Statistics defined in its plural sense is a set of Quantitative variables consist of numbers

numerical data, while in its singular sense refers representing counts or measurements.
to the scientific discipline consisting of theory
Discrete data – data that can be counted, e.g.,
and methods in processing numerical
number of patients in a hospital, number of
information that one can use when making
students who obtained 1.0 grade in MMW.
decisions in the face of uncertainty.
These data assume only a countable number of
Statistics is a science which deals with values.
methods of collecting, organizing, presenting,
Continuous data – data that can be measured,
analyzing, and interpreting of data; drawing
e.g., systolic blood pressure, weight and height.
conclusion about what the data means;
These data result from infinitely many possible
numerical data that describe phenomena.
values that can be associated with points on a
Division of Statistics continuous scale in such a way that there are no
gaps or interruptions.
Descriptive Statistics – comprises those
methods concerned with collecting and LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
describing a set of data to yield meaningful
Nominal referred to the used measure of
information.
identity, like religion and gender.
Inferential Statistics – concerns on
Ordinal pertains to ranking. Example: percentile
generalizing from samples to populations by
rank of students in NSAT and Top 10 students.
performing hypothesis testing, determining
relationships between variables and making Interval provides number that reflects
predictions. differences among item without no absolute
zero score like temperature. May value ang
Basic Terms in Statistics
zero.
Population- consists of the totality of the
Ratio provides number that reflects absolute
observations with which we are concerned.
zero score like number of students present and
Sample- is a subset of the population that truly absent. Walang value ang zero.
represents the unique qualities or
Important details
characteristics of the population
SAMPLING
Sampling- is the technique of collecting
information from a portion of the population. - When you conduct quantitative research,
it is very important that your sample is a
Parameter- is any numerical value describing
representative of the population that you
a characteristic of a population.
are studying.
Statistic- is any numerical value describing a  There is no such thing as a completely
characteristic of a sample. representative sample since this would
be a population census and not a
Variable- is a characteristic of interest
sample.
measurable on each and every individual in a
given sample or population Two main approaches to sampling
Qualitative variables or categorical variables Probability sampling – involve some form of
can be separated into different categories that random selection. Sampling method where
are distinguished by some nonnumeric every element of the population is given an
characteristics. equal chance of being selected as part of the
sample
  Main Advantages require additional prior information about the
o it helps to minimize (but not population and its strata
eradicate) sampling error; that is,
3. Cluster Sampling
the extent to which our sample
does not reflect the population; A method of selecting a sample of distinct
and groups, or clusters of smaller units called
o It enables us to perform statistical elements. The sample clusters may be chosen
analysis that, at specified levels of by SRS or by systematic sampling.
statistical significance, allow us to
Clusters are mutually exclusive subpopulations
make inferences from our sample
which together comprise the entire population.
to the population.
Unlike strata, clusters are preferably formed
PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES with heterogeneous elements so that cluster will
be typical of the population.
1. Simple Random Sampling- Simplest
 Use lottery method, table of random The number of clusters C in the population is
number, or random numbers generated called the size of the population clusters.
by calculators and computers Clusters may or may not be of equal sizes.
Advantages. Advantage.

 The theory involved is much easier to A population list of elements is not needed,
understand than the theory behind other listing cost is reduced.
sampling designs
Disadvantages
Disadvantages.
The cost and problems of statistical analysis
 The sample chosen may be widely are greater. Estimation procedures are difficult
spread, thus entailing high transportation 4. Multi Stage Sampling
costs.
 A population list or frame is needed Selection of samples is accomplished in 2 or
more steps. The population is divided into a
number of first stage or primary units from which
2. Stratified Random Sampling a sample is drawn. Within the sampled first
stage units, a sample of second stage or
The population is divided or stratified into non secondary units is drawn. If desired, one might
overlapping groups referred to as the strata. add further stages, dividing the population into
Select samples using SRS from each of the hierarchy of sampling units corresponding to the
strata into which the population has been different sampling stages.
divided.
METHODS OF NON-PROBABILITY
Advantages SAMPLING
May bring about a gain in precision of the 1. Purposive Sampling/ Judgement
estimates of characteristics of the population. It Sampling
allows a more comprehensive data analysis
since information is provided for each stratum. It  Sets out to make the sample agree with
is administratively convenient the population in regard to certain
characteristic.
Disadvantages
2. Quota Sampling
A listing of the population for each stratum is
needed. The stratification of the population may
  A specific number of particular types of
elements are selected
3. Convenience Sampling
 Chooses units which come to hand or are
convenient
4. Consecutive Sampling
 Picks a single person or group, conduct
research, analyze the result and then
move to another group if needed.
5. Snowball Sampling
 Once the researcher find a suitable
subject, he ask for assistance to seek
similar subject.
Cases wherein non-probability sampling is
useful

 When only few respondents are willing to

be interviewed
 when there are extreme difficulties in
locating or identifying respondents
 when probability sampling is more
expensive to implement
SAMPLE SIZE
It should be intuitively reasonable that the size
of a sample should influence how accurately the
sample represents its population. Specifically, a
large sample should be more accurate than a
small sample. In general, as the sample size
increases, the error between the sample mean
and the population mean should decrease. This
rule is also known as the law of large numbers.
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Non-probability sampling -