traces within the profile will be taken
into account. With deactivated option you may enter the 1. and the last trace for
applying the filter.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 344

1.11.2.1 AGC-Gain

The filter acts on each trace independently. The gain filter facilitates the creation
of equally distributed amplitudes in y-direction (normally time axis) within a
predefinable window. The information of the true amplitude is lost, of course.

The filter parameter window length determines the window size in the given
timedimension. The program calculates at first an average amplitude over the
total time range for each trace. After that the program scales each amplitude
value in that way that the mean amplitude has the same value for each selected
window around the current value within a trace. The size of the window
determines the kind of amplitude equality distribution. A window size of only one
sample increment means that each time sample within one trace receives the
same amplitude value (no reasonable choice), a window size of the whole trace
length causes no modification of the amplitude. Small window sizes cause a
strong equality distribution, large windows a weak.
After the application of the AGC all data points are automatically multiplied by a
scaling factor. You should choose this factor in such a way that all amplitude
values lie within the 16 data bits if your REFLEX format is 16 bit Integer. If not,
those amplitudes are automatically restricted to values of 32000 or -32000 in this
case. If your REFLEX format is 32 bit floating point, the scaling value can be set
to 1.
The option max. gain can be used in order to restrict the gain for each sample.
The option normalize performs a trace normalization. If this option is active the
max. normalize value must be entered. This option is by default set to 2048.
Each value can be entered but if the data had been stored using one of the 16 bit
integer formats the max. value should be within the 16 bit integer range and
should not be less than 2048.

This option serves for emphasizing of low amplitude ranges against ranges with
high amplitudes.

1.11.2.2 Energy decay

The filter acts on each trace independently. By activating this option a gaincurve
in y-(time-) direction is applied on the complete profile based on a mean
amplitude decay curve which is automatically determined. The information of the
true amplitude is lost, of course.

First a mean decay curve is determined from all existing traces. After the
application of a median filter on this curve every data point of each trace is
divided by the values of the decay curve.
After the multiplication of the energy decay curve all data points are automatically
multiplied by a scaling factor. You should choose this factor in such a way that
all amplitude values lie within the 16 data bits if your REFLEX format is 16 bit
Integer. If not, those amplitudes are automatically restricted to values of 32000 or
-32000 in this case. If your REFLEX format is 32 bit floating point, the scaling
value can be set to 1.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 345

Analogous to the gain filter AGC-Gain this option serves for emphasizing of low
amplitude ranges against ranges with high amplitudes.

1.11.2.3 Gain function

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter facilitates the possibility of
multiplying the data points by a given function g(y) or g(t) respectively.

The function g(t) consists of a linear and an exponential part: g(t)=(1+a*t)*e(b*t)

with a=a'/pulse width and b=b'*v/8.69 with v=0.1 m/nsec or 1.0 m/msec
respectively. The pulse width is automatically taken from the nominal frequency if
given (see option FileHeader Edit). Otherwise, the nominal frequency is
automatically determined from the first arrival. The two filter parameters a'(linear
gain) and b'(exponent) must be entered. a': not dimension except for the case of
non set nominal frequency; b': input in dB/meter. In addition you have to enter the
start time (the filter starts at that time with value 1) and the max. gain which
specifies the max. gain factor which will be multiplied with the data.

With the option “Apply on example trace” activated the resulting gain curve is
plotted within the image next to the filtered trace.

The data are multiplied by this function in order to compensate for possible
damping or geometric spreading losses.

1.11.2.4 Remove header gain

The filter acts on each trace independently. The option allows to apply the
inverse of a digitized gaincurve stored in the fileheader.

The gainvalues used for the GSSI data-acquisition, which are stored in the
RADAN-header, are automatically read in (see also option FileHeader Edit).
Therefore it is possible to remove the gaincurve and to get raw data without
timevariant amplification. Any gaincurve, which is applied on the data after the
conversion (e.g. using the option manual gain (y)) is not automatically transferred
into the fileheader. This must be done manually within the option FileHeader Edit
(max. 8 values (time and gain)).

The filter is useful if you want to compare data files acquired with different gain
functions or if you want to use the true amplitude information.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 346

1.11.2.5 div. compensation

The filter acts on each trace independently. The option allows to compensate for
the geometrcial divergence losses.

The processing step applies a compensation of the geometrical divergence

losses either proportional t (spherical losses - 3D-point source) or proportional
sqrt(t) (2-dimensional losses - line source).

1.11.2.6 Manual gain (y)

The filter acts on each trace independently. The option allows to interactively
define a digitized gain curve in y-direction (normally time axis) and to apply this
gain curve on the data.

After having activated the option a table and a new window appears which both
allow the interactive input of the new gain curve (time in the given timedimension
and factor in db). The chosen values are automatically transferred to the table
input and vice versa to the gain window. Inputs between -20 and 80 db are
possible. Between the individual marks the values are linearly interpolated, at the
y-margins the specified value belonging to the smallest or largest y-coordinate,
respectively, is extrapolated. The effect of the entered gain values is
automatically shown within the filtered trace window.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name ygain and a freely choosable extension. Each line of the
ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: time in the given time dimension,
2. column: factor in db.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
ygain. The table and the interactive window are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

The gainvalues entered are automatically transferred into the fileheader (max. 8
values (time and gain) - see also option FileHeader Edit).

The first and last gainvalue are stored within the processing flow.

The option may serve to emphasize y-ranges, where for example structures are
assumed.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 347

1.11.2.7 Manual gain (x)

The filter acts on each trace independently. The option allows to interactively
define a digitized gain curve in x-direction (normally distance axis) and to apply
this gain curve on the data.

After having activated the option a table appears which allows the interactive
input of the new gain curve. The distance and the multiplication factor (linear)
must be entered. Between the individual marks the values are linearly
interpolated, at the x-margins the specified value belonging to the smallest or
largest x-coordinate, respectively, is extrapolated. The distance can also be
defined within the original profile by pressing the left mouse button at the desired
position. The multiplication factor must be enter manually within the table.
The option get factors for 3D-file allows to automatically generate scaling
factors for the individual 2D-ensembles of a 3D-file. The options start window and
end window define the time range for calculating the scaling factors. The option
might be useful to compensate different coupling conditions during the
acquisition of a 3D-file.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name xgain and a freely choosable extension. Each line of the
ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: distance in the given distance
dimension, 2. column: factor.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
xgain. The table and the interactive window are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

The option serves to amplify profile areas, which are pronounced weaker than
other areas because of higher attenuation for example.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 348

1.11.2.8 Scaled windowgain(x)

The filter acts on each trace independently. The gain filter facilitates the
amplitude equality distribution in x-direction for a y-window to be specified. For
each trace one normalization factor is determined which will be mulitplied by
each value of the trace. Therefore the energy distribution within the trace will not
be affected but energy differences inbetween the traces will be equalized.

After selecting the option the program demands the input of the time window
(start window and end window). The filter facilitates a normalization of the
amplitude sum within this window.
It is either possible to fix the normalization value (option fix meanvalue activated)
or to automatically determine this value from the data (option fix meanvalue
deactivated).
With the option fix meanvalue deactivatead the program first calculates the
mean amplitude within this window for all traces (this mean amplitude is also
shown within the third filter parameter - not to change).
With the option fix meanvalue activated you must manually enter the mean
amplitude value within the third filter parameter. This is useful if you want to
compare different datafiles (e.g. using timeslices) which have different amplitude
characteristics due to the source coupling.
The switch groupbox allows you to specify whether the amplitude equality
distribution is performed within the whole profile or whether individual data parts
are automatically determined for line parts separated by each other by a new
ensemble number. In this case the scaling will be done for each ensemble
independently.

Each time sample of a trace is then multiplied by a scaling factor, which is

determined by the mean amplitude within the y-window of each trace and the
previously calculated or determined mean total amplitude. The result is a mean
amplitude equality distribution within the y-window for all traces.

The option can be employed reasonably, e.g. to compensate for different source
couplings.

1.11.2.9 trace normalize

The filter acts on each trace independently. The gain filter facilitates the
amplitude equality distribution in x-direction based on the max. amplitude of each
trace.
Each time sample of a trace is then multiplied by a single scaling factor, which is
determined by the total mean amplitude of the profile and the max. amplitude
value of the trace. The result is a mean amplitude equality distribution for all
traces.
With the option restrict to +-1 activated the amplitude range will be rescaled to a
range between -1 and +1. The output format will be set automatically to 32 bit
floating point if 16 bit integer format is given as input format.

The option can be employed reasonably, e.g. to compensate for different source
and receiver couplings.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 349

1.11.2.10 x-distance decay(db)

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter facilitates the compensation
of energy losses in dependence from the shot-receiver distance x. All samples of
one trace are scaled with the same filter value.

The filter function is linear with the distance x. The parameter decay defines the
filter strength. The 0-distance scale parameter defines a minimum scaling value
in order to prevent that the scaling value becomes 0 for a shot-receiver distance
of 0.

The option can be employed reasonably e.g. to compensate for energy losses
because of different shot-receiver offsets (e.g. seismic shot data).

1.11.2.11 compensate stripes

This processing step is mainly designed for 3D-GPR data but it can also be
applied on other data if the preconditions hold true. The step allows to
compensate stripes which occur within timeslices if different antenna with
different characteristica have been used for the data acquisition. A 2 and a 4
antenna configuration are supported. The data can have been acquired in normal
and meandering mode. The different patterns must be chosen within the pattern
group box. 12121212... means that a 2 antenna configuration has been used with
the same profile direction start coordinate of the 2D-lines. 12211221...,
22112211... and 21122112... define the different 2 antenna configurations for the
data acquired in meandering mode. The correct pattern for the meandering mode
also depends on the overall timeslice start coordinate perpendicular to the profile
direction.
Equivalent patterns are supported for a 4 antenna configuration but only one
pattern for the meandering mode is given. Therefore the overall timeslice start
coordinate perpendicular to the profile direction must correspond the real one or
must be a multiple of 8*scanincrement.
The direction box defines the direction of the stripes which is equivalent to the
direction of the original 2D-lines of the timeslices.
The timeslices must have been created without interpolation inbetween the
original 2D-lines. Therefore the original scanincrement must have been kept.
The scaling factor ant.2 defines the factor for the lines acquired with antenna 2,
the scaling factor ant.3 defines the parameter for antenna 3 and scaling factor
ant.4 the factor for antenna 4. The amplitudes for antenna 1 will not be affected.

The option apply on original data allows you to control interactively the effect of
the different scaling parameters within the original line (the data of the original
line will not be changed).

The option can be employed reasonably e.g. to compensate for distinct stripe
patterns within the timeslices if a multichannel GPR apparature has been used.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 350

1.11.2.12 normalize profiles

This processing step is designed for an energy equalization of different 2D-
profiles. The processing step is only useful within the sequence processing for
several profiles. If used for a single profile within the gain-menu no effect is
given. The option is useful to compensate different coupling conditions, e.g. if an
antenna array has been used for acquiring parallel 2D-lines.
Two different normalization methods can be chosen:

constant normalizing factor: one single scaling factor for each profile will be
calculated from the quotient of the overall mean energy value of all profiles and
the total energy value of the individual profile. The mean energy values will be
determined within the given timewindow (options start window and end
window). The option does not change the energy distribution within one single
profile but only equalizes the total energy distribution between the chosen
profiles.
Deactivating the option all traces allows you to restrict the tracerange for
determining the normalizing factor. Only those traces which are defined by 1.
trace and last trace are taken into account to calculate the overall mean energy
value of all profiles and the total energy value of the individual profile.

time-dependent normalizing curve: a timedependent scaling curve will be

calculated for each profile depending on the overall mean envelope curve of all
profiles and the mean envelope curve of the individual profile. The envelope
curves will be determined over the total timerange and summed up over all
traces (option all traces active) or over a given range of traces (option 1. and
last trace with optio all traces deactivated). Then this mean envelope (energy)
curve will be smoothed over the given timerange (option smooth range)). The
option changes the energy distribution with respect to the timeaxis. For example:
if a high reflection energy area exists within a special timerange for only few
profiles the processing step will lower the energy within this timerange for these
profiles.
To be considered: the option “time-dependent normalizing curve” may lead to a
amplitude decrease of reflections which are only present in some profiles (e.g.
pipes which are orientated parallel to the acquired profiles).

The option normalize profiles might be reasonably employed if e.g. calculated

timeslices show distinct stripe patterns which indicate different coupling
conditions. In contrast to the option compensate stripes (chap. 1.11.2.10) which
acts on the timeslices itself the filter normalize profiles acts on the profile data
and not on the timeslices. The new timeslices or the 3D-datafile must be
generated afterwards.
2D-Dataanalysis, Gain 351

1.11.2.13 normalize 3D-file

This processing step is designed for an energy equalization of a 3D-file. The
option is useful to compensate different coupling conditions, e.g. if an antenna
array has been used for acquiring the 3D-datafile.
Two different normalization methods can be chosen:

constant normalizing factor: one single scaling factor will be calculated for
each 2D-ensemble of the 3D-file from the quotient of the overall mean energy
value of the 3D-datafile and the total energy value of the individual 2D-ensemble.
The option corresponds to the option manual gain(x) with suboption get factors
for 3D-file (chap. 1.11.2.7). The mean energy values will be determined within the
given timewindow (options start window and end window). The option does not
change the energy distribution within one single ensemble but only equalizes the
total energy distribution between the chosen profiles.

time-dependent normalizing curve: a timedependent scaling curve will be

calculated for each 2D-ensemble of the 3D-file depending on the overall mean
envelope curve of the complete 3D-file and the mean envelope curve of the
individual 2D-ensemble. The envelope curves will be determined over the total
timerange and summed up over all traces. Then this mean envelope (energy)
curve will be smoothed over the given timerange (option smooth range)). The
option changes the energy distribution with respect to the timeaxis. For example:
if a high reflection energy area exists within a special timerange for only few
profiles the processing step will lower the energy within this timerange for these
profiles.
To be considered: the option “time-dependent normalizing curve” may lead to a
amplitude decrease of reflections which are only present in some profiles (e.g.
pipes which are orientated parallel to the acquired profiles).

The option normalize 3D-file might be reasonably employed if e.g. the timeslices
show distinct stripe patterns which indicate different coupling conditions.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 352

1.11.3 StaticCorrection/muting
The following correction, muting and filter possibilities are included within the
static correction/muting group:

static correction
dynamic correction
move starttime
muting
surgical muting
time cut
correct max. phase
corr.max.phase/wrap
correct picked phase
correct for 2 layers
correct 3Dtopography

For some filters available within this group the original trace is shown together
with the currently filtered trace, the spectrum of the original trace and the
spectrum of the currently filtered trace. The arrows near the original trace and
original spectrum are used to enhance the resolution of the trace and spectrum
windows. The trace or the spectrum is stretched up and down when using these
arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if
the time scale is in nano-seconds, respectively.
In addition to the zooming arrows there exist an equivalent spin button which
allows to move the starting point of the primary and filtered traces as well as of
the corresponding spectra.

When activating the options static correction and muting a table appears. With all
these options the inputs may be entered either interactively within the original
profile or using the table input. The options save and load allow to store the
current edit values to an ASCII file and to load the wanted edit values from file,
respectively.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.

After having specified the filter parameter, you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 353

processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a

choosable number of lines after.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 354

1.11.3.1 Static correction

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step static correction
facilitates a static, this means a time-independent, correction for each trace in
time direction.

The options move to positive times, move to negative times and move to positive
times/shift control the direction of the static correction.
With the selection of move to positive times the traces are shifted down (i.e.
towards larger times) exactly by the specified correction values. This processing
step may also be used for a topographic correction. Normally for that purpose the
topographic values must be manually changed into two-way traveltimes.
With the selection of move to negative times the traces are shifted up (i.e.
towards smaller times) exactly by the specified correction values. It is reasonable
to employ this option for example in order to invert a possible time delay.
With the selection of move to negative times/shift the largest static correction
value is taken as the base level. The trace with this correction value is not
modified in time. All traces are shifted down (i.e. towards larger times) relative to
this base level according to the difference of its correction values and the base
level. The inserted time range is filled with zeros. The shape of the correction is
the same as for move to negative times but no data are lost with this selection.
The choice move to negative times/shift therefore allows for example the
compensation for topography under the assumption of a homogeneous velocity
distribution. The topography only has to be transformed into two-way travel times
for this. The smallest static correction value zero then matches the highest point
in topography, the largest static correction value the lowest point in topography.
The shape of the topography then matches exactly the shape of the correction
values on screen.

Activating the option use automatic filename allows you to automatically read in
the static correction values from an ASCII-file (see also option save for the format
of the ASCII-file) with the filename correct and the fileextension equal to the
profilename: Example: profilename: line1_.00t - correction filename:
correct.line1_. The correctionfile must have been stored under the
projectdirectory.Activating the option might be useful if you want to use the static
correction within the sequence processing (see also chap. 1.11.11). Then no
single correction ASCII-filename is queried but the correction values are read in
from the different ASCII-files with the automatic filenaming described above.

Deactivating the option update tracedelays will not change the original delay
times stored within the individual traceheaders. This might be useful in order to
reconstruct the original data (e.g. static correction/move to positive times and
afterwards static correction/move to negative times both based on the
traceheader delaytimes).
If activated the traceheader delaytimes will be changed according to the chosen
static correction values.

After having activated the option static correction a table with the parameters
distance and time appears which allows the interactive input of the static
correction values. The distance and the time must be entered in the
corresponding dimensions. Between the individual marks the values are linearly
interpolated, at the x-margins the specified value belonging to the smallest or
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 355

largest x-coordinate, respectively, is extrapolated. The values can also be

defined within the original profile by pressing the left mouse button at the desired
position. The chosen values are automatically transferred to the table input and
vice versa to the profile image.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name correct and a freely choosable extension. Each line of
the ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: distance in the given distance
dimension, 2. column: time in the given time dimension.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
correct. The table and profile image are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.
The option load pick data allows to load new picks from disc. After having
chosen a pick data set from the file list the picks are automatically converted into
the table edit values. If no pick data set will be chosen the current picks are used
and converted into the table edit values.Please note that all current edit values
are lost in both cases.
The option load trace delays allows to read the traceheader time delay values
into the static correction tabella. This option is useful in combination with the
suboption move to positive times. If very large time delay values are present an
overall fileheader starttime might be necessary.

Use this option for example for eliminating a time delay or trigger errors.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 356

1.11.3.2 Dynamic correction

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step dynamic
correction facilitates a dynamic, i.e. time dependent correction for a predefined
constant velocity and the distance between source and receiver in time (y)
direction.

The filter parameter S/R-distance determines the distance between source and
receiver in the given distance dimension. The parameter v determines the
constant velocity in the given velocity dimension. The calculated correction in
time direction depends on the two entered parameters and the current time - the
larger the time the smaller the correction.

If source and receiver have a large distance while recording the zero-offset
profile the application of this option is recommended especially for near surface
onsets.

1.11.3.3 Move starttime

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step move starttime
facilitates a static correction in time direction by a given value (by default the
start time specified within the fileheader time specification ).

Within the groupbox move starttime you may define if the moving value is always
taken from the fileheader (option fileheader activated) or whether a manual input
is possible (manual input activated).

The filter parameter move time determines the time value each trace is shifted in
the case the option manual input is acivated. The default value is the start time
value stored in the fileheader.

After having performed the processing step the start time of the processed file is
automatically set to 0.

When using this option within the Sequence Processing with activated option
fileheader, always the start time values stored in the individual fileheaders are
used. With activated option manual input the entered constant value is used for
all files.

You may use this option for removing all data in time before the start time or you
may use this option as a simple static correction (see also static correction).
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 357

1.11.3.4 Muting

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step static correction
facilitates the possibility of defining a muting curve above or below which all data
points are set to zero.

With the selection of mute data above muting curve all data points above the
specified muting curve (towards smaller times) are set to 0.
With the selection of mute data below muting curve all data points below the
specified muting curve towards larger times) are set to 0.

The filter parameter muting window in the given time dimension defines the
timerange for the muting. Only these datapoints which fall inside this timerange
below or above the given muting curve are muted. By deafult the muting window
is set to the complete timerange of the profile.

The filter parameter taper window in the given time dimension determines a
time window for a smooth muting. The data within this timewindow above or
below the muting curve (dependent from the settings above) are tapered using a
cos-function. A value of 0 means that the data are truncated at the muting curve.

After having activated the option muting a table with the parameters distance
and time appears which allows the interactive input of the new muting curve. The
distance and the time must be entered in the corresponding dimensions.
Between the individual marks the values are linearly interpolated, at the x-
margins the specified value belonging to the smallest or largest x-coordinate,
respectively, is extrapolated. The values can also be defined within the original
profile by pressing the left mouse button at the desired position. The chosen
values are automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the
profile image.

The option apply on whole line allows the current chosen muting points (starting
at trace 1) to be periodically repeated for the complete line. Using this option is
reasonable for defining a muting for a shot gather in the case all shots all
combined together within one file. You only have to define the muting curve for
the first single ensemble, e.g. for the first shot and then use this option to apply
the current muting curve on all existing shots. To be considered: the geometry for
all shots must be the same.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name correct and a freely choosable extension. Each line of
the ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: distance in the given distance
dimension, 2. column: time in the given time dimension.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
correct. The table and profile image are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.
The option load pick data allows to load new picks from disc. After having
chosen a pick data set from the file list the picks are automatically converted into
the table edit values. Please note that all current edit values are lost.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 358

1.11.3.5 surgical muting

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step surgical muting
facilitates the muting below or above trajectories of a given velocity.

The following possibilities are available:

1: Inside mute - edit data between trajectories defined by 1.velocity and
2.velocity. The data inside the fan will be muted.
2: Top mute - edit data above mute trajectory defined by 1.velocity.
3: Bottom mute - edit data below mute trajectory defined by 1.velocity.
4: Around mute - edit data around trajectories defined by 1.velocity and
2.velocity.
5: Outside mute - edit data between trajectories defined by 1.velocity and
2.velocity. The data outside the fan will be muted.

The trajectories are calculated based on the entered velocities and the shot and
the receiver tracehader coordinates.
The filter parameter muting window in the given time dimension defines the
timerange for the muting. The option is enabled for top, bottom and around mute.
The filter parameter time shift in the given time dimension defines a time shift
for the lower velocity muting curve. The option is enabled for inside and outside.
A useful value is for example the signal length or a multiple of it.
The filter parameter taper window in the given time dimension determines a
time window for a smooth muting. The data within this timewindow above or
below the muting curve (dependent from the settings above) are tapered using
a cos-function. A value of 0 means that the data are truncated at the muting
curve.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 359

1.11.3.6 Time cut

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step time cut offers
the possibility to limit or to extend each trace to a predefinable maximum time.

The filter parameter max.time in the given time dimension determines the time
each trace is limited to. No compression or resorting takes place. Only the time
range is reduced to a preset range.

The filter parameter fill for ext. times (0,1) controls how the filling is done if the
max. time is larger than the orignal measured time. Enter 0 for filling with zero
values and enter 1 for filling with the last original value (useful e.g. for rastered
models).

Use this option for example if the time range was set to a too large range during
the data acquirement and you want to save disk space and enhance the
computer speed for the further data processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 360

1.11.3.7 Correct max. phase

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step correct max.
phase offers the possibility to automatically find the phase of max. amplitude
within a given time window and to flatten this phase. An automatic resampling in
time direction for each trace is included during the processing in order to
increase the resolution of the automatically determined phase.

The filter parameters start window and end window in the given time
dimension determine the time window which is used for finding the phase to be
corrected for. The polarity determines the polarity of the phase. The program
determines for each trace the maximum amplitude having the chosen polarity
within the given timewindow.
With the option first onset under polarity activated the automatically determined
first arrival (independent from the polarity) is used for the correction. The input
parameter is a value threshold (absolute value) and the dominant frequency of
the wavelet. If the polarity of the automatically determined onsets has been
changed for one or more traces a warning message appears.

With the option zero cross. activated the identified time is shifted to smaller
times to the zero crossing.

The static correction is done for the corresponding time value for each trace.
Analogous to the suboption move to negative times/shift of the static correction
the traces are not shifted by this value but a mean time is determined first which
is taken as the base level.
The parameter average(traces) is used for building up a rolling median of the
time shifts for each trace. Enter a value greater than 2 if there are some traces
where the max.phase is disturbed within the given time window and you want to
use the median time shift built up from the neighbouring traces.

The switch group correct time is used for setting the time base. It controls the
shifting of the start time within the file header. With correct time set to auto the
time base is set to 0 for the flattened phase. This is done by automatically setting
the start time (see also fileheader time specification ) to the negative value of the
mean time. With correct time set to no the start time is not changed. With correct
time set to manual you must enter a target time within the filter parameter group.
The time base of the flattened phase is set to that target time.
With the switch group use mean you may specify if only the mean time shift is
used for all traces (set to yes) or if each trace is moved by its individual time shift
(set to no) or if the mean time shift is determined for lineparts separated by each
other by a new ensemble number (e.g. a 3D-datafile). With use mean set to yes
the mean time shift is calculated and only the start time is changed depending on
the options set within the switch group correct time. To be considered: if correct
time is set to no nothing happens for this particular case.

Use this option for example for a fast static correction of the first arrival (e.g. the
direct wave from source to the receiver) if this phase shows some irregularities
(e.g. a drift or trigger fluctuations) or to automatically change the start time.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 361

1.11.3.8 Corr.max. phase/wrap

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter performs a static correction
corresponding to correct max.phase described under chap. 1.11.3.7. In addition
the data above the detected correction phase which are normally omitted are
wrapped at the end (timeend) of the data. The timeshift is only set to 1/4 of the
total detected timeshift in order to keep most of the data.
One application of the filter might be a compensation of trigger problems (see
picture below). For that purpose the timewindow for detecting the max. phase
must be great enough and of course the max. phase must be consistent.
Therefore in most case only the first arrival without any gain applies for this
precondition.
The filter parameters are the same like for the option correct max. phase.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 362

1.11.3.9 Correct picked phase

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step performs a
static correction (see also static correction) of a picked phase stored under the
same name as the data filename.

Within the group box correct phase you may determine how the picked phase is
changed.
With the option flatten activated the picked phase is flattened. For example this
is useful for flattening the first arrival because of a continuous timeshift of the
start pulse.
With the option lowpass activated you are able to lowpass filter the picked
phase. For that purpose you must enter the upper cutoff wavelength (option
wavelength) in the given distance dimension. Fluctuations in x-direction, which
are smaller than this wavelength, will be eliminated. The option may be used for
the smoothing of small scale topography effects or for the smoothing of the swell.
Extensive fluctuations will be kept.
With the option highpass activated you are able to highpass filter the picked
phase. For that purpose you must enter the lower cutoff wavelength (option
wavelength) in the given distance dimension. Fluctuations in x-direction, which
are larger than this wavelength, will be eliminated. The option may be used for
the smoothing of large scale topography effects.
With the option move pos. activated the traces are shifted down (i.e. towards
larger times) exactly by the specified correction pickvalues. This processing step
may also be used for a topographic correction. Normally for that purpose the
picks must be manually changed into two-way traveltimes.

With the option flatten or highpass activated you must set the target time within
the filter parameter group. The time base of the flattened or filtered phase is set
to that target time. The start time (see also file header time specification) is
automatically changed based on the difference between the entered target time
and the largest pick time value.

The option wavelength determines the upper or lower cutoff wavelength if the
options lowpass or highpass are activated.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 363

1.11.3.10 Correct for 2 layers

The filter acts on each trace independently. The processing step static correct for
2 layers facilitates a static, this means a time-independent correction for each
trace in time direction based on a given 2 layer model.

The processing step is used for a correction of a rough surface if the data are
acquired in a flat niveau above this surface. The idea of this static correction step
is that the area between the data acquisition niveau and the surface shall be
replaced by the material with the same velocity as below the surface. Therefore
the velocities within the layers above and below the surface must be known (see
filter parameter 1. velocity and 2. velocity) and the correction values must be
entered for the surface reflection.

The filter parameter min time in the given time dimension determines the time
base for the static shift. This time should be smaller than the minimum time value
of the correction timevalues (see below) and must be equal for all lines which are
interpreted together within a subsequent step (e.g. calculation of timeslices).
Analogous to the suboption move to negative times/shift of the static correction
the traces are not shifted by the individual correction timevalues but this min.
time is taken as the base level.
The filter parameter 1. velocity determines the velocity within the layer above the
correction timevalues.
The filter parameter 2. velocity determines the velocity within the layer below the
correction timevalues.

After having activated the option correct for 2 layers a table with the parameters
distance and time appears which allows the interactive input of the static
correction values. The distance and the time must be entered in the
corresponding dimensions. Between the individual marks the values are linearly
interpolated, at the x-margins the specified value belonging to the smallest or
largest x-coordinate, respectively, is extrapolated. The values can also be
defined within the original profile by pressing the left mouse button at the desired
position. The chosen values are automatically transferred to the table input and
vice versa to the profile image.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name correct and a freely choosable extension. Each line of
the ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: distance in the given distance
dimension, 2. column: time in the given time dimension.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
correct. The table and profile image are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.
The option load pick data allows to load new picks from disc. After having
chosen a pick data set from the file list the picks are automatically converted into
the table edit values. Please note that all current edit values are lost.

Use this option for example for remove the influence of a rough surface if the
data have been acquired in a flat niveau above the rough surface.
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 364

1.11.3.11 Correct 3D-topography

The processing step correct 3D-topography facilitates a static, this means a time-
independent, correction for each trace in time direction based on 3D topography
coordinates stored within an ASCII-file or based on the z-traceheader
coordinates.

With the option z-tracecoord activated the static correction is based on the shot
and the receiver elevations stored within the traceheader of each trace (see also
plotoption correct header elevations).
The filter parameter velocity is used to transform the z-values of the topographic
coordinates into a two-way travel time whereby the traveltime shift value is
calculated from the sum of the shot and the receiver elevation differences. If the
original section represents a depth section (e.g. after timedepth conversion) the
velocity should be set to a value of 2 because n this case no transformation into
two-way traveltimes are necessary. Using a value of 2 results in no rescaling. If
the y-dimension is identical to the x-dimension (normally the case after a time
depth conversion of for a depth section) the velocity will be automatically set to 2
and the parameters velocity is disabled.

With the option ASCII-file activated the correction is

based on an ASCII-file. Two ASCII-file formats are
supported.
3D-topography format (filename top*.*):
Each line of the ASCII-file with the 3D topographic
coordinates contains one set of 3D coordinates:
x-position y-position z-position
The x- and y-position define the acquisition plane where the profiles are located.
The z-position defines the topographic niveau. At least one blank must exist
between the individual coordinates. Example with 3 different coordinate sets:
0 0 10
1 0 9
2 0 9.5
The ASCII-file may also consist of only the two coordinates x and z. In this case
the y-coordinate will be automatically set to 0.
3d-topography matrix (filename matrix_top*:*):
The format is an ASCII matrix format which contains all values in x-direction
within one line. The increment between the individua values is fixed and the
same for both directions. There are 5 header rows. The first specifies the number
of columns, the second the number rows. The third defines the right (min.) x-
coordinate, the forth the lowermost (max) y-coordinate. The fifth column contains
the increment which is negative for the y-coordinates.
Example:
ncols 3312
nrows 4269
xllcorner -303320.000000000000
yllcorner 1972570.000000000000
cellsize 2.000000000000
148.796875 148.78125 148.7578125 148.7421875 148.7109375 148.6875
148.65625 .........
148.6171875 148.578125 148.5703125 148.5625 148.546875 148.53125
148.515625 148.5 ...........
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 365

The dimension of the coordinates must be the same like within the datafile(s).
To be considered: the profiles must be located within the x-y plane, this means
the profile direction and the profile constant must be x and y or vice versa.
The option load allows to specify the wanted topography file. The filename
should begin with "top" and the file should be stored under the projectdirectory.
The filter parameters x-reference and y-reference define a reference point
which is subtracted from all topographic coordinates. Therefore it is not
necessary to input the topographic coordinates using the same coordinate level
like for the profile coordinates.
The filter parameter velocity is used to transform the z-values of the topographic
coordinates into a two-way travel time. If the original section represents a depth
section (e.g. after timedepth conversion) the velocity will be automatically set to 2
and the parameters velocity is disabled. In this case no transformation into two-
way traveltimes are necessary. Using a value of 2 results in no rescaling.

The coordinates are either taken from the fileheader or from the traceheader
(shot and receiver coordinates).

The spatial interpolation is either linear (lin.interpol. activated) or quadratic

(sqr.interpol. activated).

The program automatically determines the individual topographic values from the
given topography matrix. For this purpose the next topographic coordinate set
within each quadrant is determined for each trace location. Afterwards a
weighted mean of the single z-
positions is determined which is
used for the static correction for
this trace.

The box correction allows to

specify whether the topographic
values are given in altitudes
(default) or depths.
The correction corresponds to
static correction-move to negative
times/shift, i.e. the greatest z-
position (transformed into two-way travel time) is taken as the base level. This
greatest z-position is written out within the processing flow (3.parameter z-
reference). The trace with this correction value is not modified in time. With the
option manual z-reference activated this base level must be entered manually
within the parameter z-reference. This allows you to define the same base level
for different profiles, e.g. if a 3D-dataset shall be constructed later.
All traces are shifted down (i.e. towards larger times) relative to this base level
according to the difference of its correction values and the base level. The
inserted time range is filled with zeros. This means that the area between the
current topographic niveau and the maximum niveau is filled up with material with
the given velocity.

With the option project on x- or y-axis activated the geometries of the shots and
the receivers are recalculated based on the topographic xyz-values for profiles
which are strictly orientated into the x- or y-direction. It is assumed that the
original x- or y-coordinates do not represent the correct x- or y-coordinates but
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 366

had been determined directly on the topographic interface. The program

automatically determines the positions of all shots and receivers on the given
topography and calculates the x- or y-(for profiles which are orientated into the y-
direction) projections of these positions respectively. The x- and y-coordinates of
the topographically corrected data represent the true x- and y-coordinate within
the xyz-coordinate system. The projection normally leads to a reduction of the
total length of the profile.
To be considered: the x- and y-coordinates within the loaded ASCII-file must also
represent true x- and y-coordinates within the xyz-coordinate system. They also
must have been adapted to the original profile coordinates.

A following example tries to explain how the start position of the projection is
defined and based on this how to set the ASCII-file. Three cases will be
distinguished:
1. All coordinates are positive: the start coordinate of the profile remains
unchanged and therefore must represent the projected x- or y-coordinate.
2. All coordinates are negative: the end coordinate of the profile remains
unchanged and therefore must represent the projected x- or y-coordinate.
3. The coordinate range from negative to positive: the 0 position remains
unchanged and therefore must represent the projected x- or y-coordinate.

Example:
The profilelength along the topographic interface is 10m. The elevation ranges
from 1 to 6 m, this means the slope is 30°.
The profile for the 1 example ranges from 10-20 m, for the 2. example from -20 to
-10 m and for the 3. example from -5 to 5 m.
The resulting projection length is in all cases 8.66 m (10 m * cos(30°))

start and end >= 0 start and end <= 0 start <=0 and end >=0

10.00 0 1.0 -18.66 0 1.0 -4.33 0 1.0

18.66 0 6.0 -10.00 0 6.0 4.33 0 6.0
2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 367

The mean trace increment will be updated. The endcoordinate will be updated if
all coordinates are positive. If all coordinates are negative the start coordinate will
be updated and for negative to positive coordinates end and start coordinates will
be updated (0 will remain at the same position). The traceheader coordinates as
well as the traceheader distances contain the true coordinates. With the
suboption make equidistant equidistant traces will be created based on the
traceheader distances. The mean traceincrement will be used for the
construction. The use of this option is not recommended for data with a quite
large increment and changing source/receiver increments like e.g. seismic
refraction data as the necessary interpolation for creating equidistant data will be
done for identical time values (horizontal interpolation).

With the option only project - no correct activated no topographic correction will
be done but only a projection either on the x- or y-axis (depending on the profile
direction). Use this option for example if you want to perform a topographic
migration afterwards and your surface topographic values are given as pure xyz
values (not recorded on the surface topography).

With the option update z-coord.only activated no topographic correction will be

done but only the z-traceheader coordinates are updated. The option is only
useful if the coordinates are read from an ASCII-file.

Pecularity for activated options z-tracecoord. and traceheader:: the source and
receiver coordinates are not changed using the option project on x- or y-axis
but the distancies are only recalculated based on these coordinates.

The option is also available within the sequence processing.

2D-Dataanalysis, StaticCorrection/muting 368

1.11.3.12 Suppress multiples

The option allows to suppress multiple reflections from the surface. For that
purpose each wanted multiple reflection is first flattened based on the picked
primary reflection and then the subtracting average filter is applied within a
choosable time range around the flattened multiple.
The picks of the primary reflection must be saved under the same filename as
the current profile filename (option use filename automatic name within the save
pick menu activated).
The following inputs are necessary:
time range: specifies the time range for applying the subtracting average around
the flattened multiple reflection. The range should be greater or equal the signal
length.
time lag: enter a lag for shifting the time range to smaller times. Such a lag is
necessary if you did not pick the very first arrival of the primary reflection. A
default value is about a quarter of the signal length if the first maximum has been
picked.
nr. of multiples: enter the number of multiple reflections to be suppressed.
nr. of traces: enter the number of traces for the subtracting average filter. The
smaller this value the larger is the effect of the subtracting average filter (see
also processing step subtracting average).
If the option primary phase within the suppress panel is activated the primary

phase will be suppressed in addition. The option might be useful for the
elimination of the air-surface reflection from e.g. air coupled horn antenna.

The picture shows an example of the suppress multiples filter. The left panel
shows the original data together with the picks of the primary reflection, the right
panel shows the filtered data (time range: 20 ns, time lag: 10 ns, nr. of multiples:
3, nr. of traces: 20).

The option is not available within the sequence processing. The option is
available for the batch start processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, Declipping/arithmetic functions 369

1.11.4 Declipping/arithmetic functions

The following filter possibilities are included in the declipping/arithmetic functions
group:

declipping:
declipping/max.value
declipping/plateau
declipping/threshold
unwrapping
arithmetic function:
addition
multiplication
square
root
natural log
absolute
exp x
reciprocal (1/value)
set ampl.range to 0
conv. v to epsilon

For all filters available within this group the original trace is shown together with
the currently filtered trace, the spectrum of the original trace and the spectrum of
the currently filtered trace.
The arrows near the original trace and original spectrum are used to enhance the
resolution of the trace and spectrum windows. The trace or the spectrum is
stretched up and down when using these arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the
time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if the time scale is in nano-seconds,
respectively.
In addition to the zooming arrows there exist an equivalent spin button which
allows to move the starting point of the primary and filtered traces as well as of
the corresponding spectra.
The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number or by clicking in the
primary file using the left mouse button.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.

After having specified the filter parameter, you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
2D-Dataanalysis, Declipping/arithmetic functions 370

processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a

choosable number of lines after.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, Declipping/arithmetic functions 371

1.11.4.1 Declipping

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter enables a declipping of
special onsets (see the different kinds of declipping). The declipping is done
using a polynome of the 3. order based on the 4 next neighbours.

Depending on your data you may choose between different

kinds of declipping in order to automatically specify which
data are clipped and which data are not clipped:
Choosing declipping/max.value is useful if your clipped
data always have the max. value existing in your data file
(see figure on the right).
Declipping/plateau should be used if the clipped data have
a plateau, this means that all amplitude values for that
special signal part are equal (again see figure on the right).
Declipping/threshold should only be used if the clipped
data are disturbed. In some cases the clipped data jump
from positive to negative values. In these cases you should
use the threshold declipping.

If choosing declipping/max.value and declipping/plateau

declipping is done if at least two successive samples do have the same
amplitudes. Choosing the suboption max.value the amplitudes values additionally
must be equal to the maximum value given in the complete profile. Choosing the
suboption plateau no additional restriction concerning the amplitude value is
given.
Choosing the suboption threshold, a threshold value must be entered. All
amplitudes greater/equal than this value are clipped per definition. You may
choose the suboption threshold if no unified plateau value is reached or if the
amplitudes did change significantly during a previous processing step (for
example application of a gain-function or an AGC).

After the declipping all amplitude values are automatically multiplied by a scaling
factor. You should choose this factor in such a way that all amplitude values lie
within the 16 data bits if your REFLEX format is 16 bit Integer. If not, those
amplitudes are automatically restricted to values of 32000 or -32000 in this case.
If your REFLEX format is 32 bit floating point, the scaling value can be set to 1.
2D-Dataanalysis, Declipping/arithmetic functions 372

1.11.4.2 Unwrapping
The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter enables an unwrapping for
all values showing a wrapping due to an unsufficient data representation

The wrapping value (positive) value for which the wrapping occurs is by default
32768 assuming original 16 bit integer data.
You may choose the suboption threshold if no unified plateau value is reached or
if the amplitudes did change significantly

After the unwrapping all amplitude values are automatically multiplied by a

scaling factor. You should choose this factor in such a way that all amplitude
values lie within the 16 data bits if your REFLEX format is 16 bit Integer. If not
those amplitudes are automatically restricted to values of 32000 or -32000 in this
case. If your REFLEX format is 32 bit floating point the scaling value can be set
to 1.
2D-Dataanalysis, Declipping/arithmetic functions 373

1.11.4.3 Arithmetic functions

The filter acts on each trace independently. Under this processing step you can
apply simple mathematical operations always acting only on the current sample
of a trace.

The following arithmetic functions are available:

addition, multiplication, square, root, natural log, absolute and exp x.

The filter addition requires the input of a value which is added to every data
point. Doing this, e.g. the representation of exclusively negative data can be
improved through the addition of a positive value, if the data after the addition
fluctuate around zero.

The filter multiplication requires the input of a value each data point is multiplied
with. This can be employed reasonably if the amplitude level has become too
large or too small after a data processing step. Another possible application is
the amplitude normalization of different data sets. Within the distance range
panel you may restrict the traces for which the filter will be applied. With all
traces activated all traces within the profile will be taken into account. With
deactivated option you may enter the 1. and the last trace for applying the filter.
The fiter parameters start time and end time allow to restrict the range in time
(y)-direction.

The filters square, root and natural log can be used to emphasize certain
amplitude ranges. The sign of each data point is maintained when applying this
option. So, the option square for example improves the resolution of the absolute
largest amplitudes.

With the filter absolute each data point receives a positive sign.

The filter exp x exponents all data values by x. You have to specify the exponent
x as a filter parameter.

The filter reciprocal (1/value) generates the reciprocal of each value. The filter
might be used for example to create slowness from velocity values and vice
versa.

The filter set ampl.range to 0 allows to set to 0 all data values lying inbetween
the given amplitude range. You have to specify the amplitude range by the
values min. amplitude and max. amplidute. Example: if you want to set the
complete negative phase to 0, enter for min. amplitude the highest negative
value existing in the profile and for max. amplitude 0.

The filter conv. v to epsilon converts velocities with m/ns into epsilon values and
vice versa using the following formula: v=0.3/sqrt(epsilon). With the
Filterparameter set to 0 the conversion is done for v[m/ns] to epsilon, if set to 1
the conversion is done for epsilon to v[m/ns].
2D-Dataanalysis, Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis 374

1.11.5 Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis

The following filter possibilities are included in the complex trace-
analysis/spectral analysis functions group:

complex trace-analysis
trace spectrum
moving window spectrum
rotate 2 components
add random noise
trace phase-spectrum
texture attribute

For some filters available within this group the original trace is shown together
with the currently filtered trace, the spectrum of the original trace and the
spectrum of the currently filtered trace.
The arrows near the original trace and original spectrum are used to enhance the
resolution of the trace and spectrum windows. The trace or the spectrum is
stretched up and down when using these arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the
time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if the time scale is in nano-seconds,
respectively.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number or by clicking in the
primary file using the left mouse button.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.

After having specified the filter parameter you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a
choosable number of lines after.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing. Exceptions:
processing step insert profile: here an additional character(s) is asked which will
be automatically added to the actual filenames for the creation of the secondary
lines which shall be inserted. Example:
2D-Dataanalysis, Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis 375

actual filename: data_gps.00t - additional characters: _insert -> secondary file:

data_gps_insert
2D-Dataanalysis, Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis 376

1.11.5.1 Complex trace-analysis

The filter acts on each trace independently. The Hilbert-Transformation is used to

calculate instantaneous attributes like the envelope, the instantaneous
frequency or the instantaneous phase.

The instantaneous amplitude or envelope is a measure for the reflectivity

strength, which is proportional to the square root of the complete energy of the
signal at an instant of time. The envelope gives an overview of the energy
distribution of the traces and on the other hand it can facilitate the determination
of signal first arrivals.

The instantaneous phase is a measure of the continuity of evens on a section.

Jumps within the instantaneous phase might indicate superpositions of arrivals
for example. The phase can be plotted continuously with the option phase/cont.
or limited to an interval of 2*pi with the option phase/2pi. For the display a
normalized wiggle-mode is advantageous.Because of the normally small values
the 32 bit floating point format is automatically chosen for the processed data.

The temporal rate of change of the instantaneous phase is the instantaneous

frequency. The instantaneous frequency is calculated as the temporal derivative
of the phase using an approximation by central differences. The plot of the
instantaneous frequency allows to recognize superpositions of arrivals, since
different arrivals are often characterized by different instantaneous frequencies.
For this the choice of a normalized wiggle-mode is often more useful as the
point-mode. The instantaneous frequency may have a high degree of variation
which may b or may be not related to stratigraphy. Therefore, an average filter
parameter is queried. It determines over how many samples the calculated
instantaneous frequencies should be averaged. The calculation of a mean value
is reasonable because of the often strong fluctuations of the instantaneous
frequencies. Because of the normally small values the 32 bit floating point format
is automatically chosen for the processed data.

1.11.5.2 Trace spectrum

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter trace-spectrum allows the
calculation of the amplitude spectrum of each trace.

It is possible to restrict the amplitude spectrum calculation to a distinct time

range. For this you must enter within the filter parameter group the start time
and the end time for which the calculation shall be done. By default start time is
set to the time-begin of each trace and end time is set to the max. time of each
trace.

The option taperlength (in the given timedimension) allows to enter a taperrange
at the beginning and at the end of the specified timerange.

The y-axis label of the filtered section automatically changes to frequency.

2D-Dataanalysis, Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis 377

The option max. frequency allows to restrict the maximum frequency for the
resulting trace spectrum. The default value depends on the original
timeincrement.

The sampling rate of the resulting frequency axis depends on the total time range
of the original profile. The option frequency resampling allows to enter a factor
for the resampling of the resulting frequency axis. Enter a greater factor than 1 if
the frequency axis is undersampled.

1.11.5.3 Moving window spectrum

The filter acts on a choosable number of traces. The filter moving window
spectrum allows a moving-window frequency analysis for all time samples
averaged over all traces or for each trace separately. Thus, you get a time-
frequency dependency. The dependency of the distance (x-axis) is eliminated.

Here, for each time value the amplitude spectrum is calculated over a window to
be specified (filter parameter window width in the corresponding time
dimension). The window is moved continuously over the y-(time)axis whereby
only every n. sample is used (filter parameter every n. sample). With the
specification of a value greater than 1 for every n. sample you have the
possibility to have the computation-time consuming analysis performed not for
each time value but only for each n..time sample.
The parameters start time (y) and end time (y) define the time range for the
moving window spectrum analysis.
Within the distance range panel you may restrict the traces for which the filter
will be applied. With all traces activated all traces within the profile will be taken
into account. With deactivated option you may enter the 1. and the last trace for
applying the processing step.
With the option apply on each trace separately deactivated the amplitude
spectra are summed contemporaneously for the choosen number of traces.
With the option apply on each trace separately activated the moving spectrum
for each trace is calculated separately without any summing. After having started
the option the overall filename must be entered. An automatic labelling is added
to the filename depending on the trace number of the original file. Example with
100 different independent files: entered new overall filename: test - the new
filenames will be: test0001.00t, test0002.00t,....,test0100.00t. The files are stored
under the subdirectory procdata with the extension 00t.
The sampling rate of the resulting frequency axis depends on the entered window
width. The option frequency resampling allows to enter a factor for the
resampling of the resulting frequency axis. Enter a greater factor than 1 if the
frequency axis is undersampled.

The moving-spectral analysis allows the visualization of frequency range shiftings

with time (y-coordinate). This is reasonable for example for an attenuation
analysis or for the recognition of a possibly frequency-dependent reflection or
transmission behaviour of the investigation area.
2D-Dataanalysis, Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis 378

1.11.5.4 Rotate 2 components

The filter rotate 2 components allows to rotate two components around an
angle given within the traceheader under CMP(x-pos.).

The data must be 3-component dipole/frame data with the first component (1., 4.
, 7., ... trace) containing the data from the dipole antenna and the 2. (2.,5.,8.,...
trace) and 3. component (3., 6., 9.,.... trace) containing the data from two frame
antenna. The data from the dipole antenna remain unchanged whereas the data
from the two frame antenana are rotated around the angle given within the
traceheader (CMP-x-pos.) - see also 3-component analysis (chap. 1.12.8).

1.11.5.5 Add random noise

The filter add random noise allows to add random noise. This might be useful
e.g. for synthetic data in order to get a more realistic result. The noise is
uncorrelated.

The filterparameter noise percentage controls the strength of the noise. The
percentage input refers to the max. value within the origianl profile.
Four different noise types are supported: white, normal, exponential and self
similar. In each case the filter parameter nominal frequency controls the
dominant frequency used for the noise type.
2D-Dataanalysis, Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis 379

1.11.5.6 Trace phase-spectrum

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter trace phase-spectrum
allows the calculation of the phase spectrum of each trace.

It is possible to restrict the phase spectrum calculation to a distinct time range.

For this you must enter within the filter parameter group the start time and the
end time for which the calculation shall be done. By default start time is set to
the time-begin of each trace and end time is set to the max. time of each trace.

The option taperlength (in the given timedimension) allows to enter a taperrange
at the beginning and at the end of the specified timerange.

The y-axis label of the filtered section automatically changes to frequency. The
phase is restricted to the range between 0 and 2 pi. Therefore a jump occurs
when the phase changes from a high value around 2 pi to a small value.

The option max. frequency allows to restrict the maximum frequency for the
resulting trace spectrum. The default value depends on the original
timeincrement.

The sampling rate of the resulting frequency axis depends on the total time range
of the original profile. The option frequency resampling allows to enter a factor
for the resampling of the resulting frequency axis. Enter a greater factor than 1 if
the frequency axis is undersampled.

1.11.5.7 texture attribute

The option extracts textural features using a co-occurence matrix depicting
spatial relations or patterns of neighboring amplitudes.
First the data are transformed into gray level whereby the total number of gray
levels is given by nr. gray levels. Then a co-ocuurence matrix is built for a
texture element of given size (size in traces and size in samples) at each
position (moving window). The size in samples should cover approximately one
period and will be automatically used as default value if given within the
fileheader. A useful value for the size in traces is around 10.
Four possible directions (horizontal, vertical, 45 degree and 135 degree) may
be used for creating the co-occurance matrix. Horizontal for example means that
the neighboring grey levels at the right are summed up for the matrix building.
Four different texture attributes may be calculated:
uniformity: it reflects the overall uniformity (homogeneity) of the gray level
distribution. Sometimes it is also named energy.
entropy: it is a measure of the overall uncertainty (randomness)
local homogeneity: it is a measure of the local homogeneity
local dissimilarity: it is used to detect the local dissimilarity (contrast)
2D-Dataanalysis, Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis 380

he lower picture shows the four texture attributes (from left to right) uniformity,
entropy, local homogeneity, local dissimilarity for the dataset shown above.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 381

1.11.6 Trace Interpolation/Resorting

The following trace interpolation and resorting possibilities are included within the
trace interpolation/resorting group:

markerinterpol
traceincr-resampling
make equidist.traces
fix profile length
split file
YFlipProfile
XFlipProfile
resort-traceheader
resort-group
Yo-Yo section
VSP corridor stack
Traceinterpol-3DFile
Xflip-3DFile
shift-3DFile
create 3D-ensembles

When activating the option markerinterpol a table appears. With this option the
inputs may be entered either interactively within the original profile or using the
table input.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.

After having specified the filter parameter you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a
choosable number of lines after.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 382

1.11.6.1 Markerinterpol

The option allows an interpolation of the data in X-direction on the basis of

markers to be set manually or to be automatically extracted from the data
(suboption ReadMarker).

After having activated the option a table appears which allows the interactive
input of the marker positions in traces (trace nr.) and the distance between
successive markers (marker inc.). The program recalculates the number of
traces between two set markers based on the wanted trace increment and the
current set distance between the two markers (marker inc.) using the following
formula: calculated trace numbers = marker inc. / trace increment. The marker
increment must be predefined within the filter parameter group and can be
individually changed for each marker position within the table input.

The trace increment must be a multiple of each marker increment. This is due to
the fact that the number of traces within each marker increment must be
rounded. The program automatically calculates the total marker range and
determines the wanted number of traces based on the current trace increment. If
this number does not correspond to the current trace number got from the filter
markerinterpol a warning message appears.

The marker positions may be defined either within the original profile using the
left mouse key or by entering a trace number within the table input. Individual
marker increments must be entered within the table input. The 3. column of the
table shows the cumulated markerdistance (cannot be changed). In addition it is
possible to read the marker positions from the trace header of the original file
(option ReadMarker). With the option comment marker activated the comment
markers are loaded in addition (see also edit comment markers). If the markers
at the first and last trace are missing you may use the option insert markers
within the Edit several FileHeaders menu (chap. 1.10) . If the option is used
within the Sequence Processing the marker positions are always read from the
trace headers of the individual original file. With activated option comment
marker the distance and the comment markers are used, with deactivated option
only the distance markers are used. The parameter SkipTraces allows to avoid
that double marker clicks are considered. After one marker position was found
the next marker to be found must be at least SkipTraces away. The option
calc.markerincr. allows to calculate the individual markerincrements based on
the current traceincrement and number of traces between the markers.
With the option first trace fix and/or last trace fix activated the range before
the first and after the last marker will be assumed to have the same scale as the
range between the first and second marker as well as the last and second to last
marker. The markerincrement within these two ranges will be determined
automatically from the entered markerincrements and the scale of the two
ranges. Activating these options is useful if the profiles have arbitrary start and
end points but special first and last marker positions. These options are also
used for the sequence processing.
With the option keep all dist.markers activated the distance markers which
have not been used for the marker interpolation will be kept within the processed
file. If deactivated the non used distance markers will be lost within the
processed file. In the latter case the resulting distance markers do exactly
represent the marker intervals.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 383

With the option update actual picks activated the actually loaded picks will be
relocated corresponding to the normal profile and shown as secondary picks both
within the primary and the secondary processed file. After having performed the
processing step the pick save menu opens which allows to store the new
relocated picks. The option is only enabled if picks have been loaded and the
option is not available within the sequence processing.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with a choosable name and the extension MAR. Each line of the ASCII
file consists of two columns: 1. column: trace number, 2. column: marker
increment. With activated option comment marker the comments of the comment
markers are stored in addition within the 3. colum.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
extension MAR. The table and the interactive window are automatically updated.
With the suboption ignore tracenr. activated the tracenumbers within the
ASCII-file will not be read in. This might be useful for example if parallel lines
have been acquired and the markers have been set at identical not equidistant
positions within the profiles. With the suboption view only activated the markers
from the ASCII-file are only displayed with red symbols. It is possible to enter a
shift value for the position of the first marker relative to the current profile. This
option might be useful to control the current marker positions with an external
relocation file in order to check if some markers are missing or false. Of course
the option is only useful if the distance scale of the profile already fits quite well.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

The option batch save generates ASCII markerfiles for a series of profiles for a
subsequent sequence processing (option read from profile markerfile). The
filenames of the ASCII-file correspond to the profile filename (without extension)
and are stored directly under the projectdirectory with the extension mar. The
actual markerincrement is used. This markerincrement can be changed
externally using any editor program in order to use nonequidistant
markerincrements within the sequence processing.

The program determines the corresponding number of traces between all set
markers after the selection and executes a recalculation of the traces between
successive markers. If more traces within the original profile between successive
markers are available, some traces are omitted. If fewer traces are available,
some traces are added within each marker part until the wanted number of traces
is reached (the traces are simply added and not interpolated between successive
original traces as such an interpolation may significantly change the shape of the
onsets). The data before the first marker and behind the last marker are ignored,
i.e. the program assumes that the beginning and the end of the profile are always
indicated by a marker.
The trace with the last marker position is also included. Therefore, the total
number of traces is increased by 1.

An example shall demonstrate the proceeding:

You have gained a profile of 0 to 10 meters with a particular scan rate (time).
There, 1200 traces were recorded. The program has calculated an average trace
interval of 0,00833 METERS from the distance specifications and the number of
recorded traces. The marker interval, i.e. the distance of the marker indications
recorded with the data in the field is 1 meter. You want to make the profile
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 384

spatially equidistant, now. The desired trace interval after making equal intervals,
i.e. the distance between two subsequent traces, shall be 0,01 METERS. This
value is in principle independent of the current average trace interval. If you
choose a smaller value the data volume in total is enlarged. For a larger value
than the current average trace interval the data volume is decreased accordingly.
You choose the option markerinterpol and specify for the marker increment the
value 1 METER and 0.01 METERS for the trace increment. Then you select on
the basis of the markers recorded with the data a total of 11 markers with the
mouse (indicate beginning and end of the profile - therefore 11 markers). After
confirmation of the selection and specification of the processing label the profile
is made equidistant. The result is a total of 1000+1 traces with a trace interval of
0,01 METERS.

The specification of the trace interval is determined by the lateral resolution

capacity, i.e. the investigation depth and the frequency spectrum of the source. It
is appropriate to find the best compromise between the smallest possible data
volume and necessary spatial sampling rate. Of course you can also
subsequently modify the spatial sample interval, e.g. with the options expand,
compress or stack traces.

Peculiarity for GSSI data recorded from older analogue apparatures:

The markers are placed on the data itself. Therefore, the option ReadMarker
cannot read the marker positions directly from the trace header. In this case the
option ReadMarker allows the automatic recognition of markers directly from the
data, if they show certain properties. The program determines within a
predefinable time window (1. time and 2. time within the filter parameter group)
the average amplitude change in x-direction from trace to trace and also the
average total amplitude.In addition the amplitude change from to the next trace
but one is determined. If one of these two amplitude changes exceeds the
average change value multiplied with a scaling factor (option scale) within this
time range and the number of extrema within the predinfed windows reaches the
value of extrama a marker is recognized. The automatically recognized markers
are displayed and can be reedited manually.

When using the processing step markerinterpol within the sequence

processing, the marker positions are always read from the trace headers of the
individual original file. You may choose for the markerincrements between:
1. option equidistant - the entered single marker increment is used for all marks.
2. option read from one markerfile - the markerincrements are read from one
single ASCII-file which has been created using the option save under
markerinterpol. The markerincrements are the same for all profiles. The
tracenumbers which are also stored within the mar file are of no importance
because the marker positions are always read from the traceheader of the
individual original file.
3. option read from profile markerfile - the markerincrements are read from a
separate ASCII-file for each profile. The tracenumbers which are stored within
the mar file are used for the marker positions (in contrast to item 2). The filename
of the ASCII-file corresponds to the profile filename (without extension) and must
have been stored directly under the projectdirectory and must have the extension
mar (see also option batch save). Example for 2 profiles:
c:\data\procdata\file01.00t C:\data\file01.mar
c:\data\procdata\file02.00t C:\data\file02.mar
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 385

1.11.6.2 Traceincr-resampling

The option performs a resampling of the data in x-direction for the given new
trace increment.
The filter parameter trace increment specifies the new trace increment.
The radio box traceincr-resampling controls how the resampling will be done.
With the option fix tracenumber activated the profile will not be changed - only
the actual traceincrement will be replaced by the new trace increment. This is the
same as changing the traceincrement within the fileheader.
With the option fix profile length activated the profile will be changed. If the new
number of traces resulting from the new trace increment is smaller than the trace
number of the original file, some traces are omitted. If the new number of traces
resulting from the new trace increment is larger than the trace number of the
original file, some traces are added. In this case the traces are simply added and
not interpolated between successive original traces as such an interpolation may
significantly change the shape of the onsets. If you want the traces to be
interpolated, you must use the option expand.
This option might be useful if data with different trace increments are to be
combined.

1.11.6.3 Make equidist.traces

The option allows to interpolate non-equidistant data in such a way that the
resulting data are equidistant. The precondition is that the true position of each
trace is stored in the parameter distance within the individual trace header.

The non-equidistant data are resampled in x-direction based on the filter

parameter trace incr. and the distance values stored in the individual trace
headers of each trace. In addition the start distance and the end distance
(starting and ending position of the new profile) have to be specified in the given
distance dimension. By default the start distance and the end distance are
determined from the individual traceheaders. By the manual input you may
extract a distinct part from the profile. When using within the sequence
processing the start and end distance values will always be taken from the
individual traceheaders.
The option no interpolation controls how the new traces will be generated:
Wtih the option no interpolation deactivated the program searches for each
new distance point the next traces at the right and the left and performs a linear
interpolation between these two traces unless one of the two trace header
positions exactly match the new one.
Wtih the option no interpolation activated a new parameter bin for stacking
must be entered. The program performs a horizontal stacking over all traces
which lay within the bin range around each new distance point. If no traces are
present within this range around one distance point the new trace only contains
zero values. It is possible to interpolate these 0-value traces within a subsequent
processing step named interpolate ( chap. 1.11.7.3, suboption get 0 traces). This
is also possible within the sequence processing.
With the option use tracedelays activated the individual traces are shifted based
on the given traceheader delaytimes for the internal interpolation or stacking
process. This may be useful if the data had not been corrected before for the
individual trace timedelays.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 386

As a result the data are equidistant in profile direction and all processing steps
like stacking or fk-filtering may be applied on.

1.11.6.4 fix profile length

The option allows to fix the profile length to a given value.

The filter parameter profile length specified the new length of the profile in the
given distance dimension. If the original length is greater than this value the
corresponding traces will be omitted. In case of a smaller original profile length
traces with zero amplitude values will be added.

1.11.6.5 split file

The option allows to split the original datafile into different independent files.

The splitting positions may be defined either within the original profile using the
left mouse key or by entering a trace number within the table input. The options
read marker and read ensembles read the splitting positions from the trace
header of the original file (marker or ensemble number respectively). With the
options first trace marker or last trace marker activated a splitting position will
be automatically included at the first or last trace position of the profile. Activating
this option is useful if no marker has been set at the start or end of
the profile. A manual change is always possible. The first splitted file starts at the
first splitting tracenumber (all traces before this tracenumber will not be
considered) and ends one trace before the the next splitting tracenumber. The
last splitted file starts at the last but one position and ends one trace before the
last splitting position (all traces after (including) the last splitting tracenumber will
be omitted).
After having started the option the overall filename must be entered. An
automatic labelling is added to the filename. Example with 100 different
independent files: entered new overall filename: test - the new filenames will be:
test0001.00t, test0002.00t,....,test0100.00t. The files are stored under the
subdirectory procdata with the extension 00t.
The option might be useful for:
- splitting a long 2D-profile (datatype: const.offset) into different partions
(datatype: const.offset). In this case the profile start coordinate within the
fileheader will be taken from the startposition within the original file.
- splitting a 3D-file (datatype: 3D-const.offset) into different parallel 2D-lines
(datatype: const.offset): In this case the profile startcoordinate will be the same
for all 2D-lines, the profile constant coordinate will be changed based on the
given lineincrement.
- splitting a several shot file (datatype: several shots) into different shots
(datatype: single shot): In this case the shot position as well as the start and end
receiver position of the splitted shots will be taken from the traceheaders of the
original file.
The option is available within the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 387

1.11.6.6 YFlipProfile

The option allows to flip the data in time-(y-)direction.

The first sample will be the last one and the last sample will become the first
sample. The starting time will be unchanged. The option might be used if the
data samples are not correctly sorted during the data acquisition.

1.11.6.7 XFlipProfile

The option gives the possibility to flip a profile in x-direction.

For the inversion the program uses the RAM-memory if the number of traces is
smaller/equal 8192. If the profile will not be loaded into the kernel memory of the
computer because of insufficient RAM-memory, the option is carried out using
the hard disk (this may take some time).
The beginning and end coordinates in the profile direction are exchanged after
execution of the option if the beginning coordinates are larger than the end
coordinates.
To be considered: If the traceheader coordinates shall be updated based on an
ASCII-file (e.g. GPS coordinates) the option XFlipProfile should always be
applied after having updated the traceheaders because the original
tracenumbers mostly form the base for the traceheader updating.

1.11.6.8 Resort-traceheader

The option allows to resort the data in x-direction based on the distances or on
the collected times or on the ensemble no stored in the individual trace headers.

With distancies activated within the “sorting by” box the option allows the
resorting in x-direction of the data based on the current traceheader distances.
The precondition is that the true position of each trace is stored in the parameter
distance within the individual trace header. After sorting the first trace
corresponds to the minimum distance and the last trace to the maximum one.

With times collected activated within the “sorting by” box the option allows the
resorting in x-direction of the data based on the current traceheader TimeCollect
values. The precondition is that the true time collect of each trace is stored in the
parameter Time Collect within the individual trace header. After sorting the first
trace corresponds to the minimum time and the last trace to the maximum one.

With ensemble no activated within the “sorting by” box the option allows the
resorting in x-direction of the data based on the current traceheader ensemblo
number. After sorting the first trace corresponds to the minimum ensemble
number and the last trace to the maximum one.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 388

1.11.6.9 Resort-group

The option allows a resorting of the data for a given trace group.

The two filter parameter nr. of traces and trace difference must be entered. Nr. of
traces gives the number of traces which shall be combined. Trace difference
gives the trace number difference of the traces to be combined. If any of the two
parameters is set to 0 the parameter will be automatically calculated from the
total number of traces divided by the other parameter. This might be useful if the
processing step shall be used within the sequence processing with different
number of traces.

Example1: There are 48 traces. Resorting shall be done in the following way:
traces 1,13,25 and 37 are written on position 1,2,3 and 4; traces 2,14,26 and 38
on position 5,6,7 and 8 and so on. The following inputs are necessary: trace
number: 4; trace incr.: 12.
Example2: There are two shot lines within one file. Each shot line consists of 120
shots with 24 channels and a receiver increment of 2 m. Two shots of each line
shall be combined together because the receiver positions are the same and the
shot receiver positions differ by 1m (1. shot line: first receiver at 1 m from shot
position; 2. shot line: first receiver at 2 m from shot position). The 1. shot gather
range from trace nr 1 to 2880 and the second one from trace n. 2881 to 5760.
Resorting is done by entering: nr of traces = 2, trace difference = 2880. After
resorting one complete shot gather results with a total amount of 120 shots and
48 channels with a receiver increment of 1m and the first receiver at 1 m).

One useful application is the possibility of putting together different shot lines
(see example 2). For this you must create the two different lines using the
conversion sequence combine lines/shots under Import ConversionMode and
then combine these two lines within one single file using the option insert profile
(attach). This combined file may be resorting in the way described above.

1.11.6.10 XY-exchange

The option allows an exchange of the sorting in x-(distance)- and y-(time-)

direction. The option might be useful if the original data have not been sorted as
Reflexw is assuming, e.g. x-values along the y-axis or the time-values (samples)
along the x-axis.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 389

1.11.6.11 Yo-Yo section

The option allows the separate presentation of downhole-crosshole reflection
data (source and receiver hole) coming from below and from above a predefined
depthpoint.

Only those shot-receiver combinations are sorted out which direct wave is going
through a choosable depth midpoint resulting in a so called Yo-Yo section. In
constant velocity media Yo-Yo reflections from an interface have constant path
lengths. Therefore any horizontally layered reflector will appear on a Yo-Yo
section as a flat one.
The dataset must consist of different shots each containing the same number of
equidistant traces (receivers). The total number of traces within the dataset is the
number of shots multiplied with the number of receivers. The receivers as well as
the shots must be sorted with increasing depths. The shot and receiver
coordinates must be defined within the traceheader.
First the data are automatically separated into two datasets one containing the
upward travelling waves and the other one containing the downward travelling
waves. For that purpose a fk-filtering is used. The filtering is done for each shot
independently. For that purpose the complete dataset is subdivided into n
different subsets each containing equal number of receiver traces (option trace
number). Afterwards the data are sorted around the chosen midpoint.
The sorting depends on the entered x-coordinate of the shot and the receiver. If
the shot x-coordinate is smaller than the receiver x-coordinate the shot x-
coordinate is used as the starting coordinate of the resulting yo-yo section and
vice versa.
The option needs the following inputs:
midpoint: defines the midpoint depthpoint for creating the Yo-Yo section. Only
these shot-receiver combinations are taken into account which direct wave is
going through this midpoint. (within the range of the chosen binsize).
binsize: defines the range for cutting the midpoint (see above). A value not equal
0 is necessary if source and receiver coordinates and the midpoint coordinate do
not exactly match.
trace number: enter the number of traces per shot. The input is necessary for the
fk-filtering of the individual shots.
velocity: enter the velocity which is used for calculating the traveltime of the direct
wave from the shot to the receiver. This traveltime is subtracted from the
traveltime of each trace.

The following pictures show an example with 41 shots between 50 and 90 m and
37 receivers between 52 and 88 m (picture on the left shows part of the original
crosshole data - 6 shots).
The Yo-Yo section has been created around the midpoint 70 m with a binsize of
0.5 m, 37 number of traces and a velocity of 1000 m/s. On the right panel the
model is shown.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 390
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 391

1.11.6.12 VSP corridor stack

The option allows the dynamic correction and stacking of the reflections of a
vertical seismic profile (VSP). The result is a time-shifted two-way arrival times
(at the surface) section.

The summation is done based on the first arrival timeshift over the corridor
width given in the timedimension. The first arrivals used are calculated from the
receiver positions and the 1D-velocity distribution which has been created before
within the CMP-vel.analysis module, With the option use same velocity
filename activated the 1D-velocity file which has the same filename like the
orignal datafile will be automatically used if availalble. If not a velocity file will be
queried.
The data are muted above the first arrivals and below the time beginning at the
first arrival time plus the corridor width. A taper may be applied around the first
arrivals (option taper window).
With the option only fk-filtered upgoing waves activated a fk-filtering will be
done before the stacking/correction resulting in a section which only contains the
upgoing wavefield.
It is possible to perform a stacking (picture at the bottom) or only a time shift
correction (picture at the right) of the data (option stack or only correction
activated). If a stacking shall be performed the number of duplicated traces for
the stacked section may be entered.
The number of samples does not change. If the original data acquistiion time is
small and deeper reflections are present you may use the option time cut before
in order to extend the timerange of the original profile.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 392

1.11.6.13 Traceinterpol-3DFile

The option allows to reinterpolate each 2D-line of a 3D-file in x-direction.

A 3D-file consists of several 2D lines each separated by a constant increment

(see also line increment under fileheader coordinates). The 2D lines are stored
successively within the 3D file. Normally the 2D lines should have the same
length and the same number of traces. If the number of traces within each 2D-
line differs, this option serves to compensate for these irregularities.

You must enter the two filter parameters trace increment and profile length in the
given distance dimension. Trace increment specifies the wanted trace
increment after interpolation. Profile length specifies the length of each 2D
profile line of the 3D file. The program recalculates the number of traces within
each 2D-line based on the wanted trace increment and profile length using the
following formula: calculated trace numbers = profile length / trace increment.

Use this option if the single 2D-lines within a 3D-file don`t have the same number
of traces because of some irregularities during the data acquisition (e.g. slip of
the measure wheel).

1.11.6.14 XFlip-3DFile
The option gives the possibility to flip the individual ensembles of a 3D-file in
distance-direction.

You must enter the Flip mode within the filterparameter group. Enter 0 if all
ensembles within the 3D-files shall be flipped. Enter 1 if every 2. ensemble shall
be flipped starting at ensemble number 2. Enter 2 if every 2. ensemble shall be
flipped starting at ensemble number 1. The values 1 or 2 are useful if the data
have been acquired meandering.

1.11.6.15 Shift-3DFile
The option gives the possibility to shift each or every 2. ensemble for a definable
range.

The shift mode defines which ensembles shall be shifted. Enter 0 if every
ensemble shall be shifted. Enter 1 for shifting every 2. ensemble starting at
ensemble number 2 and enter 2 for shifting every 2. ensemble starting at
ensemble number 1. The shift range in the given distance dimension defines the
range for the shift of each 2. (or each) ensemble.

For example the option may be useful if a systematic shift of the traces has been
occurred during the meandering acquisition of a 3D-datafile.
2D-Dataanalysis, Trace Interpolation/Resorting 393

1.11.6.16 create 3D-ensembles

This option allows you to subdivide the current profile into different 2D-lineparts.
This option allows you for example to redefine the individual ensembles (2D-
lines) of a 3D-file (the Ensemble-Nr. within the traceheaders will be updated).

With the suboption automatic activated you only have to enter the number of
traces per linepart (filter parameter: nr.of traces). In this case the current profile
is subdivided into equidistant 2D-lineparts each containing the given number of
traces.
With the suboption manual activated you must manually enter the start position
of each linepart within the table or using the left mouse button within the profile.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 394

1.11.7 Edit traces/traceranges

The following edit possibilities are included within the Edit traces/traceranges
group:

remove
interpolate
extract
replace
reverse polarity
set to zero
duplicate
move
swap 2 timeblocks
insert profile
combine files f.CMP
merge files
merge in timedir.
insert zero traces
remove zero traces
emove idle traces

When activating the options remove, interpolate, extract, replace, reverse

polarity, set to zero, duplicate and move a table appears. With all these options
the inputs may be entered either interactively within the original profile or using
the table input.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.

After having specified the filter parameter, you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally opens the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a
choosable number of lines after.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 395

Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing. Exceptions where only one
secondary line will be needed :
processing step insert profile and replace: here an additional character(s) is
asked which will be automatically added to the actual filenames for the creation
of the secondary lines which shall be inserted or replaced. Example:
actual filename: data_gps.00t - additional characters: _insert -> secondary file:
data_gps_insert
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 396

1.11.7.1 Remove

This option allows to delete individual traces or trace ranges.

After having activated the option remove a table with the parameters 1.trace nr.
and 2. trace nr. which allows the interactive input of the individual trace ranges.
If the trace range consists of only one trace 1.trace nr. and 2.trace nr. must have
the same value.
The traces (trace ranges) can also be defined within the original profile. With the
option EditTraces activated you may select the desired trace by pressing the left
mouse button at the desired position. With the option EditTraceRanges
activated you may select the desired trace range by clicking on the uppermost
left corner of the area and dragging the mouse to the wanted lowermost right
corner with the left mouse button pressed. The chosen trace numbers are
automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the profile image.
The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name remove and a freely choosable extension. Each line of
the ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: 1. trace nr., 2. column: 2. trace
nr.. If used within the sequence processing such a file will be asked for.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
remove. The table and profile image are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

With the option use line parts activated the entered traces are used for all
lineparts (e.g. of a 3 D-file or a several shots file).

With the option keep markers activated any marker will be kept if it falls into the
range to be removed.

The number of traces in the processed file decreases according to the defined
trace ranges. Please note that the trace headers are maintained for all remaining
traces. This mainly concerns the coordinates. A shifting of the distance
coordinate according to the number of deleted traces does not occur.

1.11.7.2 Remove range

This option allows to delete a range of traces at the beginning and at the ending
of the profile.

The filter parameter front range and back range determine the size of the trace
ranges (in the given distance dimension) to be removed. Enter a size of 0 for the
corresponding parameter if you do not wish to remove a range either at the
beginning or at the ending. The filter parameter upd.coord. allows you to
determine if the starting and ending coordinates in profile direction are
automatically updated. Enter a value different from 0 if you do not wish the start
coordinates to change.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 397

1.11.7.3 Interpolate

The option allows to replace individual traces or trace ranges with an

interpolation of the two neighbouring traces. The interpolation is performed over
samples with same time. When selecting marginal traces the corresponding
neighbouring trace is duplicated.

After having activated the option interpolate a table with the parameters 1.trace
nr. and 2. trace nr. which allows the interactive input of the individual trace
ranges. If the trace range consists of only one trace 1.trace nr. and 2.trace nr.
must have the same value.
The traces (trace ranges) can also be defined within the original profile. With the
option EditTraces activated you may select the desired trace by pressing the left
mouse button at the desired position. With the option EditTraceRanges
activated you may select the desired trace range by clicking on the uppermost
left corner of the area and dragging the mouse to the wanted lowermost right
corner with the left mouse button pressed. The chosen trace numbers are
automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the profile image.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name interpol and a choosable extension. Each line of the
ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: tracenumber1, 2. column: range
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
interpol and any extension. The table and the interactive window are
automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

The option get 0 traces allows the interpolation of those traces which only
contain 0 values.

The option generate per.groups allows the interpolation of periodic groups of

traces. One possible application is the elimination of groups of traces disturbed
by near surface periodic metal objects to be repeated periodically (e.g. rails).
Before activating this option the following filter parameter within the filter group
box must be entered: start distance and end distance define the distance
range for the interpolation. In addition start distance characterizes the begin of
the first group of traces to be interpolated. Group interval defines the distance
between the single groups and group length defines the length of each
individual group. All inputs are in the given distance dimension. After activating
the option generate per.groups the current table inputs are reset and
recalculated based on the current filter parameters.

Only the interpolation of 0 traces or periodic groups based on the set filter
parameters is supported within the Sequence Processing. If the entered end
distance is smaller or equal the start distance the interpolation is done for 0
traces. Otherwise the interpolation is done on periodic groups.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 398

1.11.7.4 Extract

The option allows to extract individual traces or trace ranges, respectively, from
the primary file.

After having activated the option extract a table with the parameters 1.trace nr.
and 2. trace nr. which allows the interactive input of the individual trace ranges.
If the trace range consists of only one trace 1.trace nr. and 2.trace nr. must have
the same value.
The traces (trace ranges) can also be defined within the original profile. With the
option EditTraces activated you may select the desired trace by pressing the left
mouse button at the desired position. With the option EditTraceRanges
activated you may select the desired trace range by clicking on the uppermost
left corner of the area and dragging the mouse to the wanted lowermost right
corner with the left mouse button pressed. The chosen trace numbers are
automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the profile image.
The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name extract and a freely choosable extension. Each line of the
ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: 1. trace nr., 2. column: 2. trace nr..
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
remove. The table and profile image are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.
The option read marker loads all traces including a marker. The table and profile
image are automatically updated.

The option from xy-tracecoord. allows the automatic determination of the

wanted traces from the traceheader xy-coordinates. Before activating this option
the xy-range must be entered within the filter group box: start x-coord. and start
y-coord. as well as end x-coord. and end y-coord.

With the option extract coordinate/time range activated the coordinate/time

range defined with filterbox will be used for the data extraction. The profile start
coordinate will be shifted according to the coordinate of the entered start
coordinate of the extraction range. The start time will be set to the entered start
time of the extracton range.

With the option use line parts activated the entered traces are used for all
lineparts (e.g. of a 3 D-file or a several shots file).

With the option shift profile start coordinate activated the profile start
coordinate will be shifted according to the coordinate of the first chosen trace
number. Otherwise the fileheader coordinates remain unchanged except for a
3D-file (option datatype set to 3D-const.offset within the fileheader). In this case
the start coordinates in x- and y-direction will be changed if the start x-coord.
and/or the start y-coord. within the filter group box are larger than the
corresponding values stored within the fileheader.
The trace headers remain. The extracted traces or trace ranges are saved trace-
oriented sequentially in increasing order.

If used within the Sequence Processing the traces are always automatically
determined from the traceheader coordinates (see option from xy-tracecoord.).
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 399

1.11.7.5 Replace
The option allows to replace individual traces or trace ranges at equal traces by
the corresponding traces of another file.

After having activated the option replace a table with the parameters 1.trace nr.
and 2. trace nr. which allows the interactive input of the individual trace ranges.
If the trace range consists of only one trace 1.trace nr. and 2.trace nr. must have
the same value.
The traces (trace ranges) can also be defined within the original profile. With the
option EditTraces activated you may select the desired trace by pressing the left
mouse button at the desired position. With the option EditTraceRanges
activated you may select the desired trace range by clicking on the uppermost
left corner of the area and dragging the mouse to the wanted lowermost right
corner with the left mouse button pressed. The chosen trace numbers are
automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the profile image.

The option load within the SecondLineGroupBox enables the opening of the file
from which the traces to be replaced should be taken. The replacement is
performed at equal traces, that is the data at the specified trace positions or trace
ranges, respectively, are replaced by the data of the new file at the identical trace
positions.

The option is not available within the Sequence Processing.

The option is available for the batch start processing. Here an additional
character(s) is asked which will be automatically added to the actual filenames
for the creation of the secondary lines which shall be inserted. Example:
actual filename: data_gps.00t - additional characters: _insert -> secondary file:
data_gps_insert

1.11.7.6 Reverse polarity

The option allows to reverse the polarity of individual traces or trace ranges, this
means a phase shift by 180 degrees.

After having activated the option reverse polarity a table with the parameters
1.trace nr. and 2. trace nr. which allows the interactive input of the individual
trace ranges. If the trace range consists of only one trace 1.trace nr. and 2.trace
nr. must have the same value.
The traces (trace ranges) can also be defined within the original profile. With the
option EditTraces activated you may select the desired trace by pressing the left
mouse button at the desired position. With the option EditTraceRanges
activated you may select the desired trace range by clicking on the uppermost
left corner of the area and dragging the mouse to the wanted lowermost right
corner with the left mouse button pressed. The chosen trace numbers are
automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the profile image.
With the option use line parts activated the entered traces are used for all
lineparts (e.g. of a 3 D-file or a several shots file). This might be useful especially
for a multi shot file where e.g. one geophone of a moving line always exhibits the
wrong polarity.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 400

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name reverse and a choosable extension. Each line of the
ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: tracenumber1, 2. column:
tracenumber2. If used within the sequence processing such a file will be asked
for.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
reverse and any extension. The table and the interactive window are
automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

The option is also available within the Sequence Processing.

1.11.7.7 Set to zero

The option allows to set individual traces or trace ranges to zero.

After having activated the option set to zero a table with the parameters 1.trace
nr. and 2. trace nr. which allows the interactive input of the individual trace
ranges. If the trace range consists of only one trace 1.trace nr. and 2.trace nr.
must have the same value.
The traces (trace ranges) can also be defined within the original profile. With the
option EditTraces activated you may select the desired trace by pressing the left
mouse button at the desired position. With the option EditTraceRanges
activated you may select the desired trace range by clicking on the uppermost
left corner of the area and dragging the mouse to the wanted lowermost right
corner with the left mouse button pressed. The chosen trace numbers are
automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the profile image.
The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name setzero and a freely choosable extension. Each line of
the ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: 1. trace nr., 2. column: 2. trace
nr.. If used within the sequence processing such a file will be asked for.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
correct. The table and profile image are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

1.11.7.8 Duplicate

The option allows to duplicate individual traces.

After having activated the option duplicate a table with the parameters 1.trace
nr. and 2. trace nr. which allows the interactive input of the individual trace
ranges. If the trace range consists of only one trace 1.trace nr. and 2.trace nr.
must have the same value.
The traces can also be defined within the original profile. With the option
EditTraces activated you may select the desired trace by pressing the left
mouse button at the desired position. The chosen trace numbers are
automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the profile image.

The number of traces in the processed file increases according to the number of
selected traces.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 401

The option is not available within the sequence processing. The option is
available for the batch start processing.

1.11.7.9 Move

The option allows to move individual traces in time(y)-direction in order to

balance possible trigger errors. This movement corresponds to a static
correction.

After having activated the option move a table with the parameters trace nr. and
time in the given timedimension which allows the interactive input of the
individual trace ranges. If the trace range consists of only one trace 1.trace nr.
and 2.trace nr. must have the same value.
The traces (trace ranges) can also be defined within the original profile. Choose
the desired trace by the left mouse and move it in time direction with pressed
mouse key. The chosen trace number and the moving time are automatically
transferred to the table input and vice versa to the profile image.
The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name move and a freely choosable extension. Each line of the
ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: trace nr., 2. column: time shift.. If
used within the sequence processing such a file will be asked for.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
correct. The table and profile image are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

1.11.7.10 Swap 2 timeblocks

The option allows to swap two datablocks in timedirection. Example: the trace
consists of 4096 samples. After having applied the option the timeblock of
sample 1 to 2048 and the timeblock of sample 2049 to 4096 will be swapped, this
means old sample 1 will be located at sample 2049 and old sample 2049 at
position 1 and so on. Use this option if some traces are swapped for some
reasons.

1.11.7.11 Insert profile

The option allows to insert a second file at a distinct position.

The options EditTrace, Attach at end and use coordinates control the position of
the second file to be placed.
With the option EditTrace activated you may specify any trace number within the
table input or by clicking within the original profile. This trace number defines the
position of the second line to be placed.
Activating the option Attach at end means that combining is done at the end of
the first profile independently from the original starting position of the second file.
Activating the option use coordinates means that combining is done at the
starting position of the second file. One application is the combination of two
files, which do have different ending and starting coordinates (e.g. because of a
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 402

non measurable area). The non measured area will be filled up with zero traces.
If the profiles overlap the overlapping traces of the original profile will be put at
the end of the processed file. If this is not desired use the option merge files
(chap. 1.11.7.13) with the suboption attach profiles instead.

The option load within the SecondLineGroupBox enables the opening of the file
which is to be inserted.

The resulting number of traces will be increased depending on the starting

coordinate of the second profile if the option use coordinates is activated or on
the number of traces of the inserted profile with the option EditTrace or Attach at
end activated.

The option is not available within the Sequence Processing.

The option is available for the batch start processing. Here an additional
character(s) is asked which will be automatically added to the actual filenames
for the creation of the secondary lines which shall be inserted. Example:
actual filename: data_gps.00t - additional characters: _insert -> secondary file:
data_gps_insert

1.11.7.12 Combine files f.CMP

This option gives the possibility to combine together the original line with several
secondary lines into one new file.

The options single shots and zero offset lines control the data type of the lines to
be CMP combined and therefore the sorting of the traces within the new line.
With the option single shots activated all data files are read in subsequently and
written out. The first file is the original line, the second one the first secondary file
and so on. For example this option serves for a combination of several shot
gathers analogous to the option combine lines/shots within the Import format
specification.
With the option zero offset lines activated the combining of the lines is done at
the position of each trace. This option is necessary for a subsequent CMP-
processing of constant-offset lines. Example: you want to combine 4 profiles
trace by trace: After finishing the option the traces are sorted as followed: 1. trace
of the original profile, 1. trace of the 1. secondary file, 1. trace of the 2. secondary
file, 1. trace of the 3. secondary file, 2. trace of the original file, 2. trace of the 1.
secondary file and so on. The trace increment and the time increment as well as
the number of traces of each profile should be identical. The geometry (shot-,
receiver and CMP-coordinates) are automatically updated based on the
coordinates (profile coordinates and S/R-distance - see also fileheader
coordinates and fileheader input1 ) stored in the profile header of each profile.

The option load within the SecondLineGroupBox enables the opening of the
secondary files to be combined. The files are automatically sorted. Therefore, the
order of choosing the files is of no importance.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 403

The option combine files f.CMP is useful if the data shall be processed within the
CMP-processing afterwards.

The option is not available within the Sequence Processing.

1.11.7.13 merge files

This option gives the possibility to merge the original line with several secondary
lines into one new file.
The merging is done based on the start coordinates of the single lines stored
within the individual fileheaders (see also fileheader coordinates). The
traceincrement, the timeincrement and the starttime of each line must be
identical.

Five different merging possibilities are given:

With the suboption attach profiles activated it is assumed that the profiles do
not overlap and there might be gaps inbetween. The traceincrement of the
resulting line will be the original traceincrement except for the case of all lines
containing only 1 trace and an identical increment between the startcoordinates
of the original files is given (e.g. a Finit Difference simulation of moving point
sources and only one receiver). In this case the traceincrement is set to this
increment. The resulting profile starts at the smallest startcoordinate and ends at
the largest endcoordinate of the original profiles. The non measured area will be
filled up with zero traces. The xy-traceheader coordinates within this gap will be
interpolated from the given end xy-coordinates of the first profile and the start xy-
coordinates of the second profile. If the profiles overlap only the overlapping
traces of the newly attached profile will be kept (in contrast to the option insert
profile, chap. 1.11.7.10).

With the option merge inline activated it is assumed that the startcoordinates of
the different lines only differ by a fracture of the traceincrement. The
traceincrement of the resulting line will be the original traceincrement divided by
the number of the merged profiles.
example: 4 lines have to been merged together. Each line has a trace increment
of 1 meter. The start coordinates of the individual lines differ by 0.25 meter.
original line: start coordinate: 0
1. sec. line: start coordinate: 0.25
2. sec. line: start coordinate: 0.5
3. sec. line: start coordinate: 0.75
The traces of the merged file are sorted as followed: 1. trace of the original
profile, 1. trace of the 1. secondary file, 1. trace of the 2. secondary file, 1. trace
of the 3. secondary file, 2. trace of the original file, 2. trace of the 1. secondary
file and so on.

With the option 3D-files or 3D-files meand activated allows to merge the
actually loaded 3D-file with different 3D-files which have been acquired e.g. using
a multi antenna array or which have been acquired in order to condense the grid.
Precondition is that each 3D-datafile consists of parallel 2D-lines with the same
ensemble numbers for each set of 2D-lines and that the first 2D-line within the
actually loaded 3D-datafile represents the start 2D-line.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 404

Example four antenna array: the data have been acquired along parallel 2D-lines
which have been stored within one single datafile for each antenna. The result
are four different 3D-datafiles. Precondition for the use of the merge option is the
existence of the correct (same) ensemble number for each 2D-line within each
3D-datafile. The resulting 3D-datafile after the merge option consists of the
following ensembles:
1. Ensemble (2D-line) of the first 3D-datafile
1. Ensemble (2D-line) of the second 3D-datafile
1. Ensemble (2D-line) of the third 3D-datafile
1. Ensemble (2D-line) of the fourth 3D-datafile
2. Ensemble (2D-line) of the first 3D-datafile
2. Ensemble (2D-line) of the second 3D-datafile
2. Ensemble (2D-line) of the third 3D-datafile
2. Ensemble (2D-line) of the fourth 3D-datafile
..... and so on
The option 3D-files meand. allows a meandering sorting of the antenna array.
The resulting 3D-datafile after the merge option consists of the following
ensembles:
1. Ensemble (2D-line) of the first 3D-datafile
1. Ensemble (2D-line) of the second 3D-datafile
1. Ensemble (2D-line) of the third 3D-datafile
1. Ensemble (2D-line) of the fourth 3D-datafile
2. Ensemble (2D-line) of the fourth 3D-datafile
2. Ensemble (2D-line) of the third 3D-datafile
2. Ensemble (2D-line) of the second 3D-datafile
2. Ensemble (2D-line) of the first 3D-datafile
3. Ensemble (2D-line) of the first 3D-datafile
3. Ensemble (2D-line) of the second 3D-datafile
3. Ensemble (2D-line) of the third 3D-datafile
3. Ensemble (2D-line) of the fourth 3D-datafile
4. Ensemble (2D-line) of the fourth 3D-datafile
4. Ensemble (2D-line) of the third 3D-datafile
4. Ensemble (2D-line) of the second 3D-datafile
4. Ensemble (2D-line) of the first 3D-datafile
The profile increment will be automatically updated (divided by the number of 3D-
datafiles).

With the suboption stack profiles activated the chosen profiles will be vertically
stacked.

The option load within the SecondLineGroupBox enables the opening of the
secondary files to be combined. Multiple choice is available using the shift or ctrl
key.

The option is not available within the Sequence Processing.

2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 405

1.11.7.14 merge in timedir.

This option allows you to merge different lines into one new file whereby the
merging is done in timedirection trace by trace. The data of one trace of all
profiles are merged into one new trace. The new number of samples is the sum
of the samples of the individual lines.
The option serves for multiplexing multichannel data which are automatically
demultiplexed during the import. The number of traces for all lines to be merged
should be equal as well as the timeincrement.
The profiles to be merged with the primary profile in time direction will be defined
either automatically or by a manual choice. With manual choice activated the
chosen profiles will be automatically sorted in alphabetic order with the primary
file at the first position.
With automatic activated the program automatically searches for the files to be
merged. This means that all datafiles with identical filenames except the last
character which represents the channel number (see also Import filename
specification, chap. 1.5.2) are assumed to be the multichannel data to be merged
into one file.

Within the sequence processing only the automatic file choice is available.

1.11.7.15 insert zero traces

T he option allows to insert traces with zero amplitude values.

After having activated the option insert zero traces a table appears with the
parameters trace nr. and range which allow the interactive input of the position
(trace nr.) and the range of zero traces to be inserted. The range must be
entered manually for each position in the given distance dimension.
The traces can also be defined within the original profile. You may select the
desired trace by pressing the left mouse button at the desired position. The
chosen trace numbers are automatically transferred to the table input and vice
versa to the profile image.

If the value for trace nr. is set to 0 a corresponding zero traces range is inserted
before the first trace.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name insert0 and a choosable extension. Each line of the
ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: tracenumber1, 2. column: range. If
used within the sequence processing such a file will be asked for.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
insert0 and any extension. The table and the interactive window are automatically
updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.
2D-Dataanalysis, Edit traces/traceranges 406

1.11.7.16 remove zero traces

The option allows to automatically remove all traces with zero amplitude values.
The traceincrement as well as the startcoordinate will be kept. The endcoordinate
is updated based on the new number of traces.

1.11.7.17 remove idle traces

The option allows to automatically remove all adjacent traces which have equal
or similar amplitude and phase, e.g. stemming from an idle state. You may enter
the max. trace difference in percentage from the mean trace difference of all
traces. The endcoordinate is updated based on the new number of traces.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 407

1.11.8 2D-Filter
The following filter possibilities are included in the declipping/arithmetic functions
group:

running average
subtracting average
background removal
compress
expand
stack traces
subtract traces
compress 3D-file
expand 3D-file
average xy-filter
median xy-filter
dilation xy-filter
erosion xy-filter
constrain borders
average 3D-filter

For the filter background removal within this group the original trace is shown
together with the currently filtered trace, the spectrum of the original trace and
the spectrum of the currently filtered trace. Additionally the reference trace
calculated from the filter input parameters is shown. This reference trace may
also be saved for a subsequent viewing or preprocessing.
The arrows near the original trace and original spectrum are used to enhance the
resolution of the trace and spectrum windows. The trace or the spectrum is
stretched up and down when using these arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the
time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if the time scale is in nano-seconds,
respectively.
In addition to the zooming arrows there exist an equivalent spin button which
allows to move the starting point of the primary and filtered traces as well as of
the corresponding spectra.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number or by clicking in the
primary file using the left mouse button.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.

After having specified the filter parameter you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing. After
activating the processing label editing a list box appears which shows all labels
already used for the current line.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 408

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a
choosable number of lines after.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 409

1.11.8.1 Running average

This filter acts on the chosen number of traces. The filter performs a running
average over a selectable number of traces for each time step.

The running average is performed over a number of traces (parameter average

traces). The max. bandwidth is restricted to 1024 traces to be averaged. For a
bandwidth of 4 the current sample, the next two in horizontal direction to the left
and the next two in horizontal direction to the right, i.e. five samples for each time
value, are taken into account. If between the current sample and the first or the
last trace are fewer samples than half the window width, the window width is
decreased on one side. From these five samples the mean value is calculated
and assigned to the current sample as new value. The filter is the more effective
the larger the selected bandwidth.
It is possible to restrict the affected time area of the filter. For this you must enter
within the filter parameter group the start time and the end time for which the
filter shall be applied on. The resting data part will remain unfiltered. By default
start time is set to the time-begin of each trace and end time is set to the max.
time of each trace. The parameter samples within the taper width window allows
to enter the number of samples for tapering the time start and end.

This filter method suppresses trace dependent noise. Its effect is to emphasize
horizontally coherent energy.

1.11.8.2 Subtracting average

This filter acts on the chosen number of traces. The filter performs a subtracting
average over a selectable number of traces for each time step. The filter
performs a so called sliding background removal.

The subtracting average is performed over a number of traces (parameter

average traces). The max. bandwidth is restricted to 1024 traces to be
averaged. For a bandwidth of 4 the current sample, the next two in horizontal
direction to the left and the next two in horizontal direction to the right, i.e. five
samples for each time value, are taken into account. If between the current
sample and the first or the last trace are fewer samples than half the window
width, the window width is decreased on one side. From these five samples the
mean value is calculated. This mean value is subtracted from the value of the
current sample and the result is assigned to the current sample as new value.
The filter is the more effective the smaller the selected bandwidth.
3 different averaging methods are supported. Mean1 and mean2 use two
different methods defining a mean value (mean1 means arithmetic mean, mean
2 uses a special effect-attenuated algorithm), median uses a method defining
the median value. In case of the median method an additional parameter
average samples may be entered which allows to extend the average range in
sample direction in addition.

It is possible to restrict the affected time area of the filter. For this you must enter
within the filter parameter group the start time and the end time for which the
filter shall be applied on. The resting data part will remain unfiltered. By default
start time is set to the time-begin of each trace and end time is set to the max.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 410

time of each trace. The parameter samples within the taper width window allows
to enter the number of samples for tapering the time start and end.

This filter method suppresses horizontally coherent energy. Its effect is to

emphasize signals which vary laterally (e.g. diffractions).

1.11.8.3 Background removal

This filter acts on the chosen number of traces. The filter performs a subtracting
of an averaged trace (tracerange) which is built up from the chosen time/distance
range of the current section. The filter performs a so-called background removal.

For this you must define the time/distance range for building up the average
trace. This average trace is shown in the reference trace window. The time range
is defined by the filter parameters start time and end time. The taper width in
samples option allows to enter the number of samples
for tapering the time start and end.
The distance range is defined by the filter parameters
start distance and end distance. It is also possible to
define this data range interactively within the original
profile. Click on the uppermost left corner of the area to
be chosen and drag the mouse to the wanted lowermost
right corner with the left mouse button pressed.
For each selected time sample the selected traces are averaged automatically in
x-direction so that you get a time series for the subsequent subtraction. This time
series is subtracted from every trace of the profile. The noise signal you wish to
eliminate for example could be the range of the first arrival which is superposed
locally with diffraction arrivals of shallow diffractors. Then you have to select a
range of first arrivals where no diffractions are expected. Other noise that can be
eliminated is, e.g. electronic signals.
With the definition of the time range for building up the time series the affected
time area of the filter is automatically restricted to that range. The resting data
part will remain unfiltered.
To be considered for the sequence processing: If the lines have different
distance or time ranges it might be useful to select the start distance and end
distance and/or the start time and end time in such a way that the largest ranges
occurring within the lines are taken into account. Then it is sure that the filtertrace
is built up for all traces for each line.

The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the reference trace is
determined from the whole line, from a special distance range (and dist.range
only respectively) or whether it is automatically determined for line parts
separated by each other by a new ensemble number. When using whole profile
or line parts the filter parameters start distance and end distance are of no
importance because always all traces within the whole profile or within one
ensemble group are used for building up the filter trace. Activate the option line
parts if the file is composed of different 2D-lines or shots (e.g. a 3D-file consisting
of different 2D-parallel lines).
With the option dist.range only activated only the traces lying within the chosen
distance range are filtered in contrast to the option distance range where only the
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 411

filter trace is determined from the chosen distance range but all traces are
filtered.
If the option external trace has been selected the reference trace which will be
subtracted from all traces of the profile will be loaded from an independent
Reflexw datafile. The Reflexw datafiles may contain one or more traces but in
any case only the first trace will be taken as the refrence trace. The option load
wavelets allows to reload the reference trace. The reference trace may contain a
different timeincrement but different start times will not be taken into account.

With the option background removal you can eliminate temporally consistent
noise from the whole profile and therefore possibly make signals visible,
previously covered by this noise. This filter method also suppresses horizontally
coherent energy. Its effect is also to emphasize signals which vary laterally (e.g.
diffractions).
attention: it might happen that the filter causes non real signals. This holds true
when the averaged time series contains energy which is not present within any
part(s) of the profile.

1.11.8.4 Compress

This option allows both a compression in time-(Y-)direction and in distance-(X-

)direction.

The filter parameters factor (x-dir.) and factor (y-dir.) define the size of the
compressing window in x- and y-direction, this means every which trace and
every which sample will be saved. The filter parameter start trace means, which
trace will be used. The filter parameter start sample means which sample will be
used. Example: factor (x-dir.): 3, factor (y-dir.): 2, start trace: 2, start sample: 1.
The data are reduced to every 3. trace and 2. sample starting at trace number 2
and sample number 1. The samples or traces not needed anymore are omitted.
Make sure before applying this option that due to compressing no aliasing
problems occur.
The radio box compress controls the handling of new traceincrement. With the
option fix profile length activated the new traceincrement will be changed
according to the entered factor (x-dir.). With the option fix traceincrement
activated the new traceincrement will not be changed resulting in a smaller profile
length according the entered factor (x-dir.).
A compression is reasonable before the application of computing-time intensive
processing steps (e.g. fk-Filter).

1.11.8.5 Expand

This option allows both an expansion in time-(Y-)direction and in distance-(X-

)direction.

The filter parameters factor (x-dir.) and factor (y-dir.) define the size of the
expansion window in x- and y-direction. The values between the old sample
values or traces, respectively, are linearly interpolated.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 412

With option keep 0 value(0,1) set to 1 the interpolation will be restricted to non 0
values. This might be useful for example for a tomographic result.

Please note that with the application of this option the resolution capacity is not
increased. Though, a reasonable application is for example an enhanced
visualization.

1.11.8.6 Stack traces

The option allows the temporal simultaneous stacking of a selectable number of

traces.

As filter parameter enter the nr. of traces to be stacked. In contrast to the option
compress here no data are omitted but the mean value for the chosen number of
traces is calculated for each time sample. The total number of traces decreases
according to the number of stack traces. Please make sure before applying this
option that no aliasing problems occur due to stacking. The traceincrement will
be changed accordingly - see below.
With the parameter nr.of tr./ensemble greater 1 the stacking may not be done
on successive traces but for common successive ensembles. Example: A
stacking shall be done for shot ensembles which have been acquired four times
at the same position. Each shot ensemble includes 48 traces. Then you have to
enter nr. of traces 4 and nr.of tr./ensemble 48. The result are stacked shot
ensembles stored sequentially. Another example: 3 constant offset profiles with
1000 traces each stored sequentially within one file. Enter 3 for nr.of traces and
1000 for nr. tr./ensemble. If nr.of tr./ensemble is greater than 1 the
traceincrement will not be changed.
With the parameter nr.of tr./ensemble smaller/equal 1 (default) the stacking is
based on successive traces.

The filter might be applied in order to enhance the signal to noise ratio.

1.11.8.7 Subtract traces

The option allows the temporal simultaneous subtraction of a selectable number
of traces from the first trace within each group.

As filter parameter enter the nr. of traces to be subtracted from the first trace
within each group. The number of traces within each group is nr. of traces + 1. A
useful parameter value is 1. In this case alway the second trace is subtracted
from the first one within a group of 2 traces.

The filter might be applied for shear wave-data with different polarities of the p-
waves. The data must be sorted in such a way that subsequent traces have the
different polarities.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 413

1.11.8.8 Compress 3D-file

This option allows a compression of a 3D-file into the two directions. A 3D-file
consists of several parallel 2D-lines separated by the so called line increment.

The filter parameters factor (line dir.) and factor (line perp.) define the size of
the compressing window in line-direction and perpendicual to the line direction.
The filter parameter start trace means, which trace will be used first. The filter
parameter start 2D-line means which 2D-line will be used first. Example: factor
(line dir.): 3, factor (line perp.): 2, start trace: 2, start 2D-line: 1. The data are
reduced to every 3. trace in line direction and 2. trace perpendicular to the 2D-
lines starting at trace number 2 and 2D-line number 1. The samples or traces not
needed anymore are omitted. Make sure before applying this option that due to
compressing no aliasing problems occur.

A compression is reasonable before the application of computing-time intensive

processing steps (e.g. 3D-migration, see chap. 1.11.9).

1.11.8.9 Expand 3D-file

This option allows to expand a 3D-file perpendicular to the profile direction. A 3D-
file consists of several parallel 2D-lines separated by the so called line
increment.

The filter parameters factor (line dir.) and factor (line perp.) define the size of
the expanding window in line-direction and perpendicual to the line direction. The
number of 2D-lines building up the 3D-file changes accordingly and also the
traceincrement and/or lineincrement will be changed according to the entered
parameter factors. The start and end coordinates will not be changed. Therefore
the number of 2D-lines only changes to ((old number per line-1) * (factor inline)
+1)* ((old ensemble number-1) * (factor perp) +1).

1.11.8.10 average xy-filter

The filter calculates the average over a selectable xy-area for each time step.

The average is performed both over a number of traces (parameter nr. of traces
(x)) and over a number of samples (parameter nr. of samples (y)). The max.
bandwidth in x-direction is restricted to 256 traces to be averaged. The filter area
is centered around the current data point. Example: nr of traces (x) is set to 4 and
number of samples (y) is set to 8: around the current data point a data area of
5*9 data points used for determine the average. The filter is the more effective
the larger the selected area.
It is possible to restrict the affected time area of the filter. For this you must enter
within the filter parameter group the start time and the end time for which the
filter shall be applied on. The resting data part will remain unfiltered. By default
start time is set to the time-begin of each trace and end time is set to the max.
time of each trace.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 414

This filter method suppresses trace and time dependent noise. It acts as a
lowpass filter both in x- and y-(time) direction.

1.11.8.11 median xy-filter

The filter calculates the median over a selectable xy-area for each time step.

The median is performed both over a number of traces (parameter nr. of traces
(x)) and over a number of samples (parameter nr. of samples (y)). The max.
bandwidth in x-direction is restricted to 256 traces to be averaged. The filter area
is centered around the current data point. Example: nr of traces (x) is set to 4 and
number of samples (y) is set to 8: around the current data point a data area of
5*9 data points used for determine the median. The filter is the more effective the
larger the selected area.
It is possible to restrict the affected time area of the filter. For this you must enter
within the filter parameter group the start time and the end time for which the
filter shall be applied on. The resting data part will remain unfiltered. By default
start time is set to the time-begin of each trace and end time is set to the max.
time of each trace.

This filter method suppresses trace and time dependent noise and spike events.
It acts as a lowpass filter both in x- and y-(time) direction.

1.11.8.12 dilation xy-filter

Dilation and erosion are morphology-based operations. Dilation, in general,

causes objects to dilate or grow in size but also a hole fitting will be observed.

The filter size must be entered. 3*3 disk/li. and 3*3 disk includes 5 points, 3*3
square 9 points points,5*5 disk 13 points, 5*5 square 25 points and 7*7 disk 29
points. The filter effect increases with the filtersize (3*3 disk/lin. has the smallest
effect). The filter area is centered around the current data point.
It is possible to restrict the affected time (y-) area of the filter. For this you must
enter within the filter parameter group the start time and the end time for which
the filter shall be applied on. The resting data part will remain unfiltered. By
default start time is set to the time-begin of each trace and end time is set to the
max. time of each trace.

The filter is mainly useful for the display of slices.

1.11.8.13 erosion xy-filter

Erosion causes objects to shrink. The combination with the dilation xy-filter has a
similar effect like the median xy filter.

The filter size must be entered. 3*3 disk/li. and 3*3 disk includes 5 points, 3*3
square 9 points,5*5 disk 13 points, 5*5 square 25 points and 7*7 disk 29 points.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-Filter 415

The filter effect increases with the filtersize (3*3 disk/lin. has the smallest effect).
The filter area is centered around the current data point.
It is possible to restrict the affected time (y-) area of the filter. For this you must
enter within the filter parameter group the start time and the end time for which
the filter shall be applied on. The resting data part will remain unfiltered. By
default start time is set to the time-begin of each trace and end time is set to the
max. time of each trace.

The filter is mainly useful for the display of slices.

1.11.8.14 constrain borders

The option checks the non convered range
and sharpens the borders depending on the
entered parameters. The option should only
be applied on timeslices.
The parameters nr. of traces (x) and nr. of
samples (y) define the range for sharping and may for example coincide with the
interpolation range used for the calculation of the timeslices (see below).
The option might be useful if an interpolation has been used for generating the
timeslices and due to this interpolation the borders of the acquisition area have
been enlarged and smoothed. This might be critical if the acquisition area has
some obstacles like walls and the interpolation ranges into these (picture on the
left). The option now allows you to sharpen the acquisition borders and to remove
the extrapolation into non desired ranges (picture on the right).

1.11.8.15 average 3D-filter

Tthe filter acts on a 3D-file and performs and averaging in all 3 direcitons. The
option nr. of voxels in time controls the number of voxels in z(time)-direction for
determining the average, nr. of voxels inline controls the number of volxels in
inline direction and nr. of voxels crossline controls the number of voxels in
crossline direction.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 416

1.11.9 Migration
The following migration and timedepth conversion possibilities are included in the
migration/time-depth conversion group:

diffraction stack
Kirchhoff migration
fk migration (Stolt)
topography migration
diffraction 2D-veloc
Kirchhoff 2D-veloc
FD-migration
timedepth conversion
semblance
prestack migration
3D diffraction stack
3D Kirchh. migration
3D-fk migration
3D-Kirchh. 2D-vel.
3D-semblance

The arrows near the original trace and original spectrum are used to enhance the
resolution of the trace and spectrum windows. The trace or the spectrum is
stretched up and down when using these arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the
time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if the time scale is in nano-seconds,
respectively.
In addition to the zooming arrows there exist an equivalent spin button which
allows to move the starting point of the primary and filtered traces as well as of
the corresponding spectra.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number or by clicking in the
primary file using the left mouse button.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group. The up/down arrows near the input fields allow to
change the actual entered value by + or - 10 %. With the option Apply on
example trace activated the effect of the filter parameters is online controlled
when changing the parameters by showing both the original and filtered trace.
The arrows near the input fields may be best used for such an interactive control.
Deactivate this parameter if this control takes too much computer time.

After having specified the filter parameter you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing. After
activating the processing label editing a list box appears which shows all labels
already used for the current line.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a
selectable number of lines after.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 417

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 418

1.11.9.1 Diffraction stack

A simple time migration (diffraction stack) of a two-dimensional profile on the

basis of a constant velocity is performed. The profile must represent a so called
zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the same location. The
goal of the migration is to trace back the reflection and diffraction energy to their
"source".

The diffraction stack in done in the x-t range, this means that an unweighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperbola of preset
bandwidth is performed. The bandwidth means the number of traces (parameter
summation width) over which shall be summed. Here the total number of traces
(on both sides) has to be specified. A larger number of traces naturally increases
computing time significantly and is only reasonable for a formation of clearly
visible diffraction hyperbola that extend over a large trace range. With a
summation width smaller than 256 the calculation of the hyperbola is only done
once which also saves a lot of computation time.
Additionally the velocity has to be specified in the dimension predefined by the
distance and time dimension. An overview over the optimal velocity can be
obtained within the option velocity adaptation where the calculated hyperbola can
be optimally adapted to existing diffraction hyperbola by interactive continuous
variation of the velocity. The precondition for good determination of the velocity is
the existence of diffraction arrivals. Here, also the success of the migration can
be realized best. Ideally they should shrink to a very small area. Beside the
contraction of the diffraction energy another aim of migration is to shift the
arrivals to their "true" position. This is important for steep dipping reflectors.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.

With the option adapt width within the migration box active the summation width
will be automatically adaptated to the depth. The parameter max. angle (theta in
degrees) controls the max. angle for the summation. As a result the summation
width becomes timedependent (linear increase with time) and reaches the
entered max. summation width at that time which is defined by the entered max.
angle, the summation width and the velocity. This base time is shown at right of
the entered angle and will be updated if any of these parameters will be changed.
Activating the option adapt width allows a larger max. summation width and may
be useful if the real diffractions exhibit a smaller width at smaller times due to the
source and receiver characteristics.

The switch groupbox allows you to specify whether the summation is performed
within the whole profile or whether individual data parts are automatically
determined for line parts separated by each other by a new ensemble number.
When using line parts, the migration is restricted to the area of each individual
linepart. Activate the option line parts, if the file is composed of different 2D-lines
or shots (e.g. a 3D-file consisting of different 2D-parallel lines) because otherwise
data are summed up which have not been acquired within one 2D-line.

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 419

are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 420

1.11.9.2 Kirchhoff migration

A time migration of a two-dimensional profile on the basis of a constant velocity is

performed. The profile must represent a so-called zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and
receiver have to be at the same location. The goal of the migration is to trace
back the reflection and diffraction energy to their "source".

The Kirchhoff migration in done in the x-t range, this means that a weighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperbola of preset
bandwidth is performed. Before the summation the original profile is
differentiated. The bandwidth means the number of traces (parameter
summation width) over which shall be summed. Here the total number of traces
(on both sides) has to be specified. A larger number of traces naturally increases
computing time significantly and is only reasonable for a formation of clearly
visible diffraction hyperbola that extend over a large trace range. With a
summation width smaller than 256 the calculation of the hyperbola is only done
once which also saves a lot of computation time.
Additionally the velocity has to be specified in the dimension predefined by the
distance and time dimension. An overview over the optimal velocity can be
obtained within the option velocity adaptation where the calculated hyperbola can
be optimally adapted to existing diffraction hyperbola by interactive continuous
variation of the velocity. The precondition for good determination of the velocity is
the existence of diffraction arrivals. Here, also the success of the migration can
be realized best. Ideally they should shrink to a very small area. Beside the
contraction of the diffraction energy another aim of migration is to shift the
arrivals to their "true" position. This is important for steep dipping reflectors.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.

With the option adapt width within the migration box active the summation width
will be automatically adaptated to the depth. The parameter max. angle (theta in
degrees) controls the max. angle for the summation. As a result the summation
width becomes timedependent (linear increase with time) and reaches the
entered max. summation width at that time which is defined by the entered max.
angle, the summation width and the velocity. This base time is shown at right of
the entered angle and will be updated if any of these parameters will be changed.
Activating the option adapt width allows a larger max. summation width and may
be useful if the real diffractions exhibit a smaller width at smaller times due to the
source and receiver characteristics.

The switch groupbox allows you to specify whether the summation is performed
within the whole profile or whether individual data parts are automatically
determined for line parts separated by each other by a new ensemble number.
When using line parts, the migration is restricted to the area of each individual
linepart. Activate the option line parts, if the file is composed of different 2D-lines
or shots (e.g. a 3D-file consisting of different 2D-parallel lines) because otherwise
data are summed up which have not been acquired within one 2D-line.

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 421

are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 422

1.11.9.3 Fk migration (Stolt)

A fast fk-migration of a two-dimensional profile after Stolt (1978, Geophysics 43,

23-48) on the basis of a constant velocity is performed. The profile must
represent a so-called zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the
same location. The goal of the migration is to trace back the reflection and
diffraction energy to their "source".

The method works in the frequency-wavenumber (fk) range (see also fk

spectrum). Within the fk-range a variable transform is done based on the entered
constant velocity (frequency is transformed onto the vertical wavenumber). If
only a small data volume in time direction is available one should use an
interpolation for this transformation. Such an interpolation is not very stable. That
is why such an interpolation is not used in the program. This means the data
volume in the f-k-range in direction of the variable to be transformed (in this case
the frequency) must be large enough. That is why the Stolt-migration should only
be used if the number of wavelengths inside the time window to be considered
exceeds a critical value (about 10-15). If this does not hold true, the time window
must be enlarged. This is done if the filter scaling factor is set to a value larger
than 1. This factor allows to automatically exceed the time range by the given
value (e.g. enter a factor 2: the time range is doubled and therefore the number
of wavelengths within this window).
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.

The switch groupbox allows you to specify whether the migration is performed
within the whole profile or whether individual data parts are automatically
determined for line parts separated by each other by a new ensemble number.
When using line parts, the migration is restricted to the area of each individual
linepart. Activate the option line parts if the file is composed of different 2D-lines
or shots (e.g. a 3D-file consisting of different 2D-parallel lines) because otherwise
data are summed up which have not been acquired within one 2D-line.

First the x-t data are transformed into the f-k-range (see also option fk-filter).
After having done the transformation the migration process will be done and after
that the back transformation into the x-t-range is performed.

In comparison to the Kirchhoff migration one hast not to enter a summation width
but the "summation" is always done using all traces. Therefore the Kirchhoff
migration often gives better results if a restriction of the summation width is
desired (e.g. if the diffractions only extend over a few traces). The Stolt migration
is mostly preferable for the migration of extended or steep reflectors.

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 423

1.11.9.4 topography migration

A time migration of a two-dimensional profile on the basis of a constant velocity

under consideration of a surface topography is performed. The profile must
represent a so-called zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the
same location. The goal of the migration is to trace back the reflection and
diffraction energy to their "source". The migration automatically takes into
account the different raypaths when a strong surface topography is present.

The topography migration in done in the x-t range, this means that a weighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperbola of preset
bandwidth is performed (see also Kirchhoff migration). Before the summation the
original profile is differentiated. The bandwidth means the number of traces
(parameter summation width) over which shall be summed. Here the total
number of traces (on both sides) has to be specified. A larger number of traces
naturally increases computing time significantly and is only reasonable for a
formation of clearly visible diffraction hyperbola that extend over a large trace
range.
Additionally the velocity has to be specified in the dimension predefined by the
distance and time dimension. An overview over the optimal velocity can be
obtained within the option velocity adaptation where the calculated hyperbola can
be optimally adapted to existing diffraction hyperbola by interactive continuous
variation of the velocity. The precondition for good determination of the velocity is
the existence of diffraction arrivals. Here, also the success of the migration can
be realized best. Ideally they should shrink to a very small area. Beside the
contraction of the diffraction energy another aim of migration is to shift the
arrivals to their "true" position. This is important for steep dipping reflectors.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.

The switch groupbox allows you to specify whether the summation is performed
within the whole profile or whether individual data parts are automatically
determined for line parts separated by each other by a new ensemble number.
When using line parts, the migration is restricted to the area of each individual
linepart. Activate the option line parts, if the file is composed of different 2D-lines
or shots (e.g. a 3D-file consisting of different 2D-parallel lines) because otherwise
data are summed up which have not been acquired within one 2D-line.

There are two different ways for specifying where the surface topography will be
taken from. The topographic values are loaded either
from an external ASCII-file (options altitudes/file and
depths/file) or from the values given within the
traceheaders (options altitudes/header and
depths/header, receiver z-coordinate). If the topographic
value are taken from an external ASCII-file you can
choose where the original profile coordinates for the
synchronization shall be taken from - either from the
overall fileheader or from the individual traceheader
coordinates.
The format of the ASCII-file corresponds to the format
used for the option Correct 3D-topography (see chap.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 424

1.11.3.11) with each line containing one set one set of 3D coordinates:
x-position y-position z-position
The x- and y-position define the acquisition plane where the profiles are located.
The z-position defines the topographic niveau (either altitudes or depths). At least
one blank must exist between the individual coordinates. A linear interpolation
will be done between the given topographic values. Example with 3 different
coordinate sets:
0 0 10
1 0 9
2 0 9.5
To be considered: the coordinates of the ASCII-file may either define the true x-
and y-positions or they have been determined directly on the topographic
interface. In both cases the original profile coordinates must define the same
level.

It is possible to restrict the summation widh using the option adapt width.The
parameter max. angle (theta in degrees) controls the max. angle for the
summation. As a result the summation width becomes timedependent (linear
increase with time). Activating the option adapt may be useful if the real
diffractions exhibit a smaller width due to the source and receiver characteristics.

A topographic correction is not done automatically. The resulting migrated

section still represents a section with the receivers located on the surface. If a
topographic correction is wanted the processing step Correct 3D-topography
must still performed in addition (see also the following synthetic example). To be
considered: the topographic correction must always be performed after the
topography migration.

The topography migration should be used if a strong topography is present with

undulations which are comparable to the depths of the target structures. A zero
offset section often does not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly
for steep layers. After the migration often a better approximation to the reality is
given. If strong diffractions are present, the migration tries to contract these
diffractions to a minimum. This is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for
example.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 425

The following pictures show a synthetic data example with a strong surface
topography (source and receiver are located on this surface topography). The
depths of the target reflector are comparable to the undulations of the surface
relief. The model is shown on the lower left panel and the simulated zero-offset
with the receivers and the sources located on the surface topography is shown
on the right side (raw data - no topographic correction has been applied).

Three different processing sequences have been performed which are shown on
the next page.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 426

1. Correct 3D-
topography
2. Kirchhoff migration
with v=0.1 m/ns and
summation over 100
traces

The reconstruction of the

reflector is not perfect.

1. Kirchhoff migration
with v=0.1 m/ns and
summation over 100
traces
2. Correct 3D-
topography

The reconstruction of the

reflector is poor.

1. topography migration
with v=0.1 m/ns and
summation over 100
traces
2. Correct 3D-topography

The reconstruction is nearly

perfect.

The best result is given with

the topography migration
followed by the option
Correct 3D-topography.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 427

1.11.9.5 diffraction 2D-veloc

A simple time migration (diffraction stack) of a two-dimensional profile on the
basis of a 2D-velocity distribution is performed. The profile must represent a so-
called zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the same location.
The goal of the migration is to trace back the reflection and diffraction energy to
their "source".

The diffraction stack in done in the x-t range, this means that an unweighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperbola of preset
bandwidth is performed. The bandwidth means the number of traces (parameter
summation width) over which shall be summed. Here the total number of traces
(on both sides) has to be specified. A larger number of traces naturally increases
computing time significantly and is only reasonable for a formation of clearly
visible diffraction hyperbola that extend over a large trace range. With a
summation width smaller than 128 the calculation of the hyperbola is only done
once which also saves a lot of computation time.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.

The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the 2D-velocity distribution is
obtained from the CMP-analysis (see also CMP 2D-model) or from the
hyperbola adaptation (see also velocity adaptation) or directly read from a
Reflexw formatted rasterfile. If the velocity adaptation had been only done using
cores it is recommended to use the CMP-analysis button because in this case
the saved 1D-velocity files will be used for the 2D-velocity distribution.
The rasterfile may either contain the mean velocities (option rasterfile mean) or
the layervelocities (option rasterfile layer). The velocities (amplitudes) must be
in m/ns or epsilon for GPR data and in m/s for seismic or acoustic data. The
rasterfile may either be a depth model (y-axis always meter) or a twoway
traveltime model (y-axis corresponds to the two way traveltime). The x-axis is
always the distance.
The current VRMS- or average velocity for each point of the profile is determined
from the 2D-distribution and the summation is performed with this velocity, i.e. for
the calculation of the current diffraction hyperbola only a constant velocity is
assumed. However this is a valid approximation if the diffraction branches do not
extend over a large laterally heavily fluctuating area. For Ground Penetrating
Radar data this is normally always guaranteed, for seismic data the summation
width has to be reduced accordingly in the case of strong lateral velocity
fluctuations. If the migration shall be done using the "correct" 2D-velocity
distribution, the FD-migration must be used.
After having started the migration, the desired 2D-velocity distribution going to be
the basis of the migration is queried. The 2D-velocity distribution is shown in a
separate window.

The switch groupbox data subdivision allows you to specify whether the
summation is performed within the whole profile or whether individual data parts
are automatically determined for line parts separated by each other by a new
ensemble number. When using line parts, the migration is restricted to the area
of each individual linepart. Activate the option line parts, if the file is composed of
different 2D-lines or shots (e.g. a 3D-file consisting of different 2D-parallel lines)
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 428

because otherwise data are summed up which have not been acquired within
one 2D-line.

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.

1.11.9.6 Kirchhoff 2D-veloc

A time migration of a two-dimensional profile on the basis of a 2D-velocity
distribution is performed. The profile must represent a so-called zero-offset
profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the same location. The goal of the
migration is to trace back the reflection and diffraction energy to their "source".

The Kirchhoff 2D-veloc migration in done in the x-t range, this means that a
weighted summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperbola of
preset bandwidth is performed. The bandwidth means the number of traces
(parameter summation width) over which shall be summed. Here the total
number of traces (on both sides) has to be specified. A larger number of traces
naturally increases computing time significantly and is only reasonable for a
formation of clearly visible diffraction hyperbola that extend over a large trace
range. With a summation width smaller than 128 the calculation of the hyperbola
is only done once which also saves a lot of computation time.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.

The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the 2D-velocity distribution is
obtained from the CMP-analysis (see also CMP 2D-model) or from the
hyperbola adaptation (see also velocity adaptation) or directly read from a
Reflexw formatted rasterfile. If the velocity adaptation had been only done using
cores it is recommended to use the CMP-analysis button because in this case
the saved 1D-velocity files will be used for the 2D-velocity distribution.
The rasterfile may either contain the mean velocities (option rasterfile mean) or
the layervelocities (option rasterfile layer). The velocities (amplitudes) must be
in m/ns or epsilon for GPR data and in m/s for seismic or acoustic data. The
rasterfile may either be a depth model (y-axis always meter) or a twoway
traveltime model (y-axis corresponds to the two way traveltime). The x-axis is
always the distance.
The current VRMS- or average velocity for each point of the profile is determined
from the 2D-distribution and the summation is performed with this velocity, i.e. for
the calculation of the current diffraction hyperbola only a constant velocity is
assumed. However this is a valid approximation if the diffraction branches do not
extend over a large laterally heavily fluctuating area. For Ground Penetrating
Radar data this is normally always guaranteed, for seismic data the summation
width has to be reduced accordingly in the case of strong lateral velocity
fluctuations. If the migration shall be done using the "correct" 2D-velocity
distribution, the FD-migration must be used.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 429

After having started the migration, the desired 2D-velocity distribution going to be
the basis of the migration is queried. The 2D-velocity distribution is shown in a
separate window.

The switch groupbox data subdivision allows you to specify whether the
summation is performed within the whole profile or whether individual data parts
are automatically determined for line parts separated by each other by a new
ensemble number. When using line parts, the migration is restricted to the area
of each individual linepart. Activate the option line parts, if the file is composed of
different 2D-lines or shots (e.g. a 3D-file consisting of different 2D-parallel lines)
because otherwise data are summed up which have not been acquired within
one 2D-line.

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.

1.11.9.7 FD-migration
A time FiniteDifference(FD) migration of a two-dimensional profile on the basis of
a 2D-velocity distribution is performed. The profile must represent a so-called
zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the same location. The
goal of the migration is to trace back the reflection and diffraction energy to their
"source".

The FD-migration in done based on the one-way scalar wave equation. A 15°
approximation is used.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range. The parameter nom.frequency
defines the main frequency of the signal in GHz (timedimension=ns) or Hz
(timedimension ms or μs), respectively. These parameters are also stored within
the fileheader.

The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the 2D-velocity distribution is
obtained from the CMP-analysis (see also CMP 2D-model), from the hyperbola
adaptation (see also velocity adaptation) or directly read from a Reflexw
formatted rasterfile. The rasterfile must contain the layervelocities (option
rasterfile layer). The velocities (amplitudes) must be in m/ns or epsilon for GPR
data and in m/s for seismic or acoustic data. The rasterfile must be a depth
model with the dimensions in x and z identical to the distance dimension of the
original line.
If hyperbola adaptation has been chosen it must be considered that the FD-
migration needs a layered medium. Therefore the hyperbola adaptation velocities
are also interpreted as layer velocities. If the velocity adaptation had been only
done using cores it is recommended to use the CMP-analysis button because in
this case the saved 1D-velocity files will be used for the 2D-velocity distribution.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 430

In contradiction to the Kirchhoff 2D-veloc and diffraction 2D-veloc migration

methods the "correct" 2D-velocity distribution is used for the downward
continuation of the wavefield.
After having started the migration, the desired 2D-velocity distribution going to be
the basis of the migration is queried. The 2D-velocity distribution is shown in a
separate window.

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.

1.11.9.8 timedepth conversion

This option allows the conversion of the zero-offset-section into a depth-section.
This is not (!) a depth migration but a transformation of the time axis into a depth
axis on the basis of a certain 2D-velocity distribution or on a constant velocity.

The timedepth conversion may be done based on a 2D-velocity or on a

const.velocity.

If const. velocity has been chosen only the velocity must be entered manually.

If 2D-velocity has been chosen the following parameters must be entered:

The filter parameters min.depth and max.depth define the new y-axis range.
The parameters are given in the distance dimension of the x-axis.

The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the 2D-velocity distribution is
obtained from the CMP-analysis (see also CMP 2D-model) or from the
hyperbola adaptation (see also velocity adaptation) or directly read from a
Reflexw formatted rasterfile. If the velocity adaptation had been only done using
cores it is recommended to use the CMP-analysis button because in this case
the saved 1D-velocity files will be used for the 2D-velocity distribution.
The rasterfile may either contain the mean velocities (option rasterfile mean) or
the layervelocities (option rasterfile layer). The velocities (amplitudes) must be
in m/ns or epsilon for GPR data and in m/s for seismic or acoustic data. The
rasterfile may either be a depth model (y-axis always meter) or a twoway
traveltime model (y-axis corresponds to the two way traveltime). The x-axis is
always the distance.
After having started the timedepth conversion, the desired 2D-velocity distribution
going to be the basis of the timedepth conversion is queried. The 2D-velocity
distribution is shown in a separate window.

To be considered: because of the possible changes of the mean velocities both

in x- and y-direction the data and therefore the shape of the signals may be
drastically changed. This also may result in great changes of the apparent
"frequency" of the signals.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 431

1.11.9.9 semblance
This option allows to calculate the semblance or the unnormalized correclation
for each datapoint within the zero-offset section based on a summation over a
calculated hyperbola.

The semblance analysis in done in the x-t range, this means that an unweighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperbola of preset
bandwidth is performed. The bandwidth means the area in x-direction for
summation in the given distance dimension (parameter width) over which shall
be summed. A larger area naturally increases computing time significantly and is
only reasonable for a formation of clearly visible diffraction hyperbola that extend
over a large trace range.
Additionally the velocity has to be specified in the dimension predefined by the
distance and time dimension. An overview over the optimal velocity can be
obtained within the option velocity adaptation where the culculated hyperboloid
can be optimally adapted to existing diffraction hyperbola by interactive
continuous variation of the velocity. Precondition for good determination of the
velocity is the existence of diffraction arrivals.
In addition you must specify the nom.frequency in the given frequency
dimension. This parameter is necessary if the envelope (parameter envelope
activated within the semblance groupbox) of the semblance shall be calculated. If
the nominal frequency is stored within the file header (see also chap. 1.4.3) this
value is taken as the default value.

Within the semblance groupbox you also may specify if the semblance data shall
be normalized to 1 or to the max. value of the original profile.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 432

1.11.9.10 prestack migration

The prestack migration
allows to trace back the
wavefield of single shots or
constant offset data to their
"source". The migration
takes into account arbitrary
shot/receiver offsets in
contrast to the other
migration methods
described above which
need zero offset data as
input. The following
geometries are supported:
- shots and receivers are
located along the x-axis
including a topography
(“normal” reflection mode)
- shots or receiers are
located along the x-axis
and shots or receivers are
located along the y(z)-axis
(borehole) - walk away
vertical seismic profile
(WVSP)
- shots and receivers are both located along the y(z) axis. The x-postion may be
different but fixed for the shots and the receivers- crosshole
The program automatically controls the correct geometry.
In the second and third case the curvers ray methods (see below) must be used.
The prestack migration calculates traveltime curves for each transmitter-receiver
pair on the base of a constant velocity or of a 2D-velocity field. Based on these
traveltimes a summation for each underground point (x,z) is performed. The
result is a zero offset (ZO) depth migrated section.
If applied on single shots or other multioffset data the processing step
prestack migration replaces the complete “normal” processing flow without the
need of any sorting and stacking (CMP-sorting -> stacking -> ZO migration ->
timedepth conversion). The shot-x and receiver-x traceheadercoordinates are
used for the calculation. The y-traceheadercoordinates are not taken into
account.
In case of a constant offset dataset the overall fileheader coordinates
(profilestart, traceincrement and S/R-distance) will be used for the prestack
migration. In case of a S/R-distance <> 0 it is assumed that the midpoint between
source and receiver line has been defined as profilestart within the fileheader.
Possible existing traceheader coordinates (e.g. GPS-coordinates) within the
original data will be kept but these coordinates will not be used for the migration
process.

The parameter max. depth defines the maximum depth range for the depth
migration.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 433

The parameter velocity defines the velocity in case of const.velocity migration

(see below) and will be used for the smooth option if a depth migration will be
performed.
The parameters min. and max. offset restrict the range for the summation (see
below option offset restriction).

Several methods are suppored:

const.velocity: the base for the calculation of the
traveltime curves is a constant velocity. This suboption
can only be used if a quite homogeneous velocity
distribution is given or for a first overview.
2D-velocity: the base for the taveltime calculation is a
2D-velocity field. The current VRMS- or average velocity
for each underground point (x,z) is determined from the
2D-distribution and the traveltimes are calculated using
this velocity. This is only a valid approximation if the
summation branches do not extend over a large laterally
heavily fluctuating area.
curved ray slow and curved ray fast: the base for the
taveltime calculation is a 2D-velocity field. The
traveltimes for each underground point are calculated
using a Finite Difference approximation of the Eikonal
equation (Vidale, 1988, see also modelling module)
which has been proved to be very exact even for
extremely complicated media. In the case of the option
curved ray slow the number of different single
calculations is equal the number of receivers. In the case
of activated option curved ray fast the number equals the
number of receivers multiplied with the number of
gridpoint in z-direction and the calculation is therefore
much slower. For most cases the accuracy using the
option curved ray slow is high enough. Only if very strong
velocity contrasts are given within the used 2D-velocity
field the option curved ray slow may be a useful
alternative.

The radio groupbox 2D-velocity model allows you to

specify whether the 2D-velocity distribution is obtained
from the CMP-analysis (see also CMP 2D-model) or
from the hyperbola adaptation (see also velocity adaptation) or directly read
from a Reflexw formatted rasterfile. If the velocity adaptation had been only
done using cores it is recommended to use the CMP-analysis button because in
this case the saved 1D-velocity files will be used for the 2D-velocity distribution.
The rasterfile may either contain the mean velocities (option rasterfile mean) or
the layervelocities (option rasterfile layer). The velocities (amplitudes) must be
in m/ns or epsilon for GPR data and in m/s for seismic or acoustic data. The
rasterfile may either be a depth model (y-axis always meter) or a twoway
traveltime model (y-axis corresponds to the two way traveltime). The x-axis is
always the distance.

The seismic or GPR data can be expressed as a convolution of the impulse

response of the underground and the source signal. The calculated travelimes
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 434

will be determined on the base of the impulse response of the underground.

Therefore the summation is only correct for the first arrival. With activated option
smooth the summation is done over a depth range corresponding to the real
wavelength. This significantly may increase the data focussing. For a depth
migration the overall velocity will be used for the calculation of the depth range.
With activated option Kirchhoff weighted factors are used for the summation.
The option semblance allows to calculate the semblance along the summations
paths and multiplies the resulting semblance section with the migrated section.
The option might be useful to enhance low amplitude reflections which exhibit a
high semblance.

There are two possibilities to restrict the offset range for the summation. The
min. and max. offsets are given in the distance dimension. Offset 1 means the
min. and max. distance between the real transmitter- and receiver coordinates.
Offset 2 means the min. and max. distance between underground point and shot-
and receiver position.

The migration is a depth migration - therefore the result is a depth-distance

section. Optionally the depth section may be transformed into two way
traveltimes for the case of the constant and 2D-velocity methods (radio box type
set to time migration).

There are different possibilities to include the topography directly into the
migration process. The topographic values are loaded either from an external
ASCII-file (options altitudes/file and depths/file) or from the values given within
the traceheaders (options altitudes/header and depths/header). The format of the
ASCII-file corresponds to the format used for the option Correct 3D-topography
(see chap. 1.11.3.11) with each line containing one set one set of 3D
coordinates:
x-position y-position z-position
The x- and y-position define the acquisition plane where the profiles are located.
The z-position defines the topographic niveau (either altitudes or depths). At least
one blank must exist between the individual coordinates. A linear interpolation
will be done between the given topographic values. Example with 3 different
coordinate sets:
0 0 10
1 0 9
2 0 9.5
A topographic correction is not done automatically. The resulting migrated
section still represents a section with the receivers located on the surface. If a
topographic correction is wanted the processing step Correct 3D-topography
must still performed in addition. To be considered: the topographic correction
must always be performed after the prestack migration.

It is possible to restrict the summation widh using the option adapt width.The
parameter max. angle (theta in degrees) controls the max. angle for the
summation. As a result the summation width becomes timedependent (linear
increase with time). Activating the option adapt may be useful if the real
diffractions exhibit a smaller width due to the source and receiver characteristics
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 435

1.11.9.11 3D-diffraction stack

A simple time 3D-migration (diffraction stack) of a three-dimensional profile on
the basis of a constant velocity is performed. The profile must be stored as a 3D-
file (see also option Open 3D-file under 3D-File MenuItem) and must represent a
so-called zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the same
location. The goal of the migration is to trace back the reflection and diffraction
energy to their "source".

The diffraction stack in done in the x-t range, this means that an unweighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperboloid of preset
bandwidth is performed. The bandwidth means the area in x-and y-direction for
summation in the given distance dimension (parameter summation area) over
which shall be summed. A larger area naturally increases computing time
significantly and is only reasonable for a formation of clearly visible diffraction
hyperbola that extend over a large trace range.
Additionally the velocity has to be specified in the dimension predefined by the
distance and time dimension. An overview over the optimal velocity can be
obtained within the option velocity adaptation where the calculated hyperboloid
can be optimally adapted to existing diffraction hyperbola by interactive
continuous variation of the velocity. The precondition for good determination of
the velocity is the existence of diffraction arrivals. Here, also the success of the
migration can be realized best. Ideally they should shrink to a very small area.
Beside the contraction of the diffraction energy another aim of migration is to shift
the arrivals to their "true" position. This is important for steep dipping reflectors.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.

The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the summation is performed
using the complete 3D hyperboloid or whether the summation is only done
along the x- and y-axis (parameter sum over x-y).

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 436

1.11.9.12 3D-Kirchh. migration

A 3D timemigration of a three-dimensional profile on the basis of a constant

velocity is performed. The profile must be stored as a 3D-file (see also option
Open 3D-file under 3D-File MenuItem) and must represent a so-called zero-offset
profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the same location. The goal of the
migration is to trace back the reflection and diffraction energy to their "source".

The Kirchhoff migration in done in the x-t range, this means that a weighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperboloid of preset
bandwidth is performed. Before the summation the original profile is
differentiated. The bandwidth means the area in x-and y-direction for summation
in the given distance dimension (parameter summation area) over which shall
be summed. A larger area naturally increases computing time significantly and is
only reasonable for a formation of clearly visible diffraction hyperbola that extend
over a large trace range.
Additionally the velocity has to be specified in the dimension predefined by the
distance and time dimension. An overview over the optimal velocity can be
obtained within the option velocity adaptation where the calculated hyperboloid
can be optimally adapted to existing diffraction hyperbola by interactive
continuous variation of the velocity. The precondition for good determination of
the velocity is the existence of diffraction arrivals. Here, also the success of the
migration can be realized best. Ideally they should shrink to a very small area.
Beside the contraction of the diffraction energy another aim of migration is to shift
the arrivals to their "true" position. This is important for steep dipping reflectors.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.

The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the summation is performed
using the complete 3D hyperboloid or whether the summation is only done
along the x- and y-axis (parameter sum over x-y).

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 437

1.11.9.13 3D-fk migration

A 3D timemigration of a three-dimensional profile on the basis of a constant

velocity is performed. The profile must be stored as a 3D-file (see also option
Open 3D-file under 3D-File MenuItem) and must represent a so-called zero-offset
profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the same location. The goal of the
migration is to trace back the reflection and diffraction energy to their "source".

The method works in the frequency-wavenumber (fk) range (see also fk

spectrum). Within the fk-range a variable transform is done based on the entered
constant velocity (frequency is transformed onto the vertical wavenumber). If
only a small data volume in time direction is available one should use an
interpolation for this transformation. Such an interpolation is not very stable. That
is why such an interpolation is not used in the program. This means the data
volume in the f-k-range in direction of the variable to be transformed (in this case
the frequency) must be large enough. That is why the Stolt-migration should only
be used if the number of wavelengths inside the time window to be considered
exceeds a critical value (about 10-15). If this does not hold true, the time window
must be enlarged. This is done if the filter scaling factor is set to a value larger
than 1. This factor allows to automatically exceed the time range by the given
value (e.g. enter a factor 2: the time range is doubled and therefore the number
of wavelengths within this window).

The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the semblance is used during
the migration process in addition.
With semblance activated the semblance for each datapoint within the 3D-zero-
offset section based on a summation over a calculated hyperboloid. The
semblance analysis in done in the x-y-t range, this means that an unweighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperboloid of preset
bandwidth is performed. The bandwidth means the area in x- and y-direction for
summation in the given distance dimension (parameter semblance width) over
which shall be summed. A larger area naturally increases computing time
significantly and is only reasonable for a formation of clearly visible diffraction
hyperbolas that extend over a large trace range. In addition you must specify the
nom.frequency in the given frequency dimension.

First the x-t data are transformed into the f-k-range (see also option fk-filter).
After having done the transformation the migration process will be done and after
that the back transformation into the x-t-range is performed.

In comparison to the Kirchhoff migration one hast not to enter a summation width
but the "summation" is always done using all traces. Therefore the Kirchhoff
migration often gives better results if a restriction of the summation width is
desired (e.g. if the diffractions only extend over a few traces). The fk migration is
mostly preferable for the migration of extended or steep reflectors.

The migration is one of the most important filters. A zero offset section often does
not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep layers. After the
migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If strong diffractions
are present, the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a minimum. This
is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 438

1.11.9.14 3D-Kirchh. 2D-vel.

A 3D timemigration of a three-dimensional profile on the basis of a 2-dimensional

velocity distribution is performed. The profile must be stored as a 3D-file (see
also option Open 3D-file under 3D-File MenuItem) and must represent a so-
called zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and receiver have to be at the same location.
The goal of the migration is to trace back the reflection and diffraction energy to
their "source". The 2D-dimensional velocity distribution is given along the
hypothetical total distance axis of the 3D-file (summed up distance along the 2D-
cuts in profile direction). Therefore it is possible to enter a velocity field for the
complete 3D-range but you must consider that the interpolation is done along the
hypothetical distance axis.

The Kirchhoff migration in done in the x-t range, this means that a weighted
summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperboloid of preset
bandwidth is performed. Before the summation the original profile is
differentiated. The bandwidth means the area in x-and y-direction for summation
in the given distance dimension (parameter summation area) over which shall
be summed. A larger area naturally increases computing time significantly and is
only reasonable for a formation of clearly visible diffraction hyperbola that extend
over a large trace range.
The radio groupbox allows you to specify whether the 2D-velocity distribution is
obtained from the CMP-analysis (see also CMP 2D-model) or from the
hyperbola adaptation (see also velocity adaptation). In addition you may specify
if only a 1-dimensional velocity distribution is generated either from a CMP or a
hyperbola model (options CMP-1D-model or hyp.1D-model). In this case only
the vrms-distribution (see below) which is given for the smallest distance is taken
into account. This restriction drastically fastens the migration because the
summation hyperboloids must only calculated once.
The current VRMS- or average velocity for each point of the profile is determined
from the 2D-distribution and the summation is performed with this velocity, i.e. for
the calculation of the current diffraction hyperboloid only a constant velocity is
assumed. However this is a valid approximation if the diffraction branches do not
extend over a large laterally heavily fluctuating area. For Ground Penetrating
Radar data this is normally always guaranteed, for seismic data the summation
width has to be reduced accordingly in the case of strong lateral velocity
fluctuations.
After having started the migration, the desired 2D-velocity distribution going to be
the basis of the migration is queried. The 2D-velocity distribution is shown in a
separate window.
The time range for applying the migration may be restricted. The filter parameters
start time and end time define the time range.
2D-Dataanalysis, migration 439

1.11.9.15 3D-semblance
This option allows to calculate the semblance or the unnormalized correclation
for each datapoint within the 3D-zero-offset section based on a summation over
a calculated hyperboloid.

The semblance analysis in done in the x-y-t range, this means that an
unweighted summation for each point of the profile over a calculated hyperboloid
of preset bandwidth is performed. The bandwidth means the area in x- and y-
direction for summation in the given distance dimension (parameter width) over
which shall be summed. A larger area naturally increases computing time
significantly and is only reasonable for a formation of clearly visible diffraction
hyperbola that extend over a large trace range.
Additionally the velocity has to be specified in the dimension predefined by the
distance and time dimension. An overview over the optimal velocity can be
obtained within the option velocity adaptation where the culculated hyperboloid
can be optimally adapted to existing diffraction hyperbola by interactive
continuous variation of the velocity. Precondition for good determination of the
velocity is the existence of diffraction arrivals.
In addition you must specify the nom.frequency in the given frequency
dimension. This parameter is necessary if the envelope (parameter envelope
activated within the semblance groupbox) of the semblance shall be calculated. If
the nominal frequency is stored within the file header (see also chap. 1.4.3) this
value is taken as the default value.

Within the semblance groupbox you also may specify if the semblance data shall
be normalized to 1 or to the max. value of the original profile.
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 440

1.11.10 fk-filter/data fusion

The following fk processing possibilities are included within the fk-filter/fk-
spectrum group.

fk filter
fk filter-lineparts
fk spectrum
dispersion curve
data fusion
mix profile

For some filters available within this group the original trace is shown together
with the currently filtered trace, the spectrum of the original trace and the
spectrum of the currently filtered trace. The arrows near the original trace and
original spectrum are used to enhance the resolution of the trace and spectrum
windows. The trace or the spectrum is stretched up and down when using these
arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if
the time scale is in nano-seconds, respectively.

When activating the options fk filter or fk filter-lineparts and after having

generated the fk-spectrum a table appears. With all these options the inputs may
be entered either interactively within the original profile or using the table input.
With the option fk filter or fk filter-lineparts activated first the fk-spectrum must be
generated and then the filter parameters can be entered using the table or the
interactive input. The options save and load allow to store the current edit values
to an ASCII file and to load the wanted edit values from file, respectively.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group.

After having specified the filter parameter, you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a
selectable number of lines after.
The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing. . Exceptions where only one
secondary line will be needed:
processing step mix profile: here an additional character(s) is asked which will
be automatically added to the actual filenames for the creation of the secondary
lines which shall be mixed. Example:
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 441

actual filename: data_gps.00t - additional characters: _insert -> secondary file:

data_gps_insert
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 442

1.11.10.1 Fk filter

This filter acts on the chosen data area. The fk filter allows to apply a two-
dimension filter defined within the frequency-wavenumber domain to a selected
data range.

It is possible to restrict the affected data area that is going to be filtered. For this
you must enter within the filter parameter group the first trace, the last trace, the
first sample and the last sample. It is also possible to define this data area
within the original profile. Click on the uppermost left corner of the area to be
chosen and drag the mouse to the wanted lowermost right corner with the left
mouse button pressed. The filtered data set is restricted to that chosen area. By
default the complete data area is set.

After having selected the data range you must activate the option generate fk-
spectrum (see also fk spectrum) which performs the Fourier transformation of
the data range into the frequency-wavenumber domain. Since the two-
dimensional Fourier-transformation is very computing time intensive, a window
informs the user about the current state of calculations.
After termination of the transformation into the frequency-wavenumber domain
the normalized amplitude fk spectrum of the selected data range appears on the
original profile image. The y-axis of the calculated fk spectrum is the frequency
axis in the given frequency dimension and the x-axis of the fk spectrum is the kx
axis in 1/meter. If the horizontal axis of the used data set is not the distance axis
or the vertical axis is not the time axis, at the axes of the amplitude spectrum
appear the corresponding Fourier transformed physical quantities.
The calculation of the fk spectrum now allows to map the different dips of the
events onto different parts of the fk spectrum. Events with downdip to ascending
distances are mapped onto the right part of the fk spectrum whereas events with
updip are mapped onto the left part. This allows you to easily distinguish between
these types of events. In addition nearly horizontal events are mapped along
small k values within the middle of the fk spectrum.
From the two-dimensional spectrum you have to select the filter area. This area
may be defined manually (option manual input activated) or by defining a
velocity fan (option velocity range activated). The options neg. kx and pos.kx
may be used for an easy definition of a filter range for only negative or positive
kx-values.
With manual input activated the program demands the input of margin points
using the left mouse button within the fk spectrum. Set points are connected with
straight lines. Analogous to the other edit inputs the chosen values are
automatically transferred to the table input and vice versa to the fk spectrum
image. The last set point is automatically connected with the first set point so that
a closed curve is produced.
With velocity range activated you may define two different fans consisting of 2
different velocities respectively to be defined within the filter parameter group
(enter in the given velocity dimension). The chosen velocities are automatically
transformed into edit pairs and shown within the fk spectrum. Such a fan allows
you to easily define a filter for special dips.
With single velocity actvated the filter range will be determined from one single
velocity. Depending on the settings of bandpass or notchfilter all velocities
greater than the entered velocity will be kept (bandpass activated) or removed
(notchfilter activated).
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 443

With random noise suppression activated random noise may be suppressed

by raising the amplitude spectrum to an exponential power. The higher the
exponential power parameter the higher the filter effect. A value of 1 shows no
effect. A default value is 1.5.

With the option bandpass activated the filters acts as a bandpass, this means
that the defined area remains unchanged whereas in the outer area the values
are set to 0.
With the option notchfilter activated the filters acts as a notchfilter, this means
that the defined area is set to 0 whereas the outer area remains unchanged.
In addition you may specify a taper. Analogous to the bandpassfrequency filter
sharp steps at the filter borders may cause unwanted filter effects. The
FKSpectrumTaper is used to suppress those unwanted effects. You may
choose between the none (no taper), linear (linear decrease from the border
with the given taper length), Hanning (cos-window) or Hanning**2 (cos**2-
window). The width of the taper both in f and k direction is controlled by the
options taper width (f) and taper width (k) both given in points. The taper points
into the filter direction, this means for bandpass outside the chosen bandpass
region and for notchfilter inside the chosen notchfilter region.

The option save stores the current edit values on an ASCII file under the project
directory with the name fkfil and a freely selectable extension. Each line of the
ASCII file consists of two columns: 1. column: kx value in 1/meter, 2. column:
frequency in the given frequency dimension.
The option load loads the wanted edit values from an ASCII file with the filename
fkfil. The table and fk spectrum image are automatically updated.
The option reset resets the current edit values.

A precondition for the application of the fk filter are equidistant traces. In order to
save computing time it is recommended to compress the data before using this
filter both in x- and in t-direction to that extent that is possible without causing
aliasing. However, when applying the fk filter the amplitude spectrum of a
compressed data set should be checked for spatial or temporal aliasing. After
filtering the data set can be re-expanded in order to guarantee a better viewing of
the data.

The fk filter can be used - though computing time intensive - as lowpass,

highpass, bandpass or notch filter. It is highly effective for the suppression of
noise with a certain dip in the data set. Like this, horizontal noise signals, as
caused for example by reverberations, can be suppressed by cutting the
wavenumber zero from the filter area. In an analog way correlated signals with
desired gradients can be emphasized.
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 444

1.11.10.2 Fk filter-lineparts

The fk filter-lineparts allows to apply a two-dimension filter defined within the

frequency-wavenumber domain to the complete section which is automatically
subdivided into single parts with uniform size and afterwards all individual filtered
data parts are composed together into one file.

First you must define the trace number within the filter parameter group. This
number defines the size of a single data part. For each data part an independent
fk filter is performed and afterwards all filtered data parts are put together.

After having chosen the trace number you must generate the fk spectrum and
afterwards you have to define the fk filter area analogous to the option fk filter. All
other options within the fk filter option are also available.

Using this option is useful if the fk filtering of the complete section exceeds the
ram memory of your computer.
Another important application of the fk filter-lineparts is in the case all shots of a
seismic experiment for example all combined together within one file. If you are
applying the "normal" fk filter on the complete dataset you will get unwanted filter
effects resulting from the discontinuous data steps at the shot changes. In this
case you should use the option fk filter-lineparts with a trace number equal to the
number of traces per shot. A precondition for that is that the number of traces per
shot within the data file is always the same.
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 445

1.11.10.3 Fk spectrum

This processing step acts on the chosen data area. The processing step allows
to calculate the fk spectrum (frequency-wavenumber spectrum) for a definable
data area.

It is possible to restrict the affected data area for calculating the fk spectrum. For
this you must enter within the filter parameter group the first trace, the last
trace, the first sample and the last sample. It is also possible to define this data
area within the original profile. Click on the uppermost left corner of the area to
be chosen and drag the mouse to the wanted lowermost right corner with the left
mouse button pressed. The resting data part will not be used for the calculation
of the fk spectrum. By default the complete data area is set.

A 2D section is both a function of time and of space (distance). The Fourier dual
of the time if the frequency, the Fourier dual for the space is the spatial frequency
or wavenumber. Whereas the frequency is a count of the number of peaks within
a unit time, the wavenumber of a dipping event is determined by counting the
number of peaks within a unit distance along the horizontal axis. The y-axis of the
calculated fk spectrum is the frequency axis in the given frequency dimension
and the x-axis of the fk spectrum is the kx axis in 1/meter.
The calculation of the fk spectrum now allows to map the different dips of the
events onto different parts of the fk spectrum. Events with downdip to ascending
distances are mapped onto the right part of the fk spectrum whereas events with
updip are mapped onto the left part. This allows you to easily distinguish between
these types of events. In addition nearly horizontal events are mapped along
small k values within the middle of the fk spectrum.

The fk spectrum is often used to define a spatial filter in order to emphasize

events having special dips (see also fk filter).
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 446

1.11.10.4 dispersion curve

This processing step acts on the chosen data area. The processing step
dispersion curve allows to calculate the dispersion curves of a single multi-
channel record. The output is either within the frequency-phase velocity (f-v) or
frequency-phase slowness (f-p) domain (option slownesses activated).

As input parameters the min. and max. phase velocities as well as the velocity
increment and the max. frequency must be entered. Default values are given
for the phase velocity window. The default value of the max. frequency will be
automatically determined from the data or from the nominal frequency given
within the fileheader (3 * nominal frequency).
The option slownesses controls if the dispersion curve output is within the f-v or
f-p (option activated) domain. In the f-p domain the data normally shows less
smearing at lower frequencies. Different algorithms are used for the two domains
- therefore no interpolation is necessary for a subseuqent transformation.

The dispersion curve output can be used to analyze the phase velocity frequency
behaviour of a single shot record. Picking the fundamental or higher modes
allows to invert a velocity depth model (normally shear wave) within a
subsequent step using an appropriate method.
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 447

1.11.10.5 data fusion

This filter acts on the chosen data area. The option allows the fusion of a dual
freqeuncy data acquisition. The two datasets of different signal frequencies must
have been acquired using the same tracincrement and the same start and end-
coordinate. The two datafiles msut have the same filename except the channel
number.
Normally the channel number is given within the last place of the filename:
BAS__007_00.DAT and BAS__007_01.DAT
Exception for IDS-data: Here the channel number is given within the fourth place
of the filename:
LA010001.DAT and LA020001.DAT
The first channel must be chosen for the IDS-data.
If the measured times are different the file with the larger time should be chosen
(not for IDS-data) or the meausred time should be enlarged using the processing
option time cut before.
The program automatically differs between low and high frequency data either by
calculating the mean frequency or by taking the value given within the fileheader.
It may happen that the automatic determination of the mean frequency fails and
the low and high frequency datasets will be interchanged. In this case the data
fusion does not work correctly. Therefore it is recommended to save the mean
frequency within the fileheader of each file first. This may be done for example
within the edit several file headers menu.
The data must be time zero corrected. This can be done automatically within this
processing step if the option timezero correction has been activated. The
method uses the processing option correct max.phase with the suboptions first
onsets, zero cross., use mean, auto correct and a threshold of 20 % of the max.
amplitude. A possible DC-shift or
low frequency dewow must have
been removed before.
A mixing time must be entered in
terms of the percentage of the
measured time of the high
frequency (HF) data (option
mix.time/in % of HF). The low
frequency data will be damped
until this mixing time starting with
a value given by damping in db
at time 0 using a linear
interpolation. If the option high
freq.damping is activated the
high frequncy data will also be
damped starting at the mixing
time and ending at the HF
measured time again using a
linear interpolation and using the
damping in db at the HF
measured time.
Optionally a bandpassfiltering will be done using the min./max. frequency
parameters. Such a filtering is recommended because the mixing normally
introduces some high frequency noise which should be removed using a low
pass filtering.
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 448

The option may be used within the sequence processing but the option data
fusion must stand at the first place within the processing flow. This is necessary
because the option fuses two different datasets into one and therefore only
subsequent dataprocessing steps (e.g. background removal, migration) are
allowed.

The following picture shows an example of a two frequency acquisition. The

upper picture shows the lower frequency data, the middle the high frequency and
the lower picture the fused data always together with the spectra. The frequency
spectra are displayed within a separate window (red 300 MHZ antenna, blue 800
MHZ antenna, green fused dataset).
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 449

Following you find another example with a stronger focus on the high frequency
data which are displayed within the upper window (red frequency curve). The
middle window shows the low frequency data (blue frequency curve) and the
lower one the fused data (green frequency curve).
2D-Dataanalysis, fk-filter/data fusion 450

1.11.10.6 Mix profile

This option gives the possibility to add, subtract, multiply, divide or overlay a
second profile acting on the primary file. The precondition for this is that the two
profiles have an identical number of traces and of samples. The distance or
depth values written in the trace header are averaged, if the values of both
sections do not agree.

The mixing for add and subtract will be done either within time or frequency
range to be defined within the working range panel.

The option load within the SecondLineGroupBox enables the opening of the file
which is to be added, subtracted, multiplied, divided or overlaid.

The options within the MixProfileGroupBox allow you to define which function
shall be used.

The option is not available within the Sequence Processing.

The option is available for the batch start processing. Here an additional
character(s) is asked which will be automatically added to the actual filenames
for the creation of the secondary lines which shall be mixed. Example:
actual filename: data_gps.00t - additional characters: _insert -> secondary file:
data_gps_insert
2D-Dataanalysis, deconvolution/shaping 451

1.11.11 Deconvolution/shaping
The following deconvolution possibilities are included within
deconvolution/shaping group.

deconvolution
deconvolution/shap.
Spectral whitening
differentiation
integration
shaping
extract wavelet

For some filters available within this group the original trace is shown together
with the currently filtered trace, the spectrum of the original trace and the
spectrum of the currently filtered trace. The arrows near the original trace and
original spectrum are used to enhance the resolution of the trace and spectrum
windows. The trace or the spectrum is stretched up and down when using these
arrows. The spectrum scale is Hz, if the time scale is in milli-seconds and MHz, if
the time scale is in nano-seconds, respectively.

When activating the options fk filter or fk filter-lineparts and after having

generated the fk-spectrum a table appears. With all these options the inputs may
be entered either interactively within the original profile or using the table input.
With the option fk filter or fk filter-lineparts activated first the fk-spectrum must be
generated and then the filter parameters can be entered using the table or the
interactive input. The options save and load allow to store the current edit values
to an ASCII file and to load the wanted edit values from file, respectively.

The trace number for the trace to be displayed in the trace and spectrum
windows can be chosen using the option trace number.

The filter parameters for the individual processing steps are entered within the
filter parameter group.

After having specified the filter parameter, you must enter the processing label
(option ProcessingLabel). If already a data set with the same name exists, i.e.
also with the same label, it is overwritten after starting the processing.

Activating the option sequence proc. additionally open the Sequence

Processing menu. With this menu opened you may easily add the current
processing step to the sequence processing flow which may be applied to a
selectable number of lines after.

The option start starts the processing using the actual settings.

The option batch start starts a batch processing of the actual processing step for
a selectable number of profiles. The actual settings are used for the processing.
Some processing steps which need the loading of secondary files are not
supported equivalent to the sequence processing.
2D-Dataanalysis, deconvolution/shaping 452

1.11.11.1 Deconvolution

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter permits the application of a
deconvolution on the profile. This is a so-called spiking-deconvolution, i.e. it is
tried to create a highly broadband and smooth spectrum (according to the
spectrum of a spike). The program uses the recursion-algorithm of Levinson
(Wiener-Filter method). For each trace the autocorrelation over a predefinable
number of samples is calculated and used as input signal for the Levinson-
Algorithm, which calculates recursively the deconvolution-filter trace. Then the
filter trace is convolved with the original trace.

The deconvolution altogether needs four parameters (beginning and end of the
autocorrelation range, length of the filter trace, portion of white noise in percent).
With the specification of the beginning (autocorr.start) and the end of the range
for the autocorrelation (autocorr.end) a certain control of the effects of the
deconvolution is possible. For a suppression of multiples for example it is
necessary to choose a large time range for the autocorrelation, whereas a small
range is sufficient when "only" the original signal should be transformed back into
a spike.
The length of the filter trace (parameter filter length) normally can be kept small.
It must be smaller than or equal to the autocorrelation range.
To stabilize the deconvolution process white noise (parameter noise (perc.)) has
to be added to the data. The input parameter noise (percent) determines the
portion of white noise. A value that is too high leads to an insufficient
performance of the deconvolution, a too low value leads to stability problems.

1.11.11.2 Deconvolution/shap.

This statistical deconvolution is based on the recursion-algorithm of Levinson

(Wiener-Filter method) for systems of linear equations with Toeplitz structure.
The filter acts on each trace independently. For each trace the autocorrelation
over a predefinable number of samples and the crosscorrelation between the
input and the desired output are calculated.
These correlations are the input of the Levinson-Algorithm, which calculates
recursively the deconvolution-filter trace. Then the filter trace is convolved with
the original trace.

Depending on on the goal of the deconvolution the desired output is selected.

The following types of statistical deconvolution are implemented:

spiking-deconvolution:
The goal of spiking-deconvolution is a concentration of the signal-wavelet in the
time domain or a broad and smooth spectrum of the deconvolved trace in the
frequency domain. The desired output is a spike, i.e. a wavelet with maximum
energy concentration. If 0 lag spike is selected the enegy is concentrated at the
beginning of the wavelet, if spiking is selected the enegy is concentrated at the
sample defined by the parameter lag. In practice the input signal ist mixed-phase
and the best spiking deconvolution ist done with a lag corresponding to the time
of the maximum energ in the input singnal wavelet. As spiking deconvolution
flattens the amplitude spectrum the deconvolution may cause high frequency
2D-Dataanalysis, deconvolution/shaping 453

noise and a band-pass filterung after deconvolution is necessary. This can be

done implicitely by choosing the parameter filter spectrum. With this option the
amplitude spectrum of the filtered trace is scaled by the amplitude spectrum of
the unfiltered trace.

wavelet shaping:
The goal of wavelet-shaping is to form the wavelet of the output signal e.g. to
improve the minimum-phase properties of the output signal wavelet. The
deconvolution type any signal allows to load the new wanted waveform from an
independent Reflexw datafile (see also processing option shaping, chap.
1.11.1.15). The deconvolution types zero phase and min. phase transform the
input signal wavelet to the corresponding zero-phase or minimum phase wavelet.
In practice the difference in transforming to a zero-phase wavelet or a minimum
phase wavelet is often small. As transforming to a minimum phase wavelet
needs more computation time we prefer the deconvolution type zero phase. In
practice the input signal ist mixed-phase and the best deconvolution is done with
a lag corresponding to the time of the maximum energ in the input singnal
wavelet.

predictive deconvolution:
The goal of predictive deconvolution is the supression of multiples or
reverberations. The desired output is a time advanced (parameter lag) version of
the input signal. To supress multiples choose a lag coresponding to the
two-way-traveltime of the multiple, to supress reverberations choose a small lag
corresponding to the duration of the essential revreberation. If the input signal ist
mixed-phase a spiking deconvolution or wavelet shaping may improve the result
of the following predictive deconvolution.

If the signal shape varies strongly from trace to trace the deconvolution may
reduce the spatial coherences of reflections. This is caused by strong changes of
the autocorrelation from trace to trace. To overcome this problem use the
parameter mean auto. With this parameter set the mean of all
trace-autocorrelations is used to calculate the deconvolution-filter. All traces are
deconcolved with the same deconvolution-filter and spatial coherences will
maintain.

The deconvolution altogether needs three parameters (beginning and end of the
autocorrelation range, length of the filter trace). With the specification of the
beginning (autocorr.start) and the end of the range for the autocorrelation
(autocorr.end) a certain control of the effects of the deconvolution is possible.
For a suppression of multiples for example it is necessary to choose a large time
range for the autocorrelation, whereas a small range is sufficient when the
original signal should be transformed into a spike. The lenght of the filter trace
(parameter filter length) normally can be kept small. It must be smaller than or
equal to the autocorrelation range. The lag (parameter lag) must be smaller than
the filter length. The parameters autocorr.start, autocorr.end, filter
length and lag are given in the current time dimension.

The option runs allows to apply the deconvolution several times using the same
parameters. The picture on the left shows the original data showing distinct
multiples from the surface. The middle picture shows the result after one
predictive deconvolution, the right panel shows the result after 7 runs.
2D-Dataanalysis, deconvolution/shaping 454

1.11.11.3 Spectral whitening

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter spectral whitening allows
to compensate for frequency attenuation with time. The aim of the filter if to
flatten the spectrum for a given frequency band (filter parameter start frequency
and end frequency).

The radiogroup spectral whitening controls the method for the spectral
compensation. with the options add derivatives and norm frequ.bands.

With add derivatives activated the spectral enhancement is done by adding the
second, fourth and sixth-oder derivatives as well as a smoothed trace.

With norm frequ.bands a series of narrow overlapping band-pass filters is

applied on each trace. The same series of amplitude decay curves is then
computed to describe the decay rates for each frequency band. The inverses of
theses decay curves are applied to each bandpass filtered trace and the results
are summed. In order to preserve the amplitude characteristics of the original
trace the summed trace is then multiplied with the amplitude decay curve of the
original trace.

The filter changes the overall amplitudes. Therefore a scaling factor allows to
rescale the filtered traces with a given value.

The spectral whitening allows to compensate for frequency attenuation with time.
It also partially deconvolves the effective source wavelet (see also
deconvolution).
2D-Dataanalysis, deconvolution/shaping 455

1.11.11.4 differentiation

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter differenatiation allows to
calculate the derivative in time for each trace.

The parameter degree of differ. defines the order - 1 means 1. derivative, 2 2.

derivative, and ..... The parameter norm. (0-yes, 1-no) defines whether a
normalization of the amplitudes shall be done. If the parameter is set to 0 the
amplitudes after the differentiation will be normalized in order to ensure that the
resulting amplitudes are within the same amplitude range as the original data. If
set to 1 no normalization will be done and the amplitudes represent true values.

The calculation of the derivative is performed in the frequency domain by

multiplication by the frequency.

The filter 1. derivative allows to emphasize the high frequency part of the
individual signals and therefore may enhance the vertical resolution under
special conditions (see also deconvolution).

The option may also be used in order to compensate the signal integration of the
order 0.4 within the FD-modelling for a point source within a 2D-medium. In this
case the degree of differ. parameter must be set to 0.5.

1.11.11.5 Integration

The filter acts on each trace independently. The filter integration allows to
integrate the signals in time for each trace.

The parameter degree of integrat. defines the order - 1 means single

integration, 2 means double integration and ..... The parameter norm. (0-yes, 1-
no) defines whether a normalization of the amplitudes shall be done. I the
parameter is set to 0 the amplitudes after the integration will be normalized in
order to ensure that the resulting amplitudes are within the same amplitude range
as the original data. If set to 1 no normalization will be done and the amplitudes
represent true values.

The integration is performed in the frequency domain by division by the

frequency.

The integration allows to emphasize the low frequency part of the individual
signals (see also complex trace-analysis (envelope)).
2D-Dataanalysis, deconvolution/shaping 456

1.11.11.6 Shaping
The option allows to convert the characteristic waveform of the profile to a new
desired one.

Both the new desired waveform and

the characteristic input wavelet must
exist within an independent Reflexw
datafile. The two Reflexw datafiles
may contain one or more traces but
in any case only the first trace will be
taken as the corresponding new
desired and old input wavelet. Such
a wavelet can be easily extracted
from any profile using the option
extract wavelet (chap. 1.11.1.16).
After having chosen these desired
and input waveform file the filter
length and the time shift must be
entered. By default the filterlength
and the timeshift equal the length of
the desired wavelet. The scaling
factor allows to enter a
multiplication factor by which the
data are multiplied after shaping
The amplitudes of the desired and the characteristic waveform should be in the
same order.
The option load wavelets allows to reload the desired and input wavelets.

The correct choice of the filter length may reduce the effect of filter induced
precursors. The following two pictures (point and wiggle mode) show an
example. On the left panel the original data are shown. The middle panel shows
the result using a larger filter length than the length of the desired wavelet and
2D-Dataanalysis, deconvolution/shaping 457

the right panel shows the result with a filter length equal to the desired wavelet
length.

The shaping filter can be used for example to reduce the length of the waveforms
(e.g. due to reverberations).

1.11.11.7 extract wavelet

The option allows to extract a characteristic wavelt from the actual profile.

The desired characteristic wavelet must be defined by the selection of a

trace/time given by the filter parameters. The first filter parameter specifies the
start time (start ref.time) and the second one the end time (end ref.time). The
third parameter gives the start distance range (start ref.distance) and the fourth
one the end distance range (end ref.distance). Over the selected traces an
automatic averaging is performed for each selected time value. The selected
trace/time range can be for example the area of the first arrival.

The option can be used for example for defining the new wanted and the input
wavelet for the shaping filter (chap. 1.11.1.15).
2D-Dataanalysis, Sequence Processing 458

1.11.12 Sequence Processing

The menu Sequence Processing allows a sequential processing, i.e. a
selectable number of lines is processed with an identical sequence of processing
steps. For this you have to define a sequence of processing steps before, then
select the data lines and then start the sequence processing.

The current processing flow is shown in the uppermost window. You can mark
the individual processing steps. Mark a processing step if you want to delete it or
if you want a new processing step to be inserted before. You also have the
possibility to change the sorting of the individual processing steps by simply
dragging one processing step to another place (pressed left mouse button).

A direct control and modification of a sequence processing flow has been

included. A double click on the wanted processing step within the sequence
processing table automatically opens the corresponding processing menu
showing all entered parameters of the processing step. This can be used either
for a control or for a modification. Change the parameters and click on replace
proc. - this allows you to change the settings of the actual processing step within
the sequence processing flow.
2D-Dataanalysis, Sequence Processing 459

The definition of the processing flow is done with the options AddCurrentProc.,
DeleteProc., ResetSequence, LoadSequence and SaveSequence.

The option AddCurrentProc. adds the current filter together with the filter
parameter to the processing flow. A precondition to that is that the sequence
processing menu is opened together with any filter menu. The current filter is
added at the end of the processing flow if no processing step within the
processing flow is marked. If any processing step is marked, the current filter is
inserted before this processing step.

The option delete proc. removes the marked filter step.

The option replace proc. replaces the marked filter step by the current filter. The
option works according to the option AddCurrentProc. but the marked filter step
will be replaced.

The option ResetSequence resets the current processing flow to zero.

The option LoadSequence loads a processing flow previously save from disk.

The option SaveSequence saves the current processing flow on disk. The file
automatically receives the extension PFL and is saved in the project directory.

The ProcessingLabel defines the extension of the output datafile names. If

already a data set with the same name exists, i.e. also with the same label, it is
overwritten after starting the sequence processing.

With the option plot data activated the current original file together with the
current processed file are plotted during the sequence processing. Deactivate
this option if plotting takes too much computer time.

The options Single Process and Intermediate Process control how the
sequence processing is done:
With Single Process and Intermediate Process deactivated the program
executes the processing steps sequentially on the selected profiles, i.e. the 1st
processing step is applied to the original profile. To the profile processed in that
way then the next step is applied and so on. As a result only one processed file
will be created from each original file. The intermediate processing steps will not
be saved.
With Single Process activated each processing step is independently applied on
the original line, i.e. the 1st processing step is applied to the original profile, then
the 2nd processing step is applied to the original profile and so on. This results in
different output lines. The entered processing label is used for the first
processing step for all chosen lines. The label for the other processing steps is
incremented by 1 each time. You have chosen for example three processing
steps and specified the number 10 as processing label. The processing labels
10, 11 and 12 for the three different steps are used. Notice that possibly existing
files are overwritten.
With Intermediate Process activated each intermediate processing step is
stored separately. This results in different output lines. The entered processing
2D-Dataanalysis, Sequence Processing 460

label is used for the first processing step for all chosen lines. The label for the
other intermediate processing steps is incremented by 1 each time. You have
chosen for example three processing steps and specified the number 10 as
processing label. The processing labels 10, 11 and 12 for the three different
intermediate steps are used. Notice that possibly existing files are overwritten.

With the option only every 2. Line the processing will be restricted to every
second chosen line starting with the first chosen line. This option might be useful
for example if each second line shall be flipped. This option simplifies the file
choice process which is quite expensive for every second line if the filenaming is
in ascending order.

With the option several processing flows activated several processing flows
may be applied in addition to the actual one consecutively. Depending on the
number of additional processing flows a corresponding number of processing
files will be produced. The entered processing label is used for the actual
processing step for all choosen lines. The label for the additional processing
flows is incremented by 1 each time. The option might be useful if a special
processing step must stay at the first position within the processing flow, e.g. the
normalize profiles option. The option is only available for the sequence
processing of several lines (option StartSeveralLines).

The option StartCurrentLine allows to apply the current processing flow on the
current original file loaded within the 2D-dataanalysis.

The option StartSeveralLines allows to apply the current processing flow to

several lines. Filefilter allows to enter a filter for the multi file choice. Filepath
specifies the path for loading the files to be processed. The maximum number of
files is restricted by the system (about 1000 files). This number is not exact and
therefore no warning message appears. If the filetype within the openfile-menu
is set to ASCII-table the filenames of the wanted datafiles are read from a
separate ASCII-file. Each line of the ASCII-file contains the name of the datafile
without the filepath. The complete filename of each datafile is given by the
current project directory, the chosen filepath (procdata or rawdata) and the
filename stored within the ASCII-file. This option overcomes the problem with
specifying more than about 1000 files.

Within the BatchGroupBox you may define and perform a batch processing, this
means several sequence processings within one step.

The option generate batchfile creates an ASCII file with the extension SEQ
under the current project directory containing:
1. line: directory name for the datafiles to be processed
2. line: sequence processing datafilename
3. line: processing label
4.-n. line: filenames
example:
d:\reflex\demo\procdata
d:\reflex\demo\mark1.pfl
0
file001.01t
file002.01t
2D-Dataanalysis, Sequence Processing 461

file003.01t
After having activated the option you are asked for the wanted sequence
processing filename and the sequence processing label. Then you have to select
the wanted datafiles.

The option start batchfile starts the batchprocessing. After having activated the
option you must select the wanted ASCII batchfiles. The chosen files are
alphabetically resorted (sorted with ascending order). Then the batch processing
is started.
To be considered: the different ASCII batchfiles must be located under one single
directory but the ASCII batchfiles may contain any working directory (see line 1
within the ASCII batchfile).

Peculiarities:

The following processing steps are not supported by the sequence processing:
extract, replace, duplicate, move, insert profile, add profile, subtract profile and
combine files f.CMP.
The sequence processing flow from the DOS-version of REFLEX cannot be used
anymore because the names of the processing steps have been changed.

When using the processing step interpolate only the interpolation of periodic
groups based on the set filter parameters is supported.

When using the processing step markerinterpol, the marker positions are always
read from the trace headers of the individual original file. You may choose for the
markerincrements between:
1. option equidistant - the entered single marker increment is used for all marks.
2. option read from one markerfile - the markerincrements are read from one
single ASCII-file which has been created using the option save under
markerinterpol. The markerincrements are the same for all profiles.
3. option read from profile markerfile - the markerincrements are read from a
separate ASCII-file for each profile. The filename of the ASCII-file corresponds to
the profile filename (without extension) and must have been stored directly under
the projectdirectory and must have the extension mar. Example for 2 profiles:
c:\data\procdata\file01.00t C:\data\file01.mar
c:\data\procdata\file02.00t C:\data\file02.mar

For the following processing steps the edit values are read from a file:
manual gain (y), manual gain (x), static correction, muting and fk-filter. If any of
these processing steps is included within the current processing flow the wanted
file must be chosen. The file must have been created in a preceding step within
the processing menu using the option store.

plotoptions: the current settings of the plotoptions (point or wigglemode,

amplitude scale and so on) are stored within the fileheader of each processed
file. If no primary file has been loaded and therefore no plotoptions are defined
those plotoptions stored within the fileheader of the first profile to be processed
are used.
2D-Dataanalysis, Analysis MenuItem 462

1.12 Analysis MenuItem

Within this menuitem you may choose between the following analysis
possibilities:

Velocity adaptation MenuItem: interactive velocity adaptation based on

diffractions, reflections or lines

Pick MenuItem: picking of onsets

LayerShow MenuItem: combine picked onsets and create a report

for the individual layers

CMP-processing MenuItem: With the CMP-processing option activated a

complete CMP-processing of single shots
stored in one file is possible.

AD-conversion MenuItem: enter the AD-conversion module for digitize

analogue data

edit comment marker MenuItem: enables the edit possibilities for the
comment markers

adjust trace gain MenuItem: enables an individual gain adaptation for the
single traces

sum amplitudes for each trace: sums all amplitudes (absolute values) for
each trace and stores the sum within an
ASCII file together with the corresponding
distance of the trace. The data can be
viewed using the option add. 2 colum data
under view.

create MPEG-file: option allows to create a MPEG moviefile for

the later use with a MPEG-player.

2D-lines statistics allows to to analyse the maximum and the

mean of individual 2D-lines as well as the
dominant frequency.
2D-Dataanalysis, Velocity adaptation 463

1.12.1 Velocity adaptation

The option interactive velocity adaptation allows the interactive adaptation of
diffraction or reflexion hyperbola by calculated hyperbola of defined velocity
and width. There is also the possibility of fitting linear features either by
interactively changing a line or by setting two points. The max. number of
different adaptations is 100. The speed button core allows to interactively vary
the velocities of the single layers of the individual cores. The velocities may be
stored on file and may be reloaded at any time. The velocities are combined into
a 2D-model by using a special interpolation (see also option x-weight). Such a
2D-velocity distribution may be used in a subsequent step for the migration or the
depth conversion.

You may choose between the adaptation of linear features (speed button
and speed button ), of diffraction hyperbola (speed button D, the profile
must be a zero offset profile) and of reflexion hyperbola (speed button R) and of
core data (speed button core).
In addition there is the possibility of an intercepttime inversion for refraction data
(speed button ) as well as a direct wave adaptation of VSP-data (up or
downhole data, speed button ).

With the speed button the program waits for the input of two data points for
generating a straight line of distinct velocity. Pressing the left mouse button
determines the first data point and by moving the mouse with pressed button the
line with the current velocity is shown. Leaving the mouse button holds the
current line.

The speed button allows the interactive use of the intercept time method for
refraction data. The option enables to get a first 1D-model very quickly. After
having activated the option you must enter the bending points by the left mouse
button. The first point is automatically set to time zero and distance of the shot
position. Move the mouse with pressed left mouse button to the next bending
point and leave the mouse button and so on. The start point of a new branch
always corresponds to the endpoint of the previous one. The velocites derived
from these settings must increase with depth. After having finished the settings
the depth and velocities of the calculated 1D-model are shown in a window.
Using the option save (file with extension HYP) an ASCII-1D-model-file
with the extension VEL is automatically saved in addition, which allows an easy
access to the interpreted 1D-model. This 1D-model can also be used within the
CMP velocity analysis window (chap. 2).

The speed button allows the interactive adaptation of the direct wave of a
VSP (vertical seismics profiling) measurement (uphole or downhole
measurements). After having activated the option you must enter the bending
points by the left mouse button. The first point is automatically set to time zero
and distance of the shot position (normally 0). Move the mouse with pressed left
mouse button to the next bending point and leave the mouse button and so on.
The start point of a new branch always corresponds to the endpoint of the
2D-Dataanalysis, Velocity adaptation 464

previous one. After having finished the settings the depth, velocities and
thicknesses of the calculated 1D-model are shown in a window. Using the option
save (file with extension HYP) an ASCII-1D-model-file with the extension
VEL is automatically saved in addition, which allows an easy access to the
interpreted 1D-model. This 1D-model can also be used within the CMP velocity
analysis window (chap. 2).

The speed button core is only enabled when a core datafile is loaded (see
suboption Core data/1D models under View MenuItem). If the core datafile does
not contain the velocities of the individual core layers all velocities are preset to
the current adaptation velocity. With the speed button core activated you may
interactively adapt the core bars to layer boundaries visible within the 2D data.
Click on any layer bar which you want to adapt. The fill style of this layer bar
changes. With the adaptation parameter v highlighted it is now possible to
change the velocity of this distinct layer by pressing the key < and > respectively
or using the mouse wheel (see below). With the option change all activated all
layervelocites of the actual cores are changed simultaneously.
With the adaptation parameter thickness highlighted it is possible to change the
core thicknesses. Changing the thicknesses might be useful for example for
updating a core data file for topographically corrected data.
With the option save vel, 2dm-files within the global settings menu activated
both a vel-datafile for each core and a 2dm-data file for all cores will be
automatically generated when saving the cores. The filename is taken from the
original datafile name including an extension for the vel-data. Example for 10
cores and orignal datafile data_wheel.01t: -> data_wheel_001.vel ...
data_wheel_010.vel and data_wheel.2dm. These files are identical to the files
when created within the CMP-velocity analysis menu and may be used there or
for a subsequent migration, time depth conversin, ....

With any of the other speed buttons activated a hyperbola or a line according to
the adaptation type based on the current parameters is calculated and plotted, as
soon as the cursor is within the working window of the primary or secondary
profile.
Important:
The type reflexion adaptation needs CMP- or Moveout-data.
The type diffraction needs zero-offset data or a negligible source-receiver
distance with respect to the depth of the object. With the option use S/R-dist.
activated the source-receiver distance stored within the fileheader is taken into
account for the calculation of the diffraction hyperbola. This mainly affects the
apex of the hyperbola.
By pressing the left mouse button the current diffraction hyperbola is maintained
and plotted on the profile. Additionally the current velocity is displayed in a
window.

All the adaptation parameters v, width, radius and angle can be interactively
changed using the keys < and > respectively or using the mouse wheel/trackbar
(if the yellow light button is active the trackbar (mouse scroll) for an interactive
change of the velocity parameters will always get the focus). The track bar on the
right of the adaptation parameters may be used as well. The parameter which
can be changed is shown in aqua color. Activate the parameter to be changed
2D-Dataanalysis, Velocity adaptation 465

interactively by simply enter it. The size of the interactive change is controlled by
the parameter change(%) given in percentage.

The input parameters in detail:

v(all): input of the starting velocity for the interactive adaptation (input in m/ns or
m/s).

width(diffraction, reflection, linear adaptation): input of the one-sided width of the

hyperbola to be calculated in traces.
radius(diffraction hyperbola-adaptation): input of the presumed radius of the
target object (specification in the dimension of the current profile, input 0 for
point-shaped object).

angle(diffraction hyperbola-adaptation): input of the presumed angle between the

profile direction and the direction of the line target. Input in degrees between 0
and 90 degrees. For a point-diffractor you have to enter an angle of 90 degrees.

x-weight (all): input of a weight parameter for the 2-dimensional velocity

interpolation. The interpolation is done as following: all current velocities are
summed up for every point in the x-t range according to the square of their
distance to the x-t-point. A value for x-weight greater than 1 favours the x-
direction (line direction). By choosing a value big enough you may get a vertical
layering based on only few velocity values.

The speed button on the left-hand side allows to reset all adaptations, to load
existing velocity adaptations and to save the current adaptations on file with the
extension HYP under the rohdata directory.
Using the option load it is also possible to load adaptation from an ASCII-file.
Each line of the ASCII-file must have the following form:
profilename tracenumber time velocity
Using the option save it is also possible to save the adaptations using an ASCII-
format with the extension ASC. Each line contains the distance, velocity and
time of one adaptation. In case of the intercepttime adaptation each line contains
the calculated depth, the velocity, the intercepttime, the distance and the time. In
case of the VSP adaptation each row contains the calculated depth, the velocity,
the thickness and the time.
The loaded adaptations are plotted at their original profile distance. This means
that you have to be careful if you are using adaptations from other, e.g. crossing
profiles. When saving the current velocity adaptation, the following parameters
are stored: velocity, distance in profile direction, x-weight.
With the option view on 2. line activated the marked adaptation are also shown
on the secondary line.

Peculiarity for speed button core: With the option save corefile under global
settings activated the currently loaded corefile is updated using the current layer
velocities. With the option save VLA-file under global settings activated a VLA-
ASCII velocity datafile (see Create LayerShow velocities) is automatically created
which may be used for the generation of a layershow. With the option save
vel.2dm-files activated VEL-ASCII velocity datafiles for each core as well as a
2Dm-file (see CMP-velocity analysis) is automatically created when storing the
2D-Dataanalysis, Velocity adaptation 466

core velocity adaptations which may be used for e.g. migration, timedepth-
conversion, stacking, .....

Using the option 2D it is possible to show and save the 2-dimensional velocity
distribution based on the current adapted velocities. The interpolation is
controlled by the parameter x-weight. If you are using such a velocity distribution
in a subsequent processing step (e.g. migration based on 2D-velocity adaptation)
again the interpolation is done according to this x-weight parameter. The
rasterfile will be stored under the given 2D-filename (under the path rohdata
under the actual project directory). If no name has been specified (blank text) a
dummy filename veloc0001.dat will be used.

The options set, remove and change control the settings of a line or a
hyperbola. With the option set activated a new adaptation may be set using the
left mouse button. Any adaptation may be removed by activating the option
remove and choosing the desired adaptation.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 467

1.12.2 Pick MenuItem

With the pick option activated arrivals can be picked. You have the choice
between manual picking, continuous pick and a semi-automatic picking using a
phase follower.

After having activated the pick option you still have the possibility to activate the
velocity adaptation option (chap. 1.12.1) in addition. Thereby for example it is
possible to continuously display a calculated diffraction hyperbola during picking
for a better determination of the hyperbola cusp.
Picking is always done for the primary profile but you also may pick within the
secondary profile and then the pick is displayed within the primary profile. This
might be useful if you have acquired a profile withi different frequencies and the
phase is sometimes better visible on the secondary line. To be considered for
continuous picking: the traceincrement as well as the profilestart coordinate must
be the same for the primary and the secondary profile if you are picking wihin the
secondary profile. Otherwise a warning message appears.

Corrections can be performed either on zero crossings or on the extremum

(option CORRECTION). The picks can be saved with an arbitrary name and
reloaded any time (option save and load). The maximum number of picks is
limited to the maximum number of scans per profile. If you need more picks for a
profile, they must be saved on different files. The picks belonging to one profile
can be put together and viewed as a whole with the option layershow and also
issued as report on printer or file ( see also LayerShow MenuItem).

Both the travel time and the current amplitude of the phase are detected. The
manual picking of phases is superior to the automatic picking in respect to time
consumption for small data sets and in respect to accuracy for data sets of bad
quality. For large data sets it is recommended to have a desired phase semi-
automatically picked, first - this is discussed under phase follower, and then to
check the quality of the automatically set picks and correct them manually if
necessary.
In addition to the distance the xyz-shot- and receiver coordinates stored in the
traceheader (see also trace header Edit menu, chap. 1.9.6 ) of each individual
trace are stored within the pick record. These values are used when using the
tomography or when exporting the picks to an ASCII-file e.g. in order to display a
2- or 3-dimensional contour plot of the pick values. If you want to create such an
ASCII-file you must ensure that the xyz-shot and receiver coordinates are
correct. These traceheader-coordinates may not always correspond to the
fileheader-coordinates and therefore you have different possibilities to update
them (see trace header Edit menu, chap. 1.9.6 and Edit several FileHeaders
menu, chap. 1.10).
In addition a velocity is stored with each pick. This velocity may be used for a
subsequent depth conversion when saving the picks as ASCII-data.

Within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1) you can choose between two
different symbols for the picks (* and -). Here also some other pick paramters can
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 468

be entered. The size of the pick-symbol can be changed within the symbol font
menu (see also Global MenuItem).

manual pick: With the option set activated a pick can be set with the left mouse
button. The same applies to the manual removal or change of an existing pick
after selecting the options remove or change, respectively. Here those picks are
removed or changed which are next to the current cursor position. The right
mouse button activates the interpolate option whereby a fast piecewise linear
picking is possible. By default the distance position of a pick will not be changed
when using the change option. With the option change pick-pos. (to be found
under add.options) activated it is also possible to change the distance positition
of existing picks.

continuous pick: With this option activated you can set (option set activated),
remove (option remove activated) or change (option change activated) picks by
moving the mouse cursor over the data set with continuously pressed left mouse
button. The picks are set or removed or changed at those traces that are next to
the current cursor position. The continuous picking must be done from left to
right, this means with increasing distance coordinates. The option continuous
pick therefore makes manual picking a lot easier for large data sets. If the cursor
movement is too fast to pick every trace an interpolation between the founded
pick position is done. The parameter delay under global settings controls the
speed of the continuous picking. The data must be sorted in ascending order with
respect to the distances (see also option sort).
To be considered: The continuous picking is done based on the tracenumbers
and these tracenumbers are stored with the picks. Therefore problems may
occur when you are loading existing picks which have been picked from another
dataset with different tracenumbers (this means with different traceincrement
and/or startcoordinate). The same holds true for picking within the secondary
profile. Again the traceincrement as well as the profilestart coordinate must be
the same for the primary and the secondary profile.
The right mouse button allows you to toggle between the options set and change.
With the plotoption TraceHeaderDistances activated no interpolation is done.

phase follower: The option allows the automatic assignment of picks to a

selected phase. For this you first have to select the desired phase at an arbitrary
position of the profile with the left mouse button.
With selected secondary option set the program then follows automatically this
phase in the direction of larger distances. The choice is limited to the displayed
screen range. If the phase follower reaches the right end of the screen the profile
is scrolled automatically towards larger distances and the pick assignment is not
stopped (the option set is also automatically set to change). A precondition for a
correct application of this option is that the phase extends continuously over the
whole profile without being perturbed by interference effects. The automatically
detected picks certainly can be reedited like all other picks.
If the option change is activated already existing picks can be changed with the
automatic assignment. The program expects like with selected option set the
selection of a value within the profile by pressing the left mouse button. If for the
selected trace already a pick exists it is replaced by the new automatically
assigned pick. With this option it is possible to react fast on an unwanted
deviation of the automatic assignment from the desired phase.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 469

The Escape-key as well as the right mouse button allows to abort the automatic
assignment.
The speed of the phase follower is controled by the option delay (available within
the PickGroupBox if the option add.options is activated - see below). Increase
this number in order to slow down the phase follower.
With the option autostop (available within the PickGroupBox if the option
add.options is activated - see below) activated the phase follower automatically
stops when a construction change marker (see also global settings chap. 1.2.1)
or a change of the ensemble no. has been found. With the option autostart
activated the phase follower automatically starts at the position of the nearest
construction change marker to the left. The chosen mouse position is only shifted
to the left and no time correction is done. With the option last pick stop
activated the phase follower automatically stops at the position of the last
manually set pick.

Auto pick: With this option activated the Auto-Pick window opens which allows
you to set the autopick parameters and start the automatic picking (see also
chap. 1.12.2.2).It is possible to bring this window to the front by pressing the right
mouse button within the primary profile.

difference pick: With this option activated the traveltime difference between two
successive picks is automatically determined. In addition the thickness is
calculated based on this traveltime difference and the entered velocity (see
PlotOptions chap. 1.7). First you must enter the reference pick and then the
investigation pick. The two values traveltime distance and calculated thickness
are plotted right to the investigation pick using the number font if the option show
pickdifferences within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2) (also active when
printing the profile) . The number of total places and decimal places can be
defined within the global settings (chap. 1.2.1) menu. The remove button as well
as the sort and control buttons are disabled. After having activated this option all
picks are reset.
With the option keep distance within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2)
activated the x-position between the two picks are plotted in addition. With this
option not activated the x-position of the second pick is automatically moved to
the x-position of the first one.

pick code: input of a code (integer value) for the characterization of the following
picks to be chosen. This will also be used for the K+S ASCII-output and for the
tomography. The picks with the current code are plotted using the current set
pick color (see option color below). Picks with another code than the current one
are plotted using either the layershowcolor corresponding to their code or the
color defined within the option panel "not active picks" within the add. options
(see below). When changing an existing pick the newly set pick always obtains
the current code. With the option use code activated only the picks with the
current code can be changed or removed.

use code: if activated the pick code is used for discriminating the individual
picks:
- only the picks with the current code may be changed or removed
- different colors are used for the picks with different codes (with the option use
layershow-col. activated the layershow colors are used)
- options correct, auto cor. and control only act on the picks with the current code
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 470

- when using the phase follower the option use code should be activated if
several reflectors at the same distance are picked.

if deactivated the following holds true:

- all picks may be changed or removed
- the current pick color is used for all picks
- one correction type is used for all picks

color defines the color of the picks with the current code. The color of the picks
with other codes and deactivated option use layershow-col. is defined within the
add. options menu (panel not active picks).

use layershow-col.: With activated use code button the layershow colors are
used for the pick display corresponding to their code. With deactivated use code
button the picks will match the layershow colours based on the given
layernumber when loading an existing pickfile.

load: This option allows to load new picks from disc. Please note that the current
picks are lost with the loading of new picks. After selecting the option you can
choose one or several datafiles from the file list.
It is possible to load REFLEX formatted PCK files as well as different ASCII-
formats:
ASCII-2-colums: each line of the ASCII-file corresponds to one pick and consists
of two columns containing the distance
and the time in the corresponding
dimensions.
Tomo-coordinates: see chap. 1.12.2.1
- ASCII-file with each line containing
the following values:
traveltime code x-shot y-shot z-shot x-
receiver y-receiver z-receiver
or
traveltime code x-shot y-shot x-
receiver y-receiver
The program automatically controls
whether 3D- or 2D-data are present. If
the 3D-format is used the picks are
assigned to those traces which xyz-
shot and receiver coordinates are next.
ASCII-free format: the program uses the last saved settings of the ASCII-free
format (see chap. 1.12.2.1).
ASCII-colums: the program controls which options have been used when saving
the picks using the ASCII-colums format (see chap. 1.12.2.1). The option
acquisition times is not supported. If the picks had been saved using an older
Reflexw version rows for the z-coordinates of the shots and the receivers must
be included manually. In this case each line must contain the following
informations:
distance offset(profileconstant) x-shot y-shot z-shot x-rec y-rec z-shot traveltime
depth amplitude code
ASCII-pick diff.: the format corresponds to the format ASCII-Pick difference used
for saving the picks (see also chap. 1.12.2.1).
To be considered: When loading the Reflex formatted PCK files the program
automatically controls if the tracenumbers stored with the picks correspond to the
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 471

profile tracenumbers. If not a warning message window appears and a query if

the pick tracenumbers or the pick distances shall be updated. The distances
should be updated if after picking the traceincrement of the profile start has been
changed. Otherwise the tracenumbers should be updated if the continuous
picking or the phase follower shall be used afterwards as these functions use the
tracenumbers for the identification of the picks.

reset: This option allows to reset all current picks. The current pick settings are
lost.

sec.picks: loading of picks already saved, which are plotted as comparative

picks in addition to the currently set picks. The same formats as for the primary
picks (option load) are supported. You may choose different pick files from the
file list. The total number of secondary picks must not exceed the max. number of
scans. The color of these secondary picks may be freely chosen using the "color
sec.pick" button within the add.options or it is automatically determined from the
layernumber and the associated layershow colors (option "use layershow-colors"
within add.options activated). After deactivating the option sec.picks the
secondary picks are reset. The secondary picks are only for comparison and are
not saved together with the current picks.The secondary picks are also shown on
the second profile.

refresh: allows to reload the actually loaded pick data and secondary picks.
Possible unsaved changes will be lost.

save: saves the current picks. After selecting the option the Pick save menu will
be opened.

undo: allows to undo the last pick action. This means for example that in
continuous mode it would undo all of the picks made while the mouse button was
held down. The option undo is only enabled if the small button on the left is
activated.

autom.load: if activated the picks stored under the same filename like the
currently loaded primary file (see also option automatic name under Pick Save
MenuItem, chap. 1.12.2.1 ) are loaded automatically. It is possible to enter a
postposition for the pickfilename which shall be automatically loaded.

sec.files: in combination with the option autom.load - if activated the picks with
the same filename like the secondary files will be loaded automatically analogous
to the option autom.load. The option sec.picks as well as the global settings
option plot on 2.line will be deactivated automatically.

sort: sorts the picks with ascending order with respect to the distance axis. The
continuous picking needs sorted data. Activate this option if the continuous
picking is not working. The data are automatically sorted after having saved. If
use code has been activated the sorting first will be done based on the code and
then based on the tracenumber.

x-flip: allows to flip the actual picks in x-(distance) direction.

2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 472

velocity: enter the velocity which will be save with each pick and which may be
used afterwards for a depth conversion.

correct: activate this option to correct the current picks. With the option use code
activated only the picks with the current code are corrected for. With activated
option auto located below the option correct the picks are automatically
corrected during the setting. The following correct options are available:
• correct to max.: allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of the
signal belonging to the pick.
• correct to zero: allows to correct the current picks to the zero crossing of
the signal belonging to the pick.The zero crossing will not only be done to
the nearest data point but to the interpolated values between the two
datapoints of the zero crossing.
• corr.max/min.time:allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of
the signal and the minimum time within a tracerange of a predefined
number of traces (see input pickcorrect traces under global settings). Use
this option for example to correct the picked cusp of a diffraction hyperbola.
• corr.max/dist.range: allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of
the signal within a given tracerange of a predefined number of traces (see
input pickcorrect traces under global settings). The timerange for searching
the maximum is automatically restricted by the polarity of the current pick.
Use this option for example to correct the picked cusp of a migrated
diffraction.
• correct for header elevations: allows to correct the actual picks based on
the traceheader elevations. Precondition is an activated plotoption correct
header elevations.
• set pick velocities: stores the actual velocity to all picks.
• refresh amplitudes: takes the amplitude values for the picks from the
actual file. The option might be useful if picking has been done based on
another file and you want to take over these picks for another file including
the actual amplitude values.
• use correlation file: The option allows the automatic correction of the
picks based on a crosscorrelation of the actual datafile with a reference file.
The precondition is that the two files have the same number of samples,
traces and the same timeincrement. The option might be useful for an
automatic correction of first arrivals of different files which have been
acquired at the same location but at different times. After having clicked on
correct the reference file must be chosen. For reasons of accuracy, the
cross-correlation is limited to a range of two signal periods (corresponding
to the reciprocal of the dominant frequency) around the actual picks.
Therefore, the correction is also limited to this range. The option is not
available for the auto correction.

control: this option allows you to remove double picks, this means several picks
for one distance (one trace). Double picks may occur if you are using the
continuous picker with activated set option and you don't start the picking at that
position where no picks have been set yet. With activated option auto located
below the option control the double picks will be automatically ignored during
picking.

interpolate: allows the linear interpolation between the two last picks or the
extrapolation to the profile start and the profile end if only one pick exists. The
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 473

parameter n.trace defined within the additonal PickGroupBox will be taken into
account in order to decrease the number of picks.
If the option all is active all last picks which have at least one trace gap will be
interpolated. The interpolation stops if two successive picks will be found.

The four arrows at the right side allow to move up and down and to the left and
to the right the last set pick by one sample (trace) increment.
Activate the option all to move up and down (to the left or to the right) all picks by
one or a multiple of the sample (trace) increment. The option size defines the
amount (multiples of the actual increment) of the shift. With the option use code
activated in addition only the picks with the current code are moved.
To consider when moving the picks to the left or the right: the xy-coordinates of
the picks are not updated when using this option. This must be done during
saving the picks with activated option xy-coordinates.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 474

3D-picks: Activate this option if you want to pick within different individual (e.g.
parallel) lines and you want as output one single pickfile. Precondtion is that the
traceheaders contain the coordinates. The option may be used for parallel and
crossing lines as well as for GPS based crooked lines.
Picking may be done within all visible windows. One single pickfile will be
generated for all used 2D-lines. The picking may be done for individual objects
like hyperbola or for reflectors.
The actual picks will be displayed on all corresponding 2D-line (e.g. at crossing
points).

The picks may also be displayed within the profile map using the option
view/profile line and activated option show act.picks. A 3D-view is possible if
the option 3D-pick cube is activated in addition.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 475

The options use code and use layershow-col. will be automatically activated as
well as the option ChangePicPos. The pick save option check source/receivers
positions will be deactivated.
With the option reset 3D-picks activated the 3D picks will be reset if a new file
will be loaded except using the button next or prev.

For the display of the picks within the actual loaded 2D-lines a bin within the xy-
plane must be defined in which the pick position falls.
Two different bin calculation methods are available:
The fast method approximate controls if the pick lies on a straight line between
the start and end-coordinate of the profile. A bin value (default 10) allows to
increase/decrease the xy-range which controls if the pick belongs to the2D-line
or not. Increase this value if the pick will not be displayed (e.g. if gps-data are
used which are not strictly straight) or decrease this value if the picks are
displayed within more than one 2D-line.
The slow method exact controls if the pick coordinates and the traceheader
coordinates match. Again a binsize factor is used in order to increase the bin
value (default 1 - means that the matching is true if the range is smaller than the
actual traceincrement).
The bin calculation approximate provides worse results but the computation time
is much less whereby it may serve for a first fast check. Depending on the
irregularity of profile lines the binsize factor must be increased accordingly.,
During picking in case of the bin calculation exact the picks will only be displayed
within the actual window in order to speed up the picking process. For a correct
display of the picks in all windows the data must be replotted.

Example 1: pick a reflection within

crooked crossing lines. The four lines
(one red and three blue) are loaded
within the four windows. The picking is
done within the primary window. If the
bin.calculation approximate is activated
the crossing picks are displayed
automatically (right lower picture) . As
this method is not very precise (he
profiles do not ly on a more or less
straight line) you should replot the data
after picking with the bin method exact activated (left lower picture).
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 476

Example 2: pick different linear elements visible as hyperbolas within the 2D-
lines. The pick codes serve for a discrimination of the individual objects, e.g.
pipes. The bin method exact has been used because of the irregularity of the 2D-
lines. During picking only the picks on the actual line will be displayed. As no
crossing lines are present this is no restriction. Even if there are a few crossing
lines it does not make sense to use the approximate method but the exact
method should be used and by replotting all lines possible crossing points will be
displayed within the crossing lines.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 477

The option add. options

opens an additional
PickGroupBox containing the
following options and the
options autostop, autostart,
delay and last pick stop
already described under
phase follower (see above):

The parameter n.trace

determines that only for every
n. trace a pick is found for the
continuous picking and for the
phase follower (the phase
follower however acts on
every trace but only every n.
trace a pick is chosen).

max.diff: This parameter

specifies a stopping criterion
for the phase follower. The
time difference between successive picks of the same polarity must not be larger
than maxDiff*Time increment. The default value of maxDiff is 5. You should
reduce this value if the phase is lost too often. You have to increase this value if
the phase does not follow the extremum.

marker picks: allows to automatically set picks at the existing marker positions.
The time values are set to 10*time increment. The option is only available if the
markers are stored in the trace header.

load perpendicular picks: allows to load and to correct existing picks for the xy-
coordinates stored within the traceheader of the current datafile (see also trace
header Edit menu, chap. 1.9.6). Those picks which xy-coordinates do not
correspond to any existing xy-coordinate of the current datfile are automatically
cancelled. The option might be useful if existing picks are loaded into a crossing
line. The parameter corr.xy-coord bin(%) under global settings (chap. 1.2.1)
controls the size of the crossing bin. Increase this parameter if the option control
xy-coord does not generate any picks.

remove non double picks: allows to remove all picks for which only 1 pick for
one distance position exists. The option is useful for a continuous picking of a
layer thickness. For that purpose first pick the upper border of the layer and then
the lower border. Then use the option remove non double picks in order to
ensure to have 2 picked values for each location. Then you may use the ASCII-
pick difference output within the Pick Save MenuItem (chap. 1.12.2.1) in order to
output the thickness of the picked layer.

change pick code: allows to change the codes of the picks with the current
code. After having activated the option the new code is queried. The option is
only enabled if use code is activated.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 478

set pick code to all: allows to overwrite the codes of all picks with the current
code.

set pick code to range: allows to set the actual code on all picks lying within the
distance range defined below (options min.dist. and max.dist.).

move based on sec. picks: Activating the option moves the current picks to
larger times based on the loaded secondary picks. The option might be used for
example for an adaptation of existing pick files to a topographic correction. For
this purpose the interpretation flow is the following:
a. pick the reflections based on the non topographic corrected profile
b. perform the topographic correction
c. pick the first arrival within the topographic corrected profile
d. load these first arrival picks as secondary picks
e. load the wanted pick file and activate the option “move based on sec. picks” -
the picks will be adapted to the topographic correction.
To be considered: Moving is done based on the times of the sec. picks -
therefore the starttime of the profile should be 0. If this does not hold true or if
you are not able to pick the very first arrival you still have the possibility to move
the surface reflection picks up or down using the red arrows with activated option
"all".

show pick-code: if activated the pickcode is shown next to the pick

code auto-increase: if activated the pickcode is automatically increased when a

pick is manually set

code transparent: if activated the display of the pick codes or the pick
differences will be transparent

not active picks: within this panel you may specify the color for the picks with
another code than the current one (see also option pick code) in the case the
option use layershow-col. (see above) is deactivated. The size and the shape of
the picks are determined from the current settings of the symbol font.

sec.picks: within this panel you may specify the color for the secondary picks.
With the option use layershow-col. activated the layershow colors are used for
the pickdisplay corresponding to their code (option use code activated) or
corresponding to the given layernumber (option use code deactivated).

change pick-pos.: by default the distance podsition of a pick will not be changed
when using the change option (changing existing picks). With change pick-pos.
activated it is also possible to change the distance positition of existing picks.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 479

The option multioffset veloc.det. allows a fast determination of the 2-

dimensional velocity distribution from multioffset data.
Precondition are Constant Offset lines with the source-received distance stored
within the fileheader (option S/R-distance). A Zero Offset profile must be present
or it must be created from a Constant Offset line using the processing option
dynamic correction. All multioffset lines must be corrected for the start time.
The following options are available:

multioffset files: Choose the multioffset files from which the velocities shall be
determined
min. vel./max. vel.: defines the velocity range
average: defines the range in the given distance dimension for an averaging
median: if activated the median velocity within the average range is determined -
otherwise the mean velocity
t-shift: enter a time shift if the data had not been corrected for the picked phase.
In the following example time zero has been chosen for the extremum of the first
positive phase and the reflection (which has a positive reflection coefficient) has
also been picked for the positive (white) phase. Therefore a time shift is not
necessary.
long offset approx. If activated a fourth-order moveout equation is used instead
of the normal vrms equation.

gx 2 g  (Vrms / Vave ) 2  1
t ( x)  (t 0 2  x 2 / V 2 ave ) / (1  2 2
t 0 V ave ( g  1)
The vertical heterogeneity must be
entered manually. The parameter heter.(%) defines the parameter g in percent. It
is possible to get an estimate of g within the CMP-velocity analysis by crating a
manual 1D-model and to use the option long offset approx. there. With the option
view/model spreadsheet the vertical heterogeneity for the different layers of the
actual model will be displayed and may be used here for the velocity
determination. The option is useful if a strong vertical heterogeneity of the
velocities is given and for long offsets.
Start: starts the automatic velocity distribution. Dependent on the picked
interface within the Zero Offset lines the program automatically detects the
reflector within the other multioffsets lines. For this purpose each pick will be
shifted based on the entered velocity range
and the S/R distance and the best fit
(identical polarity, highest amplitude value)
gives the mean velocity for this pick. A
control of the method is given if one of the
multioffset files has been loaded as a
secondary file and the option sec.picks has
been activated. Then the found picked
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick MenuItem 480

interface will be plotted in addition (lines in green).

The calculated mean velocities will be saved with the picks and are shown in an
additional window (option view/add. 2. Column data will be automatically
activated). The following pictures show the result for two reflectors.
remark: for the 2. layer the black (negative) phase has been picked because of a
phase shift of this reflection due to a negative velocity contrast (high to low
velocities).
Activating the option interpolate allows to interpolate the calculated velocities
within the additional column window. After having activated the option click on
the first velocity and then on the second one. Between these two velocities a
linear interpolation will be done. The option may serve for a smoothing of the
derived velocities. Precondition for the option is that the column window has not
been overlaid (option overlay primary section must be deactivated) and manual
scaling has been activated..
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick save MenuItem 481

1.12.2.1 Pick save MenuItem

Save the current picks using different formats.

Control Panel section:

filename: specify the filename. Based on the chosen formats the file will have
different extensions and will be stored under different directories:
ReflexWin: extension PCK and storing under the path LINEDATA.
ASCII-free format, ASCII-columns and ASCII-pick difference: extension PCK and
storing under the path ASCII
ASCII-kml file: extension kml under the path ASCII
ASCII-tomography: extension TOM and storing under the path ASCII
GeoTomCG: extension 3DD under the path ASCII

automatic name: if activated the file name is automatically determined from the
file name of the current profile.

backup file: if activated an additional pickfile with the name ???_backup.pck will
be created.

automatic save: Activating this option allows you to automatically save the
actual picks using the Reflex Win format and/or the ASCII-columns format if a
new profile will be loaded or if the pick option will be left. The automatic
filenaming will be activated - the pickfilename is automatically determined from
the filename of the current profile. The actual settings of the ASCII-columns
format will be used. The option export several existing picks into 1 ASCII-file for
the ASCII-columns format is not supported and will be automatically disabled if
activated.

save: the option starts the storing of the data. For the output formats ASCII-
columns and ASCII-tomography the created file output is displayed within a list
box. Closing this box terminates the window.

close after save: if activated the pick save menu will be automatically closed
after saving the picks.

cancel/close: close the window without saving the picks or simply close the
window if the picks have been saved before.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick save MenuItem 482

FormatGroup section:

The following output formats are supported:

ReflexWin: new binary ReflexW pick format now using double precision (64 bit)
for the xy-coordinates - data cannot be loaded with older ReflexW version (up to
ver. 5.0.8).

Ascii-free format: The format

allows to save the picks on an
ASCII-file using free positioning
and separator.
Each line contains the desired
parameters for one pick in the
order (place) the parameters have
been chosen. The option reset
resets the choice. The small
buttons “s” and “g” allow to save
and load the actual settings on the
file FreeAsciiFormat.txt stored
under the program directory. This
saved setting is also used if the
picks shall be reloaded again.
With n.pick greater 1 it is possible
to restrict the number of picks to be
written out.
Three different separator
characters can be chosen (Tab, Comma or Blank).
Wtih the option use pick velocities activated the velocities stored with the picks
are used in order to transform the traveltimes into depths. Otherwise the velocity
given at the top is used. In case of already time depth converted picks the
velocity will be automatically set to 2 which is identical to a transformation factor
of 1.
With the option apply ind.pick elevations activated the elevations of the picks are
determined from the difference of the pick z-receiver coordinates and the picked
traveltimes converted in depths. Otherwise the overall ref.level will be used in
order to determine the elevations from the depths.
With the option export several existing picks into 1 ASCII-file activated you may
export several existing pickfiles into 1 ASCII-file. In this case you should output
the shot and receiver xy(z)-coordinates and not the profile constant.

ASCII kml file: allows to save the picks using the

Google kml format.
The following options must be entered:
UTMToDegree: activate this option if the xy-
coordinates are not given in degrees but in UTM
meter coordinates. Then you must enter the
correct utm-zone and the xy-coordinates will be
automatically transformed into degrees.
The groupbox latitude defines where the latitude
values have been stored (either on x- or y-
coordinates).
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick save MenuItem 483

The icon size defines the size of the icons. The option n. pick allows to export
only each n. pick.
If depths has been activated the traveltimes will be transformed into depths
using the velocity listed on the right. In case of already time depth converted
picks the velocity will be automatically set to 2 which is identical to a
transformation factor of 1. With the option use pick velocities the velocity stored
with each pick will be used for the time-depth conversion. If elevations has been
activated the traveltimes will be transformed into elevations. With the option
apply ind.pick elevations activated the elevations of the picks are determined
from the difference of the pick z-receiver coordinates and the picked traveltimes
converted in depths. Otherwise the overall
ref.level will be used in order to determine
the elevations from the depths.
The groupbox show distancies allows to
show the distancies or the traceno’s along
the line stored with the picks. If pushbins is
activated a yellow pushbin will be displayed
in addtion, if only value is activated only the
distancies/traceno’s will be shown. The
option decimal places is used for the display
of the distancies. With the option show picks
activated the picks will be displayed in
addition - if deactivated only the distancies
will be displayed. The option n.KML pick
allows to show only n. distance of the
exported picks (the total number of
distancies therefore depends both on n. pick and on n. KML pick).
Each datapoint within the KML-file contains an information box about the
distance, actual, min., mean and max. depth. A red-green-blue color scheme for
the icons will be used with red corresponding to the smallest values and blue to
the largest depth values.

DXF: allows to save the picks using the DXF

format. The picks may be exported either as
point, line or circle. The x and y-coordinates
are exported as well as the traveltime or
converted depth (elevation). With the option
use pickcode activated the layer group
code within the dxf-file will be set to the
pickcode which allows an easy discrimation
of the picks also for the line type. For the
circle tpye the radius must be entered.
The DXF export is also very suitable to 3D-
picks.
The following options may be entered:
An optional utm conversion is possible.The groupbox latitude defines where
the latitude values have been stored (either on x- or y-coordinates).
With the option InterchangeXY activated the xy-coordinates will be interchanged
for the export. This might be usefo for example if the latitude has been stored on
the x-coorindate and no utm conversion shall be done.
The option n. pick allows to export only each n. pick.
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick save MenuItem 484

If depths has been activated the traveltimes will be

transformed into depths using the velocity listed on
the right. In case of already time depth converted
picks the velocity will be automatically set to 2 which
is identical to a transformation factor of 1. With the
option use pick velocities the velocity stored with
each pick will be used for the time-depth conversion.
If elevations has been activated the traveltimes will
be transformed into elevations. With the option apply ind.pick elevations
activated the elevations of the picks are determined from the difference of the
pick z-receiver coordinates and the picked traveltimes converted in depths.
Otherwise the overall ref.level will be used in order to determine the elevations
from the depths.

ASCII-columns: convert picks to an ASCII file whereby every pick uses one line.
With the option export several existing picks into 1 ASCII-file activated you
may export several existing pickfiles into 1 ASCII-file. Each line of the ASCII-file
contains the following values:
traveltime(12:6), depth(10:4), amplitude(yy:xx), x-shot(yy:xx), y-shot(yy:xx), z-
shot(yy:xx), x-receiver(yy:xx), y-receiver(yy:xx), z-receiver(yy:xx) where yy defines
the number of places and xx defines the number of decimal places given within
the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1). The x-,y-,z-shot and receiver coordinates
have been taken from the traceheaders of the individual profiles when picking the
onsets (see also trace header Edit menu - chap. 1.9.6). Depths and amplitudes
are set to zero if the corresponding options depth and amplitudes are
deactivated.
With the option export several existing picks into 1 ASCII-file deactivated it is
possible to save the existing picks into an ASCII-file. Every pick uses one line.
Each line contains the following values: coordinate in profiledirection(10:3),
coordinate in profileconstant(10:3), x-traceheadercoordinate (optional,yy:xx), y-
traceheadercoordinate (optional,yy:xx), z-traceheadercoordinate (optional,yy:xx),
travel time(12:6), depth(10:4), amplitude(yy:xx) where xx defines the number of
decimal places given within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1). The number
of total places yy can also be defined within the global settings menu. By default
the travel times and also the plane-coordinates of the picks are written on a file.
Additionally the travel time can be converted into depths (option depth activated)
on the basis of a specified constant velocity ( In case of already time depth
converted picks the velocity will be automatically set to 2 which is identical to a
transformation factor of 1) or on the velocities stored with the picks (Option use
pick velocities activated) and the current amplitude of each pick can be saved
(option amplitudes activated). If no depths and/or amplitudes shall be extracted,
these values are set to zero. Optionally the xyz-coordinates of the receivers
(specification xyz-rec.coordinates) stored in each trace header may be written
out (see also trace header Edit menu - chap. 1.9.6). This allows you for example
to write out non equidistant xyz-coordinates or the xy-coordinates, if the profile is
not orientated into one direction (x or y). The xyz-coordinates are only saved on
file if chosen. With the option xyz-shot/rec.coord. activated both the shot and
the receiver xyz-coordinates are written out. With the option add meridian stripe
activated the entered meridian stripe value will be added at the first place of the
easting value. Optionally the acquisition times of each trace stored within the
traceheader is written out (option acquisition times activated). Optionally the
pickcode of each pick can be written out (option pickcodes activated).
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick save MenuItem 485

The parameter n.pick controls the pick number to be output: only every n. pick
will be output. The file has the extension PCK and will be stored under the path
ASCII under the current projectpath.
With the option original datafilename activated the original datafilename
(without path) is output in addition within the first column. With the options trace
number and sample number acitvated the tracenumber and the samplenumber
are also exported at the beginning of each line of the ASCII-file.
Activating the option profileconst.->1.column allows to write out the
profileconstant within the 1. column and the profiledirection within the 2. column.
The option might be useful for the export of picks of crossing profiles.
If picks have been loaded within the 3-component analysis the actual angles can
be exported together with the picks when using the ASCII-columns format (option
angles activated).

Ascii-2D tomography: every pick uses one line. It is possible to save the picked
traveltimes or the amplitudes. Each line contains the following values:
traveltime(yy:xx) or amplitude, code(10:0), x-tracehadercoordinate of the
transmitter, y-traceheadercoordinate of the transmitter(yy:xx),
x-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(yy:xx), y-traceheadercoordinate of the
receiver(yy:xx) where xx defines the number of decimal places given within the
global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1). The number of total places yy can also be
defined within the global settings menu. The xy-coordinates are taken from the
corresponding traceheaders of each trace (see also trace header Edit menu -
chap. 1.9.6) during picking. The file has the extension TOM and will be stored
under the path ASCII under the current projectpath. The format corresponds to
that format needed by the 2D-tomographic traveltime-inversion and
amplitude-inversion.The distancedimension is always METER, the timedimension
is either ms or ns. If the timedimension of the original data is μs, the traveltimes
are automatically transformed into ms-data for storing.

Ascii-3D tomography: every pick uses one line. Each line contains the following
values: traveltime(yy:xx), code(10:0), x-tracehadercoordinate of the transmitter,
y-traceheadercoordinate of the transmitter(yy:xx), z-traceheadercoordinate of the
transmitter(yy:xx), x-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(yy:xx),
y-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(yy:xx), z-traceheadercoordinate of the
receiver(yy:xx) where xx defines the number of decimal places given within the
global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1). The number of total places yy can also be
defined within the global settings menu. The xyz-coordinates are taken from the
corresponding traceheaders of each trace (see also trace header Edit menu -
chap. 1.9.6) during picking. The file has the extension TOM and will be stored
under the path ASCII under the current projectpath. The format corresponds to
that format needed by the 3D-tomographic traveltime-inversion. The
distancedimension is always METER, the timedimension is either ms or ns. If the
timedimension of the original data is μs, the traveltimes are automatically
transformed into ms-data for storing.

GeoTomoCG: this format should be used when the picked data are interpreted
using the tomography program GeoTomoCG.
2 comment lines are at the beginning. Then every pick uses one line. Each line
contains the following values: pick number (5:0), x-tracehadercoordinate of the
transmitter (yy:xx), y-traceheadercoordinate of the transmitter(yy:xx),
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick save MenuItem 486

z-traceheadercoordinate of the transmitter(yy:xx), x-traceheadercoordinate of the

receiver(yy:xx), y-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(yy:xx),
z-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(yy:xx), traveltime(yy:xx) where xx defines
the number of decimal places given within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1).
The number of total places yy can also be defined within the global settings
menu. The xyz-coordinates are taken from the corresponding traceheaders of
each trace (see also trace header Edit menu - chap. 1.9.6 and CMP-processing
geometry, chap. 1.12.4.1) during picking. The file has the extension 3DD and will
be stored under the path ASCII under the current projectpath.
Activating the option store y on z-coord allows you to store the y-traceheader-
coordinates on the z-coordinates of the GeoTomoCG-file.The y-coordinates of
the GeoTomoCG-file will be set to 0. This option may be useful for a 2D-
tomography in the x-z plane because the definition of the traceheader
coordinates within REFLEXW are much more easier for the xy-plane than for the
xz-plane (see CMP-processing geometry, chap. 1.12.4.1).

ASCII-pick difference: allows to output the traveltime difference of two

successive picks together with a calculated thickness. The picks may not be
located at the same distance position. The pick pair is defined from the
ascending order in distance direction. Therefore if you are using the manual or
continuous pick for defining a layer thickness you should use the option remove
non double picks (see Pick MenuItem, chap. 1.12.2) in order to ensure that the
correct two picks are always used for calculating the pick difference.
Every pick pair uses one line. Each line contains the following values: distance
for pick 2, distance difference, thickness, traveltime difference, traveltime 1,
traveltime 2, Pick Code. The number of total places and decimal places can be
defined within the global settings (chap. 1.2.1) menu. The thickness is calculated
from the traveltime difference and the entered velocity. With the option xy-
coordinates activated the xy-shot and receiver coordinates of the second pick
are written out in addition. The xy-coordinates are taken from the coordinates
stored in each trace header (see also trace header Edit menu - chap. 1.9.6) of
the current profile.
By default the picks are stored under ASCII under the current projectdirectory.
Using the option path it is possible to enter another path. Then the filemenu
opens. If no filename has been specefied before you must enter such a name. To
be considered: it is still necessary to activate the option save in order to save the
picks.

ReflexWin section:

global code: A code is queried which serves for differentiating picks of different
phases from one data set. Like this signal arrivals of compression waves can be
marked with a P and the ones of shear waves with a S. This code is used within
the LayerShow MenuItem (chap. 1.12.3). If no global code is entered no coding
is shown within the layershow.

mean or layer velocity: Additionally a velocity can be preset which is used for
the conversion of the travel times in depths under the option layershow. You
have to specify a mean velocity for the total overburden or a layer velocity. Within
the layershow you may specify whether mean or layer velocities are used for the
time-depth convesion (see chap. 1.12.3.1).
2D-Dataanalysis, Pick save MenuItem 487

layer number: The specification of the layer number serves to identify the
individual picks within the option layershow. If you are using the option layer-
show with the option pick, you therefore should process together and save on a
file only those arrivals that belong to one layer.

check source/receivers positions: If activated the source/receiver positions of

each pick are updated from the currently loaded profile. The source/receiver
positions are used within the ASCII-export with activated option export several
existing picks into 1 ASCII-file.

save only pick with actual code: if activated only those picks with the actually
set code are saved

old format (up to ver. 7.5): allows to store the picked data using the pck-format
which has been used by older Reflexw versions (up to version 7.5).
2D-Dataanalysis, Auto-Pick MenuItem 488

1.12.2.2 Auto-Pick MenuItem

Within this menu you have the possibility to automatically pick the wanted
onsets.

In any case it is recommended to check the automatic picks. For that purpose
you may use all the other existing picking possibilities described above.

It is possible to bring this window to the front by pressing the right mouse button
within the primary profile (phase follower and continuous pick must be
deactivated).

At present it is possible to pick the following objects (option object type):

single objects like small diffractions (e.g. from rebars) - data should be migrated
(see also chap. 1.11.9)
first arrivals (e.g. from refraction seismics)
continuous reflector
phase follower

The following parameters are valid for all object types:

start time: enter the start time of the time range for detecting the objects.

end time: enter the end time of the time range for detecting the objects.

total distance range: if activated the complete distance range is valid for
detecting the objects.

start dist.: with deactivated option total distance range enter the start distance of
the distance range for detecting the objects.

end dist.: with deactivated option total distance range enter the end distance of
the distance range for detecting the objects.

slope °: enter the slope angle in degrees for determing the time/distange range
for the automatic search of the picks. With a value <> 0 the start and end time for
the detection are changing with distance (distance*tan(slope)). A value <> 0
allows you for example to automatically detect a continuously dipping reflector.

Polarity: enter the polartiy of the onsets to be detected.

interpolate: if activated a linear interpolation between the detected picks will be

automatically performed. If only one pick was detected an extrapolation to the
profile start and the profile will be done.

CorrectBox: within this box you may determine how the picks are corrected after
having detected:
no: no correction is done.
max.: allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of the signal belonging
to the pick.
2D-Dataanalysis, Auto-Pick MenuItem 489

zero: allows to correct the current picks to the zero crossing of the signal
belonging to the pick.
max/min.time: allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of the signal
and the minimum time within a tracerange of a predefined number of traces (see
input pickcorrect traces under global settings). Use this option for example to
correct the picked cusp of a diffraction hyperbola.
max/dist.range: allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of the signal
within a given tracerange of a predefined number of traces (see input pickcorrect
traces under global settings). The timerange for searching the maximum is
automatically restricted by the polarity of the current pick. Use this option for
example to correct the picked cusp of a migrated diffraction.

Depending on the object type you must enter different auto-pick parameters.

Object type single objects:

A single object is dermined if the following criteria are fullfilled:

1. The polarity must fit.

2. The onset must be located within the given time/distance range.
3. The amplitude must exceed a given threshold.
4. The amplitude contrast within a given distance range must exceed a given
threshold.

The two threshold parameters are automatically calculated from the automatically
determined mean values and the given scaling factors.

amp.scale: enter a scaling factor for determining the amplitude threshold. The
program automatically calculates the mean amplitude value within the given
time/distance range. The threshold is determined from this mean value multiplied
by the amp.scale factor.

contrast scale: enter a scaling factor for determining the amplitude contrast
threshold. The program automatically calculates the mean amplitude contrast
value within the given time/distance range based on the parameter xsize. The
threshold is determined from this mean value multiplied by the contrast.scale
factor.

xsize: enter the expected size in x-direction of the objects. This value is used for
the determination of the amplitude contrast as well as for excluding picking one
object twice on different traces or samples.

ysize: enter the max. expected size in y-(time-)direction of the objects. The
polarity must remain the same within the given y-size. Otherwise the pick will be
rejected.

x-interval: enter the x-range behind a detected pick where no pick detection will
be done.

Object type first arrivals:

2D-Dataanalysis, Auto-Pick MenuItem 490

A first arrival is dermined if the following criteria are fullfilled:

1. The polarity must fit.

2. The onset must be located within the given time/distance range.
3. The amplitude must exceed a given threshold.
4. The instatnteneous frequency must be in the range of the mean instantaneous
frequency. The range is given by the mean instantaneous frequency and the
frequency scale parameter.
5. The timeshift between the actual pick and the median value does not exceed a
given value.

The two threshold parameters are automatically calculated from the automatically
determined mean values and the given scaling factors.

amp.scale: enter a scaling factor for determining the amplitude threshold. The
program automatically extracts the max. amplitude for each trace within the given
time range and at the given polartiy. If the option use overall max. value is
activated the overall maximum value for all traces within the given time range is
used instead of the max. value for each trace. In both cased the threshold is
determined from this max. value multiplied by the amp.scale factor.

frequency scale: enter a scaling factor for determining the range of the allowed
instantaneous frequencies. A factor of 1 means that a 100 % deviation from the
mean instantaneous frequency is allowed. Accordingly a factor of 0.1 means 10
% deviation and a factor of 10 1000 % deviation. The program automatically
calculates the mean instantaneous frequency for all traces within the given
time/distance range.The threshold range is determined from this mean value
multiplied by the frequency scale factor.

max. timediff and search size: the program controls whether the timeshift
between the actual pick and the median value within the given search size
(symmetrical around the pick position) does not exceed a given value (option
max.timediff).

Object type continuous reflector:

A continuous reflector is automatically picked at those positions where:

1. the polarity fits.

2. the max. amplitude value within the given timewindow is given.

The program controls whether the timeshift between the actual pick and the
median value within a given search size (symmetrical around the pick position)
does not exceed a given value (option max.timediff). If this is the case the value
will be replaced by the median value. With the option up down tendency
activated the program controls whether a tendency toward downward or upward
times is given. If such a tendency has been evaluated no replacement of the
actual pick will be done except the timeshift exceeds 4 times the given max.
timediff value.
2D-Dataanalysis, Auto-Pick MenuItem 491

With the option control phase activated the program checks whether an onset of
the same polarity within a search timerange (should be about the siginal period)
exists at smaller times with a minimum of 30 % of the amplitude of the chosen
pick. If this holds true the chosen pick will be replaced by the shifted one. The
option is useful if the signal normally exhibits two etrema of the same polarity.

Object type phase follower:

A continuous reflector is automatically picked using the phase follower. The start
of the phase follower will be done automatically by defining the start/end time
and the polarity. The program automatically searches the max. value within this
time windows of the given polarity at the start position. The distance range may
be total or restricted to a start and end distance.

default: sets some default parameters for the types single objects and first
arrival.

The parameters within the control panel box are the following:

save par.: save the current parameters on file with the extension api.

load par.: load the auto-pick parameters from file. The fileextension must be api.

start: start the autopicking for the current primary file. The picks will receive the
currently set color and code and are displayed after having been detected.

batch start: start the autopicking for a choosabele number of files.

After having activated this option you must select the wanted profiles from the
filemenu. Afterwards the automatic picking is started for all chosen profiles. The
detected picks of the different profiles are stored on individual files using the
ReflexWin pickformat (extension PCK under the path LINEDATA) and the
filename automatically determined from the acutal profile filename (see also
option automatic name under Pick Save MenuItem, chap. 1.12.2.1).

close: close the auto-pick window.

2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 492

1.12.3 LayerShow MenuItem

This option offers the possibility to combine individual pick files stored on file (see
option PICK), to plot them together with the wiggle-files and to output them in
report form on printer or file. The maximum number of combined picks per layer
boundary is equal to the max. number of traces per profile. The maximum
number of samples per distance point and thus of layer boundaries is 100. The
layer number within each pickfile serves to identify the individual picks. At each
distance point the layer depths must increase with ascending layer number.
Therefore you must choose the layer number when saving the picks in such a
way that the correct layer order will be ensured especially when using a velocity
file for creating the layershow and when output the thicknesses of the individual
layers.

After selecting the option you have the choice between

create - i.e. to create a new layer show from pick files and save them on file
load - load an existing layer show
create report - i.e. to create a reportfile based on the current layer show.
Create velocities - i.e. to create layer velocities for the individual layers either
based by manual input or based on an amplitude calibration

After selecting the option the screen is split automatically (Ver.split activated). In
the upper window the profile is plotted, in the lower layer window the depth-
converted combined arrivals (if already created with the option CREATE or
loaded from hard disc) are plotted as continuous layer boundaries. The maximal
displayed depth of the lower window is calculated from the maximal time of the
upper window and a given velocity (see plot options).

The option x-flip allows you to flip the current layershow in x-direction. The
flipped layer-show is saved under a new filename.

The option view 1.-4. allows to view up to 4 different layershows. The scaling (x
and z) is the same for all 4 layershows. No zooming or scrolling is possible. After
having pressed the replot or reset button the original data will be displayed.

The option 2.line/lay allows to load a second line together with a layershow.
Accordingly to the possibility of load up to 4 different profiles the display can be
splitted into pure vertical split, pure horizontal split or both vertically and
horizontally (hor./ver.split or ver./hor.split activated).

If the option show picks is activated, additionally in the upper window the
combined travel times (not depth-converted) are plotted as continuous layer
boundaries, so that a direct comparison between raw data and picked arrivals is
possible.
With the option dist.axis activated the distance axis is plotted for the lower layer
window.
With the option grid activated a grid is plotted within the lower layer window.
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 493

With the option fill layers activated the layer above the boundary is filled using
the current layershow color.
The option is also available
for printing. The color for
the lowermost layer
underneath the lowermost
boundary is always white. To
be considered: if the boundary
is not continuous the color of
the lower boundary will be
used. With the options with
velocities activated in
addition the resulting
layershow will be filled using the pick mean or layer velocities. Two different color
bars are shown if the color bar view is active. The velocities below the lowermost
layer are not defined. With the option default velocities f. last layer deactivated
the velocities above the layer boundary are used also for the region below the
boundary of the lowermost layer. With the option default velocities f. last layer
activated the default velocity is used for the region below the layer boundary.

The current codings of the individual boundaries (see global code wihtin the Pick
save MenuItem, chap. 1.12.2.1) are displayed based on the settings within the
legend box using the symbol font. The colors of the codings are automatically
determined from the layer numbers.The option legend name allows you to define
the default prefixname of the legend - if this name is set to nil no legend is
plotted. The size of one coding is calculated from the option size (enter the size
of one coding in number of characters). The option rows defines the number of
rows the legend is subdivided into. You have the following possibilities for
defining the legend position:
Above means plotting the codings in the free space between the two windows.
Upper left means plotting in the upper left corner of the layer window.
Lower left means plotting in the lower left corner of the layer window.

Activating the option colors allows to change the plot colors and pen-thicknesses
of the individual layer boundaries. A window appears where the predefined colors
and the pen-thicknesses of the individual layer boundaries can be changed. The
option save allows to save the layershow colors on a file with the extension LCO.
The option load allows to load an existing layershow-colorfile.
The option export allows the export of the layershow into
a. an ASCII modelfile - this file can be imported within the modelling module
using the option file/load from ASCII. To be considered for GPR-data: the wave
type must be set to electromagnetic before importing the ASCII-file. Then the
velocities within the ASCII-file are automatically converted into epsilon values.
b. a Reflexw rasterfile containing the layershow velocities if the option generate
Reflexw rasterfile has been activated. The size of the rasterfile is controlled by
the options x-points and y-points. By default the values are set to the sample and
scan number of the original file. With the option horizontal extrapolation
activated all layers are extrapolated to the start and end of the model. Gaps
inbetween a layer boundary are always closed by a linear interpolation. The
rasterfile will be stored under the directory rohdata. If a rasterfile containing the
epsilon values is wanted the option conv. v to epsilon under declipping/arithmetic
functions allows to convert the velocities into epsilon values. The rasterfile may
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 494

also be used for example in order to do a timedepth conversion. In this case the
layershow should have been created using layer velocities and for 2D-velocity file
rasterfile layer should be used.
The velocities below the lowermost layer are not defined. With the option default
velocities f. last layer deactivated the velocities above the layer boundary are
used also for the region below the boundary of the lowermost layer. With the
option default velocities f. last layer activated the default velocity is used for the
region below the layer boundary.
If a layer pinching out has been picked you should activate the option pinching
out layer because otherwise this layer will be assumed to be continuous.
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 495

1.12.3.1 Create LayerShow

This menu allows to create a file of combined equidistant picks. The "Input-
picks", which do not have to be equidistant, have to be saved on file before under
the option PICK. With choosing the option a window is opened with the following
input or selection possibilities:

filename: allows the input of an arbitrary name. The combined picks

automatically receive the extension LAY and are stored in the directory
LINEDATA.

automatic name: if activated the filename of the layershow corresponds to the

name of the currently loaded profile.

pick files: allows to load the different pick files. The maximum number of
selectable files is 200.

start position: defines the start-position for the layershow file (has not to be
identical to the start coordinate of the current loaded profile). At the beginning
this coordinate is set to the start coordinate of the current loaded profile.

end position: defines the end-position for the layershow file (has not to be
identical to the end coordinate of the current loaded profile). At the beginning this
coordinate is set to the end coordinate of the current loaded profile.

increment: defines the increment between successive positions for the

layershow file (has not to be identical to the trace increment of the current loaded
profile - at the beginning this coordinate is set to the trace increment of the
current loaded profile). For the combination of the picks the original distance
value is modified by a multiple of this increment for a corresponding distance. For
example you choose an increment of 0,1 METER and have picks at 10,24 and
10,31 METERS. The program sets these picks at 10,2 and 10,3 METERS for the
combination. If for particular distances no picks exist, each time a space is
inserted in order to allow that a layer boundary disappears at distinct regions. For
the plotting of the combined picks in this case the picks to the left and right are
not connected with a straight line. You should therefore choose the increment not
smaller than the average distance between two picks.

velocity choice: specifies how the time-depth conversion of the picks is done.
You have the choice between mean pick velocity, layer pick velocity and velocity
file.

Choosing "mean single vel." means that the mean velocity specified at the
saving of the picks of the corresponding layer (see also SAVE under PICK) is
used for the time-depth conversion. Only one value for the complete layer is
possible. The velocity is given as the mean velocity and not as the layer velocity.
The time-depth conversion of each layer boundary is independent from the
conversion of the upper boundary.
Choosing "layer single vel." means that the velocity specified at the saving of
the picks of the corresponding layer (see also SAVE under PICK) is assumed to
be a layer velocity and it is used for the time-depth conversion. Only one value
for the complete layer is possible. The velocity is given as the layer
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 496

velocity.Terefore the time-depth conversion of each layer boundary depends on

the conversion of the upper boundary (see also option interpolate layer). The
result is the same as using the option velocity file with a constant velocity for
each layer (see below).
Choosing "mean pick velocities" means that the mean velocities stored with
the picks are used for the time-depth conversion. The velocities have been
created e.g. using the option multioffset veloc.det within the pick-menu. The
velocities are given as the mean velocities and not as the layer velocities. The
time-depth conversion of each layer boundary is independent from the
conversion of the upper boundary.
Choosing "velocity file" means that the layer velocities given in an ASCII file (for
the format description see option “create Layershow velocity”, chap. 1.12.3.3) are
used for the time-depth conversion. The wanted velocity file must be chosen from
the file menu. The velocities for each layer may laterally vary and they are
normally given as layer velocities except if the second line within the ASCII-file
includes the string “mean velocities”. The velocities given in the file are defined
as the velocities above the layer boundary. The time-depth conversion of each
layer boundary depends on the conversion of the upper boundary (see also
option interpolate layer). If no values are defined at the given position, an
interpolation between the two next given values is used. Assumption: the layers
are numbered subsequently starting at 1 at the uppermost layer boundary
(normally the air-surface boundary).
example: three different layer boundaries are defined at one position with
t1=10ns, t2=15ns, t3=22ns. Choosing "mean pick velocity" means that the given
mean velocities of v1=0.1 m/ns, v2=0.09 m/ns and v3=0.085 m/ns are used. This
results in the following depths: depth1: 0.5 m, depth2: 0.675 m, depth3: 0.935 m.
Choosing "velocity file" means that the given layer velocities at the distinct
position are read from an ASCII file: e.g. vlay1=0.098 m/ns, vlay2=0.085 m/ns
and vlay3=0.070 m/ns. This results in the following depths: depth1: 0.49 m,
depth2: 0.7025 m and depth3: 0.9475 m.

interpolate layer: option is used if the velocities are read from an ASCII-file (see
option VELOCITIES/velocity file) or if the option layer pick velocity has been
chosen. The option controls how the time-depth conversion for a special layer is
done if any upper layer is not continuously picked.
If the option is TRUE every upper layer is assumed to be continuous even if it is
not picked. In this case either an interpolation or an extrapolation both for the
layer points and the velocities is done. Based on these calculated values the
time-depth conversion of the current layer is done. Activating this option is useful
if you may assume that the upper layer is continuous but hardly to interpret in the
reflexion data. The interpolation or extrapolation is done over the complete
distance range except the option < comments > is activated. If this option is
activated an upper layer will only be interpolated or extrapolated within those
comment marker distance ranges where it really exists. It will be neglected within
those comment marker distance ranges where it has not been picked.
If the option is deactivated, the velocities of the next upper picked layer are used.
This might result in a sharp step of the depth of the current layer at the point
where any of the upper layers is broken. Deactivating this option is useful for the
case of a vanishing upper layer.

< comments >: if activated the interpolation or extrapolation of an upper layer is

only done within those comment marker distance ranges where the upper layer
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 497

really exists. The option is useful for example if the comment markers define
construction changes with different layering. A comment marker distance range
is defined between two successive comment markers and from the profilestart to
the first marker and from the last marker to the end of the profile. If no comment
markers are present the whole distance range of the profile will be used.
If deactivated the inter- and extrapolation is done over the complete distance
range of the profile.

start: starts the creation of the Layer-Show-file.

close: terminates the window.

2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 498

1.12.3.2 Create LayerShow report

This option allows the creation of a report of the current layershow file. The
output is performed either on a printer or on a file with an arbitrary name. The
font is selectable under Global (chap. 1.2 - option fonts/ReportFont). You should
use a non proportional font like Courier if you want that the colums are correctly
displayed. After selecting the option the following input possibilities or choices
exist:

filename: allows the input of an arbitrary name or the printer interface,

respectively. With specification of LPT1 or LPT2 or COM1 or COM2 or PRN the
output is sent to the desired printer interface, for any other specification a
corresponding file with the extension REP in the directory ASCII is created.

automatic name: if activated the filename of the report corresponds to the name
of the currently loaded profile.

report code: allows the setting of an arbitrary coding. This coding appears in the
header of the report.

layers: allows the specification of the layers to output. It is possible to specify

individual layers (e.g. 2 or 3) or as well layer sequences (e.g. 2-4) or
combinations of these each separated by comma (e.g. 1,3,5-7). The maximum
number of layers is limited to 100, as already stated within the layershow creating
menu.

start position, end position, increment, average: specify the start and end
coordinate in the set dimension. The increment and average must be a multiple
of the layershow increment. This will be automatically controlled. Average defines
the range over which all values are averaged. By default average is set to
increment. If average is chosen larger than the distance between two picks within
the layershow file, an averaging is performed over the corresponding number of
data points.

only construction data: if activated only picks at the construction change

markers (see also global settings, chap. 1.2.1) are used. The number of reported
values is equal to the number of construction change markers. Averaging is done
like for the normal report output.

summary comment data: option replaces the old option “summary construction
data”. If activated all picks between two comment markers are averaged. With
the option only construction data activate only those markers containing the
construction change marker text will be considered. The summing up can be
chosen from average, median and mode to be found under summary over. In
addition the comment will be output in the first column of the report. The start
position will be rezeroed at a new comment position if the option rezero at
comment is activated (exception: a construction change marker (see also global
settings, chap. 1.2.1) has been found). The number of reported values is equal to
the number of comment markers plus 1 if the complete distance range will be
covered. The total start and end position can be entered which allows to restrict
the distance range of the report output. The option is useful if you only want to
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 499

pick a single point to represent material depth between two construction

changes.
To consider: the number of characters within one report colum is restricted by the
option number of digits. Therefore you must adapt this number to the max. size
of the comments if you do not want to loose any informations of the comments.

rezero at comment: if activated the start position will be rezeroed at the new
comment position except a construction change has been found.

check single values: option enabled for summary coment data output. With the
option activated a check will beincluded if only one pick exists at the start and/or
at the end of the distance range defined by two successive comment markers.
Those picks will be neglected in this case. This might be useful if due to rounding
problems a pick reaches into a non desired comment marker range.

calculate thicknesses from average depths: controls how the thicknesses are
calculated for summary comment data. If activated the thicknesses are
calculated from the averaged depths. Activate this option only if the layers are
quite continuous within each average area defined by the comment data.

reverse chainage: if activated the chainage is reversed for the output.

thicknesses: activating this option allows the output of the thickness of each
layer instead of depth. If an averaging is used for the report output the mean
thicknesses are calculated from the individual thicknesses at each location. One
exception: with the option “summary comment data” activated the calculation of
the mean thicknesses is simply based on the mean depths.

mm output for depths: if activated the depths or the thicknesses are output in
mm

velocities: activating this option allows the output of the current velocities.

amplitudes: The amplitudes are also reported if the option is activated. You may
output the amplitude as the true values (option unnorm.) or as normalized
values. Normalizing the amplitudes may be done using low, mean or high
resolution. Values which do not differ significantly from the mean value
(dependent from the selected resolution), are characterized by the symbol o,
lower amplitudes by the symbol -, higher amplitudes by the symbol +. The
symbol position defines the size of the deviation.

traveltimes: if activated the two-way traveltimes for each layer will be output in
addition. Note: no averaging is done for the traveltimes.

core data: if activated the currently loaded coredata are reported at the given
positions in addition (see also View MenuItem - option Coredata/1D-models).

marker comments: if activated the comment markers are reported at the given
positions in addition (see also edit comment markers).
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 500

statistic summary: If activated a statistic summary is added at the end of the

report or at the end of each block defined by a marker comment (option marker
comments activated). The summary contains the following information:
1. line: statistics for comment marker
2. line: length of section
3.- n. line: statistic summary for each layer. Each line contains the information for
one layer:
average absolute amplitude
average amplitude
average thickness
standard deviation of the average thickness
max. thickness deviation between two adjacent picks
number of cores
max. deviation in % between the core thickness and the thickness of the picks
If the option summary comment data is activated the program calculates the
standard deviation of the thicknesses of the individual layers even if the output is
depth.

comments: if activated a freely definable comment block is output in addition at

the very beginning of the report. The comments are stored on the file
ReportComment.txt under the project directory after having started the report
output. In analogy the comments are automatically loaded from this file when
activating the option comments.

number of digits: enter the total number of digits for each report value.

decimal places: enter the number of decimal places for each report value.

check amplitudes: activate this option if you want that the amplitudes of the
individual picks are controlled before generating the report. If the amplitude of
any layer pick is 0 this pick will not be considered and all values for this layer pick
within the report output are set to 0. If the amplitudes of all layer picks at a
distinct distance are 0 nothing is written out for this position.

xyz-coordinates: if activated the xyz-coordinates of the receivers stored in each

trace header of the current profile are written out within the 2. , 3. and 4. colum
(see also trace header Edit menu - chap. 1.9.6). This allows you for example to
write out non equidistant xy-coordinates or the xy-coordinates, if the profile is not
orientated into one direction (x or y).

layer codes: if activated the layer codes (see global code within the Pick save
MenuItem, chap. 1.12.2.1) are reported in addition.

Separator: allows to define the separator type. If comma has been selected the
file extension of the report will be csv.

The small buttons “s” and “g” allow to save and load the actual settings on the file
LayerShowReportParameters.txt stored under the program directory.

start: starts the creation of the layershow report. The report is displayed within a
list box. Closing this box terminates the window.
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 501

batch create: allows to generate reports for a selectable number of layershows,

the current parameters are used for all reports. After having activated the option
the layershow files are asked for.
With the option for several lines activated the reports are generated for several
profile lines using the layershow with the same filename like the profile. After
having activated the option the profile line files are asked for (only processed
files stored under procdata).

close: terminates the window.

2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 502

1.12.3.3 Create LayerShow velocities

This option allows to calculate laterally variable layer or mean velocities and to
store these values together with the current distances on an ASCII-file. You may
manually input the layer (mean) velocities or calculate the values based on
multioffset data (see also Layershow multioffset picks, chap. 1.12.3.5) or on the
reflection amplitudes (see also Layershow amplitude calibration, chap. 1.12.3.4)
or read them from an ASCII core file (option coredata/1D-models). The resulting
layer (mean) velocities are stored on a file with the extension VLA under the path
ASCII under the projectpath. This velocity file may be used within the Create
LayerShow (chap. 1.12.3.1 - option option velocity file activated). The file has the
following format:
comment line
comment line
1.distance v-layer1 v-layer2 ..... v-layer100
2.distance v-layer1 v-layer2 ..... v-layer100
....
n.distance v-layer1 v-layer2 ..... v-layer100
If the first 4 characters within the second comment line are "mean" the velocities
are used as mean velocities within the Create LayerShow menu.
The given velocities refer to the layer above the layer boundary. You may edit the
file and change any value.
After choosing the option a window is opened with the following input options:

start position, end position, increment: specify the start and end coordinate in
the set dimension for the velocity file. Increment specifies the desired increment
between subsequent distance values for the velocity file. If the velocities are
calculated based on the amplitudes a mean value is calculated if more than one
pick exists within this distance increment. It is recommended to use a quite large
increment in order to balance possible statistical amplitude variations.

Reference choice: allows the input or the calculation of the reference amplitude
needed for the calculation of the velocities based on amplitude calibration.
Possibilities:
manual: manual input of the true amplitude, this means the entered amplitude
must be corrected for all necessary effects (e.g. gaincurve, geometrical
spreading).
reference picks: calculation of the reference amplitude based on a picked onset,
e.g. the reflexion from a metal plate. The current activated correction options
(see below) are used. You have to consider that the gaincurve of the current line
is used for the gain curve correction, this means that the reference line and the
current data line must have been acquired with the same gain curve and the
same input parameters (sample increment, number of samples). The mean value
is calculated from all reference picks.

pick files: allows to load the different pick files for the amplitude calibration or for
the multioffset picks of the individual layers (see option layer velocity). If the
velocities for all layers are entered manually no pick files must be loaded. The
maximum number of selectable files is 200.
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 503

Within the "velocity box / layer" panel you may specify how the layer velocities
for each layer are determined:

layer number: enter the layer number

layer velocity determination: input if the layer velocities above the given
boundary are entered
manually (option manual) or
calculated based on the pick
amplitudes and a
referenceamplitude (option
amplitude calibration) or
calculated based on
multioffset data (option
multioffset picks) or taken
from coredata (option
coredata/1D-models).
If manual input is activated
only one value for each layer
may be entered for all
distances. For layer
boundary 1 the amplitude
calibration is not available.
If amplitude calibration is
activated the velocities for
the individual layer are calculated from the selected pick file corresponding to
that layer using the correct options (see also Layershow amplitude calibration,
chap. 1.12.3.4).
If multioffset picks is activated the velocities for the individual layer are
calculated from the selected pick files using an automatic adaptation of the picks
with different offsets (see also Layershow multioffset picks, chap. 1.12.3.5).
If core data/1D-models is activated the velocities for the individual layer are
taken from a core-file ((see also View MenuItem, chap. 1.4 - option Coredata/1D-
models) to be chosen from the filelist. An automatic interpolation between the
values at the different core positions is performed. If no information for a distinct
layer is given at all the velocity is set to 0. If only no information is given at
distinct postions again an interpolation (extrapolation) between the given values
is done.
If pick velocities is active the velocities stored with the picks are used for the
generation of the 2D-velocity field. If layer velocities is activated (see figures on
the right) the mean pick velocities will be automatically transformed into layer
velocities. Remark: the velocities for the 1. layer are identical for layer and mean
velocities. With the option correct dip activated the program automatically takes
into account the dips of the layer defined by the chosen pick file. The option
slope size given in traces allows a smoothing for the slope deterrmination. For
the dip correction the velocity of the overburden layer must be taken into
account. With the option use max. velocity the maximum velocity within the
whole oberburden layer package will be used.
To be considered: The different layer velocity types can be combined - this
means for example that you may choose manual for the first layer, multioffset
picks for the second one and core data for the third one and manual for all the
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 504

others. Restrictions: a combination of multioffset picks and amplitude calibration

is not allowed.

velocity type: input if layer velocities or mean velocities are written out to the
VLA-file. The 2. comment line of the VLA-file contains the information if the
velocities are assumed to be layer (interval) or mean velocities. If amplitude
calibration is used always layer velocities are written out. The conversion to layer
velocities (option layer velocities activated) based on pick velocities or
multioffsets picks is done using the formula for vrms-velocities.

apply on all layers: activate this option in order to apply the current chosen layer
velocity determination item on all layer numbers. To be considered: if the velocity
item “manual” is chosen you still have to specify the velocity for every layer.

use construction change: if activated a query appears for redefining the

manual velocities whenever a construction change marker has been found (see
also global settings chap. 1.2.1). If the option coredata/1D-models has been
chosen for any layers no interpolation will be done within the area bordered by
the construction changes unless two or more coredata are located within this
area.

set all layer velocities: the option predefines the manual velocity input to the
specified value for all layers for which the manual velocity determination type is
chosen.

Within the "correction for amplitude calibration" panel you may specify some
options which only act for the amplitude calibration:

correct gain curve: With this option activated the gaincurve stored in the
fileheader of the current line is used for the amplitude correction. One must
consider that before picking the line must not be corrected in time and the
starting time (timebegin) must not be changed.

correct transmission loss: With this option activated the transmission losses T,
when the wave is entering a layer boundary, are corrected (T=1-r2 - with r-
reflexion coefficient).

correct geom.speading: With this option activated the geometrical spreading is

approximately corrected. The amplitudes or the picks are multiplied with the
travel time. This is an approximation for a constant velocity. The starting time of
the line must be set to 0 and must be equal to that time when the impulse is
generated.

Within the "control panel" you are starting the calculation:

filename: allows the input of an arbitrary name. The file receives the extension
VLA and is stored in the directory ASCII.
start: starts the velocity calculation and the data are stored on the given file
name. The velocities are displayed within a list box. Closing this box terminates
the window.
close: terminates the windows.
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 505

1.12.3.4 LayerShow amplitude calibration

Under very restrictive assumptions (see below) it is possible to calculate

approximately the layer velocities from the reflexion amplitudes.
Under the assumption that the reflexion coefficient is only dominated by a
velocity contrast the vertical incidence reflexion coefficient is given by:

r= (v2-v1) / (v2+v1)

with v1 - velocity of the upper layer

v2 - velocity of the lower layer

Knowing the amplitudes of the incoming and reflecting wave and of v1 the
velocity in the lower layer is given by:

v2=v1 * (A0 +A1)/(A0 -A1)

with A0 - amplitude of the incoming wave

A1- reflexion amplitude

Normally it is difficult to determine A0. In the case of a radar measurement with

the source in the air you may use the reflexion from a metal plate as the
reference. This reflection has a phase shift of 180 degrees. Under the
assumption that the initial impulse has a negative sign, v2 is defined as:

v2=v1 *(A0 -A1)/(A0 +A1)

with A0 - amplitude of the incoming wave with 180 degrees phase shift
A1 - reflexion amplitude

The measured amplitudes do not correspond to the true amplitude values of the
incoming and reflecting wave. They are dominated by several factors:

- geometrical spreading
- transmission losses passing through a layer boundary
- damping

In addition the reflexion is influenced by

- rough reflector
- transmission zone instead of a pure discontinuity
- thin layers
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 506

All these effects do have a great influence on the dynamics of the wave field.
Most of these effects cannot be corrected for. Approximable the following
corrections can be applied:

- geometrical spreading (see option geometr.spreading)

- transmission losses when passing a layer boundary (option transmission loss)

To be considered: In any case you have to pick the correct phase because the
polarity of the amplitude determines whether a velocity decrease or increase is
given.

Because of the huge number of possible effects which cannot be corrected for
the velocity determination based on the amplitudes must be very carefully
interpreted.

Example of processing flow:

-data processing - you must be sure that no filter or editing step is used which
influences the succeeding amplitude correction. Therefore no static correction
must be used, if you want to correct for the gaincurve and the geometrical
spreading. Additionally the timegain must not be changed except you entered the
correct values into the gaincurve in the profile header. Additionally the starting
time must be equal to that time the impulse is sent (this also holds true for the
reference line).
-picking the reflexions - the first boundary must be the reflexion from the air-
surface boundary. All layers must be subsequently numbered starting at 1.
-picking the reference reflector, e.g. the metal plate reflection. To be considered:
the same gaincurve and the same input parameters (sample increment, sample
number) must be used for the reference line as for the data line.
-calculation of the velocities based on the pick amplitudes using the option create
velocities - activate the wanted corrections.
-Generate the layer-show under the option create. Use for velocity choice the
option velocity file for the time-depth migration with activated or deactivated
option layerinterpolation.
-Generate a report under the option create report using the identical amplitude
corrections as for the velocity calculation.
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 507

1.12.3.5 LayerShow multioffset picks

If constant offset lines with different offsets have been acquired you have the
possibility to automatically determine the layer velocities along the profile from
these multioffset data.

First you have to pick the layer boundary for all the different lines within the Pick
Menu (chap. 1.12.2.). To be considered: the source receiver offset must be
stored within the fileheader (see option S/R-distance in chap. 1.9.3). The picks
must be stored separately for each layer and for each offset within the Pick save
Menu (chap. 1.12.2.1). The layernumber must be entered and must be the same
for each offset.

Then you may calculate the layer velocities within the Create LayerShow
velocities menu (chap. 1.12.3.3) using the option multioffset picks. First you have
to select the wanted pickfiles.
For each layer you may switch between the manual input or the automatic
determination based on the multioffset data but you have to consider the
following: if you are using the manual input for the upper layers you should use
the mean velocity type because otherwise the program is not able to calculate
layer velocities from the multioffset picks (see warning message below). A
combination with amplitude calibration is not allowed.
The program automatically determines the best mean velocity fit for the picks
with the different offsets (at least two picks with different offsets must exist). The
option velocity type determines if layer (interval) velocities or mean velocities are
written out on the VLA-file.

The following warning messages may appear:

- for some layerpoints only picks with one offset have been found: this may
happen if the layer was not picked at the same positions for all offsets e.g. if the
layerboundary is not continuous. Therefore a suggestion in this case: pick the
layer boundary for the first offset and save it. Load the picks for the next offset
data and only change them and do not include new picks.
- transformation into layer velocities not always sucessful because no upper
picks found: this may happen if the velocity type is set to "layer velocity" and the
program is not able to transform the calculated mean velocities to layer velocities
because the upper boundary is not specified at distinc points, e.g. if the upper
boundary is not continuous. Please use in this case the velocity type "mean
velocity".

A dip correction may be applied both for multioffset picks and pick velocities.
With the option correct dip activated the program automatically takes into
account the dips of the layer defined by the chosen pick file. The option slope
size given in traces allows a smoothing for the slope deterrmination. For the dip
correction the velocity of the overburden layer must be taken into account. With
the option use max. velocity the maximum velocity within the whole oberburden
layer package will be used.
The following equation is used for a recursive determination of the layer velocties
from the NMO-velocities vnmoderived from the multioffset data.
2D-Dataanalysis, Layer Show MenuItem 508

t0 time of the normal ray

Δti time of the normal ray i
αi angle of incidence i
βi – angle of refraction i
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 509

1.12.4 CMP-processing
With the CMP-processing option activated a complete CMP-processing of single
shots stored in one file is possible. The main possibilities:
-setting and controlling of the CMP-processing geometry
-sorting to shot, CMP, geophone or offset with the possibility of a fast change of
the sorting parameter
-interactive development of a 2-D velocity model (CMP velocity analysis) and
stacking of CMP, shot or geophone sorted data ( CMP-processing stack).

The menu CMP processing allows the sorting of data from single shots on a
profile to CMP, to common receivers, shots or offsets. The sorting is done with
ascending shot coordinates. The program searches the min./max x and y-
coordinates of the shots and depending on the largest difference a sorting
direction is determined. Then the shot numbers are sorted based on ascending
x- or y-shot coordinates depending on the found max. difference. The same is
done for the receiver numbers. Therefore it may occur that the display sorting
within the CMP-processing both for the shots and the receivers is different from
the original one.
The CMP processing is based on a file containing all shots. Please use the
option conversion sequence/combine lines/shots within the import menu for the
conversion of the single external formatted shot data to the internal REFLEX-
format. This option allows an automatic combination of the selected data into one
file (see also Import ConversionMode).

The geometrical settings may be edited, e.g. if they are not or not complete read
from the original files. For defining the geometry click on the option geometry in
the tab control. Editing can be done manually or by applying a predefined
standard geometry (see also CMP-processing geometry).
The program uses the geometrical settings to create a so-called INDEX-file. This
file contains all information on the locations of the CMP's, the shots and the
geophones.

If the geometry is defined, you may easily switch the sorting to CMP, shot,
receiver or offset simply by activating the corresponding option. The ensembles
to be processed (e.g. display, velocity analysis, stack) must be predefined using
the following parameters:
min.number: enter the number of the first ensemble (CMP or shot or ...) to be
shown or stacked
max.number: enter the number of the last wanted ensemble (CMP or shot or ...)
to be shown or stacked
increment: enter the increment between the ensembles to be shown or stacked.
The increment determines which ensembles between min. and max. number are
maintained for further processing.

Activating the option show replots the data window based on the current
ensemble settings.

The options next and prev. allow to switch to the next or previous ensemble(s).
The start and end ensemble will be increased (decreased) by the entered
increment.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 510

It is possible to restrict the display of the ensembles to those with only positive or
negative offsets between shot and receiver (switch box offsets with items all,
pos. and neg.).

With the option use ensemble list it is possible to define the wanted ensemble
within a list. Click within the list on any ensemble you want to display and which
shall be used for the further velocity analysis. It is possible to save the actual list
and to load it. One list will be saved for each project directory. Take over allows
to take over the actual settings within the min./max.number parameters into the
list. Clear clears the list. View allows to display the ensembles activated within
the list. The options show, next and prev. always act on the min./max number
parameters. This allows a fast setting of the wanted ensembles within the list.

The option save on file stores the chosen ensembles on a freely selectable
filename (will be stored under procdata within the extension 00t).

The second axis box controls which second sorting variable shall be displayed.
If the variable corresponds to that defined within the sorting box no second axis
is shown. The second sorting variable is displayed using a 90° rotated font. By
default the second sorting variable are displayed for each trace. If the traces are
too narrow in order to display each variable the program automatically calculates
a factor which controls the number of variables to be displayed. The option f-rec
allows to display the original field record number if defined.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 511

velocity analysis: activating this option opens the CMP velocity analysis menu
for the selected ensembles. The program automatically creates all necessary
files (filenames, e.g. CMP_0020.DAT for CMP 20) and jumps into the menu CMP
velocity analysis. The program asks for the trace increment of the individual
ensembles. The default increment is calculated from the trace increment stored
within the fileheader. You must enter the correct increment because the velocity
analysis is based on a constant increment. The program calculates the mean
trace increment between all traces within the individual ensembles and shows it
on the top of the input query. If there is a jump within one ensemble, e.g. at the
shotposition, zero traces are automatically included.

For each ensemble you may use all options of this menu to create 1-D velocity
models which may be combined together to a 2-dimension model which can be
used for a subsequent stacking.

Stacking (see also CMP-processing stack) may be done either using a NMO-
stack or a slant stack.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 512

1.12.4.1 CMP-processing geometry

Within this panel the manual editing of the geometrical settings or the applying of
a standard geometry to a selectable number of traces is enabled.
The program creates a so-called INDEX-file on the basis of the geometrical
settings, containing all informations on the locations of the CMP's, shots and
geophones.

To be considered: the sorting within the geometry table is done with ascending
shot coordinates. In the case that the data have been acquired with descending
shot coordinates (this means in negative direction - 1. Fieldrecord has the
greatest shot coordinate and last fieldreocrd has the smallest one) the
shotnumbers are inverse to the
fieldrecord numbers or
tracenumbers. If a standard
geometry will be used for such a
case, your have to enter the largest
shot coordinate for the shot start
(according to the shot coordinate
of fieldrecord 1) and a negative
shot increment. The same holds
true for the receiverline if the first
geophone has the greatest
coordinate and the last geophone
the smallest one.

Two different standard

geometries are implemented: moving line and fixed line.

Activating moving line allows you to define the geometry for a geophone line
moving with the shots. After the selection of this option you must enter the
parameters in the lower left panel. Nr.of channel is the number of channels per
shot. First and last trace define the range on the profile for which the standard
geometry should be valid. This gives you the opportunity to declare standard
geometries for different ranges of the profile. Instead of the first and last trace it
is also possible to define the range using the original field record numbers. The
first and last trace number are automatically changed when entering the field
record numbers and vice versa. Shotstart is the position of the shot of the first
ensemble, shot increment is the distance between successive shots and shot
offset is the distance between a shot and the profile in perpendicular direction.
Receiver increment is the distance between successive receivers (positive for
receivers sorted from left to right and negative if the first receiver has a larger
coordinate than the last receiver) and receiver offset is the distance between a
geophone and the profile in perpendicular direction. First receiver, left shot
receiver, right shot receiver and last receiver define the position of the
geophones with respect to the shot.
example:symmetrical geometry with 24 channels and a receiver increment of 1
meter: first receiver: -12, left shot receiver: -1, right shot receiver: 1, last receiver:
12. In contrast a one-sided geometry with a receiver increment of 4 m and 24
channels would be e.g.: first receiver: 4.00, left shot receiver: 0.00, right shot
receiver: 4.00, last receiver: 96.00.
Following different spreads are summarized with
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 513

x1: first receiver

x2: left shot receiver
O: shot (origin)
x3: right shot receiver
x4: last receiver
The inputs are given in line direction (see option standard line direction).
Two-sided spread with positive receiver increment:
x1 x2 O x3 x4
Two-sided spread with negative receiver increment:
x4 x2 O x3 x1
One-sided spread left to the shot with positive receiver increment:
x1 x2=x4 O x3 set to O
One-sided spread left to the shot with negative receiver increment:
x4 x2=x1 O x3 set to O
One-sided spread right to the shot with positive receiver increment:
x2 set to O O x3=x1 x4
One-sided spread right to the shot with negative receiver increment:
x2 set to O O x3=x4 x1
For the one-sided spreads x3 (spread left to the shot) or x2 (spread right to the
shot) must be entered as a dummy value (outside the true receiver line) in order
to completely define the geometry. The program automatically redefines this
position.

Activating fixed line allows you to define the geometry for a fixed geophone line
for different shot points. The input parameters are the same as for moving line
except the input of the receiver positions. You only have to specify the first and
last receiver position.First and last geophone are the absolute coordinates in
contrast to moving line where relative coordinates (to the shot) are used.
example: 48 channels and a receiver increment of 2 meter: first receiver: 100,
last receiver: 194.

With activated option meandering the start and end coordinates of the receivers
are flipped for each 2. shot. Activate this option if the receivers are acquired
meandering.

With activated option lin.decrase

the number of channels are
assumed to be not fixed but the
number decreases by 1 with
increasing shot number. Some
devices like the Proceq PD80 are
using such a data storing where for
the first shot 15 (7) receiver
channels right to the shot position
will be acquired, for the next shot
only the 14 channels right to the
shot, for the next only 13 ,...., and
for the last shot only 1 channel will
be stored.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 514

The radio box standard line direction allows to define the direction of the
standard geometry.

With the option x-direction (default) activated the line is assumed to be

orientated in x-direction. All the other options should only be activated if no
further CMP-processing steps are done because for some CMP-processing steps
the line direction is always assumed in x-direction.
With the option y-direction shots/rec. activated the total line (receivers and
shots) is assumed to be orientated in y-direction. Use this option for example to
define the geometry of a two boreholes transmission measurement.
With the option y-direction shots activated the shots are assumed to be
orientated in y-direction. Use this option for example to define the geometry of a
borehole containing the shots and the receivers placed at the surface.
With the option y-direction rec. activated the receivers are assumed to be
orientated in y-direction. Use this option for example to define the geometry of a
borehole containing the receivers and the shots placed at the surface.

With the option GPS-position activated the geometry will be created based on
GPS-coordinates. Precondition is that GPS-coordinates are present within the
traceheaders for each field record, this means that the shot and receiver
traceheader coordinates must contain the coordinates of the GPS-unit. You may
enter a moving line relative to these GPS-coordinates. The input of this relative
geometry is the same like for x-direction but the option shot-increment is
replaced by offset smooth and the profile direction is not X but it is automatically
determined from the GPS-coordinates whereby the option offset smooth controls
this automatic definition of the profile direction from the given GPS-positions. All
input parameters are relative to the profile direction, this means that the input of
shot start and first, left, right and last receiver correspond to the profile direction
and shot offset and receiver offset perpendicular to it. By the parameter offset
smooth a range is given over which a smoothing will be performed in order to
determine the profile direction. The parameter is given in number of shots and
not in the distance dimension. The total smooth range therefore calculates from
the entered offset smooth multiplied with the average shot increment. Such a
smoothing is useful if the GPS coordinates exhibit some small scale variations
which do not reflect the true profile direction. A useful value for the smooth range
is for example the total receiver length or some part of it.

The following example shows a standard geometry with the GPS-unit located on
the ship and the shots 30 m behind this unit with a lateral offset of 6 m. The first
receiver is located 15 m and the last receiver 84 m behind the shot (one-sided
spread left to the shot with negative receiver increment as the first receiver has a
larger coordinate than the last receiver which results in a different internal sorting
of the receivers as the original ones).
The shot and receiver traceheader coordinates originally contained the
coordinates of the GPS-unit. After applying this standard geometry with 24
channels the shot and receivers positions for each trace have been calculated.
If a CMP-stacking shall be done afterwards the CMP-bin must be set to a
sufficiently large value (e.g. half the mean shot increment) because normally the
individual CMP’s do not exactly fit if GPS-coordinates are used. The distance
axis of the resulting stack also starts at 0 if GPS coordinates are used and an
optional smoothing of the coordinates will be done if the distances significantly
deviate from the linear distance.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 515

With the option non equdist.rec.activated the

relative receiver line is assumed to consist of non
equdistant receivers - the geometry must be loaded
from an external ASCII-file with each line containing
the relative receiver position. Of course the ASCII-
file may also contain equdistant receiver positions.
This freely definable receiver line may be applied
both to a moving and to a fixed line.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 516

The option show stand.geometry allows to sketch the standard geometry.

The option view geometry allows to view the geometry of all shots. For this
purpose click on any shot number within the table. The actual shot (in blue) and
the receivers (in red) are highlighted. You can use the up/down cursors in order
to move through all shots.
With the option use GPS Map activated the geometry will be displayed within a
GPS Map. Again the actual shots and receivers may be displayed separtely by
clicking on any shot number (picture on the right).

The CMP coverage will be displayed in a separate window

when clicking on view geometry. The display may be
enlarged by clicking on the coverage graph.

An alternative possibility to check the

geometry is given using the option
Traceheader geometry check under
View. It allows to view the shot-
receiver geometry. The actual velocity
within the plotoptions is used in order
to define the traveltime between shot
and receiver used for the display. The
options may be used for a check
based on any type of data sorting
(example shows a CMP-sorting).

The option save allows to store the

current standard geometry settings on
disk. The filename automatically receives the extension STD and the data are
stored under the path ASCII under the projectdirectory. The option load allows to
load a previously saved standard geometry.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 517

For applying the defined standard geometry to the current profile it is necessary
to choose the option apply std.geometry. With activated option batch start the
entered geometry will be applied on all traces using a new geometry for each
block defined by first and last trace and updated geometry values based on the
entered shift value. The option is only useful for a fixed line which will be
updated for each fixed line block. This option allows you to update the geometry
of different fixed lines wihtin one step.

The option read from ascii-file allows you to read the geometry from an ASCII-
file. The ASCII file must exist under the path ASCII and must have the extension
DST. Each line of the ASCII file contains the following 6 informations:
tracenumber distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y-Pos receiver-X-Pos receiver-YPos
Defining the tracenumber gives you the opportunity to read the geometry only for
a distinct part of the data.

The option save on AsciiFile allows to write the geometry to an ASCII-file with
the extension DST (format see option read from ascii-file above).

The option edit single traces allows you to change the geometry of each trace
individually. When activating this option the trace header Edit menu will be
opened.

The switch box show geometry controls the table output in the lower right box.
Activating geometry a table containing all current geometrical settings of the
individual shots are shown.
Activating index file displays the current index number fo the shots, receivers
and offsets.

The parameter CMP-bin defines the bin size for defining matching CMP's. All
CMP's falling within this binrange are combined together. Use a value greater
than 0 if the geometry of the 2D-line is chosen in such a way that too few CMP's
match. The geometry of the individual traces is not changed by this parameter.
The parameter only acts on the CMP-sorting of the individual traces. Use the
option save geometry in order to apply a new CMP-bin value.
A very big CMP-bin allows to build so called super-gathers which might be
useful for an easier velocity adaptation.

The parameter offset-bin defines the bin size for defining matching offsets. All
offsets falling within this binrange are combined together. The geometry of the
individual traces is not changed by this parameter. The parameter only acts on
the offset-sorting of the individual traces. Use the option save geometry in order
to apply a new CMP-bin value.

The option save geometry saves the current settings of the geometry within the
fileheader and the traceheaders of the current profile. The old geometry stored
within the traceheaders will be lost of course. If you want to preserve this
information you should use the option save on ASCIIFile before changing and
saving the new geometry.

The option reload geometry loads the geometry from the traceheaders of the
current profile. Possible changes of the geometry which have not been saved
within the traceheaders will be lost.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 518

1.12.4.2 CMP-processing stack

Stacking is possible for data sorted to CMP, shot or geophone depending on the
current selection of ensembles.First you have to enter the wanted sorting
ensemble (e.g. CMP) and enter the ensemble range for the stacking (e.g.: 1.
CMP and last CMP and increment whereby the increment should be set to 1).

Two different stack possibilities are available:

NMO-stack: This option allows the normal moveout stack of sorted data. The
dynamical correction of travel times is done according to a preselected 2-D
velocity model (option load 2D model). The filetype within the filechoice menu
allows you to specify whether the 2D-velocity distribution is obtained from the
CMP-analysis (filetype 2D-models (*.2DM)) or directly read from a Reflexw
formatted rasterfile. The 2D-model must have been constructed within the menu
CMP velocity analysis. The rasterfile may either contain the mean velocities
(filetype Reflexw rasterfile mean) or the layervelocities (filetype Reflexw rasterfile
layer). The velocities (amplitudes) must be in m/ns or epsilon for GPR data and
in m/s for seismic or acoustic data. The rasterfile may either be a depth model (y-
axis always meter) or a twoway traveltime model (y-axis corresponds to the two
way traveltime). The x-axis is always the distance. After having activated the
option stack the filename as well as the trace
increment of the stacked section is queried (see
comment at the end of this chapter). The stack
is stored under the path procdata with the
extension 00t.
With the option corr.residuals activated an
automatic correction of the residual statics is
applied for the NMO-stack (option stack) and
the NMO-correction (option correct). The
procedure is as following:
1. A stack trace is created for each ensemble
based on the given 2-dimensional velocity
distribution.
2. A crosscorrelation is performed for each NMO-corrected trace within each
ensemble and the corresponding stack trace.
3. From this crosscorrelation a timeshift value is derived for each trace. The max.
allowable shift is defined by the parameter range (enter in the given
timedimension).
4. The NMO-corrected traces are shifted by the corresponding timeshift values
and the stacking (NMO-correction) is performed.

NMO-const.vel.: This option allows the normal moveout stack of sorted data
based on a constant velocity. After having activated the option stack the
filename as well as the trace increment of the stacked section is queried (see
comment at the end of this chapter). The stack is stored under the path procdata
with the extension 00t.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 519

slant stack: This stack sums all information along straight lines through the
origin and assigns this sum to the vertical travel time. This is done for various
slopes or velocities within a given range (see below). The summation is done
automatically for each velocity and each vertical travel time. No weighting is
applied. No velocity analysis prior to stacking is
needed. The method works if along straight lines
phases to be enhanced are coherent and phases to
be decreased go through destructive interference.
The following input parameters are needed:
min.vel.: enter the minimum velocity for the slant
stack in m/ns or m/s respectively
max.vel.: enter the maximum velocity for the slant
stack in m/ns or m/s respectively
dv: enter the velocity increment for the slant stack in m/ns or m/s respectively.
The velocity range (max.vel-min.vel) is subdivided into discrete velocities based
on this increment.
After having activated the option start the filename of the stacked section as well
as the trace increment of the stacked section are queried (see comment at the
end of this chapter). The stack is stored under the path procdata with the
extension 00t.

Within the stack offsets panel the offset range may be redefined. By default the
min. and maximum existing offset numbers for the current dataset are taken.
Here you may restrict the offset range by entering a higher number for min.
and/or a lower number for max.
With the option lin. decr. activated a factor greater 1 may be entered which
allows to linearly decrease the max. offset from the entered max. time to time
start. Example: timerange: 500 ms, max. offset set to 50, lin.decr. set to 5 and
max.time set to 200. The max. offset for the start time is 10 and increases
linearly up to 50 for the time of 200 ms. At time 100 ms the max. offset is 30. For
all times greater than max. time (between 200 and 500 within this example) the
max.offset of 50 will be used.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 520

To be considered for the stack section:

The default value of the trace increment is given by the number of stack traces
and the coordinate range. If this mean traceincrement does not equal any
increment between successive stack traces the resulting stack traces are
obviously not equidistant. This may happen for example if the shot interval is not
equidistant for all shots. In this case the program (from version 3.03) gives a
warning message and asks if equidistant traces based on the mean
traceincrement shall be made from the non equidistant stack section. If this
procedure is cancelled the resulting stack section not equidistant and you must
activate the plotoption TraceHeaderDistances (only enabled for the wiggle mode)
or you must make the stack section equidistant afterwards.

Especially in the case of

GPS-coordinates and CMP
stacking the positions of the
resulting CMP’s may exhibit
significant small scale
variations. Therefore an
optional smoothing of the
coordinates will be done if the
distances significantly (more
than 0.5 %) deviate from the
linear distance. The example
on the right shows the result
of a non smoothing and the
smoothing (red line) of a
stacked CMP section based
on GPS coordinates.
2D-Dataanalysis, CMP-processing 521

The option correct allows a NMO-correction based on the chosen 2-dimensional

velocity model (2D-CMP model or Reflexw rasterfile). No stacking is performed,
therefore the number of traces remains the same but the sorting of the data may
have been changed according to the chosen sorting ensembles (CMP, shot,
receiver or offset). After having activated the option correct the filename of the
NMO-corrected section is queried. The section is stored under the path procdata
with the extension 00t.

The option inverse allows to perform an inverse NMO correction. The option
might be useful if you had performed some filter operations for nmo corrected
data and you wish to go back to the non corrected form (e.g. for a stacking,....).
2D-Dataanalysis, edit comment markers 522

1.12.5 edit comment markers

With the option edit comment markers activated you may edit and remove
existing comment markers and insert new comment markers. Comment markers
are displayed at the top of the profile if the option show marker within the
PlotOptions menu is activated. If the comment marker text is equal to the
construction change marker text (see global settings, chap. 1.2.1) a vertical bar is
plotted in addition.

The comment markers are stored in the comment.fil file, which is located in the
project directory. Each line number in the comment.fil file corresponds to a 16-bit
value stored in the Reflexw trace header, and the comment stored in the
comment.fil file is assigned to that specific trace. With the option add. filename
for comment.fil within the global settings menu activated the filename
comment.fil for the comment markers will be replaced by the actual profile
filename (without extension) plus _comment.fil, e.g. file0001_comment.fil.
Thereby each profile file will receive an own comment marker file.

After having activated the option a new panel and a table at the lower left corner
of the primary profile appears.

With the option load comment markers you may load the existing comment
markers into the table. The first colum shows the trace number, the second the
distance and the third the comment. The symbol "x" within the first row indicates
the comment marker. It is possible to edit the comment shown in the third colum.
The comment markers are shown as blue rectangles within the profiles in
addition.

With the option load distance markers you may load the existing distance
markers into the table. Again the first colum shows the trace number, the second
the distance and the third the comment. No symbol "x" within the first row
indicates the distance marker. Editing within the comment cell is enabled. The
distance markers are shown as white rectangles within the profiles in addition.

The option create allows to create new comment markers. The new comment
markers are shown within the table.
With the option batch activated the option create allows to create and save new
comment markers for a selectable number of datafiles. After having activated the
option the wanted datafiles have to be chosen (multiple file choice using the ctrl
or shft key). If the comment markers are created based on ASCII files the ASCII-
files must have the same filename (except the extension) and the extension txt
and must exist under the directory ASCII under the projectdirectory. Example:
c:\data\test\procdata\file01__00.t -> c:\data\test\ascii\file01__00.txt
If the option ASCII XY-coord. has been chosen (see below) the ASCII-file type is
asked for (either XY-coord. files or hypack file) in addition.
With the option keep exist. active the existing comment markers will be kept if
new markers will be created. Otherwise already existing comment markers will be
removed. Existing distance markers will be kept (option replace all exist. will be
automatically deactivated).
Creating the marker positions is based on:
2D-Dataanalysis, edit comment markers 523

equidistant: With this option activated the option generates equidistant comment
markers based on the distance markers and the entered increment. Each
distance marker is the new starting point for generating equidistant comment
markers in-between two successive distance markers. By default the current
construction change marker text (see global settings menu, chap. 1.2.1) is taken
for the comment marker text.
ASCII distance: with the option ASCII distance activated the distance positions
and the marker texts of the new comment markers are read from an ASCII-file
(one line equals one distance value). 3 different formats are supported:
1. If the chosen ASCII-file has the extension TAB another format is used which
corresponds to the format for saving the comment marker table on an ASCII-
file (see also option save table):
tracenumber distance markerincrement comentstring
The markerincrement will be ignored. If all distancies are 0 the tracenumber
will be used. Otherwise the tracenumber will be ignored. Use this possibility for
example if you have acquired parallel lines with a multichannel system where
the antenna have different start positions and therefore the comment markers
are only correctly positioned for some files. Save the commentmarkers of the
correct file on the tab-file using the option save table and load the other files,
reset the existing comment markers if necessary and create the comment
markers using this option.
2. If the chosen ASCII-file has the extension MAR the format for saving the
marker increments for the processingstep “marker interpol” (see chap.
1.11.6.1) is used:
tracenumber markerincrement comentstring
If all markerincrements are 0 the tracenumber will be used. Otherwise the first
marker is positioned on the first trace. The positions of the following markers
are calculated from this position and the entered markerincrements.
3. In all other cases the following format is used:
distance commentstring
ASCII XY-coord.: With the option ASCII XY-coord. activated the comment
markers are read from an ASCII-file with each line containing the XY-coordinates
of the comment marker and the comment itself. The program searches the
nearest traceheader coordinates (rec. x-pos. and rec. y-pos.) within the profile for
the given XY-marker coordinates and determines the corresponding tracenumber
and distance.
Two different formats of the ASCII-file are supported:
1. comment markers XY-coord. files:
X-coord. Y-coord. Commentstring
2. comment markers Hypack files:
latitude longitude Commentstring
The latitude is converted into the Y-coord.(rec. y-pos.) and the longitude is
converted into the X-coord. (rec. x-pos.) both using the following formula (e.g.
value: 422214.486):
a. 422214.486 -> this is 42 deg and 22.14486 minutes
b. 42 degrees to minutes -> 2520 minutes
Now the minutes of a. and b. are added and multiplied by a factor of 10000:
(a.+b.)*10000= (22.14486+2520)*10000=25421448.6
cur. picks: converts the current picks in comment markers. The individual
comment is automatically determined from the picknumber and a given start no.
2D-Dataanalysis, edit comment markers 524

After having activated the option create the new comment markers are shown
with the table. Clicking on any trace number cell changes a comment marker to a
distance marker and vice versa.
filenames: the option allows to save the filenames (without path) of e.g. camera
images within the comment markers. The filenames must have the following
form:
The last 8 characters of the filename specify the trace number position within the
profile, e.g.: 0100003396.jpg - the string 00003396 is used in order to determine
the tracenumber position of the filenames stored as a comment marker. The
option might be used for example for viewing camera images (option view/view
camera images/marker, chap. 1.4).
A warning message appears if two or more markers have been found for the
same trace number. In this case either the option keep exist. must be deactivated
or the individual markers at this same positions must be removed.
Start/end: With the option start/end activated distance markers at the start and
at the end of the profile will be added.

The option move allows to shift the loaded markers by a selectable increment.
The option replace all exist. must be activated if distance markers have also
been chosen. With the option batch activated the option move allows to shift the
markers for a selectable number of datafiles within one step. After having
activated the option the wanted datafiles have to be chosen (multiple file choice
using the ctrl or shft key). All existing comment and distance markers will be
loaded for each profile and shifted by the given increment (option replace all
exist. will be automatically activated).

The option reset allows you to reset the table and therefore to remove all
comment markers. If a text has been entered below the reset button only those
markers with this comment text will be removed.

The option set CC comments sets the construction change marker text (see
also global settings menu, chap. 1.2.1) to all blank comment markers.

The option sort table allows you to sort the table with ascending trace numbers.

The option save table allows to output the comment marker table to an ASCII-file
(extension TAB under the directory ASCII under the projetdirectory). Such an
ASCII-file may also be used for creating new comment markers for another file
using the distance informations for the postions of the comment markers (see
option create/ASCII-file).

Activating the option save saves the current settings of the comment markers.
The tracenumbers are used for the positions of the markers. Only the changes
concerning the comment markers are saved. Still existing distance markers
remain unchanged if the option replace all exist. is disabled.

Activating the option save 2.lines saves the acutal comment markers onto other
profiles to be selected from the file dialog. Only the changes concerning the
comment markers are saved. Still existing distance markers remain unchanged if
the option replace all exist. is disabled. With the option distance based
activated the comment markers will be saved for the 2. line based on the
distances instead of the tracenumbers.
2D-Dataanalysis, edit comment markers 525

The option replace all exist. controls if the distance markers remain unchanged
or not. If activated all existing markers will be replaced by the markers within the
table including the distance markers.

It is possible to set a new marker and to remove an existing one using the left
mouse button within the profile. With activated option set you can insert a new
marker at any position clicking the left mouse button within the profile. With
activated option remove you can click on any marker shown in the profile in order
to remove it from the table. It is not possible to insert or to remove a marker
within the table.
2D-Dataanalysis, adjust trace gain 526

1.12.6 adjust trace gain

Activating this option allows you to individually adapt the gain of the single traces.
The option is only available for data stored with the new 16 bit integer or new 32
bit floating point format (see also Import format specification, chap. 1.5.4) The
option tracegain within the plotoptions menu (PlotGain/Filter, chap. 1.7.5)
controlling if the gains are used for the display is automatically activated.

After having chosen the option adjust tracegain a table appears showing the
traceheader coordinates and the gain of the individual traces. The gains can be
adapted either within the table or interactively within the data using the left or
right mouse button. The left mouse button decreases the gain of the wanted
trace by 10 % whereby the right mouse button increases the gain by 10 %. The
table will be automatically updated when pressing one of the two buttons. tog
shown within a table and can be changed manually. The option save changes
saves the current settings of the traceheader coordinates. The option reload from
file reloads the traceheader coordinates and gains from file.
2D-Dataanalysis, 3-component analysis 527

1.12.7 3-component analysis

The option allows the interpretation of 3 component data. Precondition is that the
traceheader items component (identical to the item field record no.) and the
Ensemble-nr. are set. The x-component (component =1) is assumed to be
orientated to the north and the y-component (component =2) to the east. The z-
component is stored under component =3. The sorting of the traces must be
always x,y and then z for the first ensemble and so on for the following
ensembles.
For the special configuration dipole antenna and two frame antenna it is
assumed that the dipole antenna has been stored under the x-component and
the two frame antenna must be stored under the y- and z-component (see also
option dipole/frame).

Construct 3-component data within the import menu:

Set the sequence processing to multi components. The final REFLEXW 3-

component datafile will be constructed from several original datafiles containing
multicomponent data. Each original datafile must contain one single
multicomponent dataset. An ASCII-file under the path ASCII under the
projectdirectory (filename multicomponent.*) must exist with each line containing
the following informations:
filename(without path) declination/north inclination nr.ofcomponents angle1
angle2 angle....
The inclination is the angle to the vertical. One z-component must exist. The
angle of this component must be set to -90°. The order of the components within
the original file is defined by the angles.
The max. total number of components (incl. the z-component) is restricted to 9.
The program searches those 2 components with the angles next to the north
(compx1 and anglex below) and to the east (compy1 and angley below) and a
rotation of these components into exact north (0°) and exact east (90 °) will be
done. The same holds true for the z-component (compz1 below) which will be
rotated exactly to z.
compx =
compx1*cos(anglex+declination)+compy1*sin(anglex+declination)+compz1*sin(inclination)
compy =
compx1*cos(angley+declination)+compy1*sin(angley+declination)+compz1*sin(inclination)
compz = compz1*cos(inclination)+(compx1+compy1)*sin(inclination)

Example of a 3-component original dataset consisting of two files, which will be

finally combined to one ReflexW 3 component datafile:
xp040000.sg2 20.0 0.0 3 -90.0 0.0 90.0
xp050000.sg2 30.0 0.0 3 -90.0 0.0 90.0
Example of a 7-component original dataset consisting of two files, which will be
finally combined to one ReflexW 3 component datafile:
xp060000.sg2 40.0 0.0 7 0.0 30.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 150.0 -90.0
xp070000.sg2 50.0 0.0 7 0.0 30.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 150.0 -90.0
It is also possible to combine files with different number of components into one
single file.
2D-Dataanalysis, 3-component analysis 528

Interpretation of a 3-component datafile:

If a 3-component file exist it is possible to interpret it within the 3-component

analysis panel within the 2D-datanalysis.

The option sorting controls the display of the data.

With the option ensembles activated the data are plotted into one window with
each ensemble after the next. Each ensemble consists of the 3 different
components.
With components activated the data are plotted into 3 different windows with
each window containing all traces of one single component (x, y and z).

The option show allows to restrict the number of components to be displayed.

With xyz activated all 3 components are displayed, activating xy only displays the
two components x and y and so on.

The particle motion and the current polarization angle can be displayed. In
order to do so, one has to choose firstly one of the four possibilities of the option
planes and secondly the length of the traveltime window (option analysis
window). The start time of the analysis window can be changed. Activating the
option act. time means that the start time of the analysis window corresponds to
the current cursor position. Activating the option -wind./2 means a shifting of the
start time by half the analysis window length (analysis window is centered around
the current time) and -window means a shift by the analysis window length
resulting in an endtime of the analysis which corresponds to the current time. In
many cases the option -window will give you a sharper and more precise view of
polarization changes.
The option hodogram allows you to continuously display the particle motion
within the chosen plane when moving the mouse cursor in the data. The linearity
factor (1 - completely linear, 0 - circular) and the dominant angle are also
determined and displayed when you have chosen one of the 2-dimensional
planes. The option analysis window determines the lenght of the traveltime
window for the display and the polarization analysis. If the plane xyz has been
chosen, a 3D-cube display of the particle motion is shown.
The option colored allows to color the wiggles based on the current polarization
angle. Again the option analysis window determines the lenght of the traveltime
window for the polarization analysis. The option is disabled when you have
chosen the plane xyz. With the option use colors f.3.comp. activated the
wiggles for that component which lies outside the polarization plane are also
colored using the calculated polarization angles.
The option save saves the angles and the linearities on two Reflexw files. The
files have the same name like the original datafile plus ‘_ang’ for the angle file
and ‘_lin’ for the linearity file and are stored under the path rohdata. Example:
Original data: file0002.dat - anglefile: file0002_ang.dat
With the suboption dipole/frame activated the angles are determined from the
dipole antenna (x-comp.) and two frame antenna (y- and z-comp.). This is a very
special configuration and therefore shall only be used for this configuration. The
2D-Dataanalysis, 3-component analysis 529

angle of the 3 antenna towards north is stored within the traceheader under
CMP(x-pos.). This angle will be subtracted from the calculated one (see also
processing option rotate 2 components (chap. 1.11.5.7).

If picks have been loaded within the 3-component analysis the actual angles can
be exported together with the picks when using the ASCII-columns format (option
angles activated - see chap. 1.12.2.1 ).
2D-Dataanalysis, create mpeg file 530

1.12.8 create mpeg file

After having activated the option a
new window named create MPEG-file
opens which stays on the top. First
you must enter the filename (without
extension). The MPEG-file will be
stored under the current
projectdirectory with the extension
mpg. The option total screen allows
to capture the total screen. Otherwise
only the primary and (if activated)
seconday screen will be captured.
The compression is controlled by
the trackbar and the checkbox MJPEG. The trackbar allows you to either
increase the quality (trackbar to the left) or to increase the compression (to the
right). With the highest compression the filesize will be decreased by a factor of
about 4 compared to the highest quality. With the option MJPEG deactivated an
additional encoding is used which again reduces the filesize by about 50 %. In
this case the computertime for constructing the MPEG-file will be significantly
increased and the quality as well will be decreased.
In the frequency Radio Group box you may set the frequency, with which the
certain pics of the mpeg-file will be shown (8 Hz means 8 pics per sec, e.g.).
Start the recording by pressing the record button. Now the other 3 buttons (play,
pause and stop) are enabled. The play button will be automatically activated and
the first slide is added to the MPEG movie. As long as the play button is activated
each new slide will be added if the actually shown data is changed (e.g. when
using the scroll bars or when using the plot option). The current slide number is
shown. If you want to interrupt the MPEG-construction use the button pause.
The button stop finishes the construction and the MPEG-file will be closed.
To be considered: the bitmap size must not be changed. Therefore an error
message appears and the MPEG construction will be stopped if the bitmap size,
e.g. after having resized the 2D-dataanalysis window, has been changed. The
bitmap size if determined when pressing the record button.
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-lines statistics 531

1.12.9 2D-lines statistics

Activating 2D-lines statistics opens a new window where a set of 2D-lines may
be analysed in different ways. The window is also available from the 3D-
datainterpretation module within the Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines menu. One
useful application of the option might be a check of the energy homogeneity
between the different 2D-lines, e.g. if an antenna array has been used for
acquiring parallel 2D-lines. It also may serve as an ovnerall overview about the
amplitude distribution, e.g. before generating a 3D-datafile for which the
datavalues should not exceed a value of 32000 (16 bit integer limitation).

The option allows to analyse the maximum and the mean of individual 2D-lines
as well as the dominant frequency. The values will be displayed in different
windows and may be marked either with the list box or by using the right mouse
key in any of the value windows. The marked lines will be displayed in red in all
windows and are checked within the listbox. The box symbol allows to specify the
type of display - either a mark in form of a rhombus or a vertical line. The option
reset choice resets all markings.
Zooming and panning is available. With zoom activated enables both to increase
and to decrease the magnification factor of the graph. With the left left mouse
button pressed and held down moving to the left and/or bottom decrases the
magnifications and moving to the right and/or top increases the magnification.
With pan horizontal activated the data display can be panned by pressing and
holding the left mouse button. The data image will then follow the mouse
movement. The panning is only done in x-direction (file number). With zoom
window activated a zoom range may be defined. For this purpose press and
hold down the left mouse button at one of the corners of the intended region.
Thereafter a rectangle follows the mouse cursor indicating the region to be
2D-Dataanalysis, 2D-lines statistics 532

zoomed. Releasing the left button selects this region and the zoom region has
been defined. A zooming in y-direction (amplitude) will be automatically reset
when marking any line. Activating no resets all zooming and panning.
The analysis of the files may be exported to an ASCII file using the option ascii
output. With the option only marked activated only the analysis of the marked
files will be saved.
It is possible to restrict the time range for the analysis using the option restrict
TimeRange and by entering the wanted time start and end values.
By default the y-axis starts at the minimum value. Activating start at 0 sets the
starting point for all windows to 0. The option show grid allows to display a grid.
If log. scale is clicked a logarithmic scale will be used for the y-axis.
The option CopyToClipboard enables you to copy any of the windows to clip-
board. The WindowsRadioGroup controls which window will be copied.
The option synchronize zoom enables to synchronize the actual zoom of one
window for the other windows. The WindowsRadioGroup controls which window
will be used for the synchronization. If the option auto synchronize is active the
synchronization is automaticall done for zooming and panning (not for zoom
window).
CMP velocity analysis 533

2. CMP(1D) velocity analysis

The module CMP-velocity-analysis allows the calculation of a one-dimensional
velocity-depth-distribution from CMP- or moveout-data or wide-angle refraction
data as well as VSP (VerticalSeismicProfiling) based on different analysis
techniques. The adaptation can be done using the original seismic or GPR data
or using the picked traveltimes. The orignal seismic or GPR data are either
plotted based on on the overall fileheader coordinates or using the traceheader
distances. The traveltimes are always displayed along the distance axis using the
distance coordinates stored with the traveltimes.

Reflection data analysis:

This is the standard application

which is used e.g. for multi offset
seismic or GPR data. Also single
moveout data, e.g. with a fixed
source and a moving receiver line
may be analysed in order to
extract a one dimension velocity
distribution. It is recommended
that the datatype of the seismic
(GPR) file is of single shot in order
to take into account the correct
shot and receiver locations.

Refraction data analysis:

The module also allows a direct interpretation

of the first arrival of a refraction data set
(single shot with a fixed receiver line). It is
recommended that the datatype of the
seismic (GPR) file is of single shot in order to
take into account the correct shot and
receiver locations.

VSP data analysis:

The third data which can be analysed

using this module are Vertical Seismic
Profiling data. Analogous to the refraction
data interpretation the first arrivals can be
directly adapted. It is recommend that the
datatype of the seismic (GPR) file is of
single shot/VSP in order to take into
account the correct shot and receiver
locations.
The module offers the following
possibilities:
CMP velocity analysis 534

-interactive CMP velocity adaptation of a velocity-model for a CMP- or a

moveout-section with continuous indication of the current reflections and/or
refractions.
-loading of a second CMP-section for a parallel adaptation of the reflections
and/or refractions
-loading of a zero-offset section with true distance information for a calibration
of the corresponding reflections and/or refractions
-different normal moveout analysis method for a given velocity-interval for
reflection data like semblance analysis, unnormlized correlation, constant
velocity panel and constant velocity stack, interactive choice of a vrms-depth-
distribution from the analysis methods, direct reconstruction of the interval
velocities, possibility to change the resulting distribution by the model generation
module described above
- intercepttime analysis for creating a starting model from the intercepttimes of
the refraction onsets.
- corridor stack for Vertical Seismic Data.
-generation of a CMP 2D-model based on the resulting 1D-velocity-depth
distributions. This 2D-model represents the base for the stacking, the migration
and the depth-conversion.

The following options are valid for all analysis techniques:

reflection: if activated the primary and multiple (with option multiple activated)
reflections are calculated and displayed. Use this option for the adaptation of
reflection data.

refraction: if activated the complete traveltime-curves including forward and

backward tavelling waves (reflections and refractions) are calculated and
displayed. Use this option for the adaptation of wide angle refraction and
reflection data.

VSP: if activated the first arrival traveltimes for a VSP geometry are calculated.
Use this option for the adaptation of Vertical Seismic Profiling data. The shot/rec
offset and the shot start value are listed within the VSP-box. Both values are
taken into account for the velocity analysis.

shotpos. For reflection and refraction data - allows the specification of the current
shot location. By default the shot location is taken from the fileheader of the
profile. For a correct velocity analysis this value has to be correctly specified.

Shot offset: for VSP-data - allows the specification of the lateral offset of the
shot. The difference between shot offset and rec. offset will be taken into account
for the calculation of the VSP-traveltime curves.

model pos. For reflection and refraction data - allows the modification of the
position of the model within the profile line. The model position is stored within the
velocity file. If no velocity file is found, the model pos. is automatically set to the
shotpos. The model position is important, if a 2D-velocity model shall be created
(see option CMP 2D-model). Please notice that modifications of the model
position only are saved after saving the model.
CMP velocity analysis 535

Rec. offset: for VSP-data - allows the specification of the lateral offset of the
receivers. The difference between shot offset and rec. offset will be taken into
account for the calculation of the VSP-traveltime curves.

save (save model): allows to save the current velocity-depth distribution in a file
with an arbitrary name with the extension VEL in the directory ROHDATA in the
project directory. By default the file name of the data section without extension is
adopted as name.

save model as time,vrms...: allows to save the actual 1D-model using different
formats: depth-vrms (depth over root mean square velocity), depth-mean (depth
over vertical mean velocity), time-vrms (two-way traveltime over root mean square
velocity), time-mean (two-way traveltime over vertical mean velocity), time-interval
(two-way traveltime over interval velocities). The model will be saved under an
arbitrary filename under the path ASCII using a file extension corresponding to
the chosen format.

reset: resets the current 1D-velocity model to default values. All changes not
saved will be lost.

Undo: allows to undo the last change of the model.

load data: opens the wanted data section. You may load the data from the
rawdata directory (the directory containing the files which are not precessed) or
from the procdata directory. If you are choosing procdata filter, a filter for the file
extension must be entered in order to make the choice easier. The program
controls whether a velocity file with the same name like the data file exists. If no
velocity file is already loaded, this file will be automatically opened. In the other
case a message appears if the new velocity file if existing shall be loaded.

load traveltimes: allows to load traveltime (pick) data without loading any wave
data. The program controls whether a velocity file with the same name like the
data file exists. If no velocity file is already loaded, this file will be automatically
opened. In the other case a message appears if the new velocity file if existing
shall be loaded.
It is possible to load REFLEX formatted PCK files as well as
2D-colums ASCII with each line containing
distance traveltime
ASCII-3D-tomography with each line containing (see also chap. 1.12.2.1)
traveltime code x-transmitter y-transm. z-transm. x-receiver y-receiver z-receiver
ASCII-2D-tomography with each line containg (see also chap. 1.12.2.1)
traveltime code x-transmitter y-transmitter x-receiver y-receiver

load data/traveltimes: opens the wanted wavedata section together with

traveltime (pick) data (formats see above). You may load the data from the
rawdata directory (the directory containing the files which are not precessed) or
from the procdata directory. If you are choosing procdata filter, a filter for the file
extension must be entered in order to make the choice easier. The program
controls whether a velocity file with the same name like the data file exists. If no
velocity file is already loaded, this file will be automatically opened. In the other
case a message appears if the new velocity file if existing shall be loaded.
CMP velocity analysis 536

Load Second Line: The option allows the additional selection of a secondary
profile (e.g. another shot or CMP-section or the zero-offset profile). This section is
shown below the section to be investigated in a separate window. The travel time
curves on the basis of the current velocity model are plotted in both sections.
There are two different possibilities of comparing profiles:
a. comparison with a second shot or CMP-section, e.g. a cross profile, in order to
consider anisotropy effects. The option Sec.ShotPos. should be activated for this
kind of comparison.
b. comparison with the zero-offset profile. This comparison is suitable, e.g. for
better recognizing reverberations or large layer dips in the region of the CMP,
possibly having an influence on the velocity determination within the CMP or the
shot. The option Sec.ShotPos. should be deactivated for this kind of comparison,
in order to facilitate a correct, distance true comparison of the beginning point of
the CMP or the shot with the zero-offset profile.
In both cases each profile is scaled individually in x- and y-direction. Use the
zoom option to optimize the distance range of the second line in that way that an
optimal comparison of zero-offset profile and shot(CMP)-section is guaranteed.

next: the next ensemble (CMP, shot or receiver group) is chosen. The option is
only enabled if the CMP velocity menu is opened from the CMP-processing menu.

back: the previous ensemble (CMP, shot or receiver group) is chosen. The option
is only enabled if the CMP velocity menu is opened from the CMP-processing
menu.

load model: load any existing 1D-velocity model.

Print: Use this option for printing. Depending on the current settings only the the
velocity model together with the data (only primary data) is printed or the
semblance or the 2D-model is printed in addition. After having activated the option
the print menu opens. Here you may enter the size of the x- and y-axis of the data
display.

enter PlotOptions

copy to clipboard

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots the current line

enable manual zoom - With the option ZOOM an arbitrary area of the data set
can be selected and plotted in full screen size. If a secondary file has been loaded
this option can also be applied to the second data set
The area to be enlarged, a rectangle, has to lie within a data set. Pressing the left
mouse button you determine a corner of this rectangle and by moving the mouse
with pressed button the desired area is opened.
Zooming is only avaible within the data display and not within the 1D-velocity plot,
the semblance and the 2D-model display.
Scrolling is possible in x- and time-direction. Again scrolling is only available for
the data display (only primary data). One pecularity: the timeaxis of the
CMP velocity analysis 537

semblance is directly connected to the data time axis. Therefore scrolling in

timedireciton is also possible for the semblance.

allows to easily switch between pointmode and wigglemode

scale: allows to decrease or increase the multiplication factor for the color-
amplitude assignment or for the wiggle size.

EditFileHeader: opens the file header menu for making changes of the file
header for the current data file (not for the secondary file).

multiples: if activated the first multiple reflections from the surface are calculated

Sec.ShotPos.: if activated the shot position for the second line is read from the
corresponding file header of the second line. This option is only relevant, if a
second profile is loaded using the option load Second line. Activating this option
is reasonable, if two shot(CMP)-sections shall be compared with each other, since
in this case the travel time curves always begin at the shot location of the
corresponding CMP.

vrms: the root mean square velocity is used for calculating the reflection
hyperbola and for determining the layer (interval) velocities from the semblance
analysis.

mean: the mean velocity (mean for normal incidence) is used for calculating the
reflection hyperbola and for determining the layer (interval) velocities from the
semblance analysis.

view semblance: If activated the actual semblance or unnormalized correlation

analysis (automatically converted into depth using the 1D-velocity model) which
must have been performed first will be plotted into the model (see chap. 2.2).

stack convert to depths: allows to automatically convert the stack trace (option
view StackTrace activated) as well as the normal moveout data (option view/nmo
corrected ensemble actvivated) and the stack of the adjacent CMP’s into depths.
This may allow a more precise interactive definition of the layer depths.
CMP velocity analysis 538

long offset approx.: for the reflection tpye - if activated a fourth-order moveout
equation (Al-Chalabi, Bilas) is used instead of the normal vrms equation.
The option is useful if a strong vertical heterogeneity of the velocities is given and
for long offsets. The option will also be used for the semblance and unnormlized
correlation. In this case the vertical heterogeneity is also derived from the actual
1D-model. If no 1D-model is present it might be useful to generate a 1D-model
from the semblance analysis (for which the vertical heterogeneity was zero) and
then run the semblance analysis again.

2 2 2 gx 2
t ( x )  (t 0  x / V ave ) / (1  2 2
t 0 V ave ( g  1)

g  (Vrms / Vave ) 2  1

nr. of adjacent CMP’s.: number of adjacent ensembles for the Const.velocity-

stack (see chap. 2.2) or the CMP-stack (option adjacent CMP’s stack traces).
CMP velocity analysis 539

The option View within the main menu allows to

control the view of different characteristics and
analysis tools:

Amplitudes: if activated the amplitudes within the

data and the analysis windows will be displayed
within the coordinates panel.

show second model: If activated you may choose

a second model which will be displayed in addition
in green.

ray based reflections: If checked the reflections based on refracted rays are
shown in addition to the mean velocity-based reflections. If the difference between
these two reflections is too big, the assumption of the mean velocity is not valid
anymore.

StackTrace: If activated a stack trace on the basis of the current velocity model is
plotted in a new aqua window between the model image and the data image. This
option may serve as a control possibility for the performed velocity analysis. A
complete stacking of various CMPs to a zero-offset profile only can be executed
within the module cmp-processing.
The stack trace of a loaded second model (see above) will be displayed as well.

adjacent CMP's stack traces: Activating this option allows to display a CMP
stack for the number of ensembles given by nr. of adjacent CMP’s. The program
automatically searches the files with identical extension and which are in the
alphabetical neighbourhood (example loaded dataafile is CMP00120.DAT and nr.
of adjacent CMP’s is 10 - the program searches for the previous 5 files in the left
alphabetical neighbourhood, for example CMP00115.DAT to CMP00190.DAT and
for the next 5 files in the right alphabetical neighbourhood, for example
CMP00121.DAT to CMP00125.DAT). The files must have identical sample
number, otherwise they will be ignored. The actual 1D-velocity distribution is used
for the stack. The size of the window changes with the number of used
ensembles.

NMO corrected ensemble: If activated the NMO corrected (reflection active) or

time shifted (VSP active) section based on the actual 1D-velocity model is plotted
in a new window next to the stack trace. For reflection data the number of traces
used for the NMO correction depends on the settings within the analysis
(semblance,....) panel. According to the option stack trace this option only serves
as control possibility for the performed velocity analysis. The NMO corrected
section as well as the stack trace will be continuously updated when changing the
1D-model.
The horizontal size of the window is controlled by NMO scale defined within the
global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1). The NMO scale is given in percent of the data
windows size. The same plotoptions as for the data window will be used.
CMP velocity analysis 540
CMP velocity analysis 541

VSP traveltime differences: option is available for the analysis technique VSP. If
activated the differences between the data traveltimes and the calculated
traveltimes are determined and shown within a table (positioned on the top right
corner, the table can be moved using the right mouse button). The option is only
available if traveltimes have been loaded either together with the original wave
data or without.
The the total timedifference, total absolute timedifference and the RMS deviation
are displayed for each layer. The total absolute timedifference defines the sum of
the absolute timedifferences
independently form the sign (pos.
or neg. difference). This value
gives you an estimate of the
overall adaptation. The total
timedifference defines the sum of
the timedifferences taking into
account the sign of the
differences. This value gives you
an estimate whether the mean
model leads to too small or too big
traveltimes. The RMS deviation
defines the Root Mean Square
deviation.

model spreadsheet: if activated the actual

model parameters (thickness layer velocity,
mean velocity and vert.heterog.) will be
displayed within a spreadsheet. The vertical
heterogeneity (only displayed when the long
offset approx. option is activated) may be used
e.g. for an improved velocity determination
from multi offsets picks within the pick menu.

The option repaint images within the global setting menu controls the display
refresh. If activated the images will always be repainted when a model change
has been done. Deactivate this option if a canvas error occurs. Activate the option
if the images need a refresh.
CMP velocity analysis 542

The option Tools within the main menu allows:

load WinMASW p-vel: loads a p-velocity

distribution derived by the program WinMASW™.

Replace WinMASW p-vel: allows to replace an

existing WinMASW™ velocity file by the actual p-
velocity model. The option might be useful if a surface wave analysis has been
performed using the WinMASW™ program and the p-velocity distribution has
been modified within Reflexw by e.g. analysing the first p-wae onsets.

load WinMASW sv-vel: loads a sv-velocity distribution derived by the program

WinMASW™.

Synthetic seismograms: allows to generate synthetic seismograms based on

the Reflectivity Method - see chap. 2.5.
CMP velocity analysis 543

2.1 CMP velocity adaptation

With the option interactive adaptation activated there is the possibility of an
interactive selection and modification of a one-dimensional velocity distribution
with immediate visualization of the reflections or refractions or direct traveltimes
(VSP) calculated on the basis of the velocity model. The shot location can be
freely chosen. Moreover it is possible to optionally compute surface multiples,
additionally, and display them, too.

In the upper right corner the coordinates of the current cursor position are shown.
There are 3 different analysis windows:
In the left window (model window) the current one-dimensional velocity
distribution together with the VRMS-distribution (dashed) is shown. Within this
window you may modify the velocity model using one of the possibilities described
below. The horizontal size of the window is controlled by model scale defined
within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1). The model scale is given in percent
of the data window size.
In the middle (right) window (data window) the currently loaded section with the
current plot parameters and the reflections or direct waves, calculated on the
basis of the current velocity distribution, are plotted. The color and the size of the
calculated reflections are taken from the symbol font. If only traveltimes ahve
been loaded for the adaptation the sorting of the traveltimes is normally based on
the tracenumber of the original lines. An alternative possibility is given using the
option sort traveltimes by distance. Activate this option if the calculated curves
are not displayed for VSP.
In the right window (analysis window only with semblance, unnormalized
crosscorrelation, Constant Velocity panel or Constant Velocity stack activated) the
semblance or unnormalized correlation or the Constant Velocity panel/stack is
shown. The current VRMS-velocities associated with a boundary are marked. Use
the symbol font for changing the color and the size of the marks. You may mark
any new point and therefore insert a new boundary. This setting is independent
from the options insert, change or remove. The horizontal size of the window is
controlled by NMO scale parameter defined within the global settings menu (chap.
1.2.1). The NMO scale is given in percent of the data windows size.
The number of discrete points of the calculated traveltime curves are also defined
within the within global settings menu.

boundary: For active option boundary a new layer boundary can be inserted into
the one-dimensional velocity model (option insert active), an old boundary can be
shifted continuously (change active) or deleted (remove active).
For changing the depth of a boundary therefore the options boundary and
change have to be activated. Now bring the mouse cursor in the direct proximity
of the desired layer and then you can change its depth by keeping the left mouse
button pressed and simultaneously moving the mouse upwards or downwards.
For inserting a new layer the options boundary and insert have to be active. You
set the mouse cursor to the desired location of the model and there insert a new
layer boundary simply by clicking the left mouse button. The same procedure
allows with active option remove the removal of an existing layer boundary.

velocity: Allows the modification of the velocity where the option change and one
of the options upper, lower, at boundary or in layer has to be active. The
modification is done by setting the mouse cursor in direct proximity to a layer
CMP velocity analysis 544

boundary, keeping the left mouse button pressed and simultaneously moving the
mouse horizontally. With active option upper the velocity can only be changed
above the selected layer boundary, the corresponding applies for the option
lower. For active option in layer the velocity of the whole layer is changed. For
active option at boundary the velocity above and below the layer boundary is
kept constant and an appropriate variation is permitted.
Due to these manifold modification possibilities discontinuities or arbitrary
gradients can be realized.

bou./vel.: If activated both the boundary location and the velocity may be
changed using the pressed left mouse button. The velocity will be changed for the
whole layer independently from the choice of the vel.modification.

change: Changing an existing layer or velocity (see boundary, velocity).

insert: Inserting a new layer boundary (see boundary).

remove: Removing a layer boundary (see boundary).

upper: For changing the velocities the modification refers to the velocities above
the selected layer boundary, i.e. the layer boundary the mouse cursor is next to.

lower: For changing the velocities the modification refers to the velocities below
the selected layer boundary.

at boundary.: For changing the velocities the modification refers to the constant
velocity above and below the selected layer boundary.

in layer: For changing the velocities the modification refers to the velocity (s)
within one layer. These are changed as a whole.

min.vel., max. vel. and dv specify the velocity axis range of the 1D-velocity/depth
window.

min.depth, max.depth and deltadepth specify the depth axis range of the 1D-
velocity/depth window.

Reflection data:

If he options semblance, unnorm.corr., CV-panels and CV-stack (see also

chap. 2.2) are active the analysis window is open and changes within the 1D-
velocity model are also shown within this window. Additionally you may mark any
new point in the semblance analysis window and therefore insert a new boundary.

The option backshift is only active if semblance or unnorm.corr. are activated. It

allows to take into account a backshift timevalue which compensates the effect
when using delayed wavelet maxima for the semblance or unnormalized
crosscorrelation analysis. The timeshift must be chosen in such a way that the
resulting reflection curve stems from the very first arrival (see also chap. 2.4).
CMP velocity analysis 545

Refraction data:
The option intercept time allows the interactive use of the intercept time method.
The option enables to get a first 1D-model very quickly. After having activated the
option you must enter the bending points by the left mouse button. The first point
is automatically set to distance and time zero. The velocites derived from these
settings must increase with depth. After having finished each setting of one
straight line the 1D-model is automatically created and shown in the left model
window. Deactivate the option when you have finished the intercept time
adaptation. It is also possible to store or interactively change this model. The
option is the same like the intercepttime adaptation within the velocity adaptation
menu of the 2D-dataanalysis window.

correct dip: if active a new window opens which allows to enter

a dip angle in degrees for each layer which will be taken into
account when calculating the reflection traveltimes.

VSP data
The shot/rec and shot start values are listed within the VSP-box.

invert local velocities: the option is only available if picked first arrivals have
been loaded. With the option activated the local velocities are calculated from the
loaded first arrival traveltimes. The velocities are smoothed over a given depth
window. The color of the local velocities can be freely chosen.
CMP velocity analysis 546

corridor stack:
A dynamic correction including stacking of the reflections of a vertical seismic
profile (VSP) is supported. The result is a time-shifted two-way arrival times (at
the surface) section. The timeshift is done based on the first arrival timeshift over
the corridor width given in the timedimension. The first arrivals used are
calculated from the receiver positions and the actual 1D-velocity distribution. The
data are muted above the first arrivals and below the time beginning at the first
arrival time plus the corridor width. A taper may be applied around the first arrivals
(option taper window).
With the option only upgoing waves activated a fk-filtering will be done before
the timeshift correction/stacking resulting in a section which only contains the
upgoing wavefield.
The timeshifted data may be stacked and viewed as a stack trace (option view
StackTrace activated) or only viewed (option view/nmo corrected ensemble
activated). This corridor timeshifted section will be displayed with the timeaxis as
the vertical axis.
The resulted stack trace as well as the timeshifted data may also be timedepth-
converted using the option stack convert to depths. With this option activated a
direct comparison of the 1D-model and the stacked /timeshifted traces are
possible.
Remark: the number of samples does not change. If the original data acquistiion
time is small and deeper reflections are present you may use the processing
option time cut within the 2D-dataanalysis before in order to extend the timerange
of the original profile.
CMP velocity analysis, CMP semblance analysis 547

2.2 CMP semblance/Const.velocity analysis

The semblance or the constant velocity analysis allows you to specify vrms
velocities within the velocity/time spectrum.

Semblance/unnormalized crosscorrelation:
For a given velocity range and velocity increment (min.vel.,
max.vel., vel.interval) either the semblance, i.e. the
normalized output-to-input energy ratio, or the unnormalized
crosscorrelation is calculated within a given time window for
all times. For the semblance the timewindow is centered
around the current time, for the crosscorrelation the
timewindow starts at the current time. The summation is done
over the given trace range (1. and last trace and n.trace). The
calculated quantities are shown after having activated the start
button in the right analysis window with the velocity as the x-
axis and the travel time as the y-axis. The color assignment
can be changed using the PlotOptions menu. You may change
the current colorpalette for the semblance display using the
option act. palette independently from the colorpalette for the
current profile.
The velocity range has to be chosen large enough, so that all
occurring velocities are comprised. The increment and the
number of traces have to be optimized in that way that a good viewing and
selection is possible.

The unnormalized crosscorrelation

CC (see figure on the left, from
Yilmaz, 1987) takes into account the
true amplitudes and it is therefore
the better choice if you only wish to
adapt high amplitude reflexions.
The semblance analysis NE (see
Figure on the left) uses a
normalization. That is why the
semblance should be used if the
analysis is mainly focussed on the
correlation of the individual phases
and also small amplitude reflexions
shall be adapted.

view semblance: If
activated the actual
semblance or unnormalized correlation analysis (automatically
converted into depth using the actual 1D-velocity model) will be
plotted into the model.
CMP velocity analysis, CMP semblance analysis 548

Constant velocity analysis:

With the option const.
velocity panel activated the
NMO-correction is applied for
the actual shot or CMP using
different constant velocities
defined by a velocity range
and velocity increment
(min.vel., max.vel.,
vel.interval) The moveout
correction is done over the
given trace range (1. and
last trace and n.trace).
The results of the different
velocities are displayed
within the analysis window
with each velocity separated
by a vertical line and the
velocity that results in a
flattening of the hyperbolas
corresponding to the velocity
for a certain reflector.
Analogous to the semblance analysis it is possible to interactively choose the
wanted velocities.

With the option const.

velocity stack activated the
NMO-correction is carried
out for several adjacent CMP
gathers and the
NMO-corrected data are
stacked. The number of the
adjacent CMP’s is given by
the option nr. of adjacent
CMP’s. The program
automatically searches the
files with identical extension
and which are in the
alphabetical neighbourhood
(example loaded dtaafile is
CMP00120.DAT and nr. of
adjacent CMP’s is 10 - the
program searches for the
previous 5 files in the left
alphabetical neighbourhood,
for example CMP00115.DAT
to CMP00190.DAT and for the next 5 files in the left alphabetical neighbourhood,
for example CMP00121.DAT to CMP00125.DAT). The files must have identical
sample number, otherwise they will be ignored. Stacking velocities are picked
directly from the constant velocity stack panel by choosing the velocity that yields
the best stack response at a selected event.
CMP velocity analysis, CMP semblance analysis 549

In contract to the semblance/unnorm.correlation analysis the same plotoptions as

for the data window will be used for the constant velocity analysis. It is
recommended to increase the horitzontal size of the analysis window using the
global settings option analysis scale (in percent of the datawindow size).

After having activated the start button, the semblance or the unnormalized
crosscorrelation or the constant velocity analysis is performed. After having
finished the calculation, the program automatically returns to the CMP velocity
adaptation with activated semblance, unnorm.correlation, CV-panels or CV-stack
option. It is possible to modify the current 1D-velocity model either within the
semblance analysis window or within the velocity model window. The change,
insert and remove options work for both eht analysis window and the model
window. A continuous change with pressed mouse button is also supported within
the analysis window If you want to create a completely new model you must
activate the button reset and then insert new boundaries either within the
semblance analysis or the velocity model window.

rasterfilename: enter the filename of the Reflexw rasterfile which contains the
actual velocity analysis. The file will be stored under rohdata under the current
project directory. If blank a dummyfile will be used.

Direct zooming within the semblance analysis is not possible. The zooming in
time direction is connected to the zoom within the profile display. A zooming in
velocity direction is not possible.
CMP velocity analysis, 2D model 550

2.3 CMP 2D-model

Within this menu there exist two different methods for creating a 2D-velocity
distribution. The first one creates a vrms model, the second one interval layer
velocities.

The 2D-dimsional velocity models are created on the basis of 1D-velocity-depth-

profiles. This 2-dimensional velocity distribution can be used, e.g. for the
migration and depth conversion within the module 2D data analysis or for stacking
within the module CMP-processing.

For the creation of the distribution previously created 1D-velocity models are
comprised to a 2D-model. For this the position within the profile line for the
corresponding 1D-models has to be determined previously (see option model
pos.). Between these 1D-models a linear interpolation is performed. The 1D-
model with the largest model position is extrapolated to greater position values.
The 1D-model with the smallest model position is extrapolated to smaller position
values of the 2D-model.

2.3.1 2D vrms velocities

The option create generates a vrms velocity distribution from the 1D-models.
Possible vertical gradients within the 1D-models are ignored. The velocity within
each layer must be constant. Otherwise a warning message appears. If vertical
gradient are present within the 1D-files is is recommended to generate an interval
velocity rasterfile (see chap. 2.3.2).

Within the 2D-model file only the filenames of the chosen 1D-velocity models are
stored. That is why changes in any of these 1D-models at a later stage have an
influence if the 2D-model file is used for any processing step.

create: allows to create a new 2D-model file under the directory rohdata using the
extension 2DM. After activating create you have to select the 1D-cuts, that are
going to be used for the 2D-distribution and writes the filenames of these 1D-cuts
in the 2D-model file.

load: loads an existing 2D-model file.

show: shows the VRMS-distribution of the current 2D-model file using a color-
coding.

min.dist., max. dist., min.depth and max.depth define the distance/depth range
for showing the 2D-model and for the Reflexw rasterfile if activated..

create corefile: if activated an ASCII coredatafile is automatically created when

creating a 2D-model (same filename with extension cor - see also option Core
data/1D models under View MenuItem).
CMP velocity analysis, 2D model 551

If used for a subsequent migration or

time/depth conversion the option CMP-
analysis must be activated

rasterfilename: enter the filename of the Reflexw rasterfile (vrms-velocities)

which is automatically created on the right hand side when starting the creation of
the 2D-model. The file will be stored under rohdata under the current project
directory. If blank a dummyfile will be used.

Raster-xpoints and raster y-points define the size of the Reflexw rasterfile.

2.3.2 2D interval layer velocities

The option create interval vel.rasterfile generates an interval layer velocity
distribution from the 1D-models. Vertical gradients within the 1D-models are
allowed.

After having activated the option create interval vel.rasterfile the wanted 1D-
velocity models will be queried. A 2D Reflexw rasterfile will be generated from
these 1D-velocity models.

rasterfilename: enter the filename of the Reflexw interval velocity rasterfile The
file will be stored under rohdata under the current project directory. If blank a
dummyfile will be used.

min.dist., max. dist., min.depth and max.depth define the distance/depth range
for the Reflexw rasterfile.

Raster-xpoints and raster y-points define the size of the Reflexw rasterfile.

create corefile: if activated an ASCII coredatafile is automatically created when

creating a 2D-model (same filename with extension cor - see also option Core
data/1D models under View MenuItem).

If used for a subsequent migration or

time/depth conversion the option rasterfile
layer must be activated.
CMP velocity analysis, practical aspects 552

2.4 CMP practical aspects

Due to the normally mixed-phase waveform the semblance analysis or the
interactive velocity analysis may lead to improper too low velocities. Only the first-
breaks yield correct vrms and layer-velocities. If a later arrival (e.g. the second or
third half-cycle) is used for the analysis too low vrms velocities result. This is
shown within the lower pictures where for two reflectors both the first and a later
arrival have been used for the interpretation. The resulting velocities are about 20
% too low when using the later arrivals for the analysis. Especially the semblance
analysis may lead to these wrong velocities because the maximum semblance
response normally relates to later arrivals (see also Booth et al., 2010).

The option backshift allows to compensate this effect. If this option is active the
program automatically calculates a second reflection in green based on the
entered timeshift value. This new calculated reflection should be related to the
first arrival. If not the timeshift value must be adapted.
CMP velocity analysis, synthetic seismograms 553

2.5 calculation of synthetic seismograms

The option synthetic seismograms under Tools allows to calculate synthetic
seismograms based on the actual 1D-model using the Reflectivity Method
(Sandmeier and Wenzel, 1986).
The method allows the full waveform simulation for a laterally homogeneous
medium. It calculates seismograms for all three components (below only the
simulation of the vertical and radial components are displayed).

The actual loaded velocity model forms the p-velocity base for the calculation.
The s-velocities are automatically determined from these p-velocities using a
Possion ratio of 0.25. The P-quality factor Qpis determied from the p-velocity/40.
The S-quality factor Qs is assumed to be 0.75*Qp.
CMP velocity analysis, synthetic seismograms 554

Following you find a description of the input parameters:

calculate: allows to calculate the full wavefield including conversion from P to S

waves and vice versa. There is the possibility to restrict the calculation to only P
reflections (PP), SV reflections (SS) or P and SV reflections but no conversions
(only PP/SS).
Transm.conversion: allows to ignore P to S and S to P conversion during the
transmission.
Type: allows to choose either displacemenet, velocity or acceleration for the type
of receivers.
Ver./rad. Comp.: allows to define which component shall be calculated.
Trans.(sh) compl.: defines if the sh-component shall be calculated.
Source: different source types may be chosen.
Explosive should be used if explosives had been used for the wave excitation.
Double couple should be used for an earthquake simulation.
Point source is the standard source for a small scale source radiating P-, SV- and
SH-energy degree independent..
Line source simulates a source which only excites in x-z direction.
signal allows to chooose any of the following different signal types: Kuepper,
Delta, Heaviside, Momentfunction, spike, digitized signal and Ricker.
The digitized signal is taken from the first trace of a Reflexw formatted datafile. A
possibly existing starttime within the Reflexw file will not be considered.
Time parameters: DeltaT defines the timeincrement. Tsignal gives the timerange
of the signal and together with the parameter extrema nr. the dominant frequency
is defined. The dominant frequency is defined by this timerange and the number
of extrema (e.g. extrema nr. set to 2 and Tsignal set to 10 ms gives a dominant
CMP velocity analysis, synthetic seismograms 555

frequency of 100 Hz.). The total number of samples is entered by sample nr. and
with the timeincrement the total time of given (DeltaT * sample nr.). The sample
nr. must be a power of 2.The program automacially increments the number to the
next power of 2 value.
The box frequencies defines the frequency range for the calculation. Four
parameters must be entered starting with min.frequ. and left frequ. (Start of the
plateau, between min. frequ. and lef frequ. a cosine window is used). The third
parameter right frequ. determines the end of the plateau and the fourth the max.
frequency (max. frequ.). Between these two points the filter is represented by a
cosine-window, too.
The box phase velocities defines the phase velocity range for the calculation.
Four parameters must be entered starting with min.veloc.. and left veloc. (Start of
the plateau, between min. veloc.. and lef veloc.. a cosine window is used). The
third parameter right veloc.. determines the end of the plateau and the fourth the
maximum velocity (max. veloc.). Between these two points the filter is
represented by a cosine-window, too. The parameter number defines the number
of caluclated rayparameters and thereby the step rate between the velocities.
Within depths the source and the receiver depths are given in m.
The receiver line box defines the first and last receiver position (first dist., last
dist.) as well as the traceincrement (increment), the azimuth in degree and the
number of receivers (number).
The option view allows to specify which component shall be displayed. You may
choose between vertical (ver.), radial (rad.) or transverse (transv.) component or
both the vertical and radial (ver/rad) components.
With the option keep loaded data activated the actual loaded data will be kept
and the synthetic data will be displayed within the secondary window.
With the option take over geometry activated the geometry of the primary profile
will be taken over for a direct comparison of the primary (real) data and the
synthetic data (see picture below).

The Reflexw output fileame must be entered within the parameter filename. The
filename must have a lenght of at least 8 characters. The vertcial components
gets an extension _ver, the radial _hor and the transverse component _transv.

The calculation is started by start.

CMP velocity analysis, synthetic seismograms 556

3. 3D-datainterpretation
The module 3D data-interpretation allows the interpretation of 3-dimensional data
by displaying x-, y- or z-slices or the full 3D-data volume.
Besides the interpretation of the full 3D-data volume two additional modules are
available:
The scan 3D tool (see chap. 3.10) allows a fast access to rectangular
3-dimensional GPR- or seismic data which have been acquired along 2D-parallel
lines in one or two perpendicular directions without going through the whole
process of import, processing and generation.
The 3D-fixed array tool (see chap. 3.9) allows a fast interpretation of
multichannel data with fixed lateral offset between the channels which allows to
easily interactively reach each point within the dataset using the mouse either
within the indivdiual profiles or timeslices.

A 3D-data file is a single REFLEX formatted file which consists of several

equidistant 2D-lines sequentially stored. All traces belonging to one 2D-line have
the same ensemble-number which is stored within the REFLEXW traceheader
(see chap. 1.9.6). The 3D-data may be easily constructed from equidistant 2D-
lines either during the import (see also Import ConversionMode - option combine
lines/shots) or in a later stage within the 3D-datainterpretation menu. The 3D data
cube is controlled by only two parameters: the trace increment within each 2D-line
and the linedistance between each line.

The data are completely loaded into the RAM of the computer whereby a fast
visualization of the data is possible. The max. number of points in each direction
(x, y and z or t) is 2048. If the points in one or more direction exceed this
boundary Reflexw offers two possibilities rescale and subdivide which can be
selected in a separate window which only opens if the 2048 boundary will be
reached.
The option rescale automatically calculates rescaling factors in all directions
where the number of points exceed the 2048 boundary. Example: 4800 points in
line direction and 2400 points in time direction. The data are automatically
rescaled by a factor of 3 and 2 resulting in 1600 points in line direction and 1200
points in time direction.
The option subdivide will only be enabled if only the number of points in line
direction exceeds the 2048 boundary. Activating this option generates a number
of subdatasets of the complete 3D-dataset in this direction. Two new options next
and prev. control the access to the different subdatasets. An example shall
illustrate the option:
3D-dataset with 6000 points in line direction, 100 points perpendicular to the line
direction and 256 points in time direction. The option subdivision generates 3
different subdatasets each with 2000 points in line direction. The first subdataset
is displayed after having activated the option. The option next loads the next
subdataset from trace nr. 2001 to 4000 in line direction.

Three different display options are available (option windows, option scroll and
option 3D-cube - see below).

It is possible to load a second 3D-file in addition. The second 3D-file must have
the same number of samples. Otherwise an error message appears. If the
number of points in x- or y-directions differ or if the data are sorted in a different
CMP velocity analysis, synthetic seismograms 557

manner (profile directions are different) a warning message appears and it is

possible to perform an automatic adjustment of the chosen two 3D-files if the
corresponding input query will be confirmed. Then the option adjust 2 3D-files
(description under analyse, chap. 3.1.5) will be automatically performed and two
new 3D-files with the same number of x-cuts as well as of y-cuts will be created
and loaded. If only the sorting is different it is also possible to first use the option
FlipXYsorting3DFile to be found under analyse and then load the second 3D-file.
The screen is either horizontally or vertically splitted if a second 3D-file is loaded
according to the settings within the plotoptions menu (chap. 1.7.6). If the
processing option overlay has been activated within the 3D-processing menu the
two 3D-files will be overlaid. The parameter second 3D-file under view controls if
the secondary 3D-file is shown or not.

The module also allows you to load several (up to 25) different 2D-files in order
to display them within the scroll or windows mode (load the 2D-files using the
option Open several 2D-files under 3D-File MenuItem). The scale of the different
2D-files can vary.

In addition you may construct

single timeslices (C-scans) from
different 2D-lines originating all
from one acquisition plane - option
Generate single timeslices under
3D-File MenuItem.

Using the option windows the cuts

are displayed in manually scalable windows. The step and smoothing rate may be
freely chosen - see also Windowing 3D-file, chap. 3.3.

Using the option scroll you may continuously move through the 3D-cube either in
x-, y- or z-direction using the track bar. Again the step and smoothing rate is freely
selectable - see also Scroll 3D-file, chap. 3.2.

Using the option 3D-cube allows the three-dimensional plotting of the 3D-data
volume within predefinable spatial limits and an arbitrarily definable observation
point. Thus you have the possibility to look at the cube from different angles, e.g.
from the front side, the back side or from the side - see also 3D-cube display,
chap. 3.4.

Processing: here you may enter the type of display for both the primary and
secondary 3D-file.
no means that the data are displayed as they are.
absoluteValues: if activated the absolute values are calculated and shown.
Activating this option is useful for slices for example.
envelope: if activated the envelope of each trace of the 3D-file is calculated and
shown. Activating this option is useful for slices for example.
envelope timeslices only: with this option activated the envelope of each trace
of the 3D-file is calculated and shown for the timeslices only (option slice
activated). For the other cuts (x-cuts and y-cuts) the “normal” traces will be
shown. The option is not available for a seconary 3D-file and will also be
automatically deactivated for the primary 3D-file if a secondary 3D-file has been
loaded.
CMP velocity analysis, synthetic seismograms 558

overlay: The option allows to overlay the secondary 3D-file. The chosen
processing option for the primary 3D-file controls how the overlaying is done. With
the option no or abs. amplitude activated the two 3D-files are simply added for all
3 cuts. With the option envelope and envelope timeslices only a a special
algorithm is used for overlaying all cuts (option envelope) or the timeslices only
(option envelope timeslices only). The option might be useful for a combined
interpretation of two 3D-files with different antenna polarization (GPR-data) or with
different orientation of the original 2D-lines.

Use the lower panel for a speed access to some further different options:

enter the project directory

caption 3D-raw: open REFLEX 3D raw data (see also 3D-File

MenuItem)
caption 3D-poc/procf: open REFLEX 3D processed data (procf
with filter)
caption 2D-raw: open several REFLEX 2D raw data
caption 2D-proc/procf: open several REFLEX 2D processed
data (procf with filter)
caption 2D-int: enter the interactive choice menu for opening
several REFLEX 2D files
The caption is automatically updated when using one of the following options
within the 3D-File MenuItem: open 3D-file, open several 2D-files

copy current data bitmap to the clipboard or into a file (suboption file).
Different file-formats like BMP, JPEG or TIFF are supported. A clipboard
scale factor is queried. A factor larger than 1 allows you to increase the
size of the bitmap to be transferred and therefore to increase the
resolution.
enter FileHeader Edit
enter PlotOptions

replot current line with current zoom parameters

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots the
current line
enable magnifying glass function
enable manual zoom - With the option ZOOM an arbitrary area of the
data set can be selected and plotted in full screen size - see also
Windowing 3D-file or Scroll 3D-file.

The filter Traceinterpol-3DFile allows a resampling of the data in the direction of

each line if the number of traces differs in each 2D-line.
CMP velocity analysis, synthetic seismograms 559

Plotscale: The minimum and maximum amplitude values are controlled by the
multiplication factor Amplitudescale. With a value of 1 for Amplitudescale the
amplitudes range from -2048 to 2048 for unnormalized data and from -1 to 1 for
tracenormalized data. With a Value of 0.0625 the amplitudes range from -32768
to 32768 (see also Amplitudescale under Pointmodeattributes;).

act.palette: load the wanted color palette from the stored palettes (see also
PlotOptions menu).

Shift palette for slices: if activated the amplitude range for the color assignment
of the point mode will be shifted to only positive values starting from 0 for slices
and for the 3D-cube display. Thereby the full actual color palette is available for
slices if these have been created using the envelope. The option is also active for
the 3D-cube display. In this case the shifted color palette will be used for all cuts.

To be considered concerning the plot options: The individual Reflexw modules

partly use the same plot options. When using for example the 2D- and the 3D-
module simultanesouly in order to switch between the 2D and 3D views when
making interpretations it might be useful to have different options for these views.
Therefore the following settings are separated for the 2D and the 3D-
interpretation: manual scaling, color palette, depth axis, show axis.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-File MenuItem 560

3.1 3D-datainterpretation MenuItems

3.1.1 3D-File MenuItem

From this menu you may open an existing 3D-datafile, create a 3D-file and edit
the file header.

ProjectDir: Selection of a new project. After selecting this option the directories
included in the current project directory are listed. From these you can choose the
project you want to work with.

Open 3D-file: Use this option to load an existing REFLEX-3D file. A 3D-file
consists of several equidistant parallel 2D-lines stored successively within one
file. You may load the data from the rawdata directory (the directory containing the
files which are not precessed) or from the procdata directory. If you are choosing
procdata filter a filter for the file extension must be entered in order to make the
choice easier. After having chosen the wanted 3D-datafile the 3D-processing
menu opens and you have to choose how you want to display the data (see also
option processing within chap. 3). The data are completely loaded into the RAM of
the computer whereby a fast visualization of the data is possible. If the 2048
points boudary will be reached a windows opens for rescaling or subdividing the
too big dataset (see also chap. 3).

Open second 3D-file: Use this option to load a second 3D-file in addition. After
having chosen the wanted 3D-datafile the 3D-processing menu opens and you
have to choose how you want to display the data (see also option processing
within chap. 3).
The second 3D-file must have the same number of samples. Otherwise an error
message appears. If the number of points in x- or y-directions differ or if the data
are sorted in a different manner (profile directions are different) a warning
message appears and it is possible to perform an automatic adjustment of the
chosen two 3D-files if the corresponding input query will be confirmed. Then the
option adjust 2 3D-files (description under analyse, chap. 3.1.5) will be
automatically performed and two new 3D-files with the same number of x-cuts as
well as of y-cuts will be created and loaded. If only the sorting is different it is also
possible to first use the option FlipXYsorting3DFile to be found under analyse and
then load the second 3D-file.
If the secondary 3D-file has a different startcoordinate in profile direction an
automatic shift in profile direction is done if the corresponding message will be
confirmed.
The screen is either horizontally or vertically splitted if a second 3D-file is loaded
according to the settings within the plotoptions menu (chap. 1.7.6). If the
processing option overlay has been activated within the 3D-processing menu the
two 3D-files will be overlaid. The parameter second 3D-file under view controls if
the secondary 3D-file is shown or not.

Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines: Use this option to generate a 3D-file from
existing 2D-lines. After having activated the option a new window appears where
you must enter the wanted parameters (see Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines, chap.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-File MenuItem 561

3.5). The 3D-data are completely loaded into the RAM of the computer whereby a
fast visualization of the data is possible.

Import: import data of different formats into the REFLEX-internal format (see also
Import Menu).
With the suboption 3D-file activated the conversion sequence is automatically set
to combine lines/shots (see also Import ConversionMode).

enter Scan3D: enters the module Reflex 3D-Scan which allows to import and to
analyse automatically rectangular 3-dimensional GPR-data which have been
acquired along 2D-parallel lines in one or two perpendicular directions.
Precondition is that the data have been acquired along equidistant parallel 2D-
lines on a regular rectangular grid. This means that the traceincrement in one
direction (x or y), the startposition of the 2D-lines and the scan increment between
the 2D-lines must be equal. The data may have been stored on individual 2D-files
or within a 3D-file. If stored within a 3D-file the end-positions of the internal 2D-
lines must be identical in addition as well as the number of traces into profile
direction. A detailed description of the module is found within chap. 3.1.1.1.

Open several 2D-files: this option allows you to load several (up to 25) different
2D-files in order to display them within the scroll or windows mode. The scale of
the different 2D-files can vary. The data can be loaded from a file choice menu or
interactively from the profile map (see also interactive choice).

Generate single Timeslices: This option offers the possibility to create so-called
time slices, i.e. time constant cuts from a sequence of profiles. The profiles have
to be recorded within the same plane. Another precondition is that a static
correction to one level was performed before. There are no other prerequisites.
The profiles within the plane can be oriented in any direction. The program refers
to the corresponding coordinate specifications. The interpolation ranges are of
your free choice. Also a time range can be specified over which an averaging is
performed. Such an averaging often is necessary because of uncomplete static
correction. The details of computing time slices can be found in Generate single
timeslices (chap. 3.6).

CopyToClipboard/File: copy the current windows into the clipboard (suboption

clipboard) or into a file (suboption file). Different file-formats like BMP, JPEG or
TIFF are supported. A clipboard scale factor is queried. A factor larger than 1
allows you to increase the size of the bitmap to be transferred and therefore to
increase the resolution.

Image1ToClipboard: copy the primary window into the clipboard.

Print: Use this option if you want to print out the data.
With the option scroll activated either the current 2D cut (2D-line) or the total
number of 2D cuts (2D-lines) currently chosen within the option box (see Scroll
3D-file) are printed (see also option print several files in chapter 1.8.3).
With the option window activated the currently chosen 2D-cuts (2D-lines) are
printed out on one paper sheet using the current window combination. After
having finished the Print Menu the complete size of the print output and a
corresponding query (okay or not) are shown.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-File MenuItem 562

When printing several 2D-lines with the option print several files under
PrintOptions2 (see also chapter 1.8.3) activated a filechoice query appears where
you must select the wanted profiles. The chosen profiles are sorted alphabetically
and are printed according to the current window combination. An example shall
make the proceeding clear once more: You want to print 20 parallel profiles and
for this combine 4 profiles each time in 2*2 windows. First you have to choose 4
arbitrary sample profiles and make the corresponding window selection. In the
next step you choose the print button with the option print several files activated
and select the desired profiles. The program then automatically prints the first 4
profiles on one paper sheet. After terminating the output the next 4 profiles are
taken and processed in the same way.
With print filecomment activated both the comment stored in the fileheader of
the 3D-file and an additional comment about the current position of the 2D-cut are
printed out. See also Print Menu.

Edit FileHeader: This option allows to display and change the parameters stored
in the global file header and the individual trace headers. These parameters are
for example sample and trace increment, presetting of coordinates etc. (see also
FileHeader Edit).

exit: leave the module 3D-datainterpretation.

3D-datainterpretation, 3D-File MenuItem 563

3.1.2 Scan 3D
Enters the Scan 3D tool which
allows to to import and to
analyse automatically
rectangular 3-dimensional
GPR-data which have been
acquired along 2D-parallel
lines in one or two
perpendicular directions.
Precondition is that the data
have been acquired along
equidistant parallel 2D-lines on
a regular rectangular grid. This
means that the traceincrement
in one direction (x or y), the
startposition of the 2D-lines
(exception IDS fixed array
which allows different start
positions) and the scan
increment between the 2D-
lines must be equal. For a
detailed description see chap.
3.10.

3.1.3 3D-fixed array

Enteres the 3D-fixed array
module which allows the
interactive interpretation of
multichannel data with a fixed
lateral offset of the individual
channels based on relative
coordinates. The target of this
module is the interpretation of
data consisting of many traces
into one direction, e.g. along a
road and a relatively small
number of datapoints
perpendicular to it (number of
parallel lines). An easy and fast
calculation of timeslices
without interpolation but
including smoothing in time direction is incorporated. A fast interactive switch
between the different lines and timeslices is possible either using the mouse
(presssed right mouse key or using the scroll wheel) or using the trackbars. For a
detailed description see chap. 3.9.
3D-datainterpretation, View MenuItem 564

3.1.4 View MenuItem

ColorBars: activate this option for displaying the current color amplitude
assignment bar at the right of the window.

Amplitudes: activate this option if you want the current amplitudes to be

displayed in the status panel on the top (A:) when moving the mouse.

Picks: activate this option if you want to display picks stored within individual
pickfiles for the display of individual 2D-lines. After having activated the option,
you must choose the wanted pickfiles from the filelist. Within the fileheader of
each pickfile the corresponding datafilename is stored (see also Pick save
MenuItem). This filename serves for the assignment of the chosen pickfiles to the
chosen 2D-datafiles. To be considered: the datafilename size must not exceed 20
characters including file extension.

fast data cube display: opens the fast data cube display window (chap. 3.7)
which allows you a 3D-view of the currently loaded 3D-file. It supports an
interactive rotation of the 3D cube. The rotation can be achieved either by mouse
interaction or by using scroll bars. The data can be viewed from any direction and
can be zoomed. It is possible to bring the fast data cube display window to the
front by pressing the right mouse button within the data window of the 3D-
datainterpretation.

second 3D-file: allows you to deactivate the display of a second 3D-file - see also
Open second 3D-file within the 3D-File MenuItem (chap. 3.1.1).

Overlaid second 3D-file: allows you to deactivate the display of a second 3D-file
which has been opened as averlay - see also Open second 3D-file within the 3D-
File MenuItem (chap. 3.1.1).

Pick surfaces for 3D-cube: the option allows a 3-dimensional display of the 3D
picks within the 3D-cube display (chap. 3.4) together with the data. After having
activated the option you are asked for the wanted pickfile(s). An interpolation
scheme is used for the picks belonging to one layer.
With the activated option use code within the 3D picking panel (chap. 3.8) the
pick code stored with the picks is used for discriminating the layers. After having
selected the wanted pickfile(s) you are asked for the codes and therefore for the
layers to be displayed. The colors of the layers are connected to the pick code
colors.
With the option use code deactivated the layer number stored with each pickfile
is used for discriminating the layers. The colors of the layers are connected to the
layershow colors.
After having loaded the wanted pickfiles and after having entered the wanted
pickcodes (if option use code is activated) you still must specify the interpolation
range in x-, y- and z-direction. Enter a higher value if the pick sampling interval is
larger than the data sampling or if the layer boundaries are not completely filled.
With the option Pick surfaces for 3D-cube activated the layer boundaries are
displayed within the 3D cube display in addition. For example you may combine
the back display and the picked layers. The layer display is controlled by the
options used for the full plot within the 3D cube display.
3D-datainterpretation, View MenuItem 565

Model contours: allows to underlay the model structure which has been used for
the FD-simulation. After having activated the option the modelfile will be queried
and the contours of the individual layers are shown. The option is only available if
a 3D-datafile has been loaded and is only active when displaying snapshots or
timeslices. The option is useful for an easier interpretation of the snapshots of a
finite difference wavepropagation simulation.
Different models can be loaded for the primary and the secondary 3D-datafile. If
only one model has been loaded either using the options primary file or secondary
file the model contours of this model will be displayed for both 3D-datafiles.

core data/1D-models: allows to view and adapt 3D-coredata. In addition to the

2D-core data the y-position of the coredata must have been specified in addition
within the second line of each core (see example below 28 m).
CORE 4 - NAME4
30.0000 28.0000
1 2.500000 1 0.083 0.083
2 1.500000 1 0.087 0.096
3 2.000000 1 0.101 0.146
4 2.000000 1 0.091 0.070
The boreholes will be displayed both within the individual cuts and within the 3D-
cube.
An option box named core adapt opens when a coredata file has been loaded.
Within this box the velocities of all layers within the corefile or of a special layer
can be adapted. It is only possible to adapt the single velocities of the core within
the scroll display mode. Click on any layer bar which you want to adapt. The fill
style of this layer bar changes. With the highlighted adaptation parameter v it is
now possible to change the velocity of this distinct layer by pressing the key < or >
respectively or by entering a new value. With the option change all activated all
layervelocites of all actual cores are changed simultaneously. This is possible for
all display
modes. The
speedbutton
allows to

save the adapted

cores
under
the same
filename.
3D-datainterpretation, View MenuItem 566

Effects: These display possibilites act both on the scroll and the windows option
as well as on the 3D-cube display. The display rotuines may be applied on all cuts
but they are mainly developed for the display of the timeslices. With the option
apply to timeslices only activated the chosen effects will only be applied to the
timeslices and not to the x- and y-cuts.
Activating the option opens a new window where the following image effects may
be chosen:

bumpmapping: this is a method to

simulate lightened rough surfaces by
introducing small displacements of
the surface. The modified surface
normal is then used for lighting
calculations. The option intensity (in
percent) gives the strength of the
modification. The light position may
be interactively changed within the
blue window using the left mouse
button. An example of the
bumpmapping for the 3D-cube
display is shown on the right.

Embossing: This is a technique for

creating a raised pattern. The lower picture shows an example (left original, right
using the embossing method).

Morphological operations: These methods median, erosion, dilation and a

combination of them are the same as given within the Scroll/Windows filter option
menu. Here they also act on the 3D-cube display.
The WallisFilter is a locally adaptive image enhancement based on Wallis (see
Pratt, 1991). This enhancement produces good local contrast throughout the
image, while reducing the overall contrast between bright and dark areas. Note:
the application of the filter requires quite much computer time. Blur aplies a
Gaussian Blur filter of specified radius defined within the Windows size option.

mean max values: if activated the mean and the max.(absolute) values of the
actual cut will be displayed within the actual slice memo.
3D-datainterpretation, View MenuItem 567

gps map: allows to view the 3D-area within a GPS Map service like OpenLayers,
Google, Bing, Azure, TomTom, Here and MapBox.. The default service is
OpenLayer. The option map service allows to choose any of the other ones.
If you want to switch between the different Map services you must have different
API keys. Only the OpenLayer service does not need a valid key. If you switch for
example to Bing, you should first enter the valid Bing key within the global settings
menu if not already done- option GPS Map API key. This key will be stored within
the Reflexw.Ini file.
The width and color of the rectangle defining the 3D-area may be adapted.
Activating the option show line position allows to continously show the actual
mouse postion by a red circle when dragging over the cut. The option
UTMToDegree allows to convert UTM-coordinates to degree values based on a
given utm zone. The option latitude defines where the latitude coordinates have
been stored within the traceheaders (x- or y-position). Zooming and copy to
clipboard possibilities are included. The option 1/1 resets and centers the
display.

The actual picks may be displayed (option show) using a

red-green-blue color scheme for the icons with red
corresponding to the smallest traveltime values and blue
to the largest traveltime values. The parameter max.
picks controls the max. picks to be displayed. If the
actual number of picks exceeds this number only every n.
pick will be displayed. Reset resets the pick display. The
option use bitmap will be automatically activated and the
color scheme for the pick traveltimes will be displayed at
the left border.
3D-datainterpretation, View MenuItem 568

With the option show slices activated the actual slice will be displayed within the
gps map. The plot option ShowAxis will be automatically deactivated and the
option FlipYAxis only slices will be activated.T
he option mode allows different combination modes of the gpsmap and the
timeslices. With the plotoption background for 0 value activated (if not activated
a query appears if the otpion shall be activated) the non covered background may
be transparent. With the mode and activated the gpsmap and the timeslice may
be overlaid. Other modes are copy, xor and or.The option view in 3D-menu
allows to view the gps-map including the actual slice within the secondary window
of the 3D-datainterpretation menu. The size of the secondary window is fixed but
the full gps map will be plotted there and the scroll bars allow to move to the
wanted area. With the option exact view the slices will not be only copied from
the 3D-datainterpretation but will be completely replotted within the gps map
menu. This takes much more time and might be useful if a UtmtoDegree
transformation is done because in this case a rectangle within utm coordinates is
not exactly a rectangle within the degree coordinate system.
3D-datainterpretation, Analyse MenuItem 569

3.1.5 Analyse MenuItem

create MPEG-file: option allows to create a MPEG moviefile for the later use with
a MPEG-player. The MPEG moviefile may only be created for the Scroll and the
Cube3D mode. After having activated the option a new window named create
MPEG-file opens which stays on the top. First you must enter the filename
(without extension). The MPEG-file will be stored under the current
projectdirectory with the extension mpg.
The compression is controlled by the trackbar and the checkbox MJPEG. The
trackbar allows you to either increase the quality (trackbar to the left) or to
increase the compression (to the right). With the highest compression the
filesize will be decreased by a factor of about 4 compared to the highest quality.
With the option MJPEG deactivated an additional encoding is used which again
reduces the filesize by about 50 %. In this case the computertime for constructing
the MPEG-file will be significantly increased and the quality as well will be
decreased.
In the frequency Radio Group box you may set the frequency, with which the
certain pics of the mpeg-file will be shown (8 Hz means 8 pics per sec, e.g.).
Start the recording by pressing the record button. Now the other 3 buttons (play,
pause and stop) are enabled. The play button will be automatically activated and
the first slide is added to the MPEG movie. As long as the play button is activated
each new slide will be added if the actually shown data is changed (e.g. when
using the scroll bars or when using the plot option). The current slide number is
shown. If you want to interrupt the MPEG-construction use the button pause. The
button stop finishes the construction and the MPEG-file will be closed.
To be considered: the bitmap size must not be changed. Therefore an error
message appears and the MPEG construction will be stopped if the bitmap size,
e.g. after having resized the 3D-datainterpretation window, has been changed.
The bitmap size if determined when pressing the record button.

interpolate current 3D-file: the option allows a reinterpolation of the current 3D-
file into the different directions. After having entered the options you must specify
the interpolation factors into the 3 different orientations. The number of points into
the individual orientations increases accordingly. For example the option is useful
if the data density in one direction is too small for a good 3D-cube display. The
option check zero traces and traceheader controls if zero traces are present
within the 3D-cube and sets those traces again to zero. This is necessary
because the interpolation is done using a FastFourierTransform which generates
border effects. Activating this option also preservers the traceheader coordinates
of the original file. No interpolation for the coordinates is done. The interpolated
traces will have the same traceheader coordinates. Activating the option
significantly increases the needed processing time.

flipXYsorting 3D-file: the option allows to change the internal sorting of the
traces of the current 3D-datafile. A 3D-datafile consists of several parallel 2D-lines
which are orientated into either x- or y-direction (defined within the fileheader -
profile direction). After having applied this option the parallel 2D-lines of the 3D-
datafile are orientated into the other direction (e.g. original x - after the option they
orientated into y). The option may be useful in order to compare two different 3D-
datafiles which are measured into 2 different directions (crossing orientation)
because the program only allows to compare 2 different 3D-datafiles which have
the same number of traces/2D-lines and of 2D-lines and which internal sorting is
3D-datainterpretation, Analyse MenuItem 570

the same. Activating the option check zero traces and traceheader preservers
the traceheader coordinates of the original file. No interpolation for the
coordinates is done. The interpolated traces will have the same traceheader
coordinates. Activating the option significantly increases the needed processing
time.

Shift 3D-cuts: allows to shift the cuts against each other (see also chap. 3.2
scroll 3D-file - option shift 3D-cuts)

Normalize 3D-cuts: allows an energy normalization for up to 10 different

rectangular xy-ranges (see also chap. 3.2 scroll 3D-file - option normalize 3D-
cuts).

adjust 2 3D-files: The option allows to adjust two 3D-files which have a different
number of x- and/or y-cuts for a later comparative analysis (for example one 3D-
files with only x-cuts and another
3D-file with only y-cuts). After
having chosen the wanted two
3D-files using the option select
two 3D-files for adjusting the
program automatically
calculates the min./max. xy-
range and a new
rasterincrement based on the
profile increment (the profile
increment must be a multiple of
the new rasterincrement). The
original increments and the
min./max. xy-ranges of the two
3D-files are listed wihin the two
memo windows. After having
activated the option start the
following steps will be
performed:
- traceincr-resampling based on
the new rasterincrement
- expand 3D-file using the same
rasterincrement in x- and y-
direction
- include zero traces for the xy-
range which has not been
covered by the original data
- flipXYsorting of one 3D-file if
the two original 3D-datafiles have been acquired on crossing lines.
With activated option update traceheader coordinates the traceheader
coordinates of the new 3D-files will be automatically updated.
The filenaming of the new 3D-files is the same like the original files but with a
different extension based on the entered processing label and the files will be
stored under the path procdata. As a result two 3D-files with the same number of
x-cuts as well as of y-cuts will be created. In addition the rasterincrements in x-
and y-direction are identical.
3D-datainterpretation, Analyse MenuItem 571

The option adjust 2 3D-files will be automatically performed if a secondary 3D-file

shalll be loaded (option file/open second 3D-file) and the number of x- and y-cuts
do not fit.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-file processing MenuItem 572

3.1.6 3D-file processing

Within this menu you may enter the type of display for both the primary and
secondary 3D-file.

no means that the data are displayed as they are.

absoluteValues: if activated the absolute values are calculated and shown.
Activating this option is useful for slices for example.
envelope: if activated the envelope of each trace of the 3D-file is calculated and
shown. Activating this option is useful for slices for example.
envelope timeslices only: with this option activated the envelope of each trace
of the 3D-file is calculated and shown for the timeslices only (option slice
activated). For the other cuts (x-cuts and y-cuts) the “normal” traces will be
shown. The option is not available for a seconary 3D-file and will also be
automatically deactivated for the primary 3D-file if a secondary 3D-file has been
loaded.
overlay: The option allows to overlay the secondary 3D-file. The chosen
processing option for the primary 3D-file controls how the overlaying is done. With
the option no or abs. amplitude activated the two 3D-files are simply added for all
3 cuts. The option always max.value for overlay (given within the panel for the
secondary 3D-file) controls whether the summing is done based on the max.value
(option activated) or based on an averaging over the crossing points (option
deactivated). With the option envelope and envelope timeslices only always the
max. value is used for overlaying all cuts for which the envelope has been
created. The option overlay might be useful for a combined interpretation of two
3D-files with different antenna polarization (GPR-data) or with different orientation
of the original 2D-lines.
For timeslices only: The option allows to use the secondary 3D-file only for the
display of the timeslices. For the display of the x- and y-cuts the primary file will be
used. This might be useful if you use a nonmigrated 3D-dataset as primary file
and the migrated 3D-dataset as secondary 3D-file. In this case the migrated
dataset will be used for the display of the timeslices and for the x- and y-cut
display the non migrated data are used which may allow a better detection of
small objects in the form of diffraction hyperbola in some cases.

Scaling: enter a scaling value with which the amplitude values will be multiplied
during the import. Adapting this value might be necessary because during the
import the data will be stored as 16 bit integer values and consequently may fall
out of the binary data represention if the original data exhibit small (e.g. smaller
than 1) or very large values (greater than 32000). A corresponding data scaling
value (greater 1 for small original data values and smaller 1 for great original data
values) can be used in order to rescale the data in order to be able to be
represented as 16 bit integer.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-file processing MenuItem 573

With the option square activated the data are squared when loading. The sign will
be preserved and the resulting amplitudes will be normalized to the original
maximum value. With the option use mean activated the normalization will be
done based on the mean value. Using the option square allows a higher contrast.
High amplitude objects will be emphazised in comparison to small amplitude
reflections/ diffractions. Use this option instead of the scroll and window 2D-filter
option square if you also want to use the 3D-cube display with the squared
amplitudes.

With the option envelope timeslices only activated there exist some 2D-filter
which will be applied onto the timeslices. These filters correspond to those given
for the scroll option (chap. 3.2) but in contrast to them these filters also act for the
other display modes windows and 3D-cube.

contrast stretching: if activated a contrast stretching will be applied. Contrast

stretching is a simple image enhancement technique that attempts to improve the
contrast in the image by `stretching' the range of intensity values it contains to
span a desired range of values. It differs from the more sophisticated histogram
equalization in that it can only apply a linear scaling function to the image pixel
values. As a result the `enhancement' is less harsh.If activated the function
drastically changes the amplitude distribution within the slice. Therefore no
significant statement over the original amplitude distribution is posbbile any more.

histogram equalization: if a activated a histogram equalization will be applied.

The histogram shows the occurrences of each intensity value in the image.
Histogram equalization is a technique by which the dynamic range of the
histogram of the image is increased. Histogram equalization assigns the intensity
values of pixels in the input image such that the output image contains a uniform
distribution of intensities. It improves contrast and the goal of histogram
equalization is to obtain a uniform histogram. If activated the function drastically
changes the amplitude distribution within the slice. Therefore no significant
statement over the original amplitude distribution is posbbile any more.

median filter: The median filter smooths smallscale heterogeneities but

preserves edges. The filter size must be entered. 3*3 disk/li. and 3*3 disk
includes 5 points, 3*3 square 9 points and 5*5 disk 13 points.

dilation/erosion filter. Dilation and erosion are morphology-based operations.

Dilation, in general, causes objects to dilate or grow in size but also a hole fitting
will be observed. Erosion causes objects to shrink. The combination of both has a
similar effect like the median filter (see picture on the right, left panel original, right
panel effect of dilation/erosion filter).
The filter size must be entered. 3*3 disk/li. and 3*3 disk includes 5 points, 3*3
square 9 points and 5*5 disk 13 points. The filter effect increases with the
filtersize (3*3 disk/lin. has the smallest effect).
The filter is mainly useful for the display of slices.

sharpen edges: if activated an algorithm will be applied for the plotting which
sharpens the edges of the different elements within each image. The sharpen
strenghts soft and strong can be entered.
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 574

3.2 Scroll 3D-file

Using the option "scroll" you may continuously move through the 3D-cube either
in x-, y- or z-direction using the track bar. If you have loaded several 2D-lines
(option Open several 2D-files - see 3D-File MenuItem) you may continuously
move through the set of 2D-lines. The step and smoothing rate is freely
selectable.

The control panel below the track bar allows an automatic scrolling through the
3D-cube:
scroll to smaller cuts
stop scrolling
scroll to higher cuts

Use the options X-Cuts, Y-Cuts and Slices to determine which 2D-cut of the 3D-
file you want to be shown. With X-Cuts activated all existing cuts perpendicular to
the x-direction may be chosen. With Y-Cuts activated all existing 2D-cuts
perpendicular to the y-direction may be chosen. With Slices activated all existing
2D-cuts along the time-direction may be chosen. The current 2D-cut within the
total 3D-cube (a 3D-file has been loaded) is shown within the lower image of the
option menu.

replot current 2D-cut with current zoom parameters

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots the 2D-
cut
enable magnifying glass function
enable manual zoom - With the option ZOOM an arbitrary area of the
2D-cut can be selected and plotted in full screen size. The area to be
enlarged, a rectangle, has to lie within a data set. Pressing the left
mouse button you determine a corner of this rectangle and by moving
the mouse with pressed button the desired area is opened. The zoom
range may be changed step by step using the small + or - buttons on the
right side of the manuel zoom button. Clicking on the + button increases
the zoom by 10 %, clicking on the - button decreases the zoom by 10 %,
this means the x-y-range to be shown will be larger. For scrolling use the
left and lower scroll bars.

If Options is activated the option panel at the left allows you to specify some
display parameters:

With the option show name activated the filename or the current slice is shown at
the top or bottom (flip y axis active) of each cut (line).

free of distortion: activate this option if you want the display of the slices to be
free of distortion, this means the axis in x- and y-direction have the same scale.
The option is only active for slices.
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 575

The first two start and end parameters specify the range to be displayed from
left to right. With X-Cuts activated this normally means the y-direction. With Y-
Cuts activated this normally means the x-direction. With Slices activated the
parameters specify the x-direction.

The following two parameters specify the range to be displayed from top to button.
With X-Cuts or Y-Cuts activated this normally means the time range. With Slices
activated the parameters specify the y-direction.

The next two parameters specify the range in scroll direction. With Slices
activated these parameters specify the wanted time range for example.

StepRate: this parameter allows you to change step rate for scrolling. Every step
range 2D-cut will be plotted when scrolling.

smoothing: enter a value for smoothing the data in the scroll direction. A value of
1 means no smoothing. A value of 2 means that 2D-cuts are summed up and the
mean values are calculated. The smoothing parameter is independent from the
StepRate parameter. The smoothing is done symmetrically in both directions (half
the smoothing value in each direction). With the option use max.value activated
only the max. value will be used within the scroll range, otherwise the mean value
will be calculated.

Plot: replot the current 2D-cut.

ShowTimeSliceInAddition: if activated the current timeslice depending on the

mouse position is shown in a second window for the scroll mode. The timeslice is
shown based on the envelope data. The current cursor position is marked by a
cross within the timeslice. The screen is either split vertically or horizontally
depending on the settings within the plotoptions. The option will be automatically
deactivated if one switches to the windows or the 3D-cube mode. The option is
also not available if “envelope timeslices only” has been chosen within the 3D-
processing menu. The left mouse button allows to scroll one cut forwards and the
right mouse button to scroll backward (precondition: pick option deactivated).
If the cut option slices has been activated the x- and y-cuts corresponding to the
actual mouse position within the timeslice will be shown within the second
window.
The same holds true if the 3D-file is a FD-snapshot file x-line. In this case the
timeslice is replaced by the cut option snapshot.

There exist some 2D-filter which will be applied onto the actual cuts if activated:

contrast stretching: if activated a contrast stretching will be applied. Contrast

stretching is a simple image enhancement technique that attempts to improve the
contrast in the image by `stretching' the range of intensity values it contains to
span a desired range of values. It differs from the more sophisticated histogram
equalization in that it can only apply a linear scaling function to the image pixel
values. As a result the `enhancement' is less harsh.If activated the function
drastically changes the amplitude distribution within the slice. Therefore no
significant statement over the original amplitude distribution is posbbile any more.
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 576

histogram equalization: if a activated a histogram equalization will be applied.

The histogram shows the occurrences of each intensity value in the image.
Histogram equalization is a technique by which the dynamic range of the
histogram of the image is increased. Histogram equalization assigns the intensity
values of pixels in the input image such that the output image contains a uniform
distribution of intensities. It improves contrast and the goal of histogram
equalization is to obtain a uniform histogram. If activated the function drastically
changes the amplitude distribution within the slice. Therefore no significant
statement over the original amplitude distribution is posbbile any more.

median filter: The median filter smooths smallscale heterogeneities but

preserves edges. The filter size must be entered. 3*3 disk/li. and 3*3 disk
includes 5 points, 3*3 square 9 points and 5*5 disk 13 points.

dilation/erosion filter. Dilation and erosion are morphology-based operations.

Dilation, in general, causes objects to dilate or grow in size but also a hole fitting
will be observed. Erosion causes objects to shrink. The combination of both has a
similar effect like the median filter (see picture on the right, left panel original, right
panel effect of dilation/erosion filter).
The filter size must be entered. 3*3 disk/li. and 3*3 disk includes 5 points, 3*3
square 9 points and 5*5 disk 13 points. The filter effect increases with the
filtersize (3*3 disk/lin. has the smallest effect).
The filter is mainly useful for the display of slices.

sharpen edges: if activated an algorithm will

be applied for the plotting which sharpens the
edges of the different elements within each
image. The sharpen strenghts soft and strong
can be entered.

square: if activated the data are squared

when loading. The sign will be preserved and
the resulting amplitudes will be normalized to
the original maximum value. With the option
use mean activated the normalization will be done based on the mean value.
Using the option square allows a higher contrast. High amplitude objects will be
emphazised in comparison to small amplitude reflections/ diffractions.

There exist several possibilities to output the actual cuts: ASCII, Reflexw, GeoTiff
and KML. The option export allows an export of the actual cut into the chosen
format.

ASCII-export: allows to export the current cut to ASCII GRD-format (see also
Dataexport, chap. 1.6). The data are written out sample
after sample (option x-(distance)-direction activated
within chap. 1.6). The second line contains the number of
traces and of samples. The third line contains the start
and end-position in x-direction, the fourth line the start
and end-position in y-direction. Each of the following
lines contains all amplitude values of one y-sample. The
option is only enabled within the scroll mode. The ASCII-filename is automatically
determined from the 3D-datafilename and the current cut. Example:
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 577

3D-datafilename: file01_3D.00t
current cut: x: 0.58
resulting ASCII-filename: file01_3Dx_
0_58.grd

GeoTiff export: allows to export the

current cut to a tiff file together with a
tfw world file. A world file file is a plain
ASCII text file consisting of six values
separated by newlines. The format is:
pixel X size
rotation about the Y axis (usually 0.0)
rotation about the X axis (usually 0.0)
negative pixel Y size
X coordinate of upper left pixel center
Y coordinate of upper left pixel center
The tiff file size corresponds to the
actual window size and the following plotoptions are automatically used:
no axis (plotoption showaxis automatically deactivated)
max. y-value on top (plotoption flip y-axis automatically activated)
A clipboard scale factor is queried. A factor larger than 1 allows you to increase
the size of the bitmap to be transferred and therefore to increase the resolution.
The filename is automatically determined from the 3D-datafilename and the
current cut. Example:
3D-datafilename: file01_3D.00t
current cut: sclice: 0.58
resulting tiff-filename: file01_3Dt_ 0_58.tif
resulting word file: file01_3Dt_ 0_58.tfw

Reflexw 2D-file: generates a Reflex 2D-file of the actual cut. The filename is
automatically determined from the 3D-datafilename and the current cut and will be
stored under the path rohdata under the actual projectdirectory. Example:
3D-datafilename: file01_3D.00t
current cut: x: 0.58
resulting Reflex 2D-filename: file01_3Dx_ 0_58.dat

KML export: allows to export the current timeslice to a KML file for a later use
within Google Earth. Two different creating types are supported:
image overlay: using this type the complete timeslice image will be exported to a
png-file. A clipboard scale factor is queried. A factor larger than 1 allows you to
increase the size of the bitmap to be transferred and therefore to increase the
resolution.
In addition a KML file will be created including the north/south and east/west
corner coordinates and the name of the png-file. The original coordinates can be
given in degrees or in utm-coordinates. In the second case the option
UTMToDegree must be activated and the corresponding UTM-zone must be
entered. The advantage of this type is the small resulting KML filesize. The
disadvantage is that all data including the non measured area will be displayed.
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 578

Create single icons: using this type each point of the timeslice will be exported as
a single icon including the coordinates and the colour corresponding to the actual
colour settings. The icon size can be changed. The original coordinates can be
given in degrees or in utm-coordinates. In the second case the option
UTMToDegree must be activated and the corresponding UTM-zone must be
entered. Activating the option ignore zero values zero values (e.g. data from the
non measured area) will not be taken into account. The disadvantage of this
method is the huge resulting KML filesize and that the icon size is independent
from the Google Earth view point.
In both creating types the KML filename is automatically determined from the 3D-
datafilename and the current cut. Example:
3D-datafilename: file01_3D.00t
current cut: sclice: 0.58
resulting kml-filename: file01_3Dt_ 0_58.kml
resulting png-filename: file01_3Dt_ 0_58.png

automatic: With this option activated

the export is always done if a new cut
will be displayed,. For this possibility
the formats ASCII, Reflexw and PNG
are supported. For example using the
automatic scroll arrows a complete
cut set in one direction can be
exported within one single step. No
scaling factor for the PNG bitmap
export will be asked - therefore the
resulting bitmap file has the same
size as the screen size. The filename
is automatically determined from the
3D-datafilename and the current cut
and will be saved under the path
ASCII under the actual project
directory. Example for the PNG
export:
3D-datafilename: file01_3D.00t
current cut: sclice: 0.58
resulting png-filename: file01_3Dt_ 0_58.png
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 579

shift-3d-cuts: allows to shift

the cuts against each other.
The option might be useful if
the cuts exhibit a special zig-
zag pattern (shift mode set to
shift every 2. cut) due to e.g.
a meandering data
acquisition (see picture on the
right) or an overall shift of
special xy-ranges (shift mode
set to shift every cut). The
zig-zag pattern can only be
removed if no interpolation
has been used when defining
the 3D-datafile.
It is possible to define up to
100 different rectangular xy-
ranges (parameter number)
whereby it is only possible to
restrict the range perpendicular to the direction of the acquired profiles. The shift
is only possible in the direction of the acquired profiles (not perpendicular to
them). The shift will be displayed interactively as soon as any change of the
parameters has been done. For that purpose the data should be displayed using
the slices. It is possible to save the new 3D-datafile using the option analyse/shift-
3D-cuts.
Input parameters:
number: number of the xy-range
Start x-cut or start y-cut: first cut number for the actual xy-range
end x-cut or y-cut: last cut number for the actual xy-range
Shift range: input of the shift range using the given distance dimension.
shit mode: enter whether every 2. cut or every cut shall be shifted starting at start
cut respectively.
The actual shift parameters can be saved on a file shift3DCuts.fil under the
project directory using the option . Those parameters can also be reloaded

using the option .

Using the option analyse/Shift 3D-cuts a new 3D-datafile containing the shifted
cuts can be saved. For that purpose a processing label must be entered. The
option is equivalent to the processing option Shift-3DFile under processing/trace
interpolation within the 2D-dataanalysis which however uses the complete xy-
range for the entered shift parameters.
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 580

Normalize 3d-cuts: allows an

energy normalization for up to
10 different rectangular xy-
ranges. The option might be
reasonably employed if e.g.
the timeslices show distinct
stripe patterns which indicate
different coupling conditions
(see picture on the right).
The energy normalization will
be displayed interactively as
soon as any change of the
parameters has been done.
For that purpose the data
should be displayed using the
slices.
Input paramters:
number: enter the number
(max. 10) of the xy-range to
be normalized
The xy-range is defined within
the editfields min. and max..
The z-range has been set to the max. range by default. It can be decreased for
the normalization based on the constant normalizing factor.
Set to max: set the x/y cuts to the max. values for the actual 3D-profile
constant normalizing factor: one single scaling factor is used for all values
lying within the chosen xy-range. Activating the option generate the scaling factor
will be calculated from the quotient of the overall mean energy value of the 3D-
datafile and the total energy value of the chosen xy-range. The mean energy
values will be determined within the given timewindow (options min/max. z cuts).
The factor can also be be entered (changed) manually.
time-dependent normalizing curve: a timedependent scaling curve will be
calculated from the overall mean envelope curve of the complete 3D-file and the
mean envelope curve of the chosen xy-range using the option generate. The
envelope curves will be determined over the total timerange and summed up over
all traces. Then this mean envelope (energy) curve will be smoothed over the
given timerange (option smooth range)). The option changes the energy
distribution with respect to the timeaxis. For example: if a high reflection energy
area exists within a special timerange within the chosen xy-range the option will
lower the energy within this timerange for this range.
The actual normalize parameters can be saved on a file normalize3DCuts.fil
under the project directory using the option . Those parameters can also be

reloaded using the option .

It is possible to save the new 3D-datafile containing the actual normalize3DCuts

changes using the option analyse/normalize-3D-cuts.
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 581

3.2.1 xyz-cuts
The option xyz-cuts allows different simultaneous display possibilities of the 3
cuts. The actual positions of the other cuts are indicated by a large cross within
each cut.
A fast interactive change of the cuts is done by several mouse actions:
- the mouse wheel can be used in order to go through any of the cuts
- pressing the left mouse button allows to control the other cuts within any cut.

The grouping box allows the following display types:

- by geometry (see picture below). The z-cut (slice) is displayed on the top/left
surrounded by the x- and y-cut using a free of distortion scale. The time axis scale
of the xy-cuts may be adjusted to the xy-scale activating the option time axis free
of distortion.
- by colums/rows (see picture above). The xy-cuts are displayed right to the z-cut
(slice). The time axis scale of the xy-cuts may be adjusted to the xy-scale
activating the option time axis free of distortion.
- by rows/colums (see picture below). The xy-cuts are displayed below the z-cut
(slice). The time axis scale of the xy-cuts may be adjusted to the xy-scale
activating the option time axis free of distortion.
- by colums (see picture below): all three cuts will be displayed within one row
with the z-cut (slice) in the middle
- by rows (see picture below): all three cuts will be displayed within one column
with the z-cut (slice) in the middle

If the option only slices for the smoothing is activated the smooth factor only acts
on the slices and not on the x- and y-cuts.
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 582

Two options control the scale:

xy-cuts free of distortion: if activated the xy-scales are the same. The option is
alway activated for the grouping “by geometry” and “by colums/rows”.
time axis free of distortion: if activated the time axis scale is calculated from the
timerange and the velocity entered for the depth axis within the plotoptions menu.
The option should be activated/deactivated for the grouping “by geometry” if the
axis scales do not fit.

It is possible to change the point of view within all 3 cuts. A large cross shown
within each cut defines the actual positions of the other 2 cuts. In addition a 3D-
sketch is shown within the option panel. Moving the mouse with pressed left
button allows to change the view position of the other 2 cuts. Using the mouse
scroll bar allows to go through the actual cut. With the yellow light option activated
the cut automatically gets the focus when entering it. Otherwise the wanted
trackbar (X, Y or Z) must be chosen or the left mouse button must be clicked
within the wanted cut and the corresponding cut will get the focus.

Pecularity for picking: setting picks is only possible using the right mouse button.
3D-datainterpretation, Scroll 3D-file 583
3D-datainterpretation, Windowing 3D-file 584

3.3 Windowing 3D-file

Using the option "windows" you may display several 2D-cuts of the 3D-cube or
several individual 2D-lines, resp., placed in a freely selectable manner within the
working window. The maximum number of individual images is 25.

The step and smoothing rate may be freely chosen. The program automatically
determines the StepRate from the existing number of 2D-cuts and the maximum
number of windows using the following formula: number of 2D-cuts / 25.

Use the options X-Cuts, Y-Cuts and Slices to determine which 2D-cut of the 3D-
file you want to be shown. With X-Cuts activated all existing cuts perpendicular to
the x-direction may be chosen. With Y-Cuts activated all existing 2D-cuts
perpendicular to the y-direction may be chosen. With Slices activated all existing
2D-cuts along the time-direction may be chosen. The current 2D-cuts within the
total 3D-cube (a 3D-file has been loaded) are shown within the lower image of
the option menu.

replot current 2D-cuts with current zoom parameters

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots the 2D-cuts
enable magnifying glass function
with win: magnifying glass function for the complete data-window the
cursor is placed. The size of the magnifying glass window is
automatically determined from the current zoomfactor and the
size of the data-window.
enable manual zoom - With the option ZOOM an arbitrary area of the 2D-
cuts can be selected and plotted in full screen size. The area to be en-
larged, a rectangle, has to lie within one single 2D-cut. Pressing the left
mouse button you determine a corner of this rectangle and by moving the
mouse with pressed button the desired area is opened. Scrolling is not
possible within the Windows-mode.

The option window combinations allows you to choose the combination of the
windows to be subdivided in horizontal and vertical direction. If you have 20
different cuts to be displayed, you may choose the combination 4/5 - this means
the screen is subdivided into 4 horizontal and 5 vertical cuts.

The options sort by rows and sort by columns define the sorting. With sort by
rows activated the first cuts are displayed within the first row, the next ones within
the second row and so on. With sort by columns activated the first cuts are
displayed within the first column, the next ones within the second column and so
on.

The radio buttons sort by filenames, sort by const.coord. and sort by

prof.coord. specify how the several individual 2D-files are sorted for the display.
If you have loaded a 3d-file, the options are disabled. With sort by filenames
3D-datainterpretation, Windowing 3D-file 585

activated the 2D-files are sorted by files with ascending order. The chosen lines
are alphabetically resorted (sorted with ascending order - see also Generate 3D-
file from 2D-lines). With sort by const.coord. activated the 2D-files are sorted by
the coordinates in profile constant direction with ascending order. With sort by
prof.coord. activated the 2D-files are sorted by the coordinates in profile direction
with ascending order.

If Options is activated the option panel at the left allows you to specify some
display parameters:

With the option show name activated the filename or the current slice is shown at
the top or bottom (flip y axis active) of each cut (line).

free of distortion: activate this option if you want the display of the slices to be
free of distortion, this means the axis in x- and y-direction have the same scale.
The option is only active for slices.

The first two start and end parameters specify the range to be displayed from
left to right. With X-Cuts activated this normally means the y-direction. With Y-
Cuts activated this normally means the x-direction. With Slices activated the
parameters specify the x-direction.

The following two parameters specify the range to be displayed from top to button.
With X-Cuts or Y-Cuts activated this normally means the time range. With Slices
activated the parameters specify the y-direction.

The next two parameters specify the range in scroll direction. With Slices
activated these parameter specify the wanted time range for example.

StepRate: this parameter allows you to change step rate for cutting. Every step
range 2D-cut will be plotted.

smoothing: enter a value for smoothing the data in the cutting direction. A value
of 1 means no smoothing. A value of 2 means that 2D-cuts are summed up and
the mean values are calculated. The smoothing parameter is independent from
the StepRate parameter. The smoothing is done symmetrically in both directions
(half the smoothing value in each direction).

Plot: replot the current 2D-cuts.

There exist some 2D-filter which will be applied onto the actual cuts if activated:

contrast stretching: if activated a contrast stretching will be applied. Contrast

stretching is a simple image enhancement technique that attempts to improve the
contrast in the image by `stretching' the range of intensity values it contains to
span a desired range of values. It differs from the more sophisticated histogram
equalization in that it can only apply a linear scaling function to the image pixel
values. As a result the `enhancement' is less harsh.If activated the function
drastically changes the amplitude distribution within the slice. Therefore no
significant statement over the original amplitude distribution is posbbile any more.
3D-datainterpretation, Windowing 3D-file 586

histogram equalization: if a activated a histogram equalization will be applied.

The histogram shows the occurrences of each intensity value in the image.
Histogram equalization is a technique by which the dynamic range of the
histogram of the image is increased. Histogram equalization assigns the intensity
values of pixels in the input image such that the output image contains a uniform
distribution of intensities. It improves contrast and the goal of histogram
equalization is to obtain a uniform histogram. If activated the function drastically
changes the amplitude distribution within the slice. Therefore no significant
statement over the original amplitude distribution is posbbile any more.

median filter: The median filter smooths smallscale heterogeneities but

preserves edges. The filter size must be entered. 3*3 disk/li. and 3*3 disk
includes 5 points, 3*3 square 9 points and 5*5 disk 13 points.

dilation/erosion filter. Dilation and erosion are morphology-based operations.

Dilation, in general, causes objects to dilate or grow in size but also a hole fitting
will be observed. Erosion causes objects to shrink. The combination of both has a
similar effect like the median filter (see picture on the right, left panel original, right
panel effect of dilation/erosion filter).
The filter size must be entered. 3*3 disk/li. and 3*3 disk includes 5 points, 3*3
square 9 points and 5*5 disk 13 points. The filter effect increases with the
filtersize (3*3 disk/lin. has the smallest effect).
The filter is mainly useful for the display of slices.

sharpen edges: if activated an algorithm will be applied for the plotting which
sharpens the edges of the different elements within each image. The sharpen
strenghts soft and strong can be entered.

square: if activated the data are squared

when loading. The sign will be preserved and
the resulting amplitudes will be normalized to
the original maximum value. With the option
use mean activated the normalization will be
done based on the mean value. Using the
option square allows a higher contrast. High
amplitude objects will be emphazised in
comparison to small amplitude reflections/
diffractions.

There exist one possibility s to output the actual cuts:

GeoTiff export: allows to export the current cut to a tiff file together with a tfw
world file. The x- and y-coordinates within the world file should be ignored either
only one cut has been plotted.The format of the world file is:
pixel X size
rotation about the Y axis (usually 0.0)
rotation about the X axis (usually 0.0)
negative pixel Y size
X coordinate of upper left pixel center
Y coordinate of upper left pixel center
The tiff file size corresponds to the actual window size and the following
plotoptions are automatically used:
3D-datainterpretation, Windowing 3D-file 587

no axis (plotoption showaxis automatically deactivated)

max. y-value on top (plotoption flip y-axis automatically activated)
A clipboard scale factor is queried. A factor larger than 1 allows you to increase
the size of the bitmap to be transferred and therefore to increase the resolution.
The filename is automatically determined from the 3D-datafilename and the last
current cut shown within the window. Example:
3D-datafilename: file01_3D.00t
last current cut: sclice: 0.58
resulting tiff-filename: file01_3Dt_ 0_58.tif
resulting word file: file01_3Dt_ 0_58.tfw

shift-3d-cuts: new option which allows to shift the cuts against each other. The
option might be useful if the cuts exhibit a special zig-zag pattern (shift mode set
to shift every 2. cut) due to e.g. a meandering data acquisition (see picture on the
right) or an overall shift of special xy-ranges (shift mode set to shift every cut). The
zig-zag pattern can only be removed if no interpolation has been used when
defining the 3D-datafile.
It is possible to define up to 100 different rectangular xy-ranges (parameter
number) whereby it is only possible to restrict the range perpendicular to the
direction of the acquired profiles. The shift is only possible in the direction of the
acquired profiles (not perpendicular to them). The shift will be displayed
interactively as soon as any change of the parameters has been done. For that
purpose the data should be displayed using the slices. It is possible to save the
new 3D-datafile using the
option analyse/shift-3D-cuts.
Input parameters:
number: number of the xy-
range
Start x-cut or start y-cut: first
cut number for the actual xy-
range
end x-cut or y-cut: last cut
number for the actual xy-
range
Shift range: input of the shift
range using the given
distance dimension.
shit mode: enter whether
every 2. cut or every cut
shall be shifted starting at
start cut respectively.
The actual shift parameters
can be saved on a file
shift3DCuts.fil under the project directory using the option . Those

parameters can also be reloaded using the option .

Using the option analyse/Shift 3D-cuts a new 3D-datafile containing the shifted
cuts can be saved. For that purpose a processing label must be entered. The
option is equivalent to the processing option Shift-3DFile under processing/trace
interpolation within the 2D-dataanalysis which however uses the complete xy-
range for the entered shift parameters.
3D-datainterpretation, Windowing 3D-file 588

Normalize 3d-cuts: allows an

energy normalization for up to
10 different rectangular xy-
ranges. The option might be
reasonably employed if e.g.
the timeslices show distinct
stripe patterns which indicate
different coupling conditions
(see picture on the right).
The energy normalization will
be displayed interactively as
soon as any change of the
parameters has been done.
For that purpose the data
should be displayed using the
slices.
Input paramters:
number: enter the number
(max. 10) of the xy-range to
be normalized
The xy-range is defined within
the editfields min. and max..
The z-range has been set to the max. range by default. It can be decreased for
the normalization based on the constant normalizing factor.
Set to max: set the x/y cuts to the max. values for the actual 3D-profile
constant normalizing factor: one single scaling factor is used for all values
lying within the chosen xy-range. Activating the option generate the scaling factor
will be calculated from the quotient of the overall mean energy value of the 3D-
datafile and the total energy value of the chosen xy-range. The mean energy
values will be determined within the given timewindow (options min/max. z cuts).
The factor can also be be entered (changed) manually.
time-dependent normalizing curve: a timedependent scaling curve will be
calculated from the overall mean envelope curve of the complete 3D-file and the
mean envelope curve of the chosen xy-range using the option generate. The
envelope curves will be determined over the total timerange and summed up over
all traces. Then this mean envelope (energy) curve will be smoothed over the
given timerange (option smooth range)). The option changes the energy
distribution with respect to the timeaxis. For example: if a high reflection energy
area exists within a special timerange within the chosen xy-range the option will
lower the energy within this timerange for this range.
The actual normalize parameters can be saved on a file normalize3DCuts.fil
under the project directory using the option . Those parameters can also be

reloaded using the option .

It is possible to save the new 3D-datafile containing the actual normalize3DCuts

chnges using the option analyse/shift-3D-cuts.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-cube display 589

3.4 3D-cube display

Using the option “3D-cube” allows the three-dimensional plotting of the currently
loaded 3D-file within predefinable spatial limits (options xmin,..,zmax) and an
arbitrarily definable observation point (x°, y° and z°). Thus you have the possibility
to look at the cube from different angles, e.g. from the front side, the back side or
from the top. The rotation is done interactively using the scroll bars.
To be considered: The directions of the x-, y- and z-axis do not follow the right
hand rule because the z-axis points from top to bottom in positive direction. With
the option flip z-axis activated the direction of the z-axis may be flipped. Then the
z-axis points from bottom to bottom in positive direction. This also changes the
orientation of the x- and
y-axis. If you rotate the
cube by 180° in x-
direction the z-axis has
again the same direction
( from top to bottom in
positive direction) but
the x- and y-axis are
exchanged (see picture
on the right). If the
option flip z-axis will be
changed the rotation
angles will be set on
default values.

All three axis are automatically labelled. The scaling may be changed within the
plotoptions using manual scaling and entering a new label increment for the
different axis.

The option black background allows to choose a black background for the 3D-
cube display.

By default the size of the cube depends on the number of points in the 3 different
directions x, y and z (the z-direction is normally the time-direction). The size of the
axis may be changed individually (options scaleX, scaleY and scaleZ - linear
interpolation is done) and jointly (option magnification - no interpolation is done).
Increasing the magnification does not coincide with an increase of the needed
computer-time whereas increasing the scaleX, scaleY or scaleZ values leads to a
significant increase of the computer-time.

These options allow the saving of the current 3D-cube display

parameters(angles and scaling values and the magnification) and to read
them from the disk (filename cube3Dpar.txt under the actual project
directory).

When changing any of the parameters mentioned above the cube frame is always
plotted in order to have an immediate control on the current settings.

You may select if only the front or back planes of the data cube are displayed
(options front and back) or the full 3D-data volume (option full). In addition you
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-cube display 590

only may select single cuts (option single) and scroll (option scroll) through the
cube in one distinct direction.

It is possible to restrict the datavalue range to be considered. Within the value

range radiobox you may select if all data points (parameter all activated) or if only
a special datavalue range (parameter inside or outside or picks activated) is
considered. The datavalue range is defined within the editfields min. and max..
With the parameter inside activated all data values lying inbetween the specified
min. and max. value are considered. With the parameter outside activated all data
values lying outside of the specified min. and max. value are considered. With
picks activated only these datapoints of the actual 3D-file will be plotted for which
picks have been loaded (see also chap. 3.8.1). The option fill traces allows you
to avoid gaps because of missing pick traces. Enter here a number of traces to be
filled around the found pick trace, for example a value of 2 or 3 if small gaps are
present.

The parameter fill scale (%) allows you to control the filling of the cuts. The option
is not available for the full plot mode. By default the value is set to 100 %. The
value range is restricted between 100 and 200 %.
It might happen that certain parts of a cut may not fully be covered by the used
interpolation scheme. This results in white points normally arranged in a distinct
pattern. In this case you may increase the fill scale parameter in order to avoid
this problem. To be considered: Increasing the fill scale parameter results in a
decrease of the resolution.

The option hide controls if not visible parts of profiles are covered (option
activated) or not (option deactivated). With the option deactivated the max.
amplitude value will be displayed.

The option update controls if the cube display is always updated when changing
a parameter like roatation degree or scaling.

The option plot enables the plotting of the 3D-data volume based on the current
settings.

With the option front activated only the front planes of the data cube are
displayed when pressing the plot option.
In addition you may activate the cube cutting using the option active. The
cornerpoint which serves as the starting point for a cutting out of the cube will be
automatically determined dependent from the actual rotation of the cube if the
option keep corner point is deactivated. With keep corner point active the actual
corner point will be kept. It is recommended to deactivate this option at the
beginning. The corner point is shown as a red circle. When displaying the data It
is only shown if the option show border is active.
The size of this cube sector in the 3 directions (options x, y and z) can be
changed individually or jointly (option synchronize activated). With the option
synchronize activated the size in the other 2 directions are automatically
changed when changing the size of any direction. The option set to 0 resets the
size to 0 and set to max. sets the size to the individual max. values. You can also
use the cube cutting in order to scroll through the cube in combination with the
display of the visible front or background planes. Example: use the option set to
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-cube display 591

max. and deactivate synchronize. Then you may change the z-size in order to
scroll in z-direction.

With the option back activated only the back planes of the data cube are
displayed when pressing the plot option.
In addition you may activate the cube cutting using the option active. The
cornerpoint which serves as the starting point for a cutting out of the cube will be
automatically determined dependent from the actual rotation of the cube if the
option keep corner point is deactivated. With keep corner point active the actual
corner point will be kept. It is recommended to deactivate this option at the
beginning. The corner point is shown as a red circle. When displaying the data It
is only shown if the option show border is active.
The size of this cube sector in the 3 directions (options x, y and z) can be
changed individually or jointly (option synchronize activated). With the option
synchronize activated the size in the other 2 directions are automatically
changed when changing the size of any direction. The option set to 0 resets the
size to 0 and set to max. sets the size to the individual max. values. You can also
use the cube cutting in order to scroll through the cube in combination with the
display of the visible front or background planes. Example: use the option set to
max. and deactivate synchronize. Then you may change the z-size in order to
scroll in z-direction.
With the option view contour activated the contours of the cut planes are
displayed in addition.

With the option single activated it is possible to plot any combination of x-,y- or z-
cuts. You may enter single numbers separated by commas, blocks with dash or
combination of the two (e.g. 5,6,7,10-20). The option step is used when the cuts
are defined using numbers separated by a dash (e.g. 10-20, step rate: 2 - the
following cuts are plotted: 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20).

With the option scroll activated it is possible to continuously move through the
3D-cube either in x-, y- or z-direction using the track bar. The scroll rate is freely
selectable.
The control panel below the track bar allows an automatic scrolling through the
3D-cube:
scroll to smaller cuts
stop scrolling
scroll to higher cuts

Use the options X-Cuts, Y-Cuts and Slices in the upper control panel to
determine which 2D-cut of the 3D-file you want to scroll. With X-Cuts activated all
existing cuts perpendicular to the x-direction may be chosen. With Y-Cuts
activated all existing 2D-cuts perpendicular to the y-direction may be chosen.
With Slices activated all existing 2D-cuts along the time-(z-
)direction may be chosen.
It is possible to plot a “background” in addition. For that purpose
you may define any x-, y- or z-cuts.You may enter single
numbers separated by commas, blocks with dash or combination
of the two (e.g. 5,6,7,10-20) - see also option single.
With the option switch mode activated the last chosen cut will
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-cube display 592

be kept if switched to another cut set (example swith from X-Cuts to Y-Cuts) . The
option allows an easy detailed 3D-check with crossing cuts.
With the option view contour activated the contours of the individuals slices are
displayed in addition.

With the option full activated all the data of the 3D-cube are displayed. With the
option show processing box deactivated the processing status window
indicating the status of the rendering will not be shown. With the option use
envelope data activated the envelope data are used for the full display in the
case of “enevlope timeslices only” used within the Ref3DProcessingForm. If
deactivated the “normal” data are used. Within the select interpol.direction box
you may define the interpolation direction for the 3D-full cube display.There are
two possibilities to plot the whole data:

1. With the option hide activated and a threshold chosen, the data with having
firstly an amplitude higher than the chosen threshold and secondly the
smallest distance to the observation point will be plotted: By this means a
possibility is given to "look through" certain parts of the 3D-data volume,
whose amplitude values are smaller than the chosen threshold value.
Using the option shading in addition a shading algorithm is used to give
certain objects a contour. Shading is based on the spatial derivatives of the
distances from the observation point. Data points with a small change rate are
lightened whereas data points with a high rate are darkened. The min. and
max. change rates are taken from the data. In many cases some very high
change rates will occur. Therefore filtering of the change rates is necessary
(box use filter for shading). You may choose between no (no filtering), sqrt
(square root), ln (natural logarithm) or median (the max. value is restricted to
twice the median), which is the standard filter option.
To display the data, it is possible to use the current color palette together
with a contrast value or a gray, blue or red shade palette from bright to dark.
If you are using the gray shade palette the data points with the smallest
distance change rates are white and the data points with the highest change
rates are black. If you are using the current color palette you must enter the
contrast value. The color associated with the current data point is brightened
or darkened according to the relative change rate and the entered contrast.
The max. contrast value is 255.
2. With the option hide deactivated the maximum amplitude will be plotted by
taking into consideration only the chosen threshold and not the distances to
the observation point. Therefore, no shading is possible in this case.
For instance, this option can be used to "cut open" line or point diffractors,
respectively, in migrated data. Assuming that the energy increases up to the
middle of the diffractor and then decreases again, a point diffractor, e.g., will
be displayed in plane view (x-y-plane, e.g.) as concentric circles with
increasing amplitudes up to the middle.

The other parameters like envelope, absolute values,..., are described under
Scroll 3D-File (chap. 3.2).
3D-datainterpretation, 3D-cube display 593

indiv. cut:
the option allows the definition and the display of an individual cut. The definition
is done by defining 3 points of the plane. The definition is given in samples in x-,
y- and z-direction. The corresponding coordinates are automatically updated
below as well as the dip and the azimuth. The azimuth is calculated from the
intersection of the plane with the xy-plane and the x-direction. Activating the
option generate shows the actual cut plane within the sketch cube. If automatic
is active the sketch cube will
be updated automatically
when changing any cut point.
The individual cut will be
plotted into the 3D-cube
using the option plot with the
3D-cube plotoption full
activated. The actual
parameters will be saved
after having closed the
indiv.cut menu (option close).
Normally the gridded
datapoints do not exactly fall
into the chosen plane.
Therefore adjacent
datapoints next to the plane
must be taken into account in
addition. The size of region is
defined by the parameter fill
scale (%). If set to 100
datapoints which are next to
the chosen plane by half of
the gridincrement are used. Increasing
this value takes more datapoints into
account. If the cut is not fully filled (see
picture on the right) increase this
value.until the filling is complete. The
necessary fille scale value also depends
on the actual display view.
The option Reflex2D-file generates a
Reflex 2D_file of the actual cut. Again the
fille scale (%) must be adapted. In many
cases a smaller value is sufficient
(decrase the value if the 2D-file contains
too many traces). The filename is
automatically determined from the 3D-
datafilename and the current dip and azimuth and will be stored under the path
rohdata under the actual projectdirectory. Example:
3D-datafilename: raw_mid_0_5.DAT
dip: 90° and azimuth: 32.211 °
resulting Reflex 2D-filename: raw_mid_0_5_90_000_32_2111.DAT
If the wanted cuts have the same dip and azimuth you must rename the 2D-files
manually.
3D-datainterpretation, Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines 594

3.5 Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines

The option allows to construct a 3D-datafile either

from equidistant parallel 2D-lines without
interpolation or from 2D-lines freely orientated
within one acquisition plane using a weighted
interpolation.

The filename of the resulting 3D-file must be

entered under 3D-filename. The 3D-datafile is
stored under the path ROHDATA under the
projectdirectory.

The option load 2D-files allows to specify the

wanted 2D-files for the generation of the 3D-file. You must choose the original
data path (either rawdata or procdata) and afterwards you must select the wanted
2D-files.

The option Show lines allows to displays the xy-geometry of 2D-lines currently
loaded.

The option 2D-lines statistics opens a new window where the currently loaded
2D-lines may be analysed in
different ways. One useful
application of the option might be a
check of the energy homogeneity
between the different 2D-lines, e.g.
if an antenna array has been used
for acquiring parallel 2D-lines. It
also may serve as an ovnerall
overview about the amplitude
distribution, e.g. before generating a
3D-datafile for which the datavalues
should not exceed a value of 32000
(16 bit integer limitation).
3D-datainterpretation, Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines 595

The parameter type of interpolation defines which type of interpolation is used.

After having chosen equidistant parallel

2D-lines without interpolation the 3D-file is
generated from equidistant parallel 2D-lines.
Precondition is the same traceincrement and
timeincrement for all 2D-lines.

The line-increment specifies the increment

between successive parallel lines in the given
distance dimension of the 2D-lines.
The radio buttons sort by filenames and sort by
coordinates specify how the 2D-files are sorted
for the generation of the 3D-file.
With sort by filenames activated the 2D-files are sorted by files with ascending
order. The chosen lines are alphabetically resorted (sorted with ascending order -
see also Import ConversionMode). Problems may occur if the files don't have the
same length (e.g. file1, file2,..., file11). In this case the chosen files are resorted in
the following manner: file1, file11, file2, .... Please take care that all original
filenames have the same length - for example: file01, file02, ..., file11. The
coordinates are redefined based on the entered line-increment and the profile
constant start-coordinate of the first chosen line (after alphabetical resorting). The
start coordinate in profile direction of each 2D-line is taken into account. For this
purpose the minimum start coordinate of all 2D-lines is calculated and zero traces
are inserted for those 2D-lines which start coordinate is larger than this minimum
coordinate. All other previously entered coordinates of the 2D-lines are of no
importance.
With sort by coordinates activated the 2D-files are sorted by the coordinates in
profile constant direction with ascending order.

A 3D-data file consisting of equidistant parallel lines (sorted by filenames) may

also be constructed directly during the data import (- see also Import
ConversionMode - option combine lines/shots).
3D-datainterpretation, Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines 596

After having chosen use interpolation scheme for freely orientated 2D-lines
you may construct a 3D-file from freely orientated 2D-lines analogous to the
generation of single timeslices (see also Generate single timeslices).

The parameters within the 3D-coordinates group box allow the settings of the
raster.
The parameters XStart, XEnd, YStart and YEnd specify the range coordinates
within the dataacquisition plane for the computation of the 3D-data cube. The
dimension complies with the distance dimension of the individual 2D-profiles. This
has to be the same for all profiles, of course. To be considered: The program
uses 32 bit floating point representation for these values. Therefore if very high
values are entered (e.g. values like 40000000) a warning message appears that
the data might be smoothed.
The next two parameters XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement specify the
grid interval of the two coordinate axes spanning the plane in the given distance
dimension. This grid interval determines the discretization of the 3D-data cube
and thus also the size of the file. In both coordinate directions the max. number of
points can be 2048. A
useful value for both
XRasterincrement
and YRasterincre-
ment is the trace
increment used for
the individual
2D-profiles but it
might be that a
greater value must be
used (e.g. if the
resulting 3D data-
volume becomes too
big).
The next two
parameters
XInterpolation and
YInterpolation define
the inter-polation area
in the given distance
dimension. Due to the
specification of the
interpolation range in
the two directions for
each discrete point of
the timeslice a
rectangle is opened.
All points of the
individual 2D-profiles,
falling in this
rectangle, are
considered and the
distance to the Sketch of a data acquisition and a subsequent 3D-block
discrete point is generation with extremely distriubted 2D-lines and very large
determined. The interpolation range
3D-datainterpretation, Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines 597

individual amplitude values from the desired time range (see below) are weighted
according to the distance, summed and assigned to the discrete point. To
guarantee a complete filling of the 3D-data cube, the interpolation in x- or
y-direction has to comply with the greatest occurring distance between two data
points in the corresponding direction. The parameter interpol.weight allows to
specify the type of the interpolation weight. Using linear weight means that the
values are weighted according to the distance, using square weight means that
the values are weighted according to the square of the distance.
The option data scaling allows to enter a scaling factor with which the resulting
3D-datafile values will be multiplied. This might be necessary because during the
3D-datafile generation the data will be stored as 16 bit integer values and
consequently may fall out of the binary data represention if the original data
exhibit small (e.g. smaller than 1) or very large values (greater than 32000). A
corresponding data scaling value (greater 1 for small original data values and
smaller 1 for great original data values) can be used in order to rescale the data in
order to be able to be represented as 16 bit integer.

The option min/max. xy coord. allows to extract the Xstart, Xend, Ystart and
Yend coordinates from the file- or traceheaders of the loaded 2D-files depending
on the setting of the sorting option. The min./max. coordinates exactly define the
borders of the acquisition area. Therefore it might be useful to extend these
values a little bit.

The parameters within the timerange/sorting group box allow the settings of the
timerange and the sorting.
The parameter time end specifies the timerange for the 3D-data cube. The time
always starts at 0. Therefore all 2D-lines also should start at time 0 (time begin
must be 0, if not please use the processing option move starttime for the 2D-lines
before). The parameter timeincrement scale allows to use a different timestep
for the 3D-data. The timeincrement scale is a multiplication factor for the original
time step within the 2D-data. It should be set to values greater than 1 if the step
within the 2D-data is quite small and the sample number quite high.
The parameter sorting determines the sorting of the profiles entering the
computation of the time slices. Four different sortings are possible:
fileheader coordinates - the program takes the current trace coordinate from the
profile headers (x, y, z begin - and end coordinates, profile direction and profile
constant). This sorting is recommended if zero-offset profiles are used for time
slice computations (normally the case for GPR-measurements).
Receiver coordinates - the current coordinate is read from the receiver
coordinates of the individual traces (see also trace header Edit).
midpoint coordinates - the current coordinate is calculated from the shot and
receiver coordinates of the trace header (midpoint between shot and geophone -
see also trace header Edit).
CMP coordinates- the current coordinate is taken from the CMP-coordinates of
the trace header (see also trace header Edit).

The traceheaders of the resulting 3D-file contain the new coordinates except the
option update traceheader coordinates has been deactivted when using the
type of interpolation “equidistant parallel 2D-lines without interpolation”. In this
case the old traceheader coordinates will be kept.
3D-datainterpretation, Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines 598

After having chosen use independent interpolation scheme for pure x- and
y-2D-lines you may construct a 3D-file
from 2D-lines which are purely or nearly
purely distributed along the x- and y-
axis. Using this option allows a much
better generation of a complete 3D-file
from crossing lines.
The input parameters are the same as
for the type use interpolation scheme
for freely orientated 2D-lines except
the option apply mean filter in time-
direction which allows a smoothing in
time direction. The smoothing value is
given in samples (+- samples symmetric
around actual point). This smoothing
prevents the destroy of the smoothed
signal form when adding two traces at the crossing points.
The following example shows the comparison of different 3D-datasets:
- upper left: overlay of two 3D-datasets which have been created only from x- and
y-scans
- upper right: 3D-data created from both x- and y-scans using the type “use
independent interpolation scheme for pure x- and y-2D-lines” with activated option
apply mean filter with a size of 4 samples
- lower left: 3D-data created from both x- and y-scans using the type “use
independent interpolation scheme for pure x- and y-2D-lines” with deactivated
option apply mean filter
- lower right: 3D-data created from both x- and y-scans using the type “use
interpolation scheme for freely distributed 2D-lines”. For the input x- and y-scans
the envelope data had been used.

The comparison shows that the

3D-file created using the type
“use independent interpolation
scheme for pure x- and
y-2D-lines” with activated option
apply mean filter is comparable
to the overlaid independent 3D-
datasets which serves as the
reference (upper pictures). A
smoothing in time direction is
necessary (lower left panel
without smoothing). The overall
interpolation not taken into
account the original profile
direction (lower right panel) gives
a much worser result even it the
original data are available as
envelope data.
3D-datainterpretation, Generate single timeslices 599

3.6 Generate single timeslices

The computation of timeslices (C-scans) allows the representation of

equitemporal amplitude values. The precondition is a full coverage of the
investigation area. The 2D-profiles entering the calculation have to originate all
from one plane and must be static corrected. The profiles can have arbitrary
orientations. Gaps between the profiles are filled by a corresponding interpolation.

To be considered: The amplitudes are rescaled during the calculation of the

timeslices depending on the current interpolation and summing parameters. If you
wish to compare different timeslices with respect to the amplitudes, all timeslices
have to be calculated using the same parameters (raster increment, interpolation
points and time range, which is used for the summing).

The parameters within the coordinates group box allow the settings of the
timeslice raster.
The parameters XStart, XEnd, YStart and YEnd specify the range coordinates
within the dataacquisition plane for the computation of the timeslice. The
dimension complies with the distance dimension of the individual 2D-profiles. This
has to be the same for all profiles, of course. To be considered: The program
uses 32 bit floating point representation for these values. Therefore if very high
values are entered (e.g. values like 40000000) a warning message appears that
the data might be smoothed.
The next two parameters XRasterincrement and YRasterincrement specify the
grid interval of the two coordinate axes spanning the plane. This grid interval
determines the discretization of the time slice and thus also the size of the file. In
the second coordinate direction (in this example the y-coordinate) the number of
points can be 16384 maximum, in the first coordinate direction 64000. A useful
value for both XRaster and YRaster is the trace increment used for the individual
2D-profiles.
The next two parameters XInterpolation and YInterpolation define the
interpolation area in the given distance dimension. Due to the specification of the
interpolation range in the two directions for each discrete point of the timeslice a
rectangle is opened. All points of the individual 2D-profiles, falling in this
rectangle, are considered and the distance to the discrete point is determined.
The individual amplitude values from the desired time range (see below) are
weighted according to the distance, summed and assigned to the discrete point.
To guarantee a complete filling, the interpolation in x- or y-direction has to comply
with the greatest occurring distance between two data points in the corresponding
direction. The parameter interpol.weight allows to specify the type of the
interpolation weight. Using linear weight means that the values are weighted
according to the distance, using square weight means that the values are
weighted according to the square of the distance.
With the option interpolate for pure x-and y-lines activated the choosen 2D-
lines are assumed to be purely or nearly purely distributed along the x- and y-axis.
In this case the interpolation will be done within 2 steps. The first interpolation is
only done in x-direction for the profiles orientated into the y-direction. The second
interpolation is only done in y-direction for the profiles orientated into the x-
direction. Afterwards both datasets will be added.
3D-datainterpretation, Generate single timeslices 600

The parameters within the timerange/sorting group box allow the settings of the
timerange and the sorting.
The parameters time begin, time end and number of slices specify the time
range(s) for which the time slice(s) is (are) computed. With the setting of number
of slices the number of time slices to be computed with the above spatial
parameters is determined. With the number of time slices to be computed the
temporal range specification (time begin to time end) is divided into a
corresponding number of equidistant intervals for which the time slice calculation
is performed. The first computation begins at time begin and ends at time
begin+(time end - time begin) divided by the number of time slices. The
computation of the next time slice begins at the end of the first and so on. The
time dimension has to be identical for all profiles.

The parameter summing determines how the time samples within the predefined
time range are summed. You have the possibility of a summation of absolute
amplitudes or of true amplitudes or no summing or of choosing the max. absolute
amplitude value within the timerange. The summing of absolute amplitudes or
choosing the max. absolute amplitude is recommended, if the summation range is
larger than half a wave length and/or the arrivals cannot be static corrected
exactly. No summing means that for each time sample within the given time range
an individual timeslice will be created. The parameter number of slices has no
meaning in this case.
The parameter sorting determines the sorting of the profiles entering the
computation of the time slices. Four different sortings are possible:
fileheader coordinates - the program takes the current trace coordinate from the
profile headers (x, y, z begin - and end coordinates, profile direction and profile
constant). This sorting is recommended if zero-offset profiles are used for time
slice computations (normally the case for GPR-measurements).
Receiver coordinates - the current coordinate is read from the receiver
coordinates of the individual traces (see also trace header Edit).
midpoint coordinates - the current coordinate is calculated from the shot and
receiver coordinates of the trace header (midpoint between shot and geophone -
see also trace header Edit).
CMP coordinates- the current coordinate is taken from the CMP-coordinates of
the trace header (see also trace header Edit).
With the option use envelope activated the envelope will be used for the
generation of the timeslices.

The option load 2D-files allows to specify the wanted 2D-files for the calculation
of the timeslices.The maximum number of 2D-files is restricted by the system
(about 1000 files). This number is not exact and therefore no warning message
appears.
The option load from ASCII allows to specify the wanted 2D-datafiles within a
separate ASCII-file. Each line of the ASCII-file contains the name of the 2D-
datafile without the filepath. The complete filename of each 2D-datafile is given by
the current project directory, the chosen filepath (procdata or rawdata) and the
filename stored within the ASCII-file. This option overcomes the problem with
specifying more than about 1000 2D-files using the option load 2D-files.
The option min/max. xy coord. allows to extract the Xstart, Xend, Ystart and
Yend coordinates from the file- or traceheaders of the loaded 2D-files depending
on the setting of the sorting option. The min./max. coordinates exactly define the
3D-datainterpretation, Generate single timeslices 601

borders of the acquisition area. Therefore it might be useful to extend these

values a little bit.

The parameter filename specif. is used for the naming of the computed time
slice.
manual /automatic1: the naming is based both on the manually entered
filename and an automatically determined part. For the manual name up to 30
characters are permitted. If you use less than 2 characters, the name is filled with
'_'. The following 6 digits are taken from the time range beginning of each time
slice. Based on the max. traveltime of the original data a multiplication factor
1,10,100 or 1000 is calculated in order to fill out completely the four digits. The
greatest power of ten of the current time coordinate is multiplied by this factor.
Thereby it is possible to take into account timeslices with starting times differing
from each other only slightly (e.g. 4.5 and 4.7 nsec).

manual /automatic2: the naming is based both on the manually entered

filename and an automatically determined part. For the manual name up to 28
characters are permitted. If you use less than 2 characters, the name is filled with
'_'. The following 6 digits are taken from the time range beginning of each time
slice. Based on the max. traveltime of the original data a multiplication factor
1,10,100 or 1000 is calculated in order to fill out completely the four digits. The
greatest power of ten of the current time coordinate is multiplied by this factor.
Thereby it is possible to take into account timeslices with starting times differing
from each other only slightly (e.g. 4.5 and 4.7 nsec). The 7th and 8th digit of the
name are according to the file number, as explained under automatic name.

automatic name: the automatic file naming is used. The temporal beginning of
each time slice is used for the 2.-6. digit analogous to the manual naming. The 1.
character is a 'T'. The 7th and 8th digits of the name are determined by the so
called file number.
The timeslice is saved within the directory Procdata and automatically receives
the processing label 0.
Example for automatic naming:
settings: time begin: 100 msec, max. time for calculation of timeslices: 500,
number: 0 - time slice receives the name TP100000.00T (data file) and
TP100000.00R (profile header file) and is saved in the directory Procdata.
Example for manual naming:
settings: time begin: 5 nsec, max.time: 50 nsec, FileName: Test - time slice
receives the name Test0500.00T (data file) and Test0500.00R (profile header file)
and is stored in the directory Procdata.

: Enter this option, if you want to change the plot parameters and to save
them in the fileheader of each current timeslice.

The following options control the generation of an optional additional geotiff file:
create Geotiff files: generates a tiff file together with a tfw world file containing
the coordinates.
no timeslices .files: no timeslice file will be generated. This is only useful if
create Geotiff files has been activated
full screen for geotiff: the normal size of the tiff file corrsponds to the size of the
picture above. If full screen for geotiff has been activated the full size of the
3D-datainterpretation, Generate single timeslices 602

GenerateTmeslices window will be used for the tiff file. This allows a higher
resolution.
plotscale: enter the plotscale for the display of the timeslice. If a Geotiff file will
be generated the plotscale must be correctly entered here because the bitmap
cannot be changed afterwards.

save: saves the current timeslice parameters on an ASCII-file with the extension
tsl. If create Geotiff files has been activated a geotiff file (extension tif) togehter
with a world file (extension tfw) will be saved under the directory ASCII in addtion.

load: loads previously saved timeslice parameters from an ASCII-file with the
extension tsl

create: start the calculation of the timeslices.

batch create: batch start for the calculation of the timeslices. Precondition is that
different timelice parameter ASCII-files (see option save) have been created
before. In order to discriminate the individual filenames of the timeslices it is
recommended to use the filename specif. manual/automatic. Of course the
manual filenames have to be defined within the ASCII-timeslices parameter file
before. After having activated the option the timeclisceparameters ASCII-files are
queried (multiple file choice possible). All timeslices are calculated for the current
chosen set of 2D-files.

showlines: show the 2D-lines currently loaded.

3.6.1 Timeslice calculation example

The measured area has a size of 50(x)*40(y) meter. 20 parallel 2D-lines with a
length of 50 meter in x-direction and an offset in y-direction from each other of 0,5
meter have been acquired. The recorded time length is 50 nsec. The trace
increment within each 2D-line is 0,05 meter.
Timeslices are to be calculated based on the following parameters:
x-start: 0
x-end: 50
y-start: 0
y-end: 40
XRasterincrement: 0.05
YRasterincrement: 0.05
XInterpolation: 0.05
YInterpolation: 0.50
time begin: 0
time end: 50
number of slices: 20
sorting: fileheader coordinates
summing: absolute amplitude
filename specif.: automatic name
filename:
filenumber: 0
3D-datainterpretation, Generate single timeslices 603

20 different timeslices are calculated. Each timeslice is summed over a time

range of 2,5 nsec. The number of interpolationpoints in y-direction is greater than
in x-direction because of the big offset between each parallel profile of 0,5 meter.
0.5 meter is the minimum value in order to completely fill the measured area. It is
also possible to enter greater values for the interpolation, because the
interpolation is based on a weighted summation. The following values are also
useful:
XInterpolation: 0.1
YInterpolation: 1.0
3D-datainterpretation, Generate single timeslices 604

3.6.2 Timeslice calculation overview

The computation of timeslices (C-scans) allows the 2-dimensional representation
of amplitude values at equal times. The precondition is a full coverage of the
investigation area.

The computation of time slices is performed within the module 3D-

datainterpretation using the option Generate single timeslices within the 3D-File
MenuItem.

The time slice allows to recognize reflecting elements lying in one depth (time).
The profiles entering the calculation all have to originate from one plane and a
static correction has to be performed. Before the computation of the time slice the
desired profiles have to be selected interactively from the profile location map.
The profiles can have arbitrary orientations. The plane can represent either the x-
y, the x-z or the y-z-plane. In the following we restrict ourselves to the x-y-plane
for the description. For the other planes the equivalent applies.
The geometrical location of the profiles is determined by the defined coordinates,
i.e. by the start coordinate in profile direction, the trace increment, the start
coordinate in the direction of the profile constant, and the end coordinate in the
direction of the profile constant. Normally the x-axis or the y-axis should comply
with the profile direction. "Oblique" profiles, i.e. profiles that do not lie along an
axis, nevertheless can be introduced into the computation of the time slices. The
program refers to the coordinate specifications, then.
For the computation of the time slices first the extension and the gridding of the
region for the time slice in x- and y-direction have to be specified. In the first step
the program determines for all selected profiles the amplitude values pertaining to
the selected time range and assigns them to the corresponding grid point. If
several values fall on one grid point (e.g. in the crossing point of single profiles),
the mean value is calculated. If the preset grid interval is smaller than the
distance between the profiles and/or the trace interval within the profiles, these
gaps are filled by an appropriate interpolation. For this you have to specify the
interpolation range in x- and y-direction. Thus, around each grid point within the
plane a rectangle of the size x-points*y-points is put and all amplitude values
within this rectangle are weighted according to their distance to the current grid
point and then summed. The result is a more or less smoothed (according to the
set rectangle) area-covering representation of equitemporal amplitude values.
Normally, it is recommended not to compute the time slice only for one single time
sample but to average over a certain time range (approx. 1/4 wave length), since
because of velocity fluctuations in the upper layers the arrival times of a reflection
from profile to profile are often submitted to certain fluctuations.
The time slices are stored in the same format as the "normal" sections, so that
any data processing and visualization possibilities can be applied. If you view the
time slice as a profile, the position of the profile is rotated against the "normal"
zero-offset profiles. Per definition for each computed time slice for the profile
direction the x-axis is set as well as for the profile constant the z-axis is set.
"Time" corresponds to the y-axis. Of course, this only applies to zero-offset
profiles in the x-z-plane. The other planes are treated analogously.
The time slices can be constructed either from parallel profiles or from profiles
crossing each other, as it is usual, e.g. for GPR investigations, or from any traces
located in the plane, which originate from special shot-receiver-geometries. For
sorting (geometry) the data the program can either access the coordinate values
3D-datainterpretation, Generate single timeslices 605

saved in the header or the shot and receiver coordinates stored in the trace
header (if these exist - check over HeaderInfo in Data processing). For equidistant
zero-offset-profiles one would normally use the header coordinates.
3D-datainterpretation, view 3D-cube 606

3.7 view fast data cube display

The option fast data cube display under view within the 3D-datainterpretation
opens the fast 3D- cube window which allows you a 3D-view of the currently
loaded 3D-file. It supports an interactive rotation of the 3D cube. The rotation can
be achieved either by mouse interaction or by using scroll bars. The data can be
viewed from any direction and can be zoomed.

It is possible to bring this window to the front by pressing the right mouse button
within the data window of the 3D-datainterpretation.

For the fast data cube display first the data are rescaled and loaded into an
internal buffer. Then the data are ready for the display and the rotation. The time
needed for the rotation or the display depends on the size of the 3D-data volume
and on the complexity of the display, i.e. the number of different colors. Therefore
you have different possibilities to restrict the total number of datapoints to be
displayed (e.g. amplitude threshold, definition of the polarity and defining the
max.nr. of points).

All three axis of the 3D-cube have the same length. The z-direction always
corresponds to the time-(y-)axis of the 3D-data.

The scroll bars at the bottom determine the angles of view. The current angles in
x-, y- and z-direction are displayed on the right. In addition you may use the
mouse for the rotation. In that case only the x- and y-angles can be changed, the
z-angle is fixed to 90 °.
Some examples for the rotation around one axis:
rotation around z-axis: Z=0 °, x=270 ° and use the y-angle for the rotation.
rotation around x-axis: Z=0 °, y=0 ° and use the x-angle for the rotation.
rotation around y-axis: Z=0 °, x=0 ° and use the y-angle for the rotation.

The magnification is controlled by the option magnification (in %) .

First you have to load the data into the internal buffer.

The option amp. threshold defines an amplitude threshold for the data. Only
those data having an amplitude larger than this threshold are stored within the
internal buffer.

Within the polarity box you may define the polarity of the datapoints to be loaded
into the internal buffer. This box is only enabled if both the option absolute
amplitudes and envelope are deactivated within the 3D-datainterpretation.

The option max. nr. of points defines the maximum of data points stored within
the internal buffer. If the number of datapoints exceeding the given amplitude
threshold is greater than this value the program automatically determines a factor
n for reducing the data. Only every n. datapoint will be stored within the internal
buffer.
The number of datapoints currently loaded into the internal buffer is shown after
having pressed the option load.
3D-datainterpretation, view 3D-cube 607

Within the colors box you may define if all data are displayed in blue or using the
current color palette. To be considered: for performance reasons only 16 different
colors from the current color palette are used.

The option mark size allows you to define the size of the display marks. Use a big
size for a small datavolume and use a small size for a big datavolume.

The option clear empties the internal buffer. The rotation is much faster with an
empty buffer.

The option print allows you to print out the current 3D-cube. The option print
scale controls the size of the output.

copy 3D-cube to the clipboard

The option close closes the fast data cube display window.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D picking 608

3.8 3D picking
With the pick option activated arrivals of a 3D-datafiles can be picked analogous
to the pick option within the 2D-dataanalysis (see also Pick MenuItem, chap.
1.12.2) . Picking may be done within the individual 2D-cuts (scroll or window
mode) or within the 3D-datacube display. You have the choice between manual
picking and continuous pick.
Corrections can be performed either on zero crossings, on the extremum or some
other types (options correct all or corr. act cut). The picks can be saved with an
arbitrary name and reloaded any time (option save and load). The maximum
number of picks is limited to the maximum number of scans per profile.
The option take over allows you to take over the picks of the previous cut for the
current one. This allows you a fast picking of the individual cuts.
With the option use code activated you may pick all elements within one step (the
pick code is used for discriminating the individual elements (reflectors)).

Both the travel time and the current amplitude of the phase are detected. In
addition to the distance the xyz-shot- and receiver coordinates of each individual
trace are stored within the pick record.

Within the global settings menu, chap. 1.2.1 you can choose between two
different symbols for the picks (* and -). The size of the pick-symbol can be
changed within the symbol font menu (see also Global MenuItem).

manual pick: With the option set activated a pick can be set with the left mouse
button. The same applies to the manual removal or change of an existing pick
after selecting the options remove or change, respectively. Here those picks are
removed or changed which are next to the current cursor position.

continuous pick: With this options activated you can set (option set activated) or
change (option change activated) picks by moving the mouse cursor over the data
set with continuously pressed left mouse button. The picks are set or removed or
changed at those traces that are next to the current cursor position. The
continuous picking must be done from left to right, this means with increasing
distance coordinates. The option continuous pick therefore makes manual picking
a lot easier for large data sets. If the cursor movement is too fast to pick every
trace no interpolation between the founded pick position is done in contrast to the
2D-dataanalysis. The parameter delay under global settings controls the speed of
the continuous picking.

show xy-proj.: interactive display of the xy-projections of the current picks. The
option is useful for a direct control of the locations of the picks within the xy-plane.
Picks belonging to the same code are connected if the option interpolation is
activated.. For example the option might be used for the location control of picked
pipes or rebars If deactivated no connection will be done.

3D-pick-cube: interactive fast 3D cube display of the current picks. The 3D-cube
may be freely rotated either by mouse interactions or by using scroll bars. The
picks can be viewed from any direction and can be zoomed. It is possible to bring
this window to the front by pressing the right mouse button within the data window
of the 3D-datainterpretation. The option print allows you to print out the current
3D-datainterpretation, 3D picking 609

3D-cube. The option print scale controls the size of the output. copy 3D-
cube to the clipboard. The magnification is controlled by the option magnification
(in %) .

pick code: input of a code (integer value) for the characterization of the following
picks to be chosen. With the option use code activated this code may be used for
discriminating the individual layers or structures. The current code of already
existing picks is displayed when moving the mouse cursor (label act - code of the
pick next to the mouse cursor).

use code:
if activated the pick code is used for discriminating the indivudual picks:
- only the picks with the current code may be changed or removed (the current
code is automatically updated when moving over a pick if the option only act
code is deactivated)
- different colors are used for the picks with different codes (by default the
layershow colors are used, therefore the max. code is restricted to 99)
- different correction types can be used for the different codes. The option apply
to all codes allows to apply the current correction type to all pick codes.
- options corr. act cut, correct all and auto corr. only act on the picks with the
current code if the option only act code is active in addition (if deactivated all
picks are used)
- options reset and reset act cut only act on the picks with the current code if the
option only act code is active in addition (if deactivated all picks are used)
- options control all and control act cut only act on the picks with identical code if
the option only act code is active in addition (if deactivated all picks are used)
- the colors as well as the correction type are hold within the RAM for each code
(option show shows you the current settings)
- option view/Pick surfaces for 3D-cube: code is used in order to discriminate the
individual layers

if deactivated the following holds true:

- all picks may be changed or removed
- the current pick color is used for all picks
- one correction type is used for all picks
- options control act and control all: only picks which belong to a special trace
and which traveltimes are nearly identical are controlled and if necessary
double picks are removed
- option view/Pick surfaces for 3D-cube: the layernumber stored with the pickfile
is used for the discrimination of the individual layers

show: shows the current settings of the pick codes (color and correction type)

color: enter the wanted pick color

load: This option allows to load new picks from disc. Please note that the current
picks are lost with the loading of new picks. After selecting the option you can
choose a data set from the file list. In addition to the REFLEX pick format two
ASCII-format are supported:
ASCII-2 colums: each line of the ASCII-file corresponds to one pick and consists
of two colums containing the distance and the time in the corresponding
dimensions. Depending on the actual settings of the cut-mode (x-, y-cut or slices)
3D-datainterpretation, 3D picking 610

the distance and the time value will be used for the corresponding actualy x- and
y-axis.
ASCII-3D-tomography: corresponds to the ASCII-3D tomography format
described within the Pick save menu (chap. 1.12.2.1).

save: saves the current picks. After selecting the option the Pick save menu
(chap. 1.12.2.1) will be opened.

reset: This option allows to reset all current picks. With the options use code and
only act code activated only the picks with the current code are lost.

reset act cut: This option allows to reset the picks of the currect cut. With the
option use code and only act code activated only the picks with the current code
are lost.

take over: this option allows the picks of the previous cut to be taken over for the
current cut. As long as this option is activated the picks are automatically taken
over for the next cut (use for example the single scroll bar). With the options use
code and only act code activated the option only acts on the picks with the current
code. With the option auto cor. activated the actual correction type(s) is (are)
used.The option will be automatically deactivated when loading new picks.

only act code: if activated the options take over, correct all, corr. act cut, auto
cor., control all and control act cut as well as the move up and down arrows only
act on the picks with the current code.

correct all: activate this option to correct the current picks using the current
correction type. With the options use code and only act code activated the option
only acts on the picks with the current code.

corr. act cut: activate this option to correct the current picks of the current cut
using the current correction type. With the options use code and only act code
activated the option only acts on the picks with the current code.

The following correction types are available within the combo box above:

correct to max.: allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of the signal
belonging to the pick.

correct to zero: allows to correct the current picks to the zero crossing of the
signal belonging to the pick.

corr.max/min.time: allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of the

signal and the minimum time within a tracerange of a predefined number of traces
(see input pickcorrect traces under global settings). Use this option for example to
correct the picked cusp of a diffraction hyperbola.

corr.max/dist.range: allows to correct the current picks to the extremum of the

signal within a given tracerange of a predefined number of traces (see input
pickcorrect traces under global settings). The timerange for searching the
maximum is automatically restricted by the polarity of the current pick. Use this
option for example to correct the picked cusp of a migrated diffraction.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D picking 611

dip correct: the picks are corrected for the dip of the reflector (dip is in scroll
direction). The dip is automatically calculated from the mean of the traveltime
differences of the reflector picks of the two previous cuts which are placed at the
same distance position. If no picks with the same distance position exist for the
two cuts the dip correction is set to 0.

auto cor.: if activated the picks are automatically corrected during the setting.
The current correction type is used. With the options use code and only act code
activated the option only acts on the picks with the current code.

apply to all codes: The option allows to apply the current correction type to all
pick codes.

The two arrows at the right side allow to move up and down the picks of the
current cut by one sample increment. With the options use code and only act
code activated in addition only the picks with the current code are moved.

control all: this option allows you to remove double picks, this means several
picks for one distance (one trace). With the options use code and only act code
activated only double picks with identical codes are removed.

control act cut: this option allows you to remove double picks of the current cut.
With the options use code and only act code activated only double picks with
identical codes are removed.

interpolate to 3D:
The option allows to interpolate the actual
picks based on the actually loaded 3D-file.
With the option restrict to pick area the
interpolation will be restricted to the xy-
range of the actual picks. This may be useful
if the picked surface does not cover the
complete 3D-xy range. With deactivated
option the interpolation range is identical to
the complete xy-range of the actual 3D-file.
A new pick will be generated by interpolation
from the original picks for each gridpoint
wtihin the xy-range. 3 different interpolation
types are available - linear, sqr and Gauss.
In addition 3 different smoothing modes are accessible. The resulting pick
surface is smoother if the original picks are distributed reasonably uniformly in the
x and y directions. If the actual picks exhibit an anisotropic distribution the
parameter n.pick may be used in order to restrict the number of original picks and
therefore to allow a more uniform distribution in x- and y-direction. The option use
pick code controls if the pick code is taken into account. If activated only the
picks with identical pick code form the base for one interpolation independently
from the picks with other codes. Dependent on the number of different pick codes
the total number of interpolated picks increases accordingly. The interpolated 3D-
picks may be saved and loaded afterwards using the option view/picksurfaces for
3D-datainterpretation, 3D picking 612

3D-cube. Here different 3D-

pick datafiles for different
layers (marked withi
different pick codes) or one
3D-pick datafile containing
the picked layers within
different pick code (see
option use pick code).
3D-datainterpretation, 3D picking 613

3.8.1 Picking a crooked target object with depth

variations
Some new options allow to pick a crooked target object with a more or less linear
structure and with depth variations (for example a pipe) semi automatically. For
this purpose the following steps are necessary:

1. Choose scroll and activate

pick. Choose an appropriate
timeslice (a smoothing factor
greater 1 might be useful if the
target object differs in depth)
and pick the object without
consideration of the depth
changes (see picture on the
right) with activated option use
code and using e.g. code 1.
The result is the picked target
showing the correct position in
x- and y-direction but not in
depth (see small picture of
Cube3DForm, option 3D-pick-
cube). Save the picks.

2. Activate 3D-cube in order to only

display the crooked line based on
these picks. This is done by setting
value range to picks and activate
full. Now only these 3D-data traces
will be plotted for which a pick has
been set (picture on the right, the
picks are not displayed if the option
view picks is deactivated). The
option fill traces allows you to avoid
gaps because of missing pick
traces. Enter here for example a
value of 2 or 3 if gaps are present.
3D-datainterpretation, 3D picking 614

3. Now you are able to repick your

target taking into account the
depth changes. Change the
pickcode to e.g. 2 and pick the
pipe again using the right mouse
button with e.g. activated option
continuous pick. Now you have
two pick sets with different code
with the same xy coordinates but
different depths (see
Cube3DForm, picks in green and
in orange).

4. For the last step you may delete the picks with the wrong depth by resetting
pick code to 1, activate only act code and click on reset within the pick panel.
Now only the picks with code 2 are present, save the picks.
3D-fixed array 615

3.9 3D-fixed array

The module allows the interactive interpretation of multichannel data with a fixed
lateral offset of the individual channels based on relative coordinates. The target
of this module is the interpretation of data consisting of many traces into one
direction, e.g. along a road and a relatively small number of datapoints
perpendicular to it (number of parallel lines). An easy and fast calculation of
timeslices without interpolation but including smoothing in time direction is
incorporated. A fast interactive switch between the different lines and timeslices is
possible either using the mouse (presssed right mouse key or using the scroll
wheel) or using the trackbars.
Precondition for the use is:
- identical timeincrement and number of samples of the individual 2D lines
- start time must be identical
- identical traceincrement and number of traces of the individual lines in profile
direction
- the start coordinate in profile direction may be different for the individual 2D-lines
- energy normalization if necessary must have been performed before
- the filecoordinates must have been set correctly (start and end coordinates in
profile direction and constant coordinate). This must hhave been done within a
previous step, e.g. within the the 2D-dataanalysis module.

The program uses the constant perpendicular coordinate (start and end should be
identical) in order to sort the chosen datafiles after ascending coordinates
3D-fixed array 616

(perpendicular to the profile direction). The perpendicular coordinates do not need

to be equidistant but the calculation of the timeselices does not take into account
any different increments because no interpolation is done.

The max. number of parallel profiles is restricted to 128. The lines do not need to
have been acquired within one step but these can even be acquired using a
single channel system. The only need is that the coorindates have been set
correctly before, e.g. within the 2D-dataanalysis.

In addition to these relative coordinates the traceheaders may contain the real,
e.g. GPS-coordinates which may be distributed arbitrarily (see option view/profile
line and view/gps map).
3D-fixed array, MenuItem 617

3.9.1 3D-fixed array MenuItems

The options within the uppermost panel allow a fast access to the data.

caption raw: open REFLEX raw data (see also File MenuItem)
The second button changes according to the last settings to
caption proc: open REFLEX processed data (see also File MenuItem)
caption procf: open REFLEX processed data with filter (see also File MenuItem)
The caption is automatically updated when using one of the following options
within the File MenuItem: open rohdata, open procdata, open procdata filter,
import, open Second Line/rawdata or procdata or procdata filter

copy to clipboard

enter PlotOptions

plotscale: enter multiplication factor for the color-amplitude assignment or for the
wiggle size

velocity: enter a velocity for the transformation of the time scale to a depth scale
for the depth axis and for the layer image.

replot current line with current zoom parameters

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots the current
line

enable magnifying glass function

Zooming may be done by the manual zoom or by

stepwise zoom in x- or y-direction (options x+, x, y+
and y-). The zooming in time-(y-)direciton is restricted
to the upper part, this means the zoomed lines always
starts at the overall start time. The timeslices will only
be zoomed in x- (profile) direction.
enable zoom - The option x+ increases the zoom in x-direction by a factor of 2.
The option x- decrases the zoom in x-direction by a factor of 2. The x-zoom acts
both on the profile display and on the display of the timeslice. The option y+
increases the zoom in y-(time)direction by a factor of 2. The option x- decrases
the zoom in y-direction by a factor of 2. The y-zoom only acts on the profile
display and not on the display of the timeslice. With the option ZOOM an arbitrary
area of the data set can be selected and plotted in full screen size. The area to be
enlarged, a rectangle, has to lie within a data set. Pressing the left mouse button
3D-fixed array, MenuItem 618

you determine a corner of this rectangle and by moving the mouse with pressed
button the desired area is opened.

These options allow an automatic scrolling of the profile and the

timeslice in x-direction if a zoom has been activated (scroll to the
left, stop scrolling, scroll to the right). The spin button located
beneath the autoscroll options defines a delay factor in order to
slow down the scrolling. Value 0 no delay - value 500 max. delay.

enters the velocity adaptation MenuItem (see chap. 7.3).

pick button: Activating this option enters the Pick MenuItem (see chap. 7.4).

enter the LayerShow (see chap. 7.5).

the options set, remove and change control the picking and the
interactive velocity adaptation

The profiles may also be displayed using the wiggle mode. The option only
transverse restricts the wiggle display to the transverse profile.

After having loaded the 2D-lines the chosen filenames will be displayed within the
listbox using the order of the sorting after the profile constant coordinates. The
2D-lines are also displayed wtihin an image. The actual 2D-
lines is marked in red, a possible secondary line in green. The
actual 2D-lines may be changed using the trackbar, the spin
edit or the keys F11 and F12 as well as the right mouse
button within the timeslice window.
The neighbouring parallel profile may be viewed in addition
(option show 2. Profile) as well as the the actual transverse
line (option show tranverse). Within this panel there is also
the possibility of changing the color palette for the 2D-lines.

After having loaded the files and the timeslices (see chap.
7.2) there are several interactive possibilities to switch
between the individual lines. The actual position within the
profile and the timeslices and optionally within the 2. and
tranverse profile are indicated by a large cross (option view
cross activated).
A fast interactive change of the cuts is done by several mouse
actions:
- the mouse wheel can be used in order to go through the
lines or through the timeslices. For this purpose the right
mouse button must be pressed once either within the
timeslice or within the profile in order to set the focus to the timeslice or profile
trackbar. The actual nr. of profile and the actual perpendicualar position (act y-
pos) will be displayed as well as the act. time for the timeslice.
- Moving the mouse with pressed right button allows a direct synchronization of
the related profile or timeslice. This is only possible with act
3D-fixed array, MenuItem 619

The key F11 may be used to switch to the next profile and F12 to the previous
one. This might be useful for picking within the 3D-picks mode (see below).
3D-fixed array, timeslices 620

3.9.2 3D-fixed array timeslices

The timeslices may be

created once by entering the
start and end time and a
smoothing parameter (option
generate). The increment
between successive slices is
identical to the timeincrement
multiplied by the smoothing
factor. The number of slices
depends on the start/end
time and this increment. The
timeslices do not need to be
generated for a further access if the same lines will be loaded for which the slices
had been generated before. For this purpose the option load existing must be
pressed after having loaded the parallel lines.
A scrolling through the timeslices may be manually done using the arrow bars:
scroll one step to the lower or higher slices, autoscroll to smaller slices, stop
scrolling,autoscroll to higher slices. A delay value may be entered in order to slow
down the automatic scrolling.
The color palette for the timeslices may be chosen independently from that used
for the profile display.
The display size of the timeslice in relation to the display size of the 2D-profile
may be changed using the splitter between the two images.
3D-fixed array, velocity adaptation 621

3.9.3 3D-fixed array velocity adaptation

The interactive velocity adaptation is analogous to that one of the 2D-datanalysis

(see chap. 1.12.1) except the missing of reflection, intercept time and vsp
adaptation. The left mouse button is used for the interactive velocity adaptation.
3D-fixed array, picking 622

3.9.4 3D-fixed array picking

Picking is only possible within the working profile.
.

Normally the right button within the 3D-fixed array menu is reserved for moving
between the different lines and slices. With the option view cross deactivated the
right button is no longer reserved for these actions if the pick
button is active. With theses settings the following actions for
the different pick methods are available using the right mouse
button:
- manual pick: position.The right mouse button activates the
interpolate option whereby a fast piecewise linear picking is
possible.
- continuous pick The right mouse button allows you to toggle between the
options set and change.
- phase follower The Escape-key as well as the right mouse button allows to abort
the automatic assignment
- autopick: pressing the right mouse button within the working profile brings the
autopick window to the front

Two different picking methods are available which is controlled by the option 3D-
picks. First picking is done only for the actual working profile analogous to the
2D-dataanalysis. Second picking may be done for the whole set of profiles. For
this purpose the option 3D-picks must be activated.

3.9.4.1 2D-picking
With the option 3D-picks deactivated the picking is only done for the actual
working profile. Almost all picking possibilities as described within the 2D-
dataanalysis (see chap. 1.12.2) are available.

3.9.4.2 3D-picking
If this option is activated the picks are also displayed within the timeslice and only
these picks belonging to the corresponding 2D-lines and to the actual timeslice
will be displayed. Any change of the picks can only be done for the visible picks
within the working profile window. The radio group view all allows you to display
all picks either only within the timeslices (option slices active) or within the
timeslices and the profiles (option all active). Analogous to the picking within the
2D-dataanalysis menu the code may be used for a distinction of picks belonging
togehter. The keys F11 and F12 may be used for a fast switch between the
different 2D-lines.
3D-fixed array, picking 623
3D-fixed array, picking 624

3.9.5 3D-fixed array layer show

The layer show options are analogous to those of the 2D-dataanalysis. The picks
should have been generated for one single profile (pick option 3D-picks
deactivated) - see chap. 2D-picking.
3D-fixed array, gps map 625

3.9.6 3D-fixed array gps map

Activating the option view/gps map allows to view the location of the profile lines
and the actual timeslice within a GPS Map.The color and the width of the lines
may be adapted. The display of the profile line may be disabled by setting width to
0. This might be useful for example if the pick display (see below) is hidden by the
line. The display of the lines might be quite timeconsuming. Therefore the
program automatically restricts the number of points per line to be displayed to
1000 points or if more than 10 lines (max.points 250) or more than 50 (max.points
100) lines are shown. Independently from these settings you also may restrict the
number of points manually using the option max.points.
With the option show center activated a center point of the line will be displayed in
blue.
Activating the option show line position allows to continously show the actual
mouse postion by a red circle when dragging over the line. The option
UTMToDegree allows to convert UTM-coordinates to degree values based on a
given utm zone. The option latitude defines where the latitude coordinates have
been stored within the traceheaders (x- or y-position). Zooming and copy to
clipboard possibilities are included. The option 1/1 resets and centers the
display.
The display will also be automatically centered when using the zoom-option or
when scrolling through the zoomed profile. The actual profile center will be
displayed by a red circle.
The actual picks may be displayed (option show) using a red-green-blue color
scheme for the icons with red corresponding to the smallest traveltime values and
blue to the largest traveltime values. With picks activated only the outer profile
lines will be displayed. The parameter max. picks controls the max. picks to be
displayed. If the actual number of picks exceeds this number only every n. pick
will be displayed. Reset resets the pick display. The option use bitmap will be
automatically activated and the color scheme for the pick traveltimes will be
3D-fixed array, gps map 626

displayed at the left lower border. With the pick option continuous pick activated
the picks will be updated each time the continuous pick is interrupted (mouse
button released).

add to clipboard: if activated the gpsmap will be added to the clipboard if started
within the Fixed3DArray. For this purpose the option use bitmap must be active.
This option generates an internal bitmap copy of the gps map which is necessary
for any superposition of other bitmaps like the actual timeslice.
3D-fixed array, gps map 627

The actual slice may also be displayed within the gps map (option view within the
slice panel). The option use bitmap will be activated automatically. The slice will
be displayed using the traceheader coordiantes. Each datapoint will be
represented by one pixel. The option size allows to increase the size of the
display. This is necessary if the zoom level is too high in order to ensure a
complete filling.
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 628

3.10 Scan 3D
The Scan 3D tool allows to to import and to analyse automatically rectangular 3-
dimensional GPR-data which have been acquired along 2D-parallel lines in one or
two perpendicular directions.
2D-lines on a regular rectangular grid. This means that the traceincrement in one
direction (x or y), the startposition of the 2D-lines (exception IDS fixed array which
allows different start positions) and the scan increment between the 2D-lines must
be equal. The data may have been stored on individual 2D-files or within a 3D-file.
If stored within a 3D-file the end-positions of the internal 2D-lines must be
identical in addition as well as the number of traces into profile direction.
The traceincrement must be
given within the original data.
In addition if the data have
been acquired in two
perpendicular directions
(crossing lines) the start-
and end-positions of the 2D-
lines must be identical and
the trace increment must be
equal for all 2D-lines but the
scan increment between the
parallel lines does not need
to equal the traceincrement if
the option interpolate scan to
trace increment is active. In
this case an automatic
interpolation will be done.
If these preconditions are
satisfied the 3D-scan
program allows a very fast
interpretation of your 3D-
data.

The program supports the

dataformats of the following GPR-manufactures:
Mala (rd3 and rd6 files), Utsi (hdr files), PulseEkko (dt1 files), GSSI (dzt files), IDS
(dt files), Geotech (GEOSCAN 32, gpr2 files) and ImpulseRadar (iprb files). In
addition the SEG2- and the SEGY-dataformat are supported. The dataformat
must be specified within the data format box.
For both the SEG2 and the SEGY-format the data are assumend to be in ns. In
the case of SEGY-data the timeincrement is assumend to be in ps.
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 629

The rd6 (Mala) format is used with the MALA CX system for a 3D-grid data
acquisition. Three different datafiles must be present: rhd, rad and rd6. The rd6
file must be choosen when starting the conversion - otherwise a warning message
appears. The rad-file corresponds to the rad-file of the Mala rd3-format and
contains informations about the data acquisition like sampling rate, .... The rhd-file
contains informations about the 3D-grid like the x-size and y-size, the resolution in
profile direction and the profile spacing. One or two rd6 files are present. They
have the same filename like the rad and rhd file but in addition ‘ _1' for the gird
lines in y-direction and ‘_2' for the grid lines in x-direction. The 2D-lines building
up the 3D-grid are sequentially stored corresponding to the Reflex3D-file. If only
one dataset is chosen (option only parallel x-scans or only parallel y-scans active)
the program controls the setting and changes it automatically if necessary
corresponding to the choose of the rd6 file (only parallel y-scans for file
<name>_1.rd6 and only parallel x-scans for file <name>_2.rd6) .
In most cases the profile spacing (perpendicular to the profile direction) is larger
than the spacing in profile direction. Therefore the program automatically
performs an interpolation if both the parallel x- and y-scans are chosen in order to
ensure the same grid resolution in both directions (option interpolate scan to trace
increment is automatically activated). If only parallel x-cuts or parallel y-scans has
been chosen such an interpolation will not be done.
Example: x-size: 0.8 m, y-size: 0.8 m, spacing in profile direction: 0.004 m,
spacing perpendicular: 0.1 m.
Only parallel x-scans:the resulting 3D-file consists of 201*9 points (9 x-cuts with
each cut containing 201 traces)
Parallel x- and y-scans: the resulting 3D-file consists of 201*201 points
The number of traces and scans and the scan increment do not need to be
entered for the rd6-format as these informations will be read from the rhd-file.
The options flip sorting x-scans (y-cuts) and flip sorting y-scans (x-cuts) have
been introduced because it may happen dependent on the type for the CX system
that the data have not been stored sequentially scan (chanell) after scan
(channel) but first trace of all x channels, then second trace of all x channels and
so on. . If this holds true you must activate the corresponding option for the x-
scans and/or for the y-scans.
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 630

The dt (IDS fixed array) format is used with the IDS RIS or RIS Hi-BrigHT or
STREAM X system for a 3D-grid data acquisition. The original data of these
systems (parallel 2D-lines) contain the relative positions of the antennas to the
origin of the coordinate system. The complete geometry is taken from these
coordinates. Therefore it is not necessary to input the number of scans and of
traces. In addition the startcoordinate of each 2D-line may vary. The IDS naming
is the following: filename+channelnumber+running number of the scanarray.
Example: LI0800001.dt means channel number 8 of the first scan array. Some
arrays include two different antennas with two different polarizations, for example
RIS Hi-BrigHT with 8 VV antennas for the first 8 channels and 8 HH antennas for
channel 9-16.
The file sorting depends on the given antenna geometry perpendicular to the scan
direction. Therefore it is also possible to acquire different interlaced scan arrays in
order to decrease the profile increment perpendicular to the scan direction but you
must care that the resulting profileincrement between adjacent scans must be the
same.
Example: the antennas of the RIS Hi-BrigHT system have a distance of 0.1 m
beginning at 0.1 m from the border of the the array block. It is possible to acquire
a second scan array beginning at 0.15 m from the border of the the array block in
order to increase the resolution perpendicular to the scan direction (resulting
profileincrement: 0.05 m).
The antennas also have a shift in profiledirection which is automatically taken into
account.
At present for the IDS fixed array the DataAcquisitionType parallel x and parallel
y-scans is not supported. For crossing lines the data in x-direction (type only
parallel x-scans) and y-direction (type only parallel y-scans) must be processed
separately and stored on a file (a filename must be entered). The two 3D-files can
be combined later within the 3DGPRScansView module using the option load
second file.
If two different polarizations are
available this shift is normally
different for the two polarizations.
If you want to combine the two
polarization scans you have two
possibilities:
1. Use DataAcquisitionType
parallel x-scans with 2 diff.
polarizations or parallel y-scans
with 2 diff. polarizations: then you
must choose all data and the
data must have the file naming
as mentioned above. Again
different scan arrays can be
loaded within one step. The
positions perpedincular to the
scan direction must be the same
for the two polarization
directions. This holds true e.g. for
the RIS Hi-BrigHT array. With the
option process x-and y-scans
independently activated all data
for one polarization are
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 631

processed together. The different shifts in profile direction are automatically taken
into account.
2. Use DataAcquisitionType parallel x-scans and choose the data for only one
polarization. Enter any filename, e.g. polar1 for the first polarization and build the
3D-datafile. Then enter another filename, e.g. polar2 for the second polarization
and build a second 3D-datafile. Within the 3D-dataintepretation module you have
the possibility to load a second 3D-datafile. The message for the automatic shift
should be confirmed. You can either show the second datafile within a second
window or you may overlay it which gives the same result as using the first
possibility.

The following message may

appear if different scan arrays
have been chosen. It may be
ignored if the number of traces
for the different arrays does
not differ too much.

The GEOSCAN 32 format (.gpr and .gpr2 extension) uses data from the OKO-2
GPR of Geotech. The trace increment is read from the original header. No start
coordinates will be taken into account.
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 632

It is possible to analyse parallel lines in one direction or two perpendicular

directions. This has to be specified within the DataAcquistionType box.

Choose only parallel x-scans if

you only have acquired parallel
lines in x-direction.

Choose only parallel y-scans if

you only have acquired parallel
lines in y-direction.

Choose parallel x- and parallel

y-scans if you have acquired
both parallel lines in x-direction
and y-direction.

Choose parallel x-scans with 2

diff. polarizations if you have
acquired parallel lines in x-
direction with 2 different antenna
polarizations - the first one
perpendicular to the scan
direction (equal y) and the other
one parallel to the scan direction
(equal x).

The original data may be stored

on individual 2D-files or on one
3D-file with the 2D-lines
sequentially stored.
To be considered: The 3D-data file must start with the x-scans at the 0-position
until the last position of the x-scans and then the y-scans follow.
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 633

If the data have been acquired on different files the program automatically sorts
the files after the filenaming in alphabetical order. Therefore the naming of the
individual filenames must have been done in such way that the above sorting
condition holds true.
Example 1: 2 3D-files: filex.rd3 (parallel x-scans) and filey.rd3 (parallel y-scans).
The sorting condition holds true because filex.rd3 will be the first file after the
filename sorting.
Example 2: 20 2D-files in x-direction and 15 2D-files in y-direction: file01x.rd3 -
file20x.rd3 and file01y.rd3 - file15y.rd3. Again the sorting condition holds true.

Depending on the chosen dataacquistion type you have to specify the number of
scans and traces in x- and/or y-direction within the number of scans and traces
box. The option analyse x-scans or analyse y-scans allows to analyse the number
of traces within the original data. After having pressed the option you have to
choose all the original datafiles containing the x- or y-scans. The number of
choosen datafiles, the total number of traces and the average number of traces
will be displayed. With the option original 3D activated the original file is already a
3D-file containing all data. The program tries to find the individual 2D-scans wtihin
the orignal 3D-file and shows the result as markers together with 3D-profile for a
visual verification. This finding only works if the individual 2D-scans exhibit a
remarkable change so that the finding algrotithm is able to locate the positions.
Within the number of scans and traces box you also may specify the mean
velocity of the underground (necessary for example for the migration and for the
depth axis), the nominal frequency (necessary for exampe for the static
correction) and the scan increment perpendicual to the scan direction. The
traceincrement will be read from the original data.

If both x- and y-scans have been acquired the scanincrement must be equal to
the traceincrement or the option interpolate scan to trace increment must be
activated. If activated the program automatically performs an interpolation of the
data perpendicular to the profile direction based on the entered scan increment
and the given traceincrement. The number of 2D-lines building up the 3D-file
changes accordingly. The scanincrement should be a multiple of the
traceincrement. Precondition for the case of xy-data acquisition is that the entered
number of scans - 1 is a multiple of the entered number of traces -1 in
perpendicular direction. In addition the grid size defined by the number of x- and
y-scans and the scan increment should fit size given by the number of traces in x-
and y-direction and the traceincrement. The program automatically controls this
size and gives a warning message if no fitting is given and asks for an automatic
change of the number of traces in x- and y-direction.

The program automatically controls if the total number of traces of the original
data equals the entered total number (traces per x-scan*number of x-scans +
traces per y-scan*number of y-scans). If the numbers differ a warning message
appears and you may cancel the interpretation or not. There might be different
causes for the difference:
1. The entered number of scans and traces is wrong - please cancel the process
and enter the correct numbers.
2. The data have been stored on individual 2D-files and the number of traces per
scan is not exactly the same for all 2D-lines although a wheel has been used. In
this case a reinterpolation of the individual 2D- lines might be okay in order to
compensate for the errors. The program automatically performs such an
interpolation (option do interpolation if traces per scan differs activated) if the
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 634

process has not been cancelled by the interpreter. This is possible if the original
data have been stored on individual 2D-files because in this case the endposition
of each scan is fixed.
3. The data have been stored on
individual 2D-files and the number
of traces per scan is not exactly
the same for all 2D-lines because
the endpositions are different (see
picture on the right). In this case
deactivate the option do
interpolation if traces per scan
differs. The program determines
the max. number of traces which
occurs within all loaded 2D-scans
and adds zero traces at the end of
those scans which exhibit a lower number of traces.
4. The data have been stored on a 3D-file and the number of traces per scan is
not exactly the same for all 2D-lines within the 3D-file although a wheel has been
used. In this case no reinterpolation of the individual scans can be done because
the endpositions of the 2D-scans are not known. Therefore cancelling of the
process is recommended.

The distance dimension may be either METER or FOOT.

Optionally some filter steps are

automatically performed. These
must be defined within the
ProcessingBox.
Dependent on the original data
different processing steps must be
chosen. The data from Mala, Utsi,
PulseEkko and IDS are normally
raw data, this means no analog
gain or filter has been applied
during the data acquistion.
Therefore the dewow filter and the
gain should always be used. Often
a static correction is useful for all
dataformats and the migration
should be used if diffractions are
present. The background removal
may significantly increase the data
quality but in some cases the
opposite effect may happen.
Therefore there is no general rule
if and how to use this filter. The
sequence of the filters cannot be
changed except the order of ‘static
correction’ and ‘subtract mean
(dewow)’. In this case the red
arrow button can be used in order
to change the sequence.
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 635

Changing this order may lead to better results of the static correction filter.
flip every 2. scan: With this option activated every 2. scan will be flipped in scan
direction. This allows you to process and interprete data which have been
acquired in a meandering manner (forth and back).
compress in time direction: With this option the data in timedirection will be
compressed by the entered factor.
compress in scan direction: With this option the data in scandirection will be
compressed by the entered factor.
subtract DC-shift: With this option activated a so-called zero mean, i.e. the
subtraction of an existing time constant shift is calculated for each trace. As filter
parameter the timewindow must be entered. Within this time range (aloways
starting at the start time) the mean is calculated for each trace which is
subsequently subtracted from all samples of each trace. Therefore it has to be
guaranteed that the mean value in the corresponding time range complies with
the shift you want to eliminate.
Seismic shot data often reveal such a DC-shift which will be best eliminated using
this filter.
static correction: With this option activated a static, this means a
time-independent correction for each trace in time direction will be done. The time
shift will either be read from the original data (option read starttime activated) or
will be automatically determined from the data (option automatic activated). The
data above the time shift level will be lost.
With the suboption automatic activated the timeshifts are automatically
determined. For that purpose the first significant first arrival (the amplitudes must
exceed 10 % of the max. value within the trace) will be searched which gives the
timeshifts for each trace. With the option use mean activated only the mean time
shift is used for all traces of a 2D-subdataset.
subtract mean (dewow): With this option activated a running mean value is
calculated for each value of each trace. This running mean is subtracted from the
central point. The time window for the calculation of the running mean value is
calculated from the entered frequency given in MHZ. This filter may be used for
eliminating a possible low frequency part (dewow). The filter may not be enabled if
a high pass filter has already been applied during the data acquisition.
time cut: With this option activated the lenght of each trace may be limited to a
predefinable maximum time which has to be specified within the the parameter
max.time in the given time dimension.
background removal: This filter performs a subtracting of an averaged trace, a
so called background removal. With this option you can eliminate temporally
consistent noise from the whole profile and therefore possibly make signals
visible, previously covered by this noise. This filter method also suppresses
horizontally coherent energy. Its effect is also to emphasize signals which vary
laterally (e.g. diffractions).
The average trace will be built either from the complete 3D-data (suboption all
activated) or for each 2D-line within the 3D-datavolume separateley (suboption
scanparts activated) over the complete timerange.
attention: it might happen that the filter causes non real signals. This holds true
when the averaged time series contains energy which is not present within any
part(s) of the profile.
bandpassbutterworth: Here you can apply a bandpass filtering in the frequency
domain using a butterworth taper of order 2. The filter band is specified by the
setting of two frequency values. The first point determines the lower cutoff
frequency, the second one the higher cutoff frequency. The frequency spectrum
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 636

below the low cut and above the high cut frequency is tapered using a butterworth
taper of the order 2. By the corresponding choice of the points of the bandpass
either a lowpass or a highpass can be approximately realized. Noise can be
suppressed with the bandpass filter when it differs from the signal in its frequency
content.
subtracting average: The filter performs a subtracting average over a selectable
number of traces for each time step. The filter performs a so called sliding
background removal. The subtracting average is performed over a number of
traces (parameter average traces). The max. bandwidth is restricted to 256 traces
to be averaged. For a bandwidth of 4 the current sample, the next two in
horizontal direction to the left and the next two in horizontal direction to the right,
i.e. five samples for each time value, are taken into account. From these five
samples the mean value is calculated. This mean value is subtracted from the
value of the current sample and the result is assigned to the current sample as
new value. The filter is the more effective the smaller the selected bandwidth.
This filter method suppresses horizontally coherent energy. Its effect is to
emphasize signals which vary laterally (e.g. diffractions).
migration: A 2D or 3D fast fk-migration on the basis of a constant velocity is
performed. The profile must represent a so called zero-offset profile, i.e. shot and
receiver have to be at the same location. The goal of the migration is to trace
back the reflection and diffraction energy to their "source". A zero offset section
often does not represent the "true" position of the reflectors mainly for steep
layers. After the migration often a better approximation to the reality is given. If
strong diffractions are present the migration tries to contract these diffractions to a
minimum. This is useful for an interpretation using timeslices for example.
The method works in the frequency-wavenumber (fk) range (see also fk
spectrum). Within the fk-range a variable transform is done based on the entered
constant velocity (frequency is transformed onto the vertical wavenumber). First
the x-t data are tranformed into the f-k-range. After having done the
transformation the migration process will be done and after that the back
transformation into the x-t-range is performed. The option no migration for xy-
cuts allows to restrict the migration to the timeslices. This may be helpful if both
the xy-cuts and the timeslices are displayed using for example the option xyz-
cuts.
gain function: The filter facilitates the possibility of multiplying the data points by
a given function g(y) or g(t) respectively. The function g(t) consists of a linear and
an exponential part: g(t)=(1+a*t)*e(b*t) with a=a'/pulse width and b=b'*v/8.69 with
v=0.1 m/nsec or 1.0 m/msec respectively. The pulse width is automatically taken
from the nominal frequency if given (see option FileHeader Edit). Otherwise, the
nominal frequency is automatically determined from the first arrival. The two filter
parameters a'(linear gain) and b'(exp. damping) must be entered. a': not
dimension except for the case of non set nominal frequency; b': input in dB/meter.
Default values are 1 for the linear gain and 5 for exp. damping. In addition you
have to enter the start time (the filter starts at that time with value 1) and the max.
gain.
The data are multiplied by this function in order to compensate for possible
damping or geometric spreading losses.

If you have acquired both x- and y-scans you also may choose if the x- and y-
scans may be processed independently and how the adding of the x- and y-scans
shall be done. Activating the option add x-y scans by choosing the max. abs.
value means that the x- and y-scans are not simply added but the max. absolute
3D-datainterpretation, Scan 3D 637

value will be determined and this value is taken as the sum value. This has the
advantage that no information will be lost when the two different scans are added.
Activating the option build c-scans from the xy-scans choosing the envelope
means that the c-scans(timeslices) are built independently choosing the envelope
of the original data.

The program automatically creates some datafiles under the working directory for
storing the intermediate results. They are Scan3DFile.dat, Scan3DFileSec.Dat,
Scan3DFileX.00t and Scand3DFileY.00t. These datafiles are always overwritten.
By default the working directory is the program directory. You may change the
working directory (option manual directory activated). This setting is stored within
Reflex3DScan Ini-File.

After having started the 3D-scan program (option start3DScan) the original data
are queried (multiple file choice using the key str of shift). The default path for the
original data is the actual projectdirectory but you may load the data from any
other path. Then the import, data sorting and processing will be done
automatically and the 3D-GPR_ScanView module opens. By default the Reflexw
3D-data are stored under the filename Scan3DFile.dat under the actual
projectdirectory.

You may specify the filename of the resulting 3D-file. For the case of a data
acquisition of both x- and y-scans and activated otion build c-scans from the xy-
scans choosing the envelope a second 3D-file will be stored with the same
filename and an additional nameextension SEC.
Modelling 638

4. Modelling
The menu modelling allows the interactive production of a 2-dimensional layer
model and based on this layer model the simulation of the electromagnetic and
seismic wave propagation by means of finite difference (FD) methods or ray
tracing. In addition, a tomographic approach is included, which allows the
automatic adaptation of transmitted travel time data.

The possibilities of the menu modelling as a summary:

' interactive production of a 2D-layer model with given physical parameters

(relative dielectric permittivity ε [ ], relative magnetic permeability μ [ ] and
electric conductivity σ [S/m] or pressure wave velocity Vp [m/s], shear wave
velocity Vs [m/s] and density ρ [g/cm3], respectively)
' simulation of electromagnetic, seismic wave propagation, respectively by
means of FD-method for different sources (plane wave, point source as well
as "Exploding-Reflector"-source), storage of the complete wave field on disk
' generating of arbitrary profiles, snapshot sequences, respectively, from the
calculated wave field
' tomographic inversion of transmission travel time data
' calculation of synthetic traveltimes using two different methods (see
raytracing 2D, chap. 4.7.1) and to invert picked forward and reciprocal
traveltimes using a wavefront inversion technique (see wavefront-inversion
2D, chap. 4.7.2).

The menu modelling allows the interactive production of an arbitrary 2-

dimensional layer model (e. g. wedging-out interfaces). The distance dimension
is either METER or FOOT (must be specified within the global settings menu,
chap. 1.2.1). The FD-modelling of electromagnetic waves only allows the distance
dimension METER. The max. number of layers is restricted to 500. It is possible
to generate isolated elements as well as to fall back on predefined symbols
(circles, rectangles, triangles or lenses). A topography can be given, too. A layer
interface can be made of a maximum of 250 different x,z-points. Older Reflexw
versions (up to 7.5) only allow 100 x,z-points. Different physical parameters can
be assigned to any layer point, so that the physical parameters of a layer can vary
laterally. In between the entered values linear interpolation in the x-direction
occurs. A set of parameters is valid for the whole depth area (z-axis) below the
current interface. The interfaces do not have to be entered exactly at the edge,
intersection, respectively, but only in the vicinity because the option extrapolate
allows the automatic interpolation between two interfaces as well as the
extrapolation of the interface at the border. Therefore the program searches
automatically the nearest border at the exposed end and extrapolates in that
direction (in the case of an edge, extrapolation in x-, z-direction, respectively, in
the case of an interface to the nearest layer point). This is necessary for the
following FD-rastering.
The option hor.extrap. allows the extrapolation of the interface only to the left and
right borders of the model using a horizontal line. Use this option instead of
extrapolate if you want the interface to be only extrapolated to the vertical borders.
The option lin.extrap. allows the extrapolation of the interface only to the left and
right borders of the model by using the slope of the first/last model points. Use
Modelling 639

this option instead of extrapolate if you want the interface to be only extrapolated
to the vertical borders.

On the basis of an arbitrary 2-dimensional model a finite difference-simulation

(FD-computation) of the electromagnetic, seismic wave propagation, respectively,
can be executed. The result of this calculation is the wave field depending on x, z
and t (time). This method allows the simulation of the kinematic (travel time) as
well as dynamic (amplitude, frequency etc.). An explicit method is used, i.e. the
wave field is calculated for a certain point of time with the values of the preceding
point of time etc.. The layer model has to be rastered for the calculation with a
given increment in x- and z- direction. Just so an increment for the time has to be
given. The size of the space-increment is in accordance with the minimal wave
length, i.e. it depends on the choice of the physical parameter as well as the given
main frequency. If the increment is given too coarse, numerical dispersion
appears, i.e. the propagation velocity depends on frequency even if the physical
parameters are given frequency independent. The program determines
automatically the critical value of the space-increment and shows this one in a
window. This value should not be passed over. The max. time-increment depends
on the max. velocity V as well as on the given space-increment Δx (approximately:
Δt <= Δx/(%2V) for the electromagnetic propagation and Δt <= Δx/(Vp+Vs) for the
elastic propagation). In the case of the electromagnetic wave propagation and a
high conductivity the critical time value can be dominated additionally by the
condition: Δt <= ε/σ. If one of these critical values is passed over the FD-scheme
turns to be instable, i.e. the calculated values increase continuously with time and
under certain circumstances an overflow is possible, i.e. the values cannot be
displayed binarily. The critical time-increment is displayed in the same window as
the critical space-increment. Moreover, the critical time-increment for the currently
set space-increment is shown. The computation time, necessary for the FD-
computation, depends linearly on the number of time points as well as on the
number of space points in x- and z-direction, i.e. decreasing the space-increment
by a factor of 2 increases the computation time by a factor of 4 (currently by a
factor of 8, because the time-increment has to be decreased, likewise).
The electromagnetic simulation is based on the solution of the Maxwell-equations.
By doing so, it is assumed that the physical parameters ε, μ and σ are frequency
independent and that the physical parameters are constant in y-direction. In each
case the x-, y-, z-components of the electrical (E) and magnetical (H) field are
calculated. If the source excites only in Ey-direction, in Hx- or Hz-direction,
respectively, the needed computation time decreases by a factor 2 because the
other fields are decoupled and are identical to 0 in this case (TE-Mode).
The seismic simulation is based either on the 2-dimensional elastic-, acoustic- or
SH (shear wave, polarized in y-direction) -wave equation according to the chosen
method. In all cases no attenuation is taken into consideration and the elastic
parameters are assumed to be frequency independent. The computation for the
acoustic case is much faster than for the elastic case. In the case of the elastic
computation the vertical (z) and the horizontal (x) displacement is computed. The
potential is calculated in the case of the acoustic and SH- modelling.

The model-boundaries can be reflective or absorbing. In the case of

electromagnetic wave propagation the model-boundaries can be enlarged by an
absorbing edge area, in the case of seismic propagation an absorbing boundary
condition is set on.
Three different sources are supplied. The plane wave can be excited in an
arbitrary depth level z. It allows, e. g. the simulation of a zero-offset-section. But
Modelling 640

here it has to be noticed that the reflection characteristics are only equivalent to
those of a zero-offset-section in the case of horizontal plane reflectors. Additional-
ly, it has to be noticed that a loss of divergence, as it happens in a field
experiment, where single events are put together to a zero-offset-section, can't be
considered for a plane wave excitation and thus the amplitudes reflect the reality
limited. The point-source can be placed at any arbitrary point in the 2D-model. By
it, a single experiment can be simulated kinematically and dynamically correct
(e.g. a CMP-experiment or a shot-section). Several single calculations can be put
together to a zero- or constant-offset section (very computation time intensive),
too. Anew, the exploding-reflector-model allows the simulation of a zero-offset-
section in a single FD-simulation. Using the exploding-reflector-model means that
starting at time t=0 all points stemming from a reflector are the starting point of a
Huygen's elementary wave with an amplitude proportional to the reflexion
coefficient for the normal incidence case. During the rastering the source
strengths are calculated and stored on a special file. For the electromagnetic case
the phase is calculated in addition. For the exploding-reflector-model, contrary to
the plane wave, reflectors which are not plane are described kinematically correct.
In regard to the amplitude characteristic the same is valid as for the plane wave,
which impinges on a plane reflector.
The FD-program is an autonomous program (program name FDEMSEIS.EXE)
and is automatically started from REFLEXW.
After terminating the FD-computation one or several single lines or the complete
wave field, depending on the space coordinates x and z as well as on time t, are
stored automatically in the directory ROHDATA of the current project directory .
Thereby it can be given which component has to be saved (electromagnetic wave
propagation: selecting out of Ex, Ey, Ez, Hx, Hy, Hz; elastic wave propagation:
vertical or horizontal displacement). Additionally, the sampling in x, z as well as in
t can be selected coarser in order to minimize disc space. The data are stored in
the REFLEXW-internal format and can be viewed and processed like every other
data profile.

Use the speed buttons in the first lower panel on the left for a speed access to
some further different options:

enter the project directory

copy model to the clipboard

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots the

complete current model
enable manual zoom - With the option ZOOM an arbitrary area of the
data set can be selected and plotted in full screen size
reset all model parameters - All model parameters apart from the
dimensions are reset
load model from file

Save model on file

Modelling 641

Print model

FD-Button: FDGroupBox is activated - In this Box all the parameters for the
FD-computation are set
Tomo-Button: TomographyGroupBox is activated - In this Box all the
parameters for the tomography are set
ray-Button: RayGroupBox is activated - In this Box all the parameters for
the raytracing/wavefront inversion are set

Within the Main Menu Bar you may choose the following items:

File MenuItem: From this menu you may choose your project directory, load,
save, reset and print an existing model and copy the current model to the
clipboard.

Edit MenuItem: Perform editing functions (e.g. undo-function).

Global MenuItem: Enter some global settings like fonts, printer,... (For further
information refer to Global MenuItem in chapter 1.)

View MenuItem: This item controls the display options.

Plot MenuItem: Within this icon you may activate all the plot settings. (For further
information refer to Plot MenuItem and Plot Options in chapter 1.).
The option Reset traveltimes/rays resets the display of the loaded traveltimes
(real and simulated) and displays only the model.
The option Resize based on free of distortion changes the window size in such
a way that the x- and z-axis of the model are free of distortion.

Analyse MenuItem: Enter the wanted analysis option FD, Tomo or ray (see
above).

The options calculate traveltime differences using actual coord.projection

and calculate traveltime differences using all coordinates allow to calculate
traveltime differences between the data and the calculated traveltimes. As the
positions of the data and the synthetic traveltimes may vary because of the fixed
raster increment of the raytracing you may enter a position bin which is used for
determining the quasi-identical positions. By default the current raster increment
of the raytracing is used. The two options differ in the method to determine the
common positions. If calculate traveltime differences using actual
coord.projection has been chosen only the x-, y- or z-coordinates are used
depending on the settings within the traveltimes radiogroupbox (x-project, y-
project or z-project). This setting is useful for data which have been acquired
along one coordinate axis (e.g. refraction data). If calculate traveltime differences
using all coordinates has been chosen all coordinates are used. This setting is
useful for data which have been acquired along different coordinate axis (e.g.
transmission data).
The total absolute timedifference, the total timedifference, the RMS deviation and
the number of identical positions are displayed. The total absolute timedifference
defines the sum of the absolute timedifferences independently form the sign (pos.
Modelling 642

or neg. difference). This value gives you an estimate of the overall adaptation.
The total timedifference defines the sum of the timedifferences taking into account
the sign of the differences. This value gives you an estimate whether the mean
model leads to too small or too big traveltimes, e.g. an interface is too high or too
deep. The RMS deviation defines the Root Mean Square deviation. The number
of identical positions is shown together with the total number of data picks in order
to have an estimate over the significance of the analysis.
The option color ray for dt’s allows to colour the rays based on the actual
traveltimedifferences. Three colours are used: green is used if the difference is
smaller than the total RMS deviation, red is used for larger and blue for smaller
calculated traveltimes. A factor (in % of the RMS deviation) can be entered in
order to change the crossover from green to red/blue. The picture below cleary
indicates too small traveltimes on the left hand side obviously due to a too low
layer boundary between 0 and 20 m.
Modelling 643

The option generate pickfile (2-way traveltimes) allows to generate a pickfile

consisiting of the 2-way reflection traveltimes generated from the layer boundaries
of the current model (except the uppermost layer boundary). The vertical
gradients are taken into account. The 2-way reflection traveltimes are calculated
up to the uppermost layer (corresponds to the model top in case of no
topography). The number of the layer boundary is stored within the pick code.
Example of application: conversion of a model taken from refraction data into 2-
way traveltime data for a comparsion with a seismic reflection section.

The option generate pickfile (depths) allows to generate a pickfile consisiting of

the depths of the layer boundaries of the current model (except the uppermost
layer boundary). The number of the layer boundary is stored within the pick code.
Example of application: conversion of a model taken from refraction data into 2-
way traveltime data for a comparsion with a seismic depth reflection section.

Help MenuItem: This item activates the main help menu or displays some
information about memory and disk usage etc..

Exit MenuItem: Leave the module modelling.

The option fill allows to fill the model layer with colors automatically assigned to
one physical parameter of each model point. You may determine within the model
generation input of model parameters menu (chap. 4.4.3) which physical
parameter is used. Click on the wanted parameter in the upper right corner table.
By default the first parameter is set (marked by a x). The option is also valid for
the print output. When filling the model a Reflexw rasterfile will be automatically
created. By default a dummyfile will be used. If you enter a name under
rasterfilename the entered filename will be used for the Reflexw rasterfile.The file
will be stored under rohdata under the current project directory.

The traveltime radiogroup within the second lower panel controls how the
traveltimes (calculated or loaded) are displayed. With x-project activated the
traveltimes are plotted over the x-distance axis.With y-project activated the
traveltimes are plotted over the y-distance axis.With z-project activated the
traveltimes are plotted over the z-depth axis.

The option highlighted shot may be used for choosing a shot number to be
highlighted. The traveltimes and the rays which correspond to this shot number
will be highlighted. With the option hide other shots activated all the shots except
the highlighted one will not be displayed.The speedbutton resets the
highlighted shot to 0.

The sec.coord. radiogroup within the second lower panel controls the choose of
second coordinate e.g. for the raytracing and the 2D-tomography. The first
coordinate is always x. With y-coord. activated it is assumend that the y-
coordinate represents the second coordinate axis. With z-coord. activated it is
assumend that the z-coordinate represents the second coordinate axis.
The sec.coord. option is used for example when calculating traveltimes using the
raytracing or when performing a 2-D tomography with 3D-data. If you are not sure
Modelling 644

with this option please use the option check rays or show rays within the
tomography panel in order to check the geometry. The last chosen option is
saved when leaving the program.

The speedbutton V or velocity adaptation under analyse: allows to determine a

velocity by creating a straight line with two mouse clicks within the traveltime
window. With this button activated the program waits for the input of two
datapoints for generating a straight line of distinct velocity. Pressing the left
mouse button determines the first datapoint and by moving the mouse with
pressed button the line with the current velocity is shown. Leaving the mouse
button holds the current line.
Modelling, File MenuItem 645

4.1 Modelling File MenuItem

From this menu you may choose your project directory, load, save, reset and print
an existing model and copy the current model to the clipboard.

ProjectDir: Selection of a new project. After selecting this option the directories
included in the current project directory are listed. From these you can choose the
project you want to work with.

load model: Use this option to load an existing model. Models which are built
using the DOS programs REFLEX and REFRA can also be loaded. The data
should be stored in the directory MODEL (default model directory) of the current
project directory but it is also possible to load the data from any other directory or
drive.

save model: Saves the current model in the new format used by REFLEXW. The
model is stored automatically in the directory MODEL of the current project
directory and has the extension MOD. Activating the option old format (max.
number of layer points 100) allows to save the model using the old format (for
Reflexw version up to 7.5).

reset model: Reset all model parameters. All model parameters apart from the
dimensions are reset.

load from ASCII: allows to import the coordinates and the parameters of the layer
boundaries from an ASCII-file. The format of the ASCII-file must be the same as
used with the option export to ASCII. Each line of the ASCII-file contains all
informations about one point of a layer boundary:
electromagnetic: layer-nr. X-coord. Z-coord. ε μ σ dε/dz dμ/dz dσ/dz
seismics:layer-nr. X-coord. Z-coord.Vp Vs ρ dVp/dz dVs/dz dρ/dz
The current wave type as well as other options like topography and the FD-
parameters are not changed. Only the model borders (min./max x- and z-
coordinates) are changed if the current model borders are smaller than the
min./max. coordinates of the layer boundaries within the ASCII-file.

export to ASCII: allows to export the coordinates and the parameters of the layer
boundaries into an ASCII-file. Two formats are supported:
each model point: The file will be stored under the path ASCII under the
projectdirectory using the extension MOD. Each line of the ASCII-file contains all
informations about one point of a layer boundary:
electromagnetic: layer-nr. X-coord. Z-coord. ε μ σ dε/dz dμ/dz dσ/dz
seismics:layer-nr. X-coord. Z-coord.Vp Vs ρ dVp/dz dVs/dz dρ/dz
csv tabella: allows to export the actual model into a CSV tabella with each line
containing position, depth, velocity and optionally altitude of each layer (see
example below for a 3 layer model with activated altitutde, dimension in ft).
The increment of the positions may be freely entered. The naming is automatic
(modelfilename plus extension csv, stored under the subdirectory ASCII).
Modelling, File MenuItem 646

load additional model: activating this option allows to load and plot additional
models. The additional models cannot be edited and are only plotted for
comparison.

load 1D-models: activating this option allows to load several 1D-models which
have been generated within the CMP velocity analysis (chap. 2) or within the
2D-dataanalyis when using the intercepttime method within the velocity adaptation
(chap. 1.12.1) panel. The layer boundaries of the individual 1D-models are
marked by colored signs. A two-dimensional model may be composed from the
one-dimensional models using the option create 2D-model within the modelling
Edit MenuItem (chap. 4.2).

print model: Use this option if you want to print out the model.

copy to clipboard: Use this option if you want to copy the current model to the
clipboard.

load data traveltimes: allows to load picked data traveltimes. The plot color of
the traveltimes is taken from the current set symbol font color. It is possible to
load REFLEX formatted PCK files as well as
2D-colums ASCII with each line containing
distance traveltime
ASCII-3D-tomography with each line containing (see also chap. 1.12.2.1)
traveltime code x-transmitter y-transm. z-transm. x-receiver y-receiver z-receiver
ASCII-2D-tomography with each line containg (see also chap. 1.12.2.1)
traveltime code x-transmitter y-transmitter x-receiver y-receiver
In addition you may load ASCII-matrix data (option Shot-Rec.Matrix, m shots and
n receivers) which has the following format:
1. line contains the x-positions of all m shots
2. line contains the z-positions of all m shots
3.-n.lines: 1.column: x-receiver position
2. column: z-receiver position
3.-m. Column: picked traveltimes
example:
shot position -100.00 -50.00 3.75 41.25 78.75 132.50 182.50
GP pos. Elev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0 0.00 110.00 59.00 10.00 57.00 78.00 140.00 175.00
7.5 0.00 115.00 62.00 10.50 50.00 73.00 137.50 170.00
15.0 0.00 120.00 65.00 20.00 46.00 69.00 132.50 168.00
22.5 0.00 124.00 71.00 28.00 42.50 62.50 130.00 165.00
Modelling, File MenuItem 647
30.0 0.00 128.00 78.00 39.50 25.00 60.00 130.00 165.00
37.5 0.00 130.00 94.00 47.00 11.00 50.00 122.50 162.50
45.0 0.00 135.00 105.00 56.00 10.50 45.00 120.00 160.00
52.5 0.00 138.00 116.00 60.00 22.00 37.50 115.00 158.00
60.0 0.00 141.00 119.00 62.50 30.00 31.50 109.00 154.00
67.5 0.00 143.00 121.00 68.00 38.00 24.00 102.50 147.00
75.0 0.00 147.00 126.00 72.00 45.00 15.00 95.00 141.00
82.5 0.00 150.00 130.00 76.00 50.00 9.50 85.00 135.00
If any of the ASCII-formats has been used the timedimension in case of seismic
wave propagation will be queried (ms or μs).

load calc. traveltimes: allows to load calculated traveltimes. The dataformat of

the calculated traveltimes is the same PCK-REFLEX format like for the data
traveltimes but the plotting colors are different. The color corresponds to the shot
no stored with the traveltimes.

export calc.traveltimes to ASCII: allows to save the currently loaded calculated

traveltimes into an ASCII-format. The format corresponds to the
ASCII-3D-tomography format within the Pick save MenuItem (chap. 1.12.2.1).
Each line contains the following values: traveltime(10:xx), code(10:0),
x-tracehadercoordinate of the transmitter, y-traceheadercoordinate of the
transmitter(10:xx), z-traceheadercoordinate of the transmitter(10:xx),
x-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(10:xx), y-traceheadercoordinate of the
receiver(10:xx), z-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(10:xx) where xx defines
the number of decimal places given within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1).
The file has the extension TOM and will be stored under the path ASCII under the
current projectpath. The format corresponds to that format needed by the 2D and
3D-tomographic traveltime-inversion.

export data traveltimes to ASCII: allows to save the currently loaded data
traveltimes into an ASCII-format. The format corresponds to the
ASCII-3D-tomography format within the Pick save MenuItem (chap. 1.12.2.1).
Each line contains the following values: traveltime(10:xx), code(10:0),
x-tracehadercoordinate of the transmitter, y-traceheadercoordinate of the
transmitter(10:xx), z-traceheadercoordinate of the transmitter(10:xx),
x-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(10:xx), y-traceheadercoordinate of the
receiver(10:xx), z-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(10:xx) where xx defines
the number of decimal places given within the global settings menu (chap. 1.2.1).
The file has the extension TOM and will be stored under the path ASCII under the
current projectpath. The format corresponds to that format needed by the 2D and
3D-tomographic traveltime-inversion.

export Reflexw rasterfiles: allows the conversion of REFLEX-formatted data

(e.g. the tomographic results or a rastered model (option fill)) into different export
formats (e.g. ASCII-GRD) - see also Export Menu (chap. 1.6).

Exit: Leave the module modelling.

Modelling, Edit MenuItem 648

4.2 Modelling Edit MenuItem

Undo: The option allows to undo the last model change.

create 2D-model from 1D-models: This option allows the automatic combination
of several 1D-models to a 2-dimension model. The 1D-models must be loaded
first using the option load 1D-models under modelling file MenuItem (chap. 4.1).
The number of layers within each 1D-model should be equal because the layers
are combined corresponding to their index number. The program automatically
controls this number. The depths of the layers are linearly interpolated. The
parameter table with the velocity and the vertical velocity gradient are
automatically updated. If only 1D-model has been loaded the layers will be
extrapolated.

create several 1D-models: This option allows the generation of single 1D-
models from the actual model at equidistant positions. The number of 1D-models
will be asked for. The filenames are generated from the actual model filename
plus ‘_’ and a running number starting at 1. The 1D-models are stored under the
path ROHDATA and have the extension VEL. The option might be useful if a
migration or stacking shall be done based on these 1D-models. For this purpose
enter the CMP-velocity module and create a 2D-model from the 1D-models in the
same matter as if the 1D-models would have been derived from single shots or
CMP’s.
Restrictions: a topography will not be taken into account and zmin should be set
to 0.

Exchange x-y-coordinates from datatraveltimes: normally the program uses

the x-shot and x-receiver coordinates for displaying the datatraveltimes. This
option allows you to use the y-shot and y-receiver coordinates instead. First you
have to load the datatraveltimes (option file/load datatraveltimes). Then use this
option in order to display the data based on the y-shot and receiver coordinates.
The option might be useful if you have acquired two perpendicular refraction
profiles and you entered a y-geometry for one of the profile (remark: this is
normally not recommended because all refraction interpretation tools are based
on the x-coordinates).

Fill actual model: allows to fill the model layer with colors automatically assigned
to one physical parameter of each model point (see also speed option fill). You
may determine within the model generation input of model parameters menu
(chap. 4.4.3) which physical parameter is used. Click on the wanted parameter in
the upper right corner table. By default the first parameter is set (marked by a x).
The option is also valid for the print output. When filling the model a Reflexw
rasterfile will be automatically created. By default a dummyfile will be used. If you
enter a name under rasterfilename the entered filename will be used for the
Reflexw rasterfile.The file will be stored under rohdata under the current project
directory.

mix rasterfile with with lower layer boundary: allows to combine an existing
rasterfile with the lowermost layer boundary. A new Reflexw rasterfile with the
filename specified under rasterfilename will be generated which contains the
same values as the old rasterfile except at the rasterpoints below the lowermost
Modelling, Edit MenuItem 649

layer boundary where their physical parameters are used. The option might be
useful for example if a lowermost reflection has been interpreted (option adapt
reflector) based on a rastered overburden (e.g. from a tomographic inversion).

flip model in distance direction: activating this option flips the actual model in
distance direction.
Modelling, View MenuItem 650

4.3 Modelling View MenuItem

ColorBars: Activate this option for displaying the current color amplitude
assignment bar at the right of the window.

interpolated physical parameters: activate this option if you want the physical
parameters to be displayed in the status panel on the top (par:) when moving the
mouse. Analogous to the option fill you may determine within the model
generation input of model parameters menu (chap. 4.4.3) which physical
parameter is used. Click on the wanted parameter in the upper right corner table.
By default the first parameter is set (marked by a x).

modelpoints: Allows to display or to hide the model layer points.

modellayers: Allows to display or to hide the model layer boundaries.

modelparameters: With this option activated the physical parameters (one single
set of parameters) are displayed below the defined model points. The program
controls if identical physical parameters for subsequent layerpoints are present
and only displays the middle one. Analogous to the option fill or interpolated
physical parameters you may determine within the model generation “ input of
model parameters menu” (chap. 4.4.3) which physical parameter is used. Click on
the wanted parameter in the upper right corner table. By default the first
parameter is set (marked by a x).

data traveltimes: Allows to display or to hide the data traveltimes which have
been loaded using the option load traveltimes under modelling file MenuItem
(chap. 4.1).

calc. traveltimes: Allows to display or to hide the currently calculated traveltimes

or the traveltimes which have been loaded using the option load calc. traveltimes
under modelling file MenuItem (chap. 4.1).

calc. rays: Allows to display or to hide the current calculated rays.

show data traveltimepoints: Displayed data traveltimes are marked with crosses
if this option is activated.

show calc. traveltimepoints: Displayed calculated traveltimes are marked with

crosses if this option is activated.

show data traveltimelines: Displayed data traveltimes of a shot are connected

with straight lines if this option is activated. The options use shot for discr., use
code for discr. and max.diff. for traveltimelines within the global settings menu
(chap. 1.2.1) control which traveltimepoints will be connected.

show calc. traveltimelines: Displayed calculated traveltimes of a shot are

connected with straight lines if this option is activated.The options use shot for
discr., use code for discr. and max.diff. for traveltimelines within the global
settings menu (chap. 1.2.1) control which traveltimepoints will be connected.
Modelling, View MenuItem 651

show additional models: allows to display or to hide the loaded additional

models (see also option load additional models under modelling file MenuItem
(chap. 4.1).

show 1D models: allows to display or to hide the loaded 1D models (see also
option load 1D models under modelling file MenuItem (chap. 4.1).

show additional rasterfile: allows to display any rasterfile in addition to the

model. This rasterfile may be a REFLEX-formatted file or a FD-rasterfile
(extension FDP, standard outputpath ASCII) generated during the rastering of the
FD-modelling, the raytracing or the tomographic inversion. The option is also valid
for the print output.

Core data/1D models: activate this option if you want to display core data (1D-
depth distributions) as vertical bars onto model. Precondition is that either the
option fill has been activated or any other additional rasterfile (e.g. a tomographic
result) has been loaded. It is possible to select a choosable number of core
datafiles. The core datafile should be stored under the path ASCII under the
current project directory and must have the extension cor(e.g.
c:\reflex\demodata\ascii\test.cor). A core datafile contains the informations of
several cores associated with the current model. One core block within the file
has the following format:
1. line: CORE + any identification
2. line: current location (x,y and z) within the 2D-line (floating point format)
3.-x. line: layernumber thickness quality-factor mean-velocity layer-velocity
The dimension of the thickness and of the location is identical to the current
distance dimension of the model. The velocities will be ignored.
A block ends when the program finds the identifier CORE or at the end of the file.
example:
CORE BK 16
100 0 100.5000
1 2.750000 1 2 2
2 8.450000 1 2 2
CORE BK 15
200 0 97.90000
1 6.400000 1 2 2
2 5.450000 1 2 2
The x-location corresponds to the distance. The y-location will not be used. The
z-location will be considered. With the option altitude activated the z-locations
are assumed to be elevations, if deactivated they are given in depths.
The max. number of different layers within one coreblock is 100 (identical to the
max. number of layers within the layershow). The colors for the individual
layerbars are identical to the colors within the LayerShow MenuItem. With the
option show quality within the global
settings activated a second layerbar is
shown indicating the quality factor
with the following color assignment: 1
- white, 2-yellow, 3-red. Within the
global settings menu you may also
change the width of the layerbars and
activate or deactivate some checking
parameters.
Modelling, Model generation 652

4.4 Model generation

The first paragraph of this chapter gives a short introduction of the steps which
have to be done during the generation of a new model. The following paragraphs
describe the various possibilities to change this ‚raw‘ model in order to adapt it to
the physical reality which shall be simulated. PLEASE NOTE: Independent of the
wanted simulation ( FD-calculation, Tomography or ray-tracing) the models are all
generated in the same way.

4.4.1 Getting started

The first steps to generate a model are to define the model size (start and end
coordinates in x- and z-direction [m]), the model file name with which the model
should be stored and the wanted wave type during the simulation
(electromagnetic, seismic(elastic), acoustic and sh-seismic). PLEASE NOTE: The
model file name should not exceed 6 characters (test10, e. g.) to ensure a correct
generation of the output file name of the calculated data (see below). All these
parameters can be set in the first lower panel.
After clicking the reset button in the first lower panel the model and the first
interface (layer nr. 1) are displayed. This first layer interface is automatically
generated and represents the upper boundary of the model (i.e. the ‚raw‘ model
always consists of one layer with one interface at its top).
The next step is to define the model parameters of the first layer by using the
table in the input of model parameters window which displays all the model
parameters belonging to the current layer. This is done in the same manner as for
any other layer and will therefore be generally explained below.
After having done these steps, the generation of the ‚raw‘ model is finished and
the adaption of the model to the reality can start.

With the option altitude activated a second axis on the right is shown with the
altitudes based on the entered reference level. The current altitude is calculated
from: reference level - current z-value.

The option ycoord allows to enter the coordinate value into the third (y) direction.
This value is used for the generation of the 3D-model from 2D-cuts for the 3D-FD
calculation (only the simulation of the electromagnetic wave propagation, see also
chap. 4.5.4).

4.4.2 Generating a new layer

By clicking on the new button the layer nr. will automatically be adapted to (n+1),
whereby n is the nr. of existing layer interfaces. (Alternatively you can count up to
the maximum possible layer nr..) If the radio buttons in the first lower panel are
set to layer and set point all needed points of the new layer interface can be set
inside the model by means of the left mouse button. The interface is interpolated
linearly between the layer points. Another possibility to set the layer points is to
directly fill in their coordinates into the table in the input of model parameters
window (see following paragraph).
After having set all points, please click on the button extrapolate or hor.extrap. in
the second lower panel to extrapolate the layer to the model boundaries, the
Modelling, Model generation 653
nearest layer, respectively. PLEASE NOTE: The layer points are sorted
automatically from lower x-distance to higher x-distance, i.e. the interface function
is unequivocal. Should for example a convolution be given it has to occur by
giving several interfaces, like it is done by the predefined symbols circle,
rectangle, triangle and lens (see below). The interfaces don't have to be entered
exactly at the edge, intersection with another interface, respectively, but in the
vicinity because the option extrapolate makes the automatic interpolation between
two interfaces as well as the extrapolation of the interface to the boundary
possible. Therefore the program searches automatically the nearest border at the
exposed end and extrapolates in that direction (in the case of an edge,
extrapolation in x-, z-direction, respectively, in the case of an interface to the
nearest layer point).
The physical parameters of the layer (ε, μ and σ, Vp, Vs and ρ, respectively) can
only be entered using the table in the input of model parameters window (see
following paragraph).
PREDEFINED SYMBOLS: If the radio buttons in the first lower panel are set to
circle, rectangle, triangle, lens, respectively, and set point, the location of the
middle point, the focal point, respectively, can be set in the model by means of the
left mouse button or by using the option place object within the input of model
parameters window using the midpoint coordinates center x-pos. and center z-
pos. PLEASE NOTE: It is not necessary to care about the fact that the predefined
symbols exist of two interfaces. The layer nr. is adapted automatically and after
the generation of the chosen object the two interfaces are treated independently.
The needed physical and additional parameters like the radius of the circle or the
extension of the rectangle, triangle and lens are entered in the input of model
parameters window (see following paragraph).

4.4.3 Input of model parameters window

The input of model parameters window is used to set, display and change all the
parameters belonging to the current layer. This window comes to the fore by
means of the right mouse button if the cursor is situated inside the model.
In the table at the bottom of the group box all the points of the current layer are
listed in a rising sequence according to their x-coordinates. In addition to the
coordinates of the points their corresponding physical parameters are listed
dependent on the chosen wave type and if the physical parameters should vary
gradually with depth (EditGradients is chosen in the ControlBox).
All parameters can be set or changed by simply editing the corresponding fields of
the table. By clicking the update model button in the ControlBox the model
values and the model display are updated. (A new point is added at the end of the
table. The points are automatically resorted during the update.)
Another possibility to set or change the parameter values of some points is to use
the field situated in the upper right corner of the input of model parameters
window. In this field all the necessary physical parameters (ε [ ], μ [ ] and σ [S/m]
or Vp [m/s], Vs [m/s] and ρ [g/cm3], respectively) are listed and can be set
individually. These parameters can be overtaken to selected points of the current
layer. The selection is done by clicking on the fields in the first column of the table
(the fields, which indicate the number of the points) and is indicated by a cross.
Clicking the take over button in the ControlBox leads to the updating of the
parameters at the selected points. (For updating the model please use the update
button in any case!). With the option take over all activating the action leads to the
Modelling, Model generation 654
updating of the parameters at all layer points. Activating the option EditGradients
extends the table by the vertical gradients.
If the parameters in this field are set before the first point of a layer is set
interactively, these parameters will be assigned to all the layer points.
The import (x,z) button in the ControlBox allows
the import of (x,z)- or (x,y,z)-coordinates
dependent on the setting of the file of type within
the file dialog window.
In both cases the data must have been saved in
ASCII format:
(x,z)-coordinate: one line contains the x-
coordinate (=distance) and the z-coordinate which
defines the depth.
(x,y,z)-coordinate: one line contains the x- and y-
coordinates (e.g. UTM coordinates) and the z-coordinate which defines the depth.
The distance along the line will be automatically calculated from the x- and y-
coordinates. The first given (x,y) coordinate pair must correspond to the start
(min.) position of the model.
If specified the 3. (4.)and 4. (5.) colum may contain the physical parameter Vp or
epsilon and the corresponding vertical gradient, the 5. (6.) and 6. (7.) colum Vs or
mue and the corresponding vertical gradient and the 7. (8.) and 8. (9.) colum rho
and sigma and again the corresponding vertical gradient. If these parameters are
not specified the following holds true: if no physical parameters already exist the
current parameters are taken over. If the physical parameters of the current layer
already exist those parameters which are most close to one xz-coordinate point
are taken over for that point.
if the actual layer is 1 it is assumed that a topography will be introduced. The
option topography will be automatically activated if deactive and an interpolation
in distance (x)-direction of the nearest existing parameters will be done instead of
simply using the most neares ones. If the option altitude is activated in addition
the z-values within the ASCII-file define altitudes and not depths for layer 1. The
reference level should be set at least to the maximum existing altitude value. The
depth values are then calculated from:
reference level - altitude values.
After having performed the option the model will be automatically updated.
The export (x,z) button allows the export of the xz-coordinates of the current
layer. Two formats are supported:
model x-z data: format corresponds to the format also used for the option import
(x,z). One line contains the x-coordinate and the z-coordinate (depth or altitude for
the 1. layer with activated option alitude based on the entered reference level).
The following colums contain the physical parameters together with the
corresponding vertical gradients (e.g. Vp, dVp/dz, Vs, dVs/dz, Rho, dRho/dz)
top xyz data: format corresponds to the topography fileformat used e.g. for the
processing options topography migration and correct 3D-topography. One line
contains the x-coordinate, the y-coordinate and the alitude (based on the entered
reference level).

PREDEFINED SYMBOLS: If a circle, a rectangle, a triangle or a lens shall be

integrated into the model two values for each parameter of the field situated in the
upper right corner can be set: The upper parameters indicate the values of the
upper interface (i.e. inside the object), the lower ones the values of the lower
interface (i.e. below the object). Usually the parameters of the lower interface
Modelling, Model generation 655
(outside the object) are in accordance with the parameters in the layer in which
the object has been embedded.
In case of a rectangle, triangle or lens the length (extension in x-direction [m]) and
the width (extension in z-direction [m]) must be set. In addition for the rectangle,
there is a possibility to set a slope in °, which allows to generate parallelograms
with the upper and lower border having the chosen slope value.
If a circle shall be set, only the radius has to be chosen.
The option place object allows to set a new symbol object using the midpoint
coordinates center x-pos. and center z-pos.

With the option TransitionZone activated the actual model boundary is assumed
to be rather a transition zone than a sharp boundary. The size of the transition
zone may be entered within the option size of transition zone. The transition zone
is centered at the original position of the model boundary. Using the transition
option might be useful for a subsequent tomography with a start model with
boundaries resulting from a previous wavefront inversion.
Modelling, Model generation 656
The option RandomLayer
within the model input
menu allows to specify
statistic parameters for a
random pertubation of the
physical parameters of the
individual layer. It is
possible to choose
between fluctuations (see
picture on the right - 1.
layer) and discontinuous
pertubations (see picture -
2.layer). Different spatial
distributions as well as
different statistic distributions
for the physical parameters
are available.
The correlation lengths in x-
and z-direction define the
average size of the
inhomogeneities.
The variance defines the
strength of the pertubation for
the first physical parameter
(either p-velocity or epsilon).
The parameters var. par. 2
and var. par. 3 define the
strength for the 2 other
parameters (s-velocity or μ
and density or sigma) respectively. The distribution functions are the same for all
physical parameters.
The parameter density(%) allows you to restrict the density of the pertubations
(density must be greater than 0 and smaller/equal 100). The parameter does not
exactly represent the resulting density of the pertubations escpecially for small
correlation lengths and for the type discontinuous. Therefore it might be
necessary to change this value by trial and error if the resulting density does not
fit the wanted needs. With the type discontinuous the single pertubations do not
overlap for densities smaller than/equal 75 %. For greater densities an
overlapping is allowed.
The parameter mean value defines a static level for the pertubations which will be
added to all pertubation values. It is possible to define a positive or negative mean
value.
By deactivating the option random start the random function repetitively generates
the same specific sequence of random numbers if the other parameters and the
discritization interval do not change. Activating the option random start always
generates a new sequence of random numbers.
As the random distribution depends on the used rasterincrement the results from
the option fill and from the “normal” FD-rastering differ. Therefore if you want to
check your FD-rasterfile you always should use the option “show additional
rasterfile” or “Reflex rasterfile” instead of the option fill.
If an object has been placed within a random layer (e.g. a circle or a rectangle)
you must define the same random parameters for the lower boundary of the
Modelling, Model generation 657
integrated object and the option random start should be deactivated for both this
lower boundary and the boundary of the random layer.
It is also possible to generate a 3D-random datafile. If the option 3D is activated
either within the ray (3D-ray) or within the FD-input box (3D-FD) the corr.length (y)
in y-direction must be entered in addition. The type discontinuous is not available
for a 3D-datafile. Precondition for the application of the random option for a 3D-file
are:
- the random parameters for all layers are taken from the 2D-modelcut with the
smallest y-coordinate
- the random parameters must be the same for all 2D-modelcuts
- all layers must exist within each used 2D-modelcut
- changes of the random parameters must be saved first before rastering because
the individual 2D-modelcuts are read from the modelfiles.
Modelling, Model generation 658

4.4.4 Changing an existing layer

All changes but the removing of a layer can be done using the input of model
parameters window. In addition, the position/form of an existing layer can be
changed interactively by using different options in the first, second lower panel,
respectively.

PLEASE NOTE: The radio button layer in the first lower panel has to be activated
to carry out any interactive changes on the current layer. Then, e.g. the layer,
which should be changed, can be chosen interactively by means of the left mouse
button while choose layer is activated and the cursor is situated near the layer
interface. (It is also possible to choose a layer by adjusting the corresponding
layer nr. in the first lower panel.) Any point of the current layer can be changed or
removed interactively (change p. or remove p.). New points can also be set (set
point). For changing a layer point, please choose the desired point by means of
the left mouse button, hold it until the desired locus is reached and then release
the left mouse button.

With edit layer the radio groupbox edit current layer is activated and some edit
functions which influence not only one layer point but the whole current layer can
be carried out. The corresponding parameters act on the actual layer nr. if the
button apply will be clicked or if any layer boundary will be chosen using the left
mouse button.

The layer can be removed (remove), vertically or horizontally moved (vert. move
or hor. move) by a certain amount [m], which has to be entered in the amount box.
In addition, the topography of the current layer boundary can be averaged by a
given number of layer points, whereby the number of layer points has to be
entered in the amount box. The option running mean allows to average the
chosen layer using a running mean over a choosable number of points option
(amount).
The option comb.f.add. allows to combine the actual layer with the same layer of
the loaded additional model. The option might be useful for example in order to
combine two different layer parts.
The option repl.by.ad. allows to replace the actual layer with
the same layer of the loaded additional model.
The option randomize allows to generate a rough layer
surface. The parameter xsize defines the correlation length
in x-direction - the parameter zsize in z-direction.
The option polynomial allows an adaptation of any exsiting
layer by a polynomial of given order. The order as well as the
number of points for the resulting layer may be defined.

The option tot. ver.move allows to move all layers vertically by the entered
amount.
Modelling, Model generation 659
The option tot. hor.move allows to move all layers horizontally by the entered
amount.

The option combine layers allows you to combine a different number of layers to
one single layer. After having activated the option the layer nr. of the layers to be
combined are queried. If the total number of layer points exceed the max. number
of layer points (250) an averaging is automatically done. Use this option for
example if you have inverted one single layer within different wavefront inversion
steps using different layer numbers.

The option extrapolate allows the automatic interpolation between two interfaces
as well as the extrapolation of the interface at the border. Therefore the program
searches automatically the nearest border at the exposed end and extrapolates in
that direction (in the case of an edge, extrapolation in x-, z-direction, respectively,
in the case of an interface to the nearest layer point). This is necessary for the
following FD-rastering.
The option hor.extrap. allows the extrapolation of the interface only to the left and
right borders of the model using a horizontal line. Use this option instead of
extrapolate if you want the interface to be only extrapolated to the vertical borders.
The option lin.extrap. allows the extrapolation of the interface only to the left and
right borders of the model by using the slope of the first/last model points. Use
this option instead of extrapolate if you want the interface to be only extrapolated
to the vertical borders.

The option add topog. adds the topograhpic interface (layer 1) to all existing
layers.
The option remove top. removes the topograhpic interface (layer 1) from all
existing layers.
The option sort->dephts allows to sort the layernumbers after depth. Activating
this option might be useful if the layer numbering is not ascending and the option
export to csv tabella is wanted. The sorting after depths also includes the first
layer if topography has been activated.

The last change can be undone using the undo option under the edit file menu
item.
Modelling, Model generation 660

4.4.5 Topography
The position of the points of the first layer (layer nr. 1) can normally not be varied
in depth (z-direction). To take into account a topography at the top of the model,
i.e. to vary the layer points in depth, the option topography in the second lower
panel has to be activated.
The option import (xz) within the input of model parameters menu can also be
used in order to define a topography. For that purpose the option topography
must be activated. If the option altitude is activated in addition the z-values within
the ASCII-file define altitudes and not depths for layer 1. The reference level
should be set at least to the maximum existing altitude value. The depth values
are then calculated from:
reference level - altitude values.
If the first layer has a topography, this topography can be added or removed from
ALL other layers by clicking ONE time the button add topog., remove top.,
respectively. PLEASE NOTE: Clicking several times adds or removes the
topography several times!

If you are calculating synthetic traveltimes (see also raytracing 2D/wavefront

inversion 2D) or FD-seismograms/radargrams (see also FD-model simulation) or
if you are performing a tomography (see tomography) also all source and receiver
positions above the topography are automatically placed directly below the
topography. Therefore it is not necessary to redefine the z-positions of the source
and the receivers if a topography will be used in addition.
FD-model simulation 661

4.5 FD-Model simulation

The FiniteDifference simulation technique is described in the following
paragraphs.

4.5.1 FD-computation
The parameters necessary for the FD-computation can be entered if the
FDGroupBox is activated (e.g., use the speed button FD in the first lower panel).
The rastering of the model based on the current parameters and the FD-
computation must be started from this box, too.
According to the given wave type the simulation on the basis of the Maxwell-
equations or of the elastic, acoustic, SH respectively, wave equation takes place.
The result of this calculation is the wave field depending on x,z and t (time). An
explicit method is used, i.e. the wave field is calculated for a certain point of time
from the preceding point of time. All the FD-parameters listed below are stored in
the ASCII-file with the name Filename+the extension 'FDR' (test10.fdr, e. g.).

For the FD-computation the layer model has to be rastered with a given increment
in x- and z-direction (option DeltaX). Just so, a time increment has to be given
(option DeltaT). The size of the space- and time-increment corresponds to the
minimal wave length as well as the velocity (see above). The program determines
automatically the critical value of the space-increment (1/8 of the min. wave length
for FD-scheme 4-space, 1/12 of the min. wave length for FD-scheme 2-space,
respectively) and shows this one in the calc. critical values box down right. This
value should not be passed over. For all wavelets except the Klauder wavelet the
entered frequency is used for determining the min. wave length, for the Klauder
wavelet the entered max. frequency is used. This may lead under certain
circumnstances to a too low value and you may try a slightly higher value of the
space-increment. The max. time-increment depends on the max. velocity as well
as on the given space-increment (approximately: Δt <= Δx/(2Vmax)). The critical
time-increment is shown in the calc. critical values box as well. In addition, the
critical time-increment of the current set space-increment is displayed there.

The input frequency shows the main frequency of the signal for the simulation in
Hz (seismic), MHz (el.magnetic), respectively. TMax specifies the point of time in
msec, nsec, respectively at which the simulation shall be terminated. The
boundary conditions selection box enables you to choose one of the predefined
model boundaries. In the case of electromagnetic wave propagation the model
boundaries can be extended by an absorbing edge area (see chapter 4.5.1.2). In
the case of seismic propagation an absorbing boundary condition is set on (see
for example: Reynolds, boundary conditions for the numerical solution of wave
propagation problems, geophysics, 43, 1099-1110, 1978). You may choose
between the threedifferent boundary conditions A1, A2 and REY for the elastic
wave propagation and REY for the acoustic one. The absorbing boundary
conditions A1 and A2 do not show the problems with the instability at the model
borders when a discontinuity is present but it is a little bit less efficient. Choosing
free surface/borders means a free surface at all borders for the seismic wave
propagation. Choosing reflecting means total reflection from the boundaries both
for the electromagnetic and the seismic wave propagation (rigid borders).
FD-model simulation 662
The source type selection box allows the choice of a plane wave, a point source
and an exploding-reflector model (not in the case of elastic wave propagation).
According to the choice of the source the depth position (source z for plane wave
and point source) as well as the lateral postition (source x for point source) has to
be given.

The signal type allows to chooose any of the following different signal types:
Kuepper, sine, Ricker, digitized signal, Kuepper 4 Extr. damped, and Kuepper 6
Extr. damped. In each case the parameter frequency defines the nominal
frequency of the signal. The lower picture shows the different signal type together
with its amplitude spectrum for a nominal frequency of 300 MHZ (except Klauder
wavelet - see below).
The digitized signal is taken from the first trace of a Reflexw formatted datafile. A
possibly existing starttime within the Reflexw file will not be considered. The
critical values for DeltaX and DeltaT are still be calculated from the manually
entered frequency which should be the dominant frequency of the digitized signal.
The Kuepper 4 and 6 Extr. damped types may be used in order to simulate a
longer reverberating signal. The first 2 extrema remain undamped and then a cos-
taper is used in order to damp the following 2 or 4 extrema.
The Klauder wavelet is the autocorrelation wavelet of a linear sweep signal. In this
case the parameters min. and max. frequency define the frequency range of the
original sweep signal (input in the same dimension like for frequency). The
duration of the original sweep signal is fixed to the max. time range. The length of
the Klauder wavelet is determined from the parameter frequency (signallength =
1/frequency). The lower picture shows an example with a frequency of 250 MHZ
resulting in a signallength of 4 ns and a frequency range between 100 and 1000
MHZ. To be considered: The Klauder wavelet is not minimum phase. Therefore it
might be useful to adjust the time zero after the simulation.

1. Kuepper

2. Sine

3. Ricker

4. Klauder

5. Kuepper 4 extr.

6. Kuepper 6 extr.

The FD calculation within a 2D-medium automatically includes an integration of

the order 0.5 of the signal for a point source and of the order 1 for a plane source.
In order to correct this the option signal correction has been included which
performs a fractional derivative of the order 0.5 (point source and exploding
FD-model simulation 663
reflector) and 1 (plane source) onto the resulting profile. The option is only
enabled if background is deactivated. The picture on the right shows a Ricker
wavelet without this correction (left) and using this correction (right panel).Such a
correction may also be done afterwards within the 2D-dataanalysis using the
processing option differentiation with the order 0.5 or 1 respectively.

According to the chosen wave type the excited fields, field components,
respectively, of the source have to be set:
electromagnetic: setting of the excited field components Ex, Ey, Ez, Hx, Hy and
Hz;
seismic(elastic): setting of p- and s-source;
acoustic and sh-seismic: no selecting options because of a potential.
Default settings are Ey for the electromagnetic and p-source for the
seismic(elastic).

The components of the calculated fields, which shall be registrated and stored on
disk can also be chosen dependent on the current wave type:
electromagnetic: setting of Ex, Ey, Ez, Hx, Hy and Hz;
seismic(elastic): setting of vert. displacement (WZ) and hor. displacement (UX);
acoustic and sh-seismic: no selecting options because of a potential (PT).
Default setting is Ey for the electromagnetic.

The option free surface in the case of seismic or acoustic wave propagation
allows you to set the upper boundary always as a free surface even in the case of
chosen absorbing boundary conditions.

The output file name for the computed data consists of the model file name plus
an extension (according to the field component: EX, EY, EZ, HX, HY, HZ for the
electromagnetic, WZ, UX for the seismic(elastic) or PT for the acoustic and sh-
seismic calculation, respectively) and the successive numberplus extension
‚DAT‘. The data are stored in the directory ROHDATA of the current project
directory.

The output type allows to set the wanted type of data output.
total wavefield: The complete wavefield is stored in 3D-REFLEXW format
(test10ey.dat, e.g.) and can be viewed within the 3D-data-interpretation module
(processing within the 2D-data-analysis module like any 2D-line).
single line: A single line is stored in REFLEXW format (test10ey.dat, e.g.) and
can be viewed and processed within the 2D-data-analysis module.
several single lines: This option allows to compute a sequence of different
modellings based on the current model. For further information see chapter 4.5.2.
Choosing single line you have to specify the coordinates of the receiver line
(recxstart, recxend, reczstart, reczend).
constant offset: The option is only available for the
source type “point source”. The option allows to simulate
a constant offset section for single point sources wihtin
one step. The source-rec.offset must be entered. The
rec. increment together with the rec start and end
coordinates define the geometry of the constant offset
section. It is not possible to define a diagonal line. If the
xend-xstart is greater than zend-zstart the line always lies
FD-model simulation 664
horizontally at zstart. If zxend-zstart is greater than xend-xstart the line always
lies vertically at xstart.
Example: In total 201 ZeroOffset (source-rec.off was set to 0) will be calculated
from 0 to 50 m at the surfache at z= 0,.
CMP: The option is only available for the source type
“point source”. The option allows to simulate a CMP
section for single point sources wihtin one step. The
CMP-position must be entered. The rec. increment
together with the rec start and end coordinates define
the geometry of the CMP section. The source
coordinates will be automatically placed into opposite
direction of the receiver coordinates.
Example: In total 33 shot/receiver combinations will be
calculated with the CMP located at 20 m and the first
shot at 18 m and the first receiver at 22 m. The last shot
is located at 10 m and the last receiver at 30 m.
Analogous to the constant offset outputtype it is not
possible to define a diagonal line.

The given of x,z-scaling as well as time scaling controls, together with DeltaX and
DeltaT, the sampling in x-,z- and time-direction for the storage of the wave fields
on disc (e.g. x,z-scaling = 2 and time scaling = 4 means a sampling interval of
2*DeltaX and 4*DeltaT). x,z-scaling and time scaling should be set as large as
possible because in the case of the output type total wavefield the output usually
needs a huge amount of disc space. In the case of the total wavefield output the
program automatically controls the scaling parameters in such a way that the
resulting number of points in all directions (x, z and time) does not exceed the
max. number of datapoints for the 3D-datainterpretation (see chap. 3).

If you have entered a topography all source and receiver positions above the
topography are automatically placed directly below the topography (see also
model generation - topography, chap. 4.4.6).

Within the 3D-FD group it is possible to activate the 3D-FD-calculation for the
electromagnetic wave propagation - for further information see chap. 4.5.4).

DoRaster: The FD-program needs discrete 2-dimensional arrays of the physical

parameters. The option DoRaster allows the rastering of the model parameters
based on the current raster increment DeltaX. The max. number of raster points in
z-direction is restricted to 32000.
During the rastering the model is filled with different colors. These colors do not
correspond to any physical model parameter but indicate which areas of the
model are attached to which model layers. PLEASE NOTE: If a FD-computation
shall be done using a new model the first time, the rastering should be done at
least one time with DoRaster. So the attachment of the model areas to the
corresponding layers can be controlled and any error caused by the rastering can
be avoided.
The 2D-arrays of the individual model parameters are stored under the path
model under the current projectdirectory on different files with the following
filenames: model file name + special extension. The different extensions are:
electromagnetic wave propagation: ε - FDP, μ - FDS, σ - FDD;
elastic wave propagation: Vp - FDP, Vs - FDP, ρ - FDD
acoustic wave propagation: Vp - FDP, ρ - FDD
FD-model simulation 665
sh-wave propagation: Vs - FDS, ρ - FDD
ExplodingReflector Model: source strength - FDQ, phase - FDI
Storing the arrays is done in an ASCII-format using the following block notation
(all z-values for one x-point):
FDP and FDS-files: 10F12:4
FDD-files: 10F12:8
FDQ and FDI-files: 10F12:5
At the end of each block the line must be ended.
example - 15 values in z-direction, 2 blocks = 2 successive x-values:

10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 12.00
12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 12.00
12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00

If the rastering of the model parameters is not done using the option Raster of
REFLEX please consider the following: the file with the extension FDR contains
all the necessary parameters like signal length, max. time and the point number
Nx and Nz in x- and z-direction, respectively. These numbers (+1 because
counting starts at 0) must be identical to the number of points in x- and z-direction
used in the raster files.
A message appears if undefined parameter values are found for ε und μ (electro-
magnetic) or Vp, Vs and ρ (seicmic). The following default values are set in this
case: ε: 1, μ: 1, σ: 0 S/m; Vp: 1000 m/s, Vs: 500 m/s, ρ: 1 g/cm3.

reflex rasterfile: if activated a Reflexw formatted rasterfile using the current

raster parameters will be generated in addition when using the option DoRaster or
import. The filename is taken from the modelfilename and the rasterfile is stored
under rohdata under the current project directory. The file may be viewed under
the 2D-dataanalysis. If the option 3D is activated a 3D-Reflexw rasterfile is
generated which may be viewed within the 3D-datainterpretation.

export: the option allows to store the FD-rasterfiles onto one single ASCII-file with
each line containing the following informations:
x-pos. y-pos. z-pos. ε(Vp) μ(Vs) sigma(density) sourcestrength sourcephase
The first line contains the following informations:
xpoints zpoints ypoints DeltaX
The number of places and of decimal places are given within the global settings
menu (chap. 1.2.1) within the pick parameter panel.

import: the option allows to read the FD-rasterfiles from an ASCII-file with each
line containing the following informations:
x-pos. y-pos. z-pos. ε(Vp) μ(Vs) sigma(density) sourcestrength sourcephase
The first line contains the following informations:
xpoints zpoints ypoints DeltaX
An error message appears if the current FD-parameters and the parameters
stored within the ASCII-file do not match. Deactivating the option raster allows you
to start a FD-simulation using the parameters stored within such an ASCII-file.
The options export and import may be used for an easier manual change of the
rasterized physical parameters.

StartFD: The option allows the start of the FD-program fdemseis.exe or

fdemseis_64bit.exe respectively if the option 64Bit_mode has been activated. The
FD-model simulation 666
64Bit_mode can only be used if a 64 bit Windows system is present. Then there
is nearly no restriction concerning the maximum memory and the model size can
be enlarged accordingly.
With the option raster activated first the chosen model will be rastered based on
the current parameters and then the FD-computation will be started.
With the option raster deactivated (not possible with activated 3D-FD option - see
chap. 4.5.4) the computation is started immediately using the current raster
values stored in the different rasterfiles (see option DoRaster). The program
automatically controls if the size of the rasterfiles matches the currently set values
of the raster increment and the model size. If not an error message appears. The
number of points in z-direction and x-direction must be: (z-size / DeltaX) +1 and
(x-size / DeltaX) +1.

The program FDEMSEIS.EXE will normally be executed in the background, so

that it is possible to go on with the work in REFLEXW. If the option background is
deselected, the computation is faster but there is no possibility to work with
REFLEXW until the FD-computation is finished.

BatchStartFD: batch start for different models. After having activated the option
the model filenames for the FD-calculation are queried. Before using this option
you have to save your models with the wanted FD-parameters.
FD-model simulation 667

4.5.2 Computation of several single lines

If the output type is set to several single lines, a sequence of different modellings
based on the current model can be computed. Up to 999 different single shots
may be simulated in one step. The source must be a point source.
An ASCII file FDSHOTS.* (FDSHOTS.1, e.g.) under the path MODEL must exist
which contains in each line for a single modelling the shot, receiver positions,
respectively, and the name of the file, in which the data shall be stored:

sourcexpos sourcezpos recxstart recxend reczstart reczend modeloutputname

Again, the modeloutputname should not exceed 6 characters to ensure a correct

generation of the output file name of the calculated data.
The number of lines in the file controls the number of different calculations.
example:
0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 test10
1.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 test20
2.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 test30
3.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.0 0.0 test40
4.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 test50

Five simulations with different source and receiver positions will be generated.
The resulting five single lines will be stored with different names in REFLEXW
format in the directory ROHDATA of the current project directory (test10ey.dat,
test20ey.dat, test30ey.dat, test40ey.dat, test50ey.dat, respectively, if the field
component EY shall be stored and the wave type is chosen to electromagnetic).

After starting the computation (StartFD button) the ASCII file FDSHOTS.* has to
be chosen whereupon the included shot geometry is displayed. If the shot
geometry is correct the computation can be started, otherwise aborted.

The option create several lines file allows to generate such an ASCII-file. The
parameters places and decimal places within the global
settings menu are used for the format of the ASCII-file.
Activating fixed line allows you to define the geometry for a
fixed receiver line for different shot points. The right panel
shows an example of shots located from 0 (source z start) to
100 m (source z end) with a spacing (source incr.) of 5 m
within a vertical borehole at 0 m (source x start and source x
end). The receivers are located from 0 (rec. z start) to 100 m
(rec. z end) within a second vertical borehole at 60 m (rec. x
start and rec.x end).
Activating moving line allows you to define the geometry for a
receiver line moving with the shots. The receiver start and
endcoordinates will be updated for each shot using the
entered source incr. The input parameters are the same as for
the fixed line.
FD-model simulation 668

4.5.3 Absorbing Range for the e.-m. wave propagation

For the electromagnetic FD-wavepropagation an absorbing range is used to
decrease the disturbing reflections from the model boundaries. You have the
possibilities between lin.absorbing-range, exp.absorbing-range, big
lin.absorb.range and big exp.absorb.range.
In all cases it is assumed that the conductivity inside the absorbing range is con-
tinuously increased to a max. value starting from the current one. Entering
lin.absorbing-range, big lin.absorb.range, respectively, a linear increase is used,
entering exp.absorbing-range, big exp.absorb.range, respectively, an exponential
increase is used.

The max. value of the conductivity σ end is defined as:

With k - grid variable inside the boundary range the conductivity σ k for the linear
increase is defined as:

and for the exponential increase:

FD-model simulation 669

4.5.4 FD-modelling 3D
Within the 3D-FD group it is possible to activate the 3D-FD-calculation for the
electromagnetic wave propagation.

With the option 3D-FD activated a 3D-FD-calculation is performed.

The parameter Ycoord allows to enter the coordinate in y-direction. The source
and the receiver line are located at that y-direction

The parameters ymin and ymax define the model range in y-direction. The
rasterincrement DeltaX also holds true for the y-direction.

The 3D-model is built up from different 2D-cuts lying within the xz-plane. The
parameter ycoord (see chap. 4.4.1) defines the location of each cut in the y-
direction. The option load allows you to define the wanted 2D-model cuts.
Tomography 670

4.6 Tomography
If the TomographyGroupBox is activated
(e.g., use the speed button TOMO in the
first lower panel), the parameters
necessary for the Tomography can be
entered. The rastering of the model based
on the current parameters and the
Tomography must be started from this
box, too.
The simulation technique Tomography
allows the automatic adaptation of
synthetic travel time data to real data
based on a tomographic algorithm. Only
transmitted (crosshole tomography) or
refracted data (refraction tomography)
may be used. The algorithm is based on
an iterative adaptation (SIRT-Simulta-
neous Iterative Reconstruction Techni-
que). Starting from the current model
synthetic travel times are calculated.
Either straight or curved rays (only 2D) are
considered. These travel times are
compared to the real ones. Model
changes are automatically derived from
the travel time residuals. This procedure is
repeated based on the changed model.
The complete process stops, if distinct
stopping criteria are fulfilled, e.g. if the
max. number of iterations is reached (see
below).
The distancedimension is always METER
or FOOT(see global settings menu, chap. 1.2.1), the timedimension is either ms
or ns (wavetype is set to electromagnetic wave propagation).

If no model has been defined a start model will be generated automatically when
starting the tomography. For that purpose a mean velocity as well as the
min./max. coordinates are calculated from the loaded traveltimes. Of course it is
also possible to define a start model manually. In this case the model size must
be defined in such a way that all wanted shot-receiver-positions are located within
the model. In addition, the physical parameters must be defined (p-velocity or ε -
see below). The simplest model is a homogeneous one, which is a sufficient
approximation for many cases. In the case of a refraction tomography it might be
useful to include a strong vertical gradient into the start model.
This start model must be transformed into a rectangular grid analogous to the FD-
scheme, i.e. it has to be rastered both in x- and z-direction according to the
entered space increment. For the seismic wave propagation only the p-velocity
(wave type acoustic) is considered. If s-velocities should be used, nevertheless
use the acoustic wave type and enter the s-velocities under the vp option. For the
electromagnetic wave propagation the given values of ε are automatically
transformed into a velocity v according to v=0.3/%ε [m/nsec].
Tomography 671
The resulting information-file (inf-file) contains some informations about the
tomographic inversion, e.g. the number of iterations, the number of rays and the
data residual for the iteration steps. The calculated data residual is the total sum
of all residualsof the individual rays. You may divide this value by the number of
rays in order to get the mean residual value for each traveltime. The individual
residuals for each ray are calculated as the square of the differences of the real
and the calculated traveltimes divided by the datavariance which is given by the
parameter "def. data-variance". The datavariance is a measure for the quality of
the real traveltimes. The higher this value the lower is the quality. Therefore the
individual residuals will be decreased with increased given datavariance because
of the higher uncertainty of the real data. The parameter "Desired Statistical
Range of Data Residuals" is described under the stopping criteria (statistical
criterium).
In addition the total absolute timedifference, the total timedifference and the RMS
deviationare written out. The total absolute timedifference defines the sum of the
absolute timedifferences independently form the sign (pos. or neg. difference).
This value gives you an estimate of the overall adaptation. The total
timedifference defines the sum of the timedifferences taking into account the sign
of the differences. This value gives you an estimate whether the mean model
leads to too small or too big traveltimes, e.g. an interface is too high or too deep.
The RMS deviation defines the Root Mean Square deviation.

To stop the iteration, one of the following 5 stopping criteria has to be fulfilled:

Non-physical criteria, i. e. the algorithm is stopped in any way by these so-called

knock-out-criteria:
' max. iterations specifies the maximum number of iterations before stopping.
(Default value: 10)
' max. time is the maximum CPU-time in sec for the tomography. (Default
value: 1000)
Physical criteria:
' threshold is a normalized threshold stopping criterion. If the ratio of the
current and of the preceding decrease of the travel time residual is smaller
than this value, the iteration process will be stopped. (Default value: 0.001)
' statistical criterium: Setting this option activates a stopping criterium which is
related to the variance of the travel times given by the parameter "def.
Data-variance". The individual residual for each ray is calculated as the
square of the difference of the real and the calculated traveltime divided by
the datavariance. If the difference of the real and the calculated traveltime of
each ray fits the standard deviation, i.e. the square of the difference fits the
data variance, the residual of each ray is simply 1 and the sum of all residuals
is simply the number of rays. The errors of the real traveltimes are assumed
to be Gaussian distributed. For a model that satisfies the data, theory
demands a range for the sum of all residuals between number of rays -
Sqrt(2*number of rays) and number of rays + Sqrt(2*number of rays). This is
the statistical criterium. These values are listed within the inf-file under
"Desired Statistical Range of Data Residuals" (minimum und maximum).
Setting this option activates a stopping criterion which is related to the
standard deviation of the travel time residuals.
' If the SIRT-algorithm does not converge, the option convergence search
controls the maximum number of model changes before stopping the
tomography (see below). (Default value: 5).
Tomography 672
The SIRT-algorithm calculates the best model changes by theory at every
iteration step. In practice it may be advantageous to scale this model changes. Im
most cases a decrease of the model changes leads to a steadier approach to the
final model by the cost of more iteration steps needed.

If the SIRT-algorithm converges the model changes are mutiplicated with the
option modelchange A. A value of modelchange A smaller than 1 decreases the
model changes, a value greater than 1 increases the model changes. The value
of the option modelchange A has to be positive.

The SIRT-algorithm does not always converge, i. e. it is not able to find a better
fitting model with every new iteration step. If no convergence occurs after a
certain iteration step, this iteration step is rejected and the preceding step is
repeated using model changes mutiplicated with the option modelchange B. A
value of modelchange B smaller than 1 decreases the model changes, a value
greater than 1 increases the model changes. In most cases it is appropriate to
choose a value smaller than 1 to decrease the model changes. The value of the
option modelchange B has to be positive. If the iteration does not converge with
this new start model, the procedure is repeated, i.e. the iteration step is rejected
and the preceding step is repeated using model changes mutiplicated with the
square of the option modelchange B etc. The iteration process is stopped at the
latest if the maximum number of model changes is reached or in advance if a
stopping criterion is fulfilled.

PLEASE NOTE: The restriction to small model changes can be useful to get a
better final model, but the number of iterations increases with decreasing model
changes.

max.def.change(%): allows to enter the default maximum change in percent of the

odel values from the start model. The default value is 50 %. If you expect igher
variations of the model you should set a greater value, e.g. 100 or 200 % (e.g. for
refraction data). The parameter should be set in such a way that the resulting
parameters are within realistic bounds (e.g. epsilon should not be greater than 80
or smaller than 1).

based on iter. model: if activated the max. change value refers to the actual
iterated model. If deactivated the max. change value refers to the parameters
given within the start model.

def. data-variance: The default variance of the traveltime data is entered in the
given timedimension. The default value is 0.01. Increase this value if the data
quality (e.g. noise) is bad. Increasing this parameter results in a smaller residual
value for the tomographic result and the stopping statistical criterium will be
fulfilled faster. A possible value is the timeincrement of the original data.

max. beam width: enter the max. size of the beam range in gridpoints.

start curved ray: enter the first iteration number when the curved ray algorithm
shall be used instead of the straight rays - precondition: activated option curved
rays. Set this value to 1 for the tomographic inversion of refraction data.
Tomography 673
average x: enter the x-range in gridpoints over which an averaging shall be done
after each iteration step. For the 3D-tomography the entered value average x will
also be used in in y-direction.

average z: enter the z-range in gridpoints over which an averaging shall be done
after each iteration step.

min.velocity: Setting a value > 0 restricts the min. value for the inverted velocities
to that value.

max.velocity: Setting a value > 0 restricts the max. value for the inverted velocities
to that value.

No check range: allows to set a range (in meter) on the left and on the right where
the option Check no ray area is not valid. This might be useful for example for
refraction data if far shots are available and here no data points are available
between the shot position and the first (last) receiver position. By setting these
ranges the start model will not be changed if not covered.

Check no ray area: With this option activated a model area, which is not covered
by rays, is separately considered. The model changes in those ranges are
calculated from the given changes of the neighbouring cells depending on the
setting of the averagex and averagez values. The relation of averagex and
averagez defines the preferential direction for the search.

beam: with this option activated the modelchanges based on the traveltimes
residuals are not restricted to the single rays but to a range around the ray. The
size of the range is determined from the current traveltime and the standard
deviation of the traveltimes (see also def. data-variance). The option is not
available for 3D-tomography.

weighted beam: the option is only enabled if beam is activated. With this option
activated a weighting factor within the beam range based on a normal distribution
is used for building up the mean value of the modelchanges within the beam
range. The option is not available for 3D-tomography.

curved ray: if activated the curved ray algorithm is used for calculating the
traveltimes instead of the straight ray algorithm. The option start curved ray
defined the first iteration number for the application of the curved ray algorithm.
For a tomographic inversion of refraction data you must activate this option.
Note: The 3D-tomography only works with straight rays.

force 1. Iter.: if acivated the model after the first iteration is always taken as the
start model for the next iteration even if the data variance has been increased.
Activate this option if you want to force the tomographic alogrithm to change the
start model in any case.

fix 1. layer: if activated the velocities for the first (uppermost) layer will not be
changed during the tomographic inversion.
Tomography 674
restrict to covered area: if activated the velocties outside the area covered by rays
will be set to 0. When plotting the result with activated plotoption autointerpolation
the plotoption no interp.f.min.color should be activated in order to disable the
interpolation for the borders of the coverd area.

restrict to max. angle °: If activated only the pick data with an incidence angle
smaller than the given one will be considered.

The option load data allows the determination of the input travel time data set.
These data have a special format and should be stored in the directory ASCII of
the current project directory with the extension TOM.The distancedimension is
always METER, the timedimension is either ms or ns (wavetype is set to
electromagnetic wave propagation). The travel time data may be built up in the
module 2D-dataanalysis using the Pick MenuItem (see chapter 1.12.2). The
geometry is taken from the corresponding trace headers.It is possible to choose
several files. If the number of chosen files is greater than 1 the program
automatically creates a new ASCII-file named DUMMY.TOM in which all the data
of the chosen files are stored.
The tomography inputdata are ASCII-data. Either a 2D- and a 3D-format is
supported. The program automatically controls which format is present.

For the 2D-tomography dataformat one line contains all informations for one travel
time:
travel time, code, transmitter_X, transmitter_Z, receiver_X, receiver_Z
The code is given as an integer value.
example (5 travel times):
800.00 1 0.00 2.00 100.00 2.00
801.60 1 0.00 2.00 100.00 6.00
803.20 1 0.00 2.00 100.00 10.00
806.20 1 0.00 2.00 100.00 14.00
811.00 1 0.00 2.00 100.00 18.00

For the 3D-tomography dataformat again one line contains all informations for one
travel time:
traveltime,code,transm._X,transm._Y,transm._Z, receiv._X, receiv._Y, receiv._Z
example (5 travel times):
800.00 1 0.00 2.00 1.00
100.00 2.00 5.00
801.60 1 0.00 2.00 1.00
100.00 6.00 5.00
803.20 1 0.00 2.00 1.00
100.00 10.00 5.00
806.20 1 0.00 2.00 1.00
100.00 14.00 5.00
811.00 1 0.00 2.00 1.00
100.00 18.00 5.00

The radiobox sec.coord. (see chap. 4) controls which second coordinate (y or z) is

used for the 3D-tomography dataformat if a 2D-tomography will be performed.
The first coordinate is always x. The third coordinate is neglected. The program
gives a warning message if only 0 values are present within the tomographic data
for the chosen second coordinate and changes the sec.coordinate if wanted.
Tomography 675
The tomography always works with depth values. Therefore if the original z-values
represent altitudes you must activate the option altitude and enter a reference
value. The option must be active before the tom-data will be loaded. Then the
original altitude values within the tom-file will be transferred to reference level -
altitude values..

The geometry (transmitter_X ...) are in meter, the travel times are in msec
(seismic), nsec (electromagnetic) respectively. The code has no significance at
present and should be set to 1.

If the option topography has been activated (see chap. 4.4.6) all source and
receiver positions above the topography are automatically placed directly below
the topography. Therefore it is not necessary to redefine the z-positions of the
source and the receivers if a topography will be used in addition.

With the option create topography from data activated the first layer of the start
model will be automatically modified based on the topographic z-values contained
within the traveltime data loaded for the tomographic inversion. The option must
be activated before loading the tomographic data (option load data). The option
topography (see above) will be automatically activated. If altitude is activated the
z-values must represent altitude values and will be transformed into depth values
using the entered reference level. The resulting topographic interface may be still
manually changed (e.g. using the option hor. extrap.) before performing the
tomography. It is recommended to activate this option for a seismic refraction
inversion if the topography shall be read from the tomographic data because in
this case it is ensured that no rays will penetrate the area above the topography.
Normally it is not useful to activate the option for a transmission tomography.

After having loaded the data the program automatically sorts the data after
ascending source and receiver positions and stores the data under dummy.tom
under the actual project directory using 3D-data tomography dataformat.
Therefore it is not recommended to use the name dummy.tom for the tomography
data.

If the option view data is activated the traveltime data are displayed. The data are
displayed along the given projection axis (default x - see also traveltimes radio
box). Therefore it is only recommended to view the data if they have been aquired
along one of the coordinate axis (e.g. seismic refraction data).

With final model you may enter the filename for the final model. The final model
is automatically converted in REFLEX format and stored in the directory
ROHDATA of the current project directory with the extension DAT. The final model
contains velocities in m/sec for the seismic wave propagation and the values of ε
in the case of the electromagnetic wave propagation.
In addition, an ASCII file with the extension CON is generated, which contains the
sums of the ray lengths in each grid cell giving an idea of the confidence of the
calculated grid velocities.
At last, an ASCII info file with the extension INF is generated.

The option 3D-tomography within the 3D-tomography box activates the 3D-
tomography. The modelsize in y-direction must be entered within ymin and ymax.
If the 3D-tomography is activated the data must have the 3D-dataformat specified
above under the option load data. The data-format of the final model is the
Tomography 676
REFLEX 3D-dataformat. The several X-Z cuts for each y-point are stored behind
each other within one file. It is possible to use the 3D-datainterpretation
possibilities to look for the different 2D-cuts.

DoRaster: The option Raster allows the rastering of the model parameters based
on the current space increment. In any case the rastering should be done before
starting the Tomography. The 2D-arrays of the individual model parameters are
stored on different files with the following filenames: model file name + special
extension. The different extensions are:
electromagnetic wave propagation: ε - FDP;
seismic wave propagation: Vp - FDP;
Storing the arrays is done in an ASCII-format using the following block notation
(all z-values for one x-point):
FDP-files: 10F8:2
At the end of each block the line must be ended.
example - 15 values in z-direction, 2 blocks = 2 successive x-values:

10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 12.00
12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 12.00
12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00

start tomography starts the tomography. After activating this option the chosen
model is rastered based on the given parameters and then the tomography is
started. During the computation the ProcessingStatus is shown in a window. The
resulting 2D-velocity-file of that iteration step preceding the current is displayed in
another window, too.
After the algorithm is stopped by one of the stopping criteria the final 2D-velocity-
file is displayed in this window and the current stopping criterion together with the
number of iterations is shown. Please click on the close button to finally stop the
memo window.
With the option show result activated the final model is displayed wihin the start
model image.
With the option confidencefile activated a Reflex formatted confidence file is
generated which may be displayed for example within the 2D-dataanalysis - the
filename is queried after having finished the tomography. The confidence is a
measure for the number of rays within one cell. With the beam option activated
the beamrange around the ray is taken into account in addition.
An information file with the extension inf will be automatically created. It has been
described at the top of this chapter.

The option raster controls if the current model is rastered with the given deltaX or
if an already existing raster file will be used. With the option raster deactivated
you are asked for the raster file (extension fdp). In this case the chosen raster file
must have the same sitze as the raster file which would be generated from the
current model with the given deltaX. Deactivating the option raster might be useful
for example in order to remake a tomographic inversion based on a previous
tomographic result.

check rays: After having chosen this option an ASCII-file is generated for all the
rays containing the following values in each line:
time SourceX SourceZ RecX RecZ distance mean_velocity
The file gets the name CHECKRAY.REP and is stored under the path ASCII.
Tomography 677
show rays: two cases will be considered dependent on the setting of the option
3D-tomography.
2D-tomography: The option show rays allows the display of the rays based on the
currently loaded ASCII-TOMO traveltime data into the start model. Every n.ray will
be displayed. The rays are displayed as straight lines from the source to the
receiver. Therefore the option is not suitable if curved rays shall be interpreted,
e.g. for the refraction tomography.
If the option colored within the ShowRays Box is activated the rays are plotted
with different colors. The color-code corresponds to the mean velocity of the ray
and is based on the current loaded color palette (see plotoptions chap. 1.7.2). The
following values must be input: min. and max. velocity for the color code
(velocities ranging outside this interval are plotted in the first or last corresponding
color). Default: the values are automatically determined from the loaded traveltime
data. One goal of the color code is to realize possible errors more easily.
If the option ShowOnlyShotRec is activated only the positions of the shots and the
receivers are viewed when clicking on show rays.
3D-tomography: With the option show rays
activated the rays are plotted within a
seperate 3D-cube window.
With the option colored active the rays are
plotted with different colors (rainbow colors
with red corresponding to the max. velocity
and dark blue to the min. velocity). The color
scale within the 3D-cube menu is only
available within the Reflexw “c” version using
the Windows themes.

min/max. xz(y): allows to extract the

min./max. border values from the loaded
tomographic “tom” traveltime data.

BatchStartTomo: allows to make several tomographic inversions within one step

using different tomographic parameters. After having started the option an ASCII
batch file is queried which must have the following structure - example with 3
different parameter sets:
iterations: 10 12 14
threshold: 0.001 0.003 0.002
modelchangeA: 1 0.9 0.8
modelchangeB: 0.1 0.11 0.12
convergencesearch: 5 6 7
maxdefchange: 200 150 100
basedonitermodel: 0 1 0
defdatavariance: 0.01 0.02 0.03
maxbeamwidth: 10 12 8
averagex: 0 2 4
averagez: 0 1 2
statisticalcriterium: 1 0 1
checknorayarea: 1 1 0
beam: 1 0 0
weightedbeam: 0 1 1
force1iter: 1 0 1
The final models will be saved under the given final model name together with a
running number (for this example final_model1 .... final_model3).
Raytracing/wavefront inversion 678

4.7 raytracing/wavefront inversion

If the RayGroupBox is activated (e.g., use the speed button RAY in the first lower
panel), the parameters necessary for the raytracing and the traveltime inversion
can be entered. The rastering of the model based on the current parameters and
the raytracing/traveltime inversion must be started from this box, too.

Within this group box you have the possibility of calculating synthetic traveltimes
using two different raytracing methods (see raytracing 2D, chap. 4.7.1) and to
invert picked forward and reciprocal traveltimes using a wavefront inversion
technique (see wavefront-inversion 2D, chap. 4.7.2). Both the method to
calculate traveltimes and the wavefront inversion technique are suitable for the
interpretation of first arrivals, e.g. refraction traveltimes and they are restricted to
2D. The simulation of the synthetic traveltimes can also be done for primary
reflections (only 2D, see chap. 4.7.1.2) and for a 3D-medium (only first arrivals-
see chap. 4.7.1.4). The wanted method is chosen within the type option.

DoRaster: The option Raster allows the rastering of the model parameters based
on the current space increment. For more detailed information see FD-model
simulation, chap. 4.5).

reflex rasterfile: if activated a Reflexw formatted rasterfile using the current

raster parameters will be generated in addition when using the option DoRaster.
The filename is taken from the modelfilename and the rasterfile is stored under
rohdata under the current project directory. The file may be viewed under the 2D-
dataanalysis. If the option 3D is activated a 3D-Reflexw rasterfile is generated
which may be viewed within the 3D-datainterpretation.

start starts the rastering and then the raytracing or the wavefront-inversion.
After having finished the raytracing the calculated traveltimes are shown in the
lower window. The upper window shows the model together with the optional rays.
After having finished the wavefront-inversion the current model is updated.

Adapt reflector: performs an automatic correction of the reflector depth by

comparing the calculated and the synthetic reflection traveltimes (see chap.
4.7.1.3).
Raytracing 2D 679

4.7.1. raytracing 2D
The calculation of the synthetic traveltimes is restricted to the first arrivals and
the primary reflections for an arbitrary 2-dimensional medium. No secondary
arrivals can be calculated. This can be done using the FD-simulation (chap. 4.5).
The wanted method is chosen within the type option. Two different methods are
available.

With the network raytracing the raypath with the shortest traveltime from one
point to the other is determined. This method only allows the simulation of first
arrivals for both 2D and 3D models (option 3D-ray - see chap. 4.7.1.4).
As a prerequisite for the calculations the model has to be gridded with the
appropriate spatial increment DeltaX. The next step is to develop a so-called
Forward-Star. The Forward-Star of a node i is the set of nodes which are
connected directly with the node i.
The calculation of the shortest raypath is done with the Dijkstra algorithm. At the
begining of the computation the traveltime for the source-node, which is the
location of the point-source, is given. In order to determine the traveltime to the
other nodes, the Dijkstra algorithm is applied, which won't be described in more
detail, in here. The interested reader may refer to the corresponding specialized
geophysical literature. For optimizing the computation time various changes
(according to Klimeš & M.Kvasni ka) are implemented. The accuracy of the
calculations depends on the order of the spatial increment, with which the model
has been gridded and on the size of the Forward-Stars. The amount of grid-points
is restricted to 150000 points.
The option calculate controls if one single line or several lines are calculated. For
detailed information please refer to raytracing shot/receivers, chap. 4.7.1.1.

With FD-vidale a method based on a finite difference approximation of the

eikonal equation for calculating synthetic traveltimes is used. It takes into the
account the existence of different propagation waves like tansmitted, diffracted or
head waves. Therefore no practical limatation concerning the complexity of the
medium is given. Again the model has to be gridded with an appropriate spatial
increment DeltaX. Two different FD-algorithms are availabe. With the option
Podvin activated a more accurate but also more CPU-time consuming method is
used. Starting from the source point traveltimes are calculated in a quadratic
region. If headwaves are detected the propagation direction must be redirected in
order to find the minimum traveltimes.
The option Iterations controls the number of redirections of the wavefront
propagation in order to take account possible additional head waves. Increasing
this number also significantly increases the CPU-time.
The option calculate rays controls if the rays are calculated in addition to the
traveltimes or not. The option exact ray controls how the rays are calculated. With
exact ray activated always the steepest descent of the local best fitting plane to
the neighbouring traveltimes is calculated. With exact ray deactivated the rays are
always calculated from the greatest decrease in traveltime of the neighbouring
gridpoints. It depends on the model which method gives the better results. The
option ray discretization describes how the rays are discretized. Low means
every 4. sample point, med. every 2. and high each sample point is used.
Activating the option smooth rays enables a smoothing of the rays.
The option reflections allows the simulation of primary reflections from the given
model boundaries - see chap. 4.7.1.2. An automatic correction of the reflector
Raytracing 2D 680
depth by comparing the calculated and the synthetic primary reflection traveltimes
from a special boundary is also available (option adapt reflector see chap.
4.7.1.3).
The option calculate controls if one single line or several lines are calculated. For
detailed information please refer to raytracing shot/receivers, chap. 4.7.1.1.

The given of output-scale controls, together with DeltaX, the sampling in x- and
z-direction of the output.

The option calculate rays controls if the rays are calculated in addition to the
traveltimes or not.

The option raster controls if the current model is rastered with the given deltaX or
if an already existing raster file will be used. With the option raster deactivated
you are asked for the raster file. Two different filetypes are supported: fdp-
rasterfiles (stored with the extension fdp when using the option doraster) and
reflex-files (*.??t). In case of no rastering the chosen raster file must have the
same sitze as the raster file which would be generated from the current model
with the given deltaX. Deactivating the option raster might be useful for example
in order to perform a raytracing for a tomographic inversion model (see also chap.
0.10.4.3).

With the option syn.distances activated the stored distances from the loaded
data traveltimes are taken over for the calculated traveltimes. This might be useful
if you want to load the calcualted traveltimes into the original seismic data within
the 2D-dataanalysis module.
Raytracing 2D 681

4.7.1.1 raytracing shot/receivers

The calculate option allows to set the wanted type of calculation:

single line: The first arrivals and the primary reflections (optional) for a single line
are calculated and stored in REFLEXW pick format using the outputfile name
under the path LINEDATA under the current projectdirectory. You have to specify
the coordinates of the source (sourcex, sourcez) and of the receiver line
(recxstart, recxend, reczstart, reczend). The given of output-scale controls,
together with DeltaX, the sampling in x- and z-direction of the output.

several single lines: This option allows to compute a sequence of different single
lines based on the current model. Only first arrivals are calculated. The given of
output-scale controls, together with DeltaX, the sampling in x- and z-direction of
the output.
Up to 999 different single shots may be simulated in one step.
An ASCII file FDSHOTS.* (FDSHOTS.1, e.g.) under the path MODEL must exist
which contains in each line for a single modelling the shot, receiver positions,
respectively, and the name of the file, in which the traveltimes shall be stored:
sourcexpos sourcezpos recxstart recxend reczstart reczend traveltimeoutputname
The number of lines in the file controls the number of different calculations.
example:
0.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 test10
10.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 test20
20.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 test30
30.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 test40
40.0 0.0 10.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 test50
Five simulations with different source and receiver positions will be generated.
The resulting five single lines will be stored with different names in REFLEXW
pick format in the directory LINEDATA of the current project directory (test10.pck,
test20.pck, test30.pck, test40.pck, test5.pck, respectively).

After starting the computation (Start button) the ASCII file FDSHOTS.* has to be
chosen whereupon the included shot geometry is displayed.

Exploding reflector: allows to simulate the zero offset traveltimes from the
individual reflectors within one step (see chap. 4.7.1.2).

Data traveltimes: This option allows to calculate synthetic traveltimes at those

distance positions where data traveltimes are displayed in the lower window panel
(option load datatraveltimes, chap. 4.1). The x-positions of the shots to be
calculated are automatically taken from the shot- and receiver geometries of the
currently loaded data traveltimes (see also option load datatraveltimes, chap. 4.1).
The z-positions depend on the actual settings (see below). For the setting “value”
the following holds true:
- the z-positions of the shots and of the receivers are taken from the traveltimes
depending on the setting of the sec.coord. radiogroup (either the y-coord. or the
z-coord. of the traveltimes will be taken into account).
Please consider: If the z-positions are altitudes the option altitude must have been
activated before loading the data traveltimes.
The given of output-scale controls, together with DeltaX, the sampling in x- and z-
direction of the output .
Raytracing 2D 682
Up to 99999 different single shots may be simulated in one step. If the checkbox
near the outputfile is activated only one single traveltime and ray outputfile will be
created containing all shots (only activatable If no reflections are calculated). If
deactivated for each shot such a traveltime and ray outputfile will be generated.
Then the filenames will be automatically determined from the entered
outputfilename (the first 4 characters) and the shot positions (either the x-
positions together with the label ‘x’ or the y(z)-positions together with the label ‘z’).
For the shot positions only the integer part will be used together with a
multiplication factor if DeltaX is smaller than 1 (factor 10, 100 or 1000). If a
filename conflict occurs (e.g. if the shots are located at the same x- or y-
postionbut but in different y(z)- or x-positions like at opposite sides of the medium)
the filenames will be automatically determined from the shot numbers.

The source and receiver z-positions may also be located on any interface. On
the right hand side of the “source z” option you may define if this value shall be
taken or if the source shall be located on the 1. layer (topogr.) or on the 2.-5.
layer. Equally the option next to the “rec z-start” and “z-end” options allows you to
define the receiver line according to the entered values or to the chosen interface
(1.layer(topogr.) or on the 2.-5. layer). Depending on the setting of the option
topography (see also model generation - topography, chap.
4.4.6) “value” (not activated topography) or “topogr.” is
highlighted by default both for the source and the receiver line.

The option create several lines file allows to generate the

ASCII-file which is necessary for the ASCII-file of the option
several lines file. The parameters places and decimal places
within the global settings menu are used for the format of the
ASCII-file.
Activating fixed line allows you to define the geometry for a
fixed receiver line for different shot points. The right panel
shows an example of shots located from 0 (source z start) to
100 m (source z end) with a spacing (source incr.) of 5 m
within a vertical borehole at 0 m (source x start and source x
end). The receivers are located from 0 (rec. z start) to 100 m
(rec. z end) within a second vertical borehole at 60 m (rec. x
start and rec.x end).
Activating moving line allows you to define the geometry for a
receiver line moving with the shots. The receiver start and
endcoordinates will be updated for each shot using the
entered source incr. The input parameters are the same as for
the fixed line.
Raytracing 2D 683

4.7.1.2 raytracing reflections

With the option reflections activated the primary reflections from the individual
layers or only from the actual red undelined layer (option act.layer active) are
calculated in addition using the FD-Vidale raytracing. The traveltimes are stored
under a pck-file with the filename corresponding to the entered outputfile plus a
characterization of the layer number. Example: outputfile TEST - the reflection
from layernr. 2 are stored under: TESTR2.pck.
The direct refracted traveltimes are calculated in addition if the option refractions
is active.

The rays for the reflections are

calculated if the option calculate
rays is active. An addition option
high resol. controls if the
calculation of the rays is done
using a high resolution. This
leads to a larger computation
time.

Reflections can be calculated for

the calculate types single shot,
data traveltimes and exploding
reflector.

The layershow colors are used

for discriminating the refractions
and the reflections from the
different layers if the calculate
type single shot has been used.

Synthetic seismogram (Finite Difference approximation of the waveequation) with

underlined calculated traveltimes (refractions and reflections) for the model shown on
the left. A good match between FD-simulation and calculated traveltimes has been
achieved both for the refractions and the reflections.
Raytracing 2D 684
With data traveltimes activated and only one shot loaded again the layershow
colors are used in the same manner like for single shot.
With data traveltimes activated and different shots loaded the layershow colors
are used in order to discriminate the different shots. Refractions and reflections
from the same shot use the same color. The rays are only plotted for the
lowermost reflector.

Activating exploding reflector allows to simulate the zero offset traveltimes from
the individual reflectors within one step. Again the layershow colors are used for
discriminating the reflections from the different layers (see figure on the right).
The option reflections is always active and the option refractions always deactive.
The option act. layer allows to simulate the zero offset traveltimes only from the
actual layer boundary.
Raytracing 2D 685

4.7.1.3 automatic adaptation of primary reflections

The option adapt reflector allows an automatic correction of the reflector depth
by comparing the calculated and the synthetic reflection traveltimes. Before
applying this option you must:

• load or create a model including the reflector boundary which shall be

adapted. The overburden will not be changed - therefore the overburden
must represent the real conditions as well as possible, e.g. after having
performed a wavefront inversion of the first arrivals or after having done
an interactive raytracing. It is also possible to use a tomographic result.
For the latter purpose the option raster must be deactivated and the
same rasterincrement DeltaX and the same border coordinates must be
used as for the tomography (procedure is the same like for the “normal”
raytracing).
• load the data traveltimes which shall be adapted using the option
file/load datatraveltimes
• choose the wanted layer boundary (underlined in red)
• choose the calculate type data traveltimes
• activate the options reflections and act. layer and deactivate the option
refractions
• The option calculated rays should be deactivated in order to save
computer time
• enter the rasterincrement
DeltaX and start the ray
tracing in order to get a first
overwiew (optional) check.
The option calculate
traveltime under Analyse
can be used in order to
calculate the traveltime
differences between real and
synthetic data.
• activate the option adapt
reflector. Now the number of
iterations is queried (default:
5). After having entered the
iteration number the
adaptation starts. The model
(the actual layer) is always
updated after each iteration
step and the adaptation parameters are shown. After having reached the
number of iterations or if no improvement has been achieved any more
the adaptation stops. A report file adaptation.rep (stored under model
under the project directory) will be automatically created indicating the
iteration number and the traveltime differences and the coverage of the
individual reflector points. The coverage will also be displayed as a
grayscale bar at the bottom of the model. This bar will be displayed as
long as the button adapt reflector is highlighted. Click again on button
adapt reflector in order to deactivate it.
Raytracing 2D 686
The following picture shows the result after 10 iterations using the start model
shown within the upper picture. The true model is underlined using dashed lines.
Raytracing 2D 687

4.7.1.4 3D raytracing

The option 3D-ray allows a 3-dimensional raytracing based on the network

raytracing.
The parameters ymin and ymax defines the model range in y-direction. The
rasterincrement DeltaX also holds true for the y-direction.
The parametera source y and receiv. y define the source and receiver positions
in y-direction. Restriction: the receivers may only be located along one constant y-
position.
The 3D-model is built up from different 2D-cuts lying within the xz-plane. The
parameter ycoord defines the location of each cut in the y-direction. The option
load allows you to define the wanted 2D-model cuts.
wavefront-inversion 2D 688

4.7.2 wavefront-inversion 2D
Activating wavefront-inversion allows to migrate the picked forward and reverse
traveltimes into depth using a FD-approximation of the eikonal equation
analogous to the forward raytracing FD-vidale method. Again the model has to be
gridded with an appropriate spatial increment DeltaX. This value should be
chosen in such a way that no siginificant inhomogeneity of the overburden will be
lost. The computertime for the inversion increases by a factor of 4 if you decrease
the increment by a factor of 2.The complete forward and reverse wavefronts are
continued downward based on the given overburden model. The new refractor is
constructed at those points where the sum of the downward traveltimes is equal to
the reciprocal traveltime. The refractor velocity is determined from the mean of the
slopes of the forward and reverse wavefronts at the new calculated refractor
points.
Precondition for the application of the wavefront-inversion is the existence of both
a complete forward and reverse traveltimecurve (see also traveltime analysis and
traveltimes combine, chap. 5.3). Only these traveltimes must be used which have
been stored within the combine traveltime panel.
The overburden must be existent. It may contain any 2-dimensional structure.
After having entered the parameters (deltaX and outputscale) the wanted
traveltime datafile must be chosen. If the wavefrontinversion module is called from
the traveltime analysis menu the current combined traveltimecurves are used and
no datafile must be chosen. The traveltimecurves are automatically reinterpolated
based on the given DeltaX. The CPU-time drastically increases with decreasing
DeltaX. Therefore the best compromise between needed resolution and CPU-time
must be found. A window informs you about the status of the calculation.

The parameter nr. of diff. velocities controls the number of different refractor
velocities to be determined. After having finished the wavefront inversion the new
window “velocity determination using linear regression” opens showing the
resulting forward and reverse traveltimes for the determination of the refractor
velocities. These traveltime branches are automaticall subdivided into a number
of different linear regression curves dependent from the chosen number of
different velocities. The resulting velocities are shown in the middle of each
regression curve. You may change the start and end position of each regression
curve by simply clicking on it and drawing it with pressed left mouse button. The
forward and reverse brances are connected to each other. Therefore for example
any change on a forward regression curve also acts an the equivalent reverse
regression curve.
Activating the option close terminates the velocity determination window and the
new new layer boundary is plotted. The refractor velocities are determined from
the mean of the two velocities for the forward and reverse branches.

The inverted interface should be extrapolated either to the vertical model borders
(use option hor.extrap.) or to the nearest layer or model border (use option
extrapolate).
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 689

5. Refraction traveltime analysis 2D

Within this menu it is possible to analyse and interpret picked first arrivals
(refraction seismics). The distancedimension is always METER or FOOT(see
global settings menu, chap. 1.2.1), the timedimension is either ms or μs.
Precondition is that all chosen data are located along one line within one
acquisition plane. You may put together the traveltimes from several shots
(traveltimes put together, chap. 5.1) and assign the traveltimes to special layers
(option assign, see also traveltimes assign, chap. 5.2). Those traveltimes
stemming from several shots and belonging to one layer may be combined
together to one forward and reverse traveltime curve (option combine, see also
traveltimes combine, cahp. 5.3). These combined traveltimes are the basis for a
subsequent wavefront-inversion 2D (chap. 4.7.2) which allows to invert both the
structure of the layer and the smoothed refractor velocity (option wavefront-
inversion).

The following options are always valid:

enter the project directory

copy current traveltime picture to the clipboard

resets the x- and y-scale values (zoomvalues) to 1 and replots all current
traveltimes
enable manual zoom - With the option ZOOM an arbitrary area of the
data set can be selected and plotted in full screen size
Print traveltimes

The traveltime curves are always marked with shot numbers, beginning with 1, in
ascending order corresponding to ascending shot coordinates.

show traveltimepoints under view: allows to display or to hide the traveltime

points.

With the option show traveltimelines under view activated the traveltimes
belonging to one shot and to one layer (activated option assign or combine) are
joined by a straight line.

With the option shot number under view activated the shot number corresponding
to the traveltime pick nearest to the current mouse position is shown within the
coordinate window in addition.

With the option showxyprojection under view the xy-positions of the current picks
are displayed. The option is useful for picks with GPS coordinates for a direct
control of the locations of the picks within the xy-plane and can be used in order
to check the pathway and the direction of the acquisiton line for e.g. a later
projection on the x-axis (see option project on x-coord. under edit).
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 690
The option plot options under plot allows you to enter some plot options like show
grid, etc.

The speedbutton V or velocity adaptation under analyse: allows to determine a

velocity by creating a straight line with two mouse clicks. With this button
activated the program waits for the input of two datapoints for generating a
straight line of distinct velocity. Pressing the left mouse button determines the first
datapoint and by moving the mouse with pressed button the line with the current
velocity is shown. Leaving the mouse button holds the current line.

The option load second traveltimes under file allows to load secondary
traveltimes, which are plotted as comparative traveltimes in addition to the current
ones. You may choose different pick files from the file list. These traveltimes or
secondary picks are displayed in red rectangles. The option is convenient to
control traveltimes of neighbouring shot points or to compare real traveltimes with
calculated ones (see option calculate traveltime differences under analyse). The
option second traveltimes under view controls if the secondary traveltimes are
visible or not.

The option export to ASCII allows to save the currently loaded traveltimes into an
ASCII-format. The format corresponds to the ASCII-3D-tomography format within
the Pick save MenuItem (chap. 1.12.2.1). Each line contains the following values:
traveltime(8:2), code(8:0), x-tracehadercoordinate of the transmitter,
y-traceheadercoordinate of the transmitter(8:2), z-traceheadercoordinate of the
transmitter(8:2), x-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(8:2),
y-traceheadercoordinate of the receiver(8:2), z-traceheadercoordinate of the
receiver(8:2). The file has the extension TOM and will be stored under the path
ASCII under the current projectpath. The format corresponds to that format
needed by the 3D-tomographic traveltime-inversion.

The option extract from 3D-data under file

allows to extract 2D-lines from a 3D-dataset.
The 3D-dataset must have the tomo-3D-
coordinates dataformat.
The wanted 2D-lines may be orientated in x-
or y-direction. The option lateral position
defines the coordinate perpendicular to the
entered orientation. All data lying on this line
will be taken when a 2D-line is generated.
The option max.deviation allows to enter a
deviation value for the lateral shot position.
This means the shots may be located outside
the 2D-line orientation. The sign of the max.
deviation is taken into account. In the
example the shots having a shot-y coordinate
between 0 and 0.5 m will be used for the
generation of the 2D-line.

The option calculate traveltime differences under analyse allows to calculate

traveltime differences between the current and the secondary traveltimes. As the
positions of the current and the secondary traveltimes may vary because of the
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 691
fixed raster increment of the raytracing you may enter a position bin which is used
for determining the quasi-identical positions. The total absolute timedifference, the
total timedifference, the RMS deviation and the number of identical positions are
displayed. The total absolute timedifference defines the sum of the absolute
timedifferences independently form the sign (pos. or neg. difference). This value
gives you an estimate of the overall adaptation. The total timedifference defines
the sum of the timedifferences taking into account the sign of the differences. The
RMS deviation defines the Root Mean Square deviation. The number of identical
positions is shown together with the total number of current picks in order to have
an estimate over the significance of the analysis.

The option calculate reverse traveltimes under analyse allows to control the
reverse traveltimes. The reverse traveltime and the relative traveltime error should
be checked in any case. Activating the option a new window named “show
reciprocal times” appears which allows the following inputs:
output: you may choose a file output or an output to the screen.
With the option file chosen an ASCII-file named reciprocal.times under the
current project directory is created. One file block (two lines) contains a pair of
reverse traveltimes (shot_x, shot_y, receiver_x, receiver_y, traveltime).
With the option screen chosen the reverse traveltimes are shown on the screen.
Each pair of reverse traveltimes is shown in one color (the layershow colors are
used.). In addition to the traveltime the corresponding shot number is shown.
traveltimes choice: you may choose if all traveltimes (option all), only traveltimes
for a definable shotnumber (option one shot) or only picks for a definable
layernumber (option one layer) are taken into account.
With the option one shot chosen you have to enter the wanted shot no. The
minimal shot number is 1. Shot numbers are in ascending order according to
ascending shot coordinates. The relative traveltime error is calculated from the
traveltimes of the selected shot. The relative traveltime error and the reverse
traveltime of this shot are displayed.
With the option one layer chosen you have to enter the wanted layer no. An
assignment of traveltimes to layers prior to this option is required. The relative
traveltime error is calculated from all traveltimes assigned to the desired layer.
The relative traveltime error and the reverse traveltimes of this layer are
displayed.
As a summary the mean reciprocal time error is displayed.

The option Time Term interpretation under Analyse allows the reconstruction of
a 3D-refractor from xy-traveltimedata (see chap. 5.4).

You have the possibility to show the corresponding seismic shot section by
simply double click on any traveltime pick if the option seismic line is activated.
The program automatically searches the default datapath (raw or proc, if proc is
chosen you also have the possibility to set any filefilter in addition) and shows the
shot section with the same shot coordinates as the chosen traveltime pick within a
separate window. If no section could be found you may choose any shot section
from the filelist. The picks are also automatically plotted if the picks have been
stored under the same filename like the seismic shotfile.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 692

5.1 traveltimes put together

The first step for the refraction traveltime interpretation after having picked the first
arrivals within the menu 2D-DataAnalysis (see also Pick MenuItem, chap. 1.12.2)
is to put together the traveltimes from the several shots. Precondition is that the
shots and the receivers are located along one line within one acquisition plane.
The chosen traveltimes are automatically sorted after shot and receiver positions
in ascending order. Forward and reverse traveltimes are automatically separated.
The taveltimes are plotted over the distance. The distance is always determined
from the xy-coordinates of the receiver-positions. The start distance is determined
from the minimum x- or y-coordinate of the line. The min. x-value is chosen if the
pronounced line direction is the x-direction, the min. y-value is chosen if the
pronounced line direction is the y-direction.
With the option colored activated the layershow-colors are used for
discriminating the individual shots.

The option load traveltimes under file or the speedbutton allows to load the
traveltimes from different pick files. Already existing traveltimes will be lost. Use
this option if you want to load traveltimes which have already been put together in
a previous step. If only one file is loaded the filename for saving the traveltimes is
automatically set to this datafilename. It is possible to load REFLEX formatted
PCK files as well as
2D-colums ASCII with each line containing
distance traveltime
ASCII-3D-tomography with each line containing (see also chap. 1.12.2.1)
traveltime code x-transmitter y-transm. z-transm. x-receiver y-receiver z-receiver
ASCII-2D-tomography with each line containg (see also chap. 1.12.2.1)
traveltime code x-transmitter y-transmitter x-receiver y-receiver
In addition you may load ASCII-matrix data (option Shot-Rec.Matrix, m shots and
n receivers) which has the following format:
1. line contains the x-positions of all m shots
2. line contains the z-positions of all m shots
3.-n.lines: 1.column: x-receiver position
2. column: z-receiver position
3.-m. Column: picked traveltimes
example:
shot position -100.00 -50.00 3.75 41.25 78.75 132.50 182.50
GP pos. Elev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.0 0.00 110.00 59.00 10.00 57.00 78.00 140.00 175.00
7.5 0.00 115.00 62.00 10.50 50.00 73.00 137.50 170.00
15.0 0.00 120.00 65.00 20.00 46.00 69.00 132.50 168.00
22.5 0.00 124.00 71.00 28.00 42.50 62.50 130.00 165.00
30.0 0.00 128.00 78.00 39.50 25.00 60.00 130.00 165.00
37.5 0.00 130.00 94.00 47.00 11.00 50.00 122.50 162.50
45.0 0.00 135.00 105.00 56.00 10.50 45.00 120.00 160.00
52.5 0.00 138.00 116.00 60.00 22.00 37.50 115.00 158.00
60.0 0.00 141.00 119.00 62.50 30.00 31.50 109.00 154.00
67.5 0.00 143.00 121.00 68.00 38.00 24.00 102.50 147.00
75.0 0.00 147.00 126.00 72.00 45.00 15.00 95.00 141.00
82.5 0.00 150.00 130.00 76.00 50.00 9.50 85.00 135.00

The option add traveltimes under file or the speedbutton add allows to add
traveltimes to the existing ones.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 693

The option reset traveltimes under file or the speedbutton removes all
existing traveltimes.

The option reload traveltimes under file or the speedbutton rel. allows to reload
the same previously loaded traveltime pick files. Any changes within these
pickfiles will be taken into account. The shot zerotraveltime will also be included if
this has been activated before. The option might be useful for a fast control of any
changes of the individual pick files if e.g. the seismic profile has been loaded
within a second window with activated pick option.

The option save traveltimes under file or the speedbutton allows to save the
existing traveltimes under the datafilename specified within the option filename
(saved with the extension PCK under the path
LINEDATA under the current project directory).

The option change under analyse or the

speedbutton change allows to change
individual traveltimes. The options move and
remove determine the action.
With the option remove activated individual traveltimes may be deleted using the
left mouse button. With the option remove whole shot activated the whole shot will
be removed.
With the option move activated either a block of traveltimes may be moved in
time or all traveltimes for a given set of shots.
Pressing the left mouse button determines the first datapoint. Pressing the left
mouse button again determines the second datapoint and by moving the mouse
with pressed button all traveltimes lying inbetween these traveltimes are moved.
To beconsidered: the traveltimes are sorted after shotnumbers. Therefore if you
are choosing two traveltimes stemming from different shots all traveltimes
stemming from the shots lying inbetween these shotnumber will be moved.
Activating the option move all traveltimes allows the moving of all traveltimes of
one or more shots. Enter the start shot and end shot and the move size. When
clicking on move all traveltimes the traveltimes of all shots lying between start and
end shot will be shifted by the entered move size (given in time dimension,
normally ms).

There are some other possibilities of editing the traveltimes under edit:

Insert shot Zerotraveltime: If a shot point does not coincide with a geophone
position there is no measured traveltime at that shot point. This option inserts a
traveltime with timevalue 0 at every shot point. To be considered if the traveltime
data contain any elevations: the shot elevations might be different from the
receiver or surface elevations (e.g. shot within a borehole). In this case it might be
useful to activate the option shift shots before inserting the zero traveltimes. The
entered mean shift value will be added in order to compensate the different
elevation levels.

CMP sort: This option allows to resort the traveltimes after Common Mid Points.
The user is asked for a value for the CMP averaging (CMP-bin). This value should
be of the order of the average shot point increment. CMP sorted traveltimes are
well suited for 1D modeling.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 694
generate single shot(CMP)-traveltimes:
By choice of this option traveltimes
already put together from different shots
or CMP's may be broken up in individual
files. The filenaming may be automatic or
generated from the original seismic lines.
If automatic naming is activated a value
to scale the automatic naming of the
outputfiles must be entered. The shot
(CMP) coordinate will be multiplied with
this value. The result should be in the
range 0 to 999. This number and the current filename truncated to a maximum of
4 letters define the names of the output files in the directory LINEDATA.
With from oriignal data activated the program automatically searches the default
seismic line datapath (raw or proc, if proc is chosen you also have the possibility
to set any filefilter in addition) for the shot section with the corresponding shot and
receiver coordinates and uses this filename for the pickfile naming. This might be
useful if you want to use these individual pickfiles within the 2D-dataanalysis
again for e.g. for a check. To be considered: existing pick files will be overwritten.
With the option ignore zero traveltimes the zero traveltimes at the shot position
will be ignored and not exported.

apply xz-topography: this option allows to automatically redefine the geometries

of the shots and the receivers based on topographic xz-values stored within an
ASCII-file If convert altitude to depth has been activated the altitude values
within the ASCII-file will be converted to depth values from the difference of the
entered reference level and the altitude values (reference level - altitude values).
The reference level should be set at least to the maximum existing altitude value
to achieve positive depth values.
It is assumed that the x-values of the current traveltimes do not represent the
correct x-coordinates but are determined directly on the topographic interface.
The program automatically determines the positions of all shots and receivers on
the given topography and calculates the x- and z-projections of these positions.
The topographic xz-values are read from an ASCII-file whereby each line of the
ASCII-file contains one pair of xz-values.The x-coordinate within the ASCII-file
represents the true x-coordinate within the xz-coordinate system.
The following assumptions must hold true:
1. The topography file must contain the values for x=0 (fixed point) because this
value serves at the starting point for determing the corrections. All corrections are
relative to the value at x=0.
2. The profiledirection is pure x, this means that the y-coordinates of all shots and
receivers are equal.
3. The original x-values are taken directly on the topographic interface.
The application of this option if useful if you want to introduce a topography for the
wavefront-inversion or for the raytracing (chap. 4.7).

Correct lateral offset: The option allows to correct a lateral offset between shot
and receivers. By default only the x-positions will be taken into account both for
the shot and the receivers. Using this option corrects the x-positions of the
receivers depending on the lateral offsets stored within the y-coordinate of the
shot and the receivers. For this purpose the correct distance between shot and
receiver will be calculated and stored on the x-coordinate of the receiver. The y-
coordinates will be set to 0 afterwards.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 695
project on x-coord.: The option calculates the distances from a given starting
point for the shot and receiver coordinates and projects these distances onto the
x-axis: the x- shot and receiver coordinates are set to these distances and the y-
coordinates are set to 0. The option might be useful if GPS-coordinates are
present as Reflexw needs pure x-coordinates for the seismic refraction
interpretation. The starting point for the acquisition line must be entered
manually. It is possible to choose between first receiver, min. x coordinate, min. y
coordinates, max. x coordinate and max. y coordinate. As the loaded data have
been automatically sorted with ascending coordinates the option reload picks
without sorting allows to use the original sorting of the data (important if the
starting point first receiver has been chosen). A check of the pathway can be
done using the option showxyprojection under view.
As a result the x-coordinates contain the distances along the acquisition line
starting at the entered start distance for the chosen starting point. With the
option create dst file an ASCII dst file will be created which contains the original
xy GPS coordinates together with the calculated distances along the line. This file
can be used after the refraction inversion in order to reconstruct the original GPS
coordinates for the inversion result (done within the traceheader menu using the
type ASCII file/interpol. with activated option distances instead of tracenos). This
result must represent a 2D-Reflexw file, e.g. a tomographic inversion file or when
using the option fill within the modelling menu.

highlighted shot: will be used for choosing a shot number to be highlighted. The
traveltimes which correspond to this shot number will be highlighted and only
these traveltimes may be assigned or edited (for example remove a traveltime
value). The option might be useful for a large number of shots for which the
traveltimes shall be assigned to specific layers. The speedbutton resets the
highlighted shot to 0 which means that the traveltimes for all shots may are
available for assignement or editing.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 696

5.2 traveltimes assign

After having put together the traveltimes from the several shots you may assign
the traveltimes to layers. The assignment of traveltimes to layers and the
subsequent combination to one forward and reverse traveltime curve (traveltimes
combine, chap. 5.3) is required for the wavefront-inversion 2D (chap. 4.7.2).
Forward traveltime pick means that the profiledistance of the geophone location is
greater than the profiledistance of the shot location. Reverse traveltime pick
means that the profiledistance of the geophone location is smaller than the
profiledistance of the shot location.

The current layer number is entered within the layer nr. text field. If traveltimes
are already assigned to layers all traveltimes corresponding to a layer are shown
in the same color.

It is possible to assign a special traveltime pick to the current layer (activated

option set) or to remove the assignment (activated option remove). Already
existing assignments are replaced by the new ones. Therefore it is not necessary
to remove a wrong existing assignment first. With the option remove whole shot
activated all assigned traveltimes of the actual shot will be reset.

It is not only possible to assign one single pick but a total set of picks for one
traveltime branch. For that purpose move along the traveltime branch with
pressed mouse button and leave the button when the last wanted pick is reached.

The option interpolate allows to automatically assign all traveltime picks between
the last two manually assigned single picks. This enables you a fast assignment
of many traveltime picks of one shot. To be considered: The two picks must
belong to one shot and should only belong to the forward or reverse traveltime
branch.

The option all unassigned assigns all free picks to the current layer number.

The option change layer nr. allows to change the layer number of the actually
assigned picks. This might be useful if you want to assign picks to an intermediate
layer after having already assigned the picks to the lower one.

The option reset allows to reset all picks assigned to the actual layer number.
With the option all activated all all assigned picks will be set.

The options Forward and Reverse enable to or disable the assignment possibility
to the forward and/or reverse traveltime branch. Example: With activated option
Forward and deactivated option Reverse only forward traveltimes picks may be
assigned.
With the option keep last shot activated only the picks belonging to the shot of
the last pick are considered. Activate this option for example before defining the
seond pick for a subsequent interpolation. Then it is ensured that the interpolation
is only done for picks belonging to one single shot.
With the option keep assigned picks activated only the non assigned picks are
taken into account.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 697

highlighted shot: will be used for

choosing a shot number to be
highlighted. The traveltimes which
correspond to this shot number will
be highlighted and only these
traveltimes may be assigned or
edited (for example remove a
traveltime value). The option might
be useful for a large number of
shots for which the traveltimes shall
be assigned to specific layers. The
speedbutton resets the
highlighted shot to 0 which means
that the traveltimes for all shots may are available for assignement or editing.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 698

5.3 traveltimes combine

5.3.1 combine traveltimes for the uppermost layer

Layernumber 1 means that the assigned traveltimes are connected to the
uppermost layer. Therefore these traveltimepoints only contain informations about
the velocities of the uppermost layer and no information about the depths.
Activating the option wavefront-inversion applies a linear regression on all
forward and reverse traveltimes between the chosen forward and reverse shot
numbers. With the option smooth inversion activated the traveltimes will be fitted
by a start velocity and a vertical gradient (useful if the traveltime curves show a
significant curvature). In both cases then a completely new model is created with
an uppermost layer containing the calculated velocities (and gradients
respectively) at the given positions. The positions are always calculated from the
mean of the individual forward or reverse pick positions stemming from one single
shot.
Topography can be directly included during the wavefrontinversion for the
uppermost layer 1. Activating the option topography within the
CombinePanelLayer1 panel allows to automatically read the topographic values
stored with the actual picks (this also automatically activates the topography
option within the modelling menu, see chap. 4.4.6). These topographic pick
values may come from the original seismic data or after having applied the option
apply xz-topography under edit. The option altitude controls if the topographic
values are depth values (option deactivated) or altitude values (option activated).
The reference level defines the reference level for the altitudes. The depth axis is
0 at the reference level (see also option reference level within the model menu) -
therefore the reference level should be set at least to the maximum existing
altitude value. The depth values are calculated from reference level - altitude
values. The program automatically calculates the distance along the topography
and performs the linear regression for the velocity determination based on these
distances. This is necessary as the velocity is only correctly defined if plotted
against the distance along the topography. The option average topography allows
to define an average range for the topography in order to remove single steps
between successive topographic datapoints.
To be considered if the shot elevations are different from the receiver or surface
elevations (e.g. shot within a borehole). In this case it might be useful to activate
the option shift shots. The entered mean shift value will be added in order to
compensate the different elevation levels.

5.3.2 combine traveltimes for deeper layers

In order to use the wavefront-inversion 2D (chap. 4.7.2) for the inversion of the
traveltimepicks assigned to one deeper special layer the individual traveltimepicks
must be combined to one complete forward and one complete reverse traveltime
branch.

First you must define the forward shot number and the reverse shot number.
The forward and reverse traveltimepicks of these two shot number are the basis
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 699

for the building of the two complete traveltime branches. Therefore forward or
reverse traveltime picks respectively must have been assigned to the current
layer for both shot numbers before combining the traveltimes.

The combined traveltimes can be saved on disk using the speedbutton within
the combine panel. By default the filename is equal layer+current layer number.
Activating the speedbutton within the combine panel allows you to load a
previously saved traveltime curve.

There are two possibilities to combine the traveltime picks. The assigned forward
and reverse traveltimes may be combined automatically (option auto combine) or
manually (option manual combine).

With the option auto combine activated the option generate allows to
automatically create the two traveltime brances. The forward and reverse
traveltimepicks of the forward shot and the reverse shot are the basis for the
building of the two complete traveltime branches. These traveltimes are not
changed.
Forward traveltimes belonging to shot numbers smaller than the forward shot
number are combined at the beginning of the forward shot curve. Forward
traveltimes belonging to shot numbers greater than the forward shot number are
combined at the end of the forward shot curve. The opposite holds true for the
reverse traveltimes.
If there are several traveltimes for one coordinate the automatic algorithm allways
uses the traveltime of the smallest shot number for the forward traveltimes and
the traveltime of the highest shot number for the reverse traveltimes. If necessary
the combined traveltimes are extrapolated to the smallest and greatest
coordinates of the profile. The combined forward (black) and reverse (fuchsia)
traveltimes are displayed after having pressed the button generate together with
the maximum of the forward and reverse traveltimes and the difference in the left
upper corner. The difference of the maximum forward and reverse traveltime
should be small. Otherwise the assignment of traveltimes or the traveltimes itself
might be in error and the picks should be reassigned (see traveltimes assign,
chap. 5.2). In the combined traveltimes the redundancy of traveltimes is not
considered at all. This is only considered when using the manual combine
method.
The option balance allows you to balance these two values. In any case the
wavefront-inversion 2D (chap. 4.7.2) started later uses the arithmetic mean of
these two values.

With the option manual combine activated the assigned traveltimes are manually
shifted and combined. The option get all extracts all assigned traveltimes
between the entered forward shot number and reverse shot number. The forward
traveltimes are shown as black rectangles, the reverse traveltimes are shown as
pink rectangles. In addition the traveltimes belonging to the chosen forward and
reverse shot number are plotted bold. With activated option show original the
original data are plotted in addition.
It is possible to move in time a complete group of forward or reverse traveltimes
belonging to one shot. Click on one traveltime of that group you want to move and
move the mouse with pressed button. The traveltimes belonging to the chosen
forward and reverse shot number cannot be moved.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 700

After having moved the traveltimes to the wanted positions it is still necessary to
generate a complete forward and reverse traveltimecurve. This means hat the
maximum forward and reverse traveltimes must be determined if not existing and
double datapoints must be smoothed. Both is done using the option generate.
The option medianfit controls if the smoothing is done using the mean
(deactivated) or the median (activated). This means that data redundancy is
considered in the definition of the combined traveltimes.

To be considered: In both cases (automatic and manual combine using the

option generate) the forward and reverse traveltime branches are automatically
extrapolated both to the forward and reverse distance if no traveltime picks exist
at those positions.

Activating the option wavefront-inversion opens the menu modelling for a

subsequent wavefront-inversion 2D (chap. 4.7.2). First you must load the wanted
overburden model. Then you have to enter the wanted space increment DeltaX
and then you can start the wavefront-inversion.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 701

5.4 time term analysis

The timeterm analysis (option Time Term interpretation under Analyse) allows the
reconstruction of a 3D-refractor from xy-traveltimedata. The timeterm analysis
has been described by Willmore and Bancroft (1960). The essential feature of the
method is that each traveltime tij may be written in the form tij = ai + bj + Δij/v,
where ai and bj are timeterms which are characteristic of the shot- and receiver
point respectively, Δij is the distance between shot and receiver and v is the
refractor velocity. Under special conditions it is possible to derive ai, bj and v
which give the best fit to the observed traveltimes tij. The preconditions are:
- the velocity of the overburden varies only with depth within the critical refracted
ray cone under the shot or receiver
- the refractor velocity is assumed to be constant
- slope and curvature of the refractor is small
- the model consists of one layer and a half space

If the current layernumber (option layer nr.) is set to 0 all traveltime data above
the min. traveltime are taken into account. If the current layernumber is unequal 0
only the traveltimes which have been assigned to that layer before are taken into
account. After having activated the option Time Term interpretation under Analyse
the wanted traveltime data are queried. The time tern analysis window opens. The
following options are available:
min. traveltime: specifies the lower border for the traveltimes which are taken into
account for the timeterm analysis (layer nr. = 0).
Within the time terms box you may specify if the timeterms are calculated for the
different receivers or shots. With the option autoanalyse 1. layer velocities
activated the timeterms are always calculated for the different shots.
convert to depths: if activated the depths are calculated in addition. For that
purpose the velocity of the overburden must be entered (option 1. layer velocity).
With the option
autoanalyse 1. layer velocities activated the velocities for the overburden are
calculated from the given traveltimes. The option max. traveltime specifies the
upper border for the
traveltimes which are
taken into account for
this calculation.
Refraction traveltime analysis 2D 702

After having activated the option start the traveltime

data are sorted and analyzed. The result is plotted into
the 3D-cube and is saved under an ASCII-file.
The output is an ASCII-file with the first line showing the
velocity of the refractor. The following lines contain the
resulting time terms and the coordinates:
timeterm x-coord. y-coord. overburdenvelocity depth
Seismic crosshole testing 703

6. Seismic crosshole testing

The program seismic crosshole testing has been designed for a fast
interpretation of crosshole test data.

6.1. Original data

A crosshole test requires that p- or s-wave source and receivers are placed
always on the same depths/elevation during recording. In order to benefit from the
polarisation characteristics of the s-wave the excitation can be performed in two
directions (later called plus and minus directions). If only one direction or a p-
wave source has been used the excitation option has no meaning.
The acquisition software should be able to generate one (stacked) data file per
depth and excitation direction stored using the SEG-2 format.
The channels of a multi-directional receiver are connected in a fixed order to the
seismograph. Geophones of Geotomographie GmbH have always the follwoing
arrangement:

Channel 1 - vertical component

Channel 2 - horizontal component agreeing with the azimuth reading of integrated
compass
Channel 3..n - remaining horizontal components

Collect all gathered seismic records in a single directory. Each record should
contain the seismic signals recorded at a single depth, with a single excitation
direction. The filenames should contain a record number and must be in SEG-2
format.
Seismic crosshole testing 704

6.2. Channel sorting and filtering within seismic

crosshole testing
The first step is to assign a depth for each file, slit up the seismic record sorted by
channel and generate seismic files sorted by depth:

! load the original records of

one excitation direction.
Make use of the multiple
selection feature of the
dialogue window. One can
select more than one file by
pressing the < Control > - key
together with the mouse
button.
! Assign a z-position for each
file, filling in the table by
hand or using the standard
assignment (option generate
depths) with predefined
default parameters (start z-
pos. and increment). If a
borehole deviation shall be
applied afterwards the values
must be negative (e.g. -2 to -
20) which means that the first
position is 2 m below the top
of the borehole.
! Make sure that the list is
ordered correctly by depth
using the option sort by
depths if the depths have been entered or changed manually.
! enter the correction source excitation (minus in this example) and the
offset between the two boreholes (in this example 10 m). Enter the start
time if a pretrigger has been used (start time must be negative for a
pretrigger).
! Enter any filter option bandpass, subtract-mean or muting first samples
and generate new seismic files sorted by depth using the option
generate depth files based on the entered filename.
! Optionally activate the option apply borehole deviations in order to apply
the borehole coordinates which must have been stored within 2 different
ASCII-files. This correction can also be done afterwards (see chap. 3).
Each line of the ASCII-file contains the XYZ-coordinates in meter. The Z
values must be given as above sea level. The first line corresponds to
the borehole top level. The original z-positions (see item 2 above) are
assumed to be relative to this top level and must be negative. After
having pressed the button generate depth files the program asks the two
borehole filenames (multiple file choice). It is assumed that the entered
z-positions have been measured along the boreholes. The program
recalculates these positions both for the shots and the receivers based
on the given borehole data. A linear interpolation is done between the
individual borehole coordinates.
Seismic crosshole testing 705

Using the option generate

depth files for each
excitation direction and
each receiver channel
(corresponds to the
component) a new
Reflexw file has been
generated. The channel
number and the excitation
direction are part of the
new filename, for instance:
tr1_sued_minus_C05.dat

The data will be stored under the directory ROHDATA under the actual project
directory.

The option load depth files allows to load up to 4 different files using the the
multiple file choice.

6.3. Apply borehole deviations and edit geometry

The option edit geometry within the crosshole_filehandling panel allows to edit the
shot and receiver coordinates of the actually loaded depth file, e.g. apply the
borehole deviations.
After having activated the option the menu edit trace header coordinates opens
together with a table containing the traceheader coordinates and the traceheader
gain. The table shows the traceheader coordinates (distance and the x, y, z-
coordinates of the receivers and the shots), the time delay, the gain and the time
collect. These values can be manually changed. The following options are
available:
Seismic crosshole testing 706

The option apply borehole deviations allows to apply the borehole coordinates
which must have been stored within 2 different ASCII-files. Each line of the ASCII-
file contains the XYZ-coordinates in meter. The Z values must be given as above
sea level. The first line corresponds to the borehole top level. The original z-
positions (see also chap. 6.2) are assumed to be relative to this top level and
must be negative. The original xy shot and receiver coordinates will be ignored.
After having pressed the button generate depth files the program asks the two
borehole filenames (multiple filechoice). It is assumed that the original z-positions
have been measured along the boreholes. The program recalculates these
positions both for the shots (corresponds to borehole 1) and the receivers
(corresponds to borehole 2) based on the given borehole data. A linear
interpolation is done between the individual borehole coordinates. The following
table shows the file structure of 2 borehole data and the pictures show the
coordinates before and after the borehole correction. To be considered: The first
receiver within the example corresponds to the greatest depth.

50000.0 45300.0 110.0 50005.0 45304.0 110.0

50000.1 45300.1 108.5 50005.1 45304.1 106.5
50000.2 45300.2 106.5 50005.0 45304.2 102.5
50000.3 45300.2 102.5 50004.9 45304.2 100.5
50000.4 45300.1 100.5 50004.7 45304.1 98.5
50000.3 45300.0 95.5 50004.4 45304.0 92.5
50000.2 45300.1 90.5 50004.2 45304.1 88.5
50000.1 45300.2 85.5 50004.1 45304.2 84.5
50000.1 45300.3 80.5 50004.1 45304.3 81.5
Seismic crosshole testing 707

The option 3D-view of boreholes allows a

3D-view of the shot and receiver xyz-
coordinates. The cube may be interactively
rotated using the left mouse key.

nominal frequency: enter the nominal frequency of the antenna (GPR-data) or

seismic source (seismic data) used. Enter the value in MHz with timedimension
set to ns, KHz with timedimension set to μs or Hz with timedimension set to ms.
The option get allows to automatically determine the nominal frequency from the
data.

start time: specification of the start time for sample 1 in the given time dimension.

TimeDimension: Specification of the time dimension. Possible inputs are ms and

ns.

The option save changes saves the manual changes within the traceheaders of
the current file.

The option reload from file reloads the coordinates from the traceheaders of the
current file. Possible manual changes will be lost.

The option save on AsciiFile stores the traceheader coordinates on an ASCII-file

with the extension dst. Each line of the ASCII file contains the following 8
informations:
tracenumber distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y-Pos receiver-X-Pos receiver-Y-Pos
Shot Z receiver Z

The option load from AsciiFile allows to load the traceheader coordinates from
an ASCII-file with the extension dst. Each line of the ASCII file contains the
following 8 informations:
tracenumber distance Shot-X-Pos Shot-Y-Pos receiver-X-Pos receiver-Y-Pos
Shot Z receiver Z
An automatic interpolation is done if for various traces no coordinate data are
present within the ASCII-file.
If all distances within the ASCII-file are zero (2.colum) the distances will be
calculated from the total difference between each shot and receiver positions (x,y
and z-coordinate are taken into account).

The option interpolate allows to interpolate between two given coordinates. The
interpolation is only possible for one single traceheader coordinate group (for
example only rec-z). There are two ways how to proceed:
a. activate the option interpolate, then click on the wanted first coordinate and
then on the second one. Inbetween a linear interpolation will be done.
Seismic crosshole testing 708

b. If you have changed manually any coordinate click on interpolate and then on
the second coordinate. Again the linear linterpolaiton will be performed.

The option source <-> rec. allows to exchange the shot and receiver coordinates.
The option might be useful if the shot position has been continuously changed
with a fixed receiver. Such a geometry should be exchanged because the
following interpretation methods all base on a fix shot position and changing
receiver positions.

The option x <-> y allows to exchange the x- and y-coordinates of the sources
and the receivers.

The option check rec.coordinates checks the receiver coordinates for breakouts
and interpolates these. For that purpose the two x and y mean absolute
differences between successive xy-receiver positons are calculated. If the
absolute difference between two successive xy-receivers positions multiplied by
the value of the option factor f.check exceeds one of the two mean difference
value an interpolation for both the xy-shot and receiver coordinates is done for
this xy-position.

The option smooth rec. xy-coord. allows to perform a running smooth of the xy-
receiver coordinates over an adjustable range of traces. The option might be
useful for GPS-data especially if the option update distances (see below) shall be
used afterwards.
Seismic crosshole testing 709

6.4. Arrival time picking

The last step consists in the picking of the first arrivals.

The Reflexw files which are sorted by depths are loaded using the option load
depth files. Up to 4 different files can be loaded using the multiple file choice.

Theoretical Considerations

Primary (P-) and Secondary (S-) waves

are different types of body waves. The p-
wave is in principle at least 1.4 times
faster than the s-Wave. The ratio can go
up to about 7 or even 12 in case of loose
saturated sediments.
The direction of the particle motion
caused by a p-wave (as a
compressional wave) does in general
not depend on the direction of the
excitation whereas the direction of
particle motion caused by a swave does.
Therefore if the signals of the two
opposite excitation directions are
overlaid the wavelets of the p-wave will
show the same polarization direction
whereas the signals at the time of s-
wave arrival
will split up leading to a phase inversion
between the two s-wave wavelets.
Figure a) gives an example of seismic
signals of an extraordinary good quality.
These signals were recorded in clay.
The figure shows also that the wavelet of
the p-wave has a high frequency in comparison to the s-wave wavelet.
Figure b) shows that the electrical impulse used to drive the borehole source can
be seen in the recorded signals under certain conditions. This is caused by cable
cross-talk and cannot be eliminated completely. Please don’t mistake this pulse
for the p-wave arrival.
Due to the nature of the crosshole test only the horizontal channels of the
geophone are relevant, both for p- and s-wave arrival identification. Since the
orientation of the geophone is not controlled during the test it is in the beginning
unknown which of the horizontal channels is most appropriate for the arrival time
picking. Therefore it is good practice to select at first a channel where most
signals have a reasonable data quality, perform the picking and adjust the picks
afterwards using the
remaining horizontal channels.
Seismic crosshole testing 710

Technical Considerations

Technically the arrival picking means to set one pick point indicated as “x” to each
signal. In the beginning only the buttons and control elements indicated in Figure
c) are needed. Manual picking is in almost all cases required, since the
automated algorithm (“phase follower” control) does not work very well on
crosshole data. Please experiment yourself, most is self-explanatory. You can call
the help system of seismic crosshole testing for additional advice by pressing the
“F1” key.
But please consider the following:
• Pick P-wave and S-wave arrival separately.
• Be careful not to set more than one pick on each trace.
• If you are unsure about where to set a pick on a trace just leave it blank.
It is usual in crosshole testing that at certain depths no reliable velocity
can be determined.
• Make use of the “sec.picks” button if you are unsure about the arrival
times. If you save different picking versions you can use this button to
load an alternative picking scenario in the background for comparison.
• Optionally you can use the view/wiggle window with activated option
other channels which allows the plotting of the actual trace (depth) of all
other channels within the actual project. The program searches all files
within the actual directory which has the same filename except the
excitation direction (plus or minus) and the channel number (C??). The
current trace of all these files will be plotted within the wiggle window
together with a straight line indicating the timebase of the cursor position.
This option may help to determine the correct onset if it es better
visuable in ayn other channel.
• Save the picks occasionally and at the end of picking according to the
procedure described later.
Seismic crosshole testing 711
Seismic crosshole testing 712

Saving of pick data

Push save button to save the pick data set.

Chose a filename for each set, e.g. “p-wave” or “s-wave”.
Choose one of the following formats:
ASCII-3D tomography: this is the standard ASCII-format. The ASCII-file contains
the traveltime, the tracenumber and the XYZ-coordinates of the shot
and the receiver as well as the distance between shot and receiver
distance and the velocity (last column) calculated from this distance
and the traveltime (see picture below). With the option view graph
activated a velocity depth (z shot coordinate) will be displayed. This
graph may be copied to the clipboard.

Reflex Win: binary format for the interchange with the Reflexw
program format and if the option sec.picks is used.
Literature 713

Literature
Aldridge, D.F., and Oldenburg, D.W.: Refractor imaging using an automated
wavefront reconstruction method: Geophysics, v.57, p.378-385, 1992.

Al-Chalabi, M. 1974, An analysis of stacking, RMS, average and interval velocities

over a horizontally layered ground: Geophysical prospecting, 458-475

Bilas, E. 2007, Long-Offset Approximations to NMO Function for a Layered

Subsurface: 69th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC
2007

Booth, A.D., Clark R. and Murray, T.: Semblance respoinse to a ground-

penetrating radar wavelet and resulting errors in velocity analysis, Near Surface
Geophysics, v.8, p.235-246, 2010.

Daniels:, D.J. Ground Penetrating Radar 2nd Edition, IEE Radar, Sonar,
Navigation And Avionics Series 15, ISBN 0 86341 360 9, pp. 726, 2007.

Gilbert, P., Iterative methods for the three-dimensional reconstruction

of an object from projections. J. Theor. Biol., 36, pp. 105-117., 1972.

Hatton, L., Worthington, M.H., & Makin, J., Seismic data processing:
Theory and practice. Blackwell Scientific Publications, 177 pp., 1986.

Herman, G. T., Image reconstruction from projections - The fundamentals of

computerized tomography, Academic Press, New York, 316 pp., 1980.

Kelly, et. al., synthetic seismograms: a finite difference approach, geophysics,

41, 2-27, 1976.

K. Knödel, H. Krummel und G. Lange, Handbuch zur Erkundung des

Untergrundes von Deponien und Altlasten, Band 3 Geophysik, 2. Auflage,
Springer Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-540-222758

Nolet, G., Seismic tomography, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, pp. 386,
1987.

Pratt, W.K. Digital Image Processing, 2nd. ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1991, 248, 503

Reynolds, boundary conditions for the numerical solution of wave propagation

problems, geophysics, 43, 1099-1110, 1978.

Sandmeier, K.J. and F. Wenzel, Synthetic seismograms for a complex crustal

model. Geophysical Research Letters 13, 1986.

Stolt, R.H., Migration by Fourier transforming, Geophysics 43, 23-48, 1978.

Thornburgh, H.R.: Wave-front diagrams in seismics interpretation, AAPG

Bull., 14, 185-200, 1930.
Literature 714

Vidale, J.: Finite-Difference calculation of travel times, Bull. seism.

Soc. Am., 78, 2062-2076, 1988.

Whiteley, R.J., Holmes W.H. and R.D. Dowle, 1990. A New Method of Downhole-
Crosshole Seismics for Geotechnical Investigation, Exploration Geophysics, 21,
83-89.

Willmore, P.L. and A.M. Bancroft ,1960. The time-term approach to refraction
seismology, Geophys.J., 3, 419-43. In order to use the wavefront-inversion 2D
(chap. 4.7.2) for the inversion of the

Worthington, M. H., An introduction to geophysical tomography, First Break,

20-26, 1984.

Yilmaz, Özdogan : Seismic Data Processing, Investigations in Geophysics,

Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 526 pp., 1987, ISBN 0-931830-40-0
 Index 715

Index
1D models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187, 215, 651
1D-Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332, 334-339
1D-models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646, 648
2D interval velocities
CMP 2D model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
2D vrms velocities
CMP 2D-model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
2D-Data-Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
2D-Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407, 409-414
3-component analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
3D diffraction stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
3D Kirchhoff migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436-438
3D picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
3D-cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
3D-cube display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
3D-data, import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
3D-datafile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
3D-datainterpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
3D-FD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
3D-FD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
3D-File MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560, 617, 620-622, 624, 625
3D-file, import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
3D-semblance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
3D-topography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Act. trace, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Add random noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
add. 2colum data
view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
AGC-Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
AGC-Gain, display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
AGCGain
plotoptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Air layer, correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
amplitude calibration
layer velocity determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Amplitude, instantaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Amplitudes, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Analysis MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
API key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Arithmetic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372, 373
ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
ASCII-MATRIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
ASCII-pick difference
save picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
assign
traveltimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
auto correlation
1D-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Autointerpolation, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
 Index 716

autom.load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
automatic picking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
autostart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
autostop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
average layer
model generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Average xy-filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Axis, labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
B-Scan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Background removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Background removal, sliding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409, 636
Bandpassbutterworth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Bandpassfrequency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Banner paper, print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Batch printing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
batch processing
sequence processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
BatchStartFD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
BGREMR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
bitmap
interactive choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204, 217
print preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Bitmap size[kb] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Bitmap-Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
C-scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557, 599
calc. traveltimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
calculate traveltime differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641, 690
calculated traveltimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
change pick code
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477, 478
Check disk space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
check source/receivers positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
CMP 2D-model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
CMP semblance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
CMP sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
CMP velocity adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
CMP velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
CMP-bin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
CMP-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
CMP-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509, 522, 526, 530
CMP-processing geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
CMP-processing stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
CMP-velocity parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
ColorBars, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Combine files f.CMP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
combine layers
model generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
comment boxes
print preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
comment markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Comment, fileheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
 Index 717

Comment, print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Commentmarker:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
compensate stripes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
complete plot by scrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Complex trace-analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Complex trace-analysis/spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Compress 3D-file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Compress data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
constrain borders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
construction change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
layer show velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
contour lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
control xy-coord
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
ConversionMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
ConversionMode, sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
coordinate transformation
traceheader tabella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Coordinates, file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289, 290, 292-294
Coordinates, project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Coordinates, traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Copy, file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Core. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Core data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 651
core data/1D-models
layer velocity determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
core parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Corefile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550, 551
Corr.max. phase/wrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Correct 3D-topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
correct elevations
plot options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Correct for 2 layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363, 364, 424, 434
Correct max. phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Correct phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 362
Correct picked phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
create 2D-model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
create MPEG-file
3d-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Crosscorrelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
crosshole tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
crossing line
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
crossing line picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
CSV-GPS
traceheader coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
cube
3D-display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Cube, move through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574, 591
cur. picks
edit comment marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
curves size
 Index 718

CMP-velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Damping, compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Data cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
data fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
data traveltimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
data type:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Data-interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Decimal separator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Declipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Declipping/arithmetic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Declipping/max.value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Declipping/plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Declipping/threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Deconvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Deconvolution/shap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Depth-axis, show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Dewow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
plotoptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
difference
picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 469
difference pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
differentiation
1D-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Diffraction 2D-veloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Diffraction stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Diffractions, contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418, 421, 422, 424, 435-438
digitized signal
FD-modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Dijkstra algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
dilation/erosion
3d-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573, 576, 586
Dip filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443, 444
Directory structure/project directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25
dispersion curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Display resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
display scale:
CMP-velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Display, 3D-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574, 584
distance markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Distortion free . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574, 585
div. compensation
gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
downhole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Drift, correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Duplicate traces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
DXF
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Dynamic correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
edit color palettes
edit color palettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Edit several FileHeaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Edit traces/traceranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394, 396-403
 Index 719

eikonal equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146, 679

Elevation
plotoptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Energy decay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Energy decay, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
EnergyDecay
plotoptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Expand 3D-file
2D-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Expand data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Exploding-Reflector-Model, modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
export calc.traveltimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
export data traveltimes to ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Export Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
export Reflexw rasterfiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
export several existing picks into 1 ASCII-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191, 482, 484, 487
export to ASCII
traveltimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
Export, data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Extract traces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
extract wavelet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
extrapolate
modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638, 659
fast data cube display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
FD-migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
FD-simulation, modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127, 638
FD-vidale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
File MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
File, export. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
File, filenamefactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
File, import. . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 226, 229, 239, 242, 244, 251, 254-257, 259, 262
File, primary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
File, second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Fileheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239, 289
Fileheader ControlPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Fileheader coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
FileHeader Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Fileheader filename specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Fileheader input1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Fileheader time specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Fileheader, coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
FileInfo, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Filename, automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242, 292
Filename, manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242, 292
Filename, number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241, 242
Filename, specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242, 292
fill
modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Filter/timedependent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
finite difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
First arrival, correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
first arrivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71, 129, 679, 689
 Index 720

Fk filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Fk filter-lineparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Fk migration (Stolt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Fk spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
fk-filter/data fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Fk-filter/Fk-spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Flatten, phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 362
FlipProfile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
FlipXAxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
flipXYsorting 3D-file
3d-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
FlipYAxis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208, 285
FontSettings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
forward shot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
free of distortion
interactive choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 216
free surface
FD-simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Frequency analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 379
Frequency analysis, moving window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Frequency attenuation, compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Frequency, instantaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342, 344-348
Gain function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Gain, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Gain, fileheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Generate 3D-file from 2D-lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
generate batchfile
batch processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
generate pickfile (2-way traveltimes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Generate single timeslices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Geometric spreading, compensation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Geometry file, import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255, 256
Geometry, CMP-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
georeferenced tfw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
GEOSCAN32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
GeoTiff
3D-cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577, 586
GeoTomoCG
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Global MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Global settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 208
GPS
Radan - GSSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
traceheadercoordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Gps map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219, 567
Graphics resolution:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Grid, show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
GSSI-GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
HCD-Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Hilbert-Transformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
histogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
 Index 721

histogram equalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573, 576, 586

Horizontally coherent energy, emphasizing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Horizontally coherent energy, suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
IDS-Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
IDS-OGPR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
IDS€Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
import
automatic import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Import ControlOptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Import ControlPanel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Import ConversionMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Import Fileheader-coordinates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Import filename specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Import format specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 251, 315
Import HeaderInput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Import Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Import, data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 239, 242, 244, 251, 254, 256, 258, 259, 262
IMPULSERADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Infrasense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Inline lines, import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Input format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 251
Insert profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Insert zero traces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Interactive choice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
intercept time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322, 463, 545
interpolate actual 3D-file
3d-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Interpolate non-equidistant data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385, 386
Interpolate traces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
interpolated physical parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
interpolation
traceheader coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Interpolation, data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Isolines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
key shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Kirchhoff 2D-veloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Kirchhoff migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
last pick stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
layer thickness
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
save picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
layer velocities
layershow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
layer velocity determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Layer, pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
LayerShow amplitude, calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
LayerShow MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
LayerShow multioffset picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
LayerShow parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
LayerShow report, create . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
 Index 722

LayerShow velocities, create. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502

LayerShow, create. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
legend
layershow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Linear features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
load perpendicular picks
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Low amplitude, emphasizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344, 345
Lowpass filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Make equidist.traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
MALA RD3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226, 228
MALA RD6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Manual gain (x), changing of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Manual gain (y), changing of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Manual scaling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Marker, show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Markerinterpol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
MarkerRelocate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293, 330
markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
mean velocities
layershow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Mean velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
meandering
data-import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
meandering 2D-profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Meandering data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Meanfilter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
median filter
3D-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573, 576, 586
Median xy-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Medianfilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Merge files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
merge in timedir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418, 420, 422, 427-429, 432, 435-438
topographic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Mix profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Model contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Model generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Model parameters, input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Model simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Model, load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Model, save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
Modellayers, show. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Modelling File MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645, 648
Modelling View MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Modelling, DoRaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Modelling, Exploding-Reflector-Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Modelling, FD-computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Modelling, FD-computation of several single lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Modelling, plane wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Modelling, point-source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
 Index 723

Modelling, setting of FD-parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Modelling, space-increment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Modelling, StartFD-computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Modelling, time-increment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Modelling, tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Modelling, Tomography, check rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Modelling, Tomography, DoRaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
Modelling, Tomography, SIRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Modelling, Tomography, stopping criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Modelling, Tomography, travel time data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
Modelling, topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
modelparameters
show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Modelpoints, show. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
move picks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Move starttime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Move traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Moveout-data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Moving window spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Multichannel
import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
multichannel data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
multioffset data
layer-show velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502, 507
multioffset picks
layer velocity determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
multiplexed data
import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Muting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
national conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
network raytracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
NMO, CMP-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
NMO-const.vel.
stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
NMO-correction
CMP-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Noise suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335-338, 409
Noise suppression, dip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443, 444
Non-equidistant, data, show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Notchfilter/frequ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Offset-bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Open 1.-4. Line
2D-dataanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Open file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Output format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
output type
FD-modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
overlay
3D-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558, 572
plotoptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Parallel lines, import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Phase follower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 467
 Index 724

Phase, correct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 362

Phase, flatten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360, 362
Phase, instantaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
pick
3D-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Pick MenuItem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
pick parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Pick save MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481, 488
Picking, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
PickPanel, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Picks
3d-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Picks for 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
PixelsPerSample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
PixelsPerTrace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Plane wave, modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 267, 269, 271, 272, 276-278
Plot MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Plot, change color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271, 276
Plot, marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Plot, pallette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Plot, pointmode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Plot, wigglemode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
PlotGain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
PlotOptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Plotsettings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Plotsuboptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Podvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Point-source, modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Pointmode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Pointmodeattributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
prestack migration
migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
3D-datainterpretaton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
print header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Print Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Print preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Print, comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Print, file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283-285
Print, several files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Printersetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
PrinterSize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Printing on banner paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
PrintOptions1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
PrintOptions2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Proceq
segy-import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Processing
3d-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Processing flow, file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Processing flow, sequence proc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333, 458
Processing MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
 Index 725

ProcessingLabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
profile line (trace header coord.):. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Profile map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
profile xy-location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Project directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 25, 201
PULSEEKKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226, 244
RADAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228, 245
RAMAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
RAMAC-borehole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
RAMAC-GPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
random noise suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
random pertubation
modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656
raytracing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
RD€conversion (netherlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
receiver line
import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
reduction velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
reference level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
reflection amplitudes
layer-show velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
Reflexion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
refraction data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463, 533
refraction seismics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
refraction tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Reinterpolate each 2D-line of a 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Remove header gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
remove non double picks
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
save picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Remove range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Remove traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
remove zero traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Replace traces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
report only construction data: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Resampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
residual statics
CMP-stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Resort, data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Resort-group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Resort-traceheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
reverse control
traveltime analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Reverse polarity of traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
reverse shot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Ricker
FD-modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Rotate 2 components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
rotation
3D-cube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589, 606
Rresampling, data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Running average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
S/R-distance, fileheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
 Index 726

Scaled windowgain(x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348, 349

Scaling, import. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Scaling, manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269, 277
Scaling, plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267, 277
Scaling, print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283, 284
Scan3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Screen, delayed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Screen, split. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
scroll
3D-cube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Scroll 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Scrolling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Scrolling, size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Scrolling, synchronize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
second 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Second profile, show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
SEG2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
SEGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246, 263
SEGY-Proceq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
SEGY_PRISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
seismic crosshole data
Original data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Seismic crosshole testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
semblance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Semblance analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534, 547
Sequence Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Sequence Processing, peculiarities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
set pick code to range
picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Set to zero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
several FileHeaders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
several pages
print preview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
several single lines
FD-modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
shading
3D-cube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
sharpen edges
3d-datainterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573, 576, 586
Shear waves - subtract traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Shift-3DFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Shot position, fileheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Show markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
show picks
interactive choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
show profile
interactive choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
show rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
ShowTimeSliceInAddition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Signal-to-noise ratio, improving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
single line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681, 687
FD-modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
 Index 727

SIRT, Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Slant stack, CMP-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Sorting, CMP-processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Source couplings, compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Source-receiver-distance, correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Space-increment, modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Spectral whitening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Spectrum, amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 379
Spikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Spiking-deconvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Split screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Stack traces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Stacking, CMP-Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Starttime, move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Stat. correction, pick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Static correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
StaticCorrection/muting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Stolt migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Subtract traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Subtract-DC-shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Subtract-mean (dewow). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Subtracting average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
summary comment data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Suppress multiples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
surgical muting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Swap 2 timeblocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Swap bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246, 251
sweep
crosscorrelation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
swell correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Swiss CH1903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260, 314
synthetic traveltimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
synthetic traveltimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
take over
3D-picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
texture attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
thickness determination
picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189, 469
Time cut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Time delay, correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355, 356
Time-increment, modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Timedepth conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Timeslice calculation example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Timeslice calculation overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604, 613
Timeslices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Timeslices, generate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
timeterm analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691, 701
Tomography, modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638, 670
topographic correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
topography
traveltimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309, 320, 694
topography migration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Topography, modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
 Index 728

total wavefield
FD-modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Trace Interpolation/Resorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
trace normalize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Trace number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Trace spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 379
tracegain
plot options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
TraceHeader axis
view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Traceheader Edit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Traceincr-resampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Traceinterpol-3DFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Traces of a 2. line, display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
traveltime analysis 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
traveltime branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
traveltimes
assign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
combine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
put together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
True amplitude information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
model changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
UpdateTraceHeaders
Project fileheaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
uphole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
use code
3D-picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
use traceh.coord.
interactive choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
UTM-conversion
traceheader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309, 328
Velocity adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186-188, 463
modelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Velocity model 2D, creating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550, 552, 553
Velocity model, adaption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Velocity model, CMP-data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Velocity model, CMP-processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
VelocityAdaptationPanel, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
View MenuItem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Vrms velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
VSP (Vertical Seismic Profiling)
CMP velocity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
VSP (vertical seismics profiling) measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
VSP corridor stack
1D-filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Walsh bandpass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
wavefront inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
wavefront-inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
traeltime analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
wide-angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
 Index 729

Wiggleattributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Wigglemode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
WiggleWindow of actual trace, display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Windowing 3D-file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
x-distance decay(db)
gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
x-project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
XFlip-3DFile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
XFlipProfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
xy-projection
picks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
XYScaledPlot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
XY€exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
YFlipProfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Yo-Yo section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
z-project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Zero level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Zero mean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339, 635
Zero traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405