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Chapter 4 Structure of Atoms

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Chapter 4 Structure of Atoms

Uploaded by

Kartik Agarwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 4

STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

Structure of atoms: An atom contains three basic particles namely electrons, protons and
neutrons.

The nucleus of the atom contains electrons, protons and neutrons where electrons are negatively
charged particles, protons are positively charged and neutrons are neutral.

The electrons are located at the outermost regions called the electron shell.

Electron: J. J. Thomson, in 1897, discovered negatively charged particles emitted by the cathode
towards the anode in a cathode ray experiment. These negatively charged particles are
Electrons.

Protons: Ernest Goldstein, in 1886, discovered that with a different condition in the same
chamber, anode emitted positively charged particles known as Canal rays or later named as
Protons.

Neutrons: J. Chadwick discovered a subatomic particle with no charge and a mass equivalent to
protons in the nucleus of all atoms. These neutrally charged particles are Neutrons.

The properties of electrons, protons, and neutrons:

Property Electrons Protons Neutrons


Charge Negatively Charged Positively Charged No Charge
Affinity Attracts to positively Attracts to negatively Get attracted neither to
charged charged positive nor negative
Mass Mass is negligible 1 a.m.u 1 a.m.u
Location Outside the nucleus Within the nucleus Inside the nucleus

Ions: The charged particles (atoms) are called ions, they charge or negative charge on it:
Negatively charged ion is called anion (C1-).
Positively charge ion is called cation (Na+).
Valency: The combining capacity of an element is known as its valency.
Valency is used to form a chemical compound.

Name of the element Atomic Symbol Valency


Number
Hydrogen 1 H 1
Helium 2 He 0
Lithium 3 Li 1
Beryllium 4 Be 2
Boron 5 B 3
Carbon 6 C 4
Nitrogen 7 N 3
Oxygen 8 O 2

Atomic Number (Z): The atomic number is equal to the number of protons present in one atom
of an element. As the atom is electrically neutral, the number of protons and electrons are the
same. The notation Z denotes an atomic number. The atomic number of Hydrogen is one as it has
only one proton.

Number of Protons present in an atom = Atomic number (Z)

Number of Electrons present in an atom= Atomic number (Z)

Number of Neutrons = Mass number (A) - Atomic number (Z)

Mass Number (A): The mass number is the measure of the total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The notation A indicates the Mass number. The
notation n signifies the total number of neutrons.

Mass Number = Atomic Number + Number of Neutrons in the Nucleus

A=Z+n

Isotopes and Isobars:

Isotopes: The atoms of the same elements with the same atomic number and different mass
numbers. For Examples,

Hydrogen has three isotopes: Protium (1H1), Deuterium (1H2), and Tritium (1H3).
Isobars: The atoms of different molecules with the same mass number.

For Example, in Argon, atomic number 18, Calcium, atomic number 20, the mass number of
both these elements is 40. For example,

40 40
18Ar , 20Ca

ASSIGNMENT:

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Who discovered the electron?

(a) Goldstein

(b) J.J Thomson

(c) Chadwick

(d) Eugen Goldstein

Ans: (b)

2.The atomic number of an element is equal to ————

(a) number of neutrons

(b) number of electrons

(c) number of protons

(d) number of neutrons + number of protons

Ans: (c)

3.The mass number of the element is —————

(a) the sum of the number of electrons and protons

(b) the sum of the number of protons and neutrons


(c) the number of neutrons
(d) the number of protons

Ans: (b)

4. The atomic number of sodium is 11 and its mass number is 23. It has
(a) 11 neutrons and 12 protons
(b) 12 protons and 11 electrons
(c) 11 electrons and 12 neutrons
(d) 12 electrons and 11 neutrons

Ans. (c)

5. Which of the following statements about the electron is incorrect?

(a) It is a negatively charged particles

(b) The mass of the electron is equal to the mass of the neutron

(c) It is a basic constituent of all atom

(d) It is a constituent of cathode rays

Ans: (b)

6. How many electrons are occupied in the M shell?

(a) 8

(b) 16

(c) 18

(d) 32

Ans: (c)

Solution: The electrons are occupied in the shell by using the 2n2 rule.

For M shell n=3, 2 x 32 = 18 electrons.

7. The isotope deuterium of hydrogen has


(a) No neutrons and one proton
(b) One neutron and two protons
(c) One electron and two neutrons
(d) One proton and one neutron
Ans. (d)

8. Two atoms are said to be Isobars if ————–

(a) They have same atomic number but different mass number

(b) They have same number of electrons but different number of neutrons

(c) They have the same number of neutrons but different numbers of electrons.

(d) None of the above

Ans: (d) Two atoms are said to be Isobars if they have the same mass number but different
atomic numbers.

9. 7N15 and 8O16 are pair of ———-

(a) Isotopes

(b) Isobars

(c) Isotones

(d) none of these

Ans: (c)

10. A Tri positive ion has 23 electrons and 30 neutrons. What is the atomic mass of the element?
(a) 56
(b) 53
(c) 50
(d) 55
Ans. (a)

11. Number of valence electrons in Cl– ion is:


(a) 16
(b) 8
(c) 17
(d) 18
Ans. (b)

12. Which one of the following is a correct electronic configuration of sodium?


(a) 2,8
(b) 8,2,1
(c) 2,1,8
(d) 2,8,1
Ans. (d)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTION:

13.If number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8, then


(i) what is the atomic number of the atom?
(ii) what is the charge on the atom?
Ans. (i) The atomic number of an atom is the same as the number of protons in that atom, hence
its atomic number is 8.
(ii) In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Hence both the
charges – positive and negative neutralize each other. Therefore, the atom does not possess any
charge.
14.Explain with examples
(i) Atomic number,
(ii) Mass number,
(iii) Isotopes
(iv) Isobars.
Ans. (i) The number of positively charged protons present in the nucleus of an atom is defined as
the atomic number and is denoted by Z. Example: Hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus; hence
its atomic number is one.
(ii) The total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom is known as the
mass number. It is denoted by A. 20Ca40. Mass number is 40. Atomic number is 20.
(iii) The atoms which have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are
referred to as isotopes. Hence the mass number varies.
Example: The simplest example is the Carbon molecule which exists as 6C12 and 6C14
(iv) Isobars: Isobars are atoms which have the same mass number but differ in the atomic
number.
Examples are, 20Ca40and 18Ar40
15. Which of the following set of elements ratio of atomic numbers is 1:2:3:4?
(a) H, He, Li, B
(b) He, Be, C, Ne
(c) Be, O, Mg, Ca
(d) B, Ne, P, Ca
Ans. (d) B, Ne, P, Ca

16. The correct electronic configuration of potassium is _______?


(a) 2, 8, 4
(b) 2, 8, 8, 6
(c) 2, 8, 8, 1
(d) 2, 8, 8, 18
Ans. (c) 2, 8, 8, 1

17.Complete the following table:


Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of Name of the
Number Number Neutrons Protons Electrons atomic
species
9 - 10 - - -
16 32 - - - Sulphur
- 24 - 12 - -
- 2 - 1 - -
- 1 0 1 0 -
Ans.

Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of Name of the


Number Number Neutrons Protons Electrons atomic
species
9 19 10 9 9 Fluorine
16 32 16 16 16 Sulphur
12 24 12 12 12 Magnesium
1 2 1 1 1 Deuterium
1 1 0 1 0 Hydrogen

18. Match column A with column B.

Column A (Atomic number) Column B (Valency)


(A) 12 (i) 3
(B) 17 (ii) 0
(C) 10 (iii) 2
(D) 15 (iv) 1

(a) A → ii, B → iv, C → iii, D → i


(b) A → iii, B → iv, C → ii, D → i
(c) A → iii, B → iv, C → i, D → ii
(d) A → iii, B → ii, C → i, D → iv

Ans. (b) A → iii, B → iv, C → ii, D → i


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