Adaptive Control

Lecture 2

Control Systems

Dr. Abusabah I. A. Ahmed

[email protected]
Lecture Outline
❑Introduction
❑Control Systems
❑Types of Control Systems
❑ Manual Control Systems
❑ Automatic Control Systems

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Introduction
❑ System is an interconnection of elements and devices for a desired
purpose.
❑ States of the system describes the system to determine its future
behavior in the absence of any external forces affecting the system,
representation of what the system is currently doing.
✓ In mechanical systems, the position and velocities.
✓ In electronic circuits, the voltages and the currents.
❑ Control is the process of causing a system variable to conform to
some desired value.
❑ Control System An interconnection of components forming a
system configuration that will provide a desired response.
❑ Control is called automatic if it is accomplished without manual
(human) intervention.

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Introduction
❑ The desire to control the
forces of nature has been
with man since early
civilizations. Although
many examples of
control systems existed in
early times, the most
noteworthy invention was
the speed control flyball
governor invented by
James Watt in 1769 .

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Control Systems
❑ Control is automatic if it is accomplished without manual
(human) intervention.
❑ A control system is an interconnection of components
forming a system configuration that will provide a desired
system response.
❑ The main parts of the control system are:
✓ The process is the component (or group of
components) to be controlled.
✓ The controller is the component (or group of
components) that controls the process.

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 Control Systems
❑Controlled variables - these are the variables which quantify the
performance or quality of the final product, which are also called
output variables.
❑ Manipulated variables - these input variables are adjusted
dynamically to keep the controlled variables at their set-points.
❑ Disturbance variables - these are also called "load" variables and
represent input variables that can cause the controlled variables to
deviate from their respective set points.

Input Manipulated Variable

or
Controll Output
Set point Process
er Or
or
reference Controlled Variable

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Control Systems
❑ Process, Device, plant, or system under control,
where the input and output relationship
represents the cause and effect relationship of
the process.

Input Process Output

❑ Control System is an interconnection of components

forming a system configuration that will provide a
desired response.

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Types of Control Systems
❑ Natural Control System
✓ Universe
✓ Human Body

How does our body regulates

temperature?

❑ Manmade Control System

✓ Vehicles
✓ Aeroplanes
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Types of Control Systems
❑ Manmade Control System
✓ Aeroplanes
✓ Chemical Process

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Types of Control Systems

❑ Manual Control Systems

✓ Room Temperature regulation Via Electric Fan
✓ Water Level Control

❑ Automatic Control Systems

✓Room Temperature regulation Via A.C
✓Human Body Temperature Control

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Types of Control Systems

Control Systems

Natural Man-made

Manual Automatic

Open-loop Closed-loop
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Types of Control Systems
❑ Open-Loop Control Systems
Examples:- Washing Machine, Toaster, Electric
Fan, microwave oven, etc.
✓ Since in open loop control systems reference input is not
compared with measured output, for each reference input
there is fixed operating condition, the accuracy of the system
depends on calibration.

✓ The performance of open loop system is affected by the

presence of disturbances, or variation in operating
environmental conditions.

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Types of Control Systems
Open-Loop Control Systems utilize a controller or
control actuator to obtain the desired response.
✓ Output has no effect on the control action.
✓ The output is neither measured nor fed back.

Input Controlle Output

Process
r

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Types of Control Systems
❑ Open-Loop Control Systems (without feedback)
✓ An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device
to control the process directly without using feedback.
✓ Error Correction is not possible, thus, its inaccurate.
✓ Open loop control requires accurate model.
✓ No disturbance , or desired response tolerance

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Types of Control Systems
❑ Advantages:
✓ Simple design and easy to construct
✓ Economical.
✓ Easy for maintenance
✓ Highly stable operation
❑ Disadvantages of Open Loop
✓ Not accurate and reliable when input or
system parameters are variable in nature.
✓ Recalibration of the parameters are
required time to time.

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Types of Control Systems

Closed-Loop Control Systems utilizes feedback to

compare the actual output to the desired output
response.

Input Output
Comparator Controller Process

Measurement

Examples:- Refrigerator, Electric Iron, Air conditioner.

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Types of Control Systems
❑ Feedback is a key tool that can be used to modify
the behavior of a system. This behavior altering
effect of feedback is a key mechanism that
control engineers exploit deliberately to achieve
the objective of acting on a system to ensure that
the desired performance specifications are
achieved.

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Types of Control Systems
❑ Closed-loop feedback control system (with feedback)

✓ A closed-loop control system utilizes an

additional measure of the actual output to
compare the actual output with the desired output
response. The measure of the output is called the
feedback signal.
✓ Error Correction is possible, thus, its very
accurate.
✓ Less sensitive to noise.
✓ Close loop has fast response.
✓ It is not dependent on operating conditions.
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Manual control systems
Temperature control

desired thermometer
temperature
Actual temperature furnace

operator
mixer
valve
gas
air

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Automatic control systems
Temperature control
disturbance
actual
desired temperature temperature
operator valve mixer furnace
setting value controlled value
plant

thermometer
Actual temperature
The schematic block diagram of manual control
system for controlling temperature

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Automatic control systems

Automatic control of industrial processes

(chemical, automotive, etc.) is called automation.
Automation enables:

✓ Less expensive products.

✓ Higher productivity.
✓ More reliable and higher quality products.
✓ Quick adaptation to changes in markets.

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Automatic control systems
❑ Automatic Control Objective
✓ Maintain stability: the output should settle at a certain
value ( not run away or oscillate)
✓ Follow set point: steady state error, rise time, settling
time,…
✓ Tracking
✓ Reject disturbance: actuator, plant sensor
✓ Robustness
✓ Optimality

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Automatic control systems
❑ Automatic control of industrial processes (chemical, paper,
automotive, etc.) is called automation. Automation provide
the following:
✓ Less expensive products
✓ Higher productivity
✓ More reliable and higher quality products,
✓ Quick adaptation to changes in markets.

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 Thank You

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