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2 - Vertical Curves

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29 views

2 - Vertical Curves

Uploaded by

molatibinaranya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific

Research
Northern Technical University
Technical Engineering College - Kirkuk
Road Networks Survey - Second Stage
Surveying Engineering Techniques
Department

LECTURER: QAYSSAR MAHMOOD AJAJ


[email protected]

CHAPTER TWO
VERTICAL CURVES
OUTLINE

 Vertical curve Definition.

 Shapes of vertical curves.

 Elements of the vertical curves.

 The available methods for computing the elements of vertical curves.

 Unsymmetrical Vertical Curve.

VERTICAL CURVES DEFINTION


Vertical curves are used to smooth out the intersecting slopes or grades; the parabola is
most commonly used for connecting two different grades in order to provide for this
transition. It is easy to compute elevation on a parabola, and such a curve also provide a
constant rate of change of grade.

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The vertical curve in (100 m) station is designed as (L) is measured along the horizontal,
the two grades in the direction of station are (g1) and (g2). The total changes in grade is
(g2 - g1), the rate of change of grade per station as (r) is found by dividing the total
change in grade by length of curve in station.

𝒈𝟐 𝒈𝟏 𝒈𝟐 𝒈𝟏 𝑨
𝒓= →𝑳= =
𝑳 𝒓 𝒓

= rate of change of grade per station

= initial grade in percent

= final grade in percent

= Length of the curve in stations

= Algebraic difference in grade

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SHAPES OF VERTICAL CURVES

There are two types: -

1 - Summit curves (crest) or convex vertical curves.

a - Up grade followed by a down grade

b - A down grade followed by a larger down grade (g1 is smaller than g2)

c - Up grade followed by another upgrade (g1 is larger than g2)

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2 - Valley curved or sag or concave.
a - Down grade followed by an up grade

b - Up grade followed by a larger upgrade (g1 is smaller than g2)

C- Down grade followed by larger down grade (g1 is larger than g2)

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ELEMENTS OF VERTICAL CURVES

1 - B.V.C or P.V.C: Beginning of vertical curve or point of vertical curvature.

2 - P.V.I: Point of vertical intersection.

3 - P.V.T or E.V.C: End of vertical curve or point of vertical tangency.

4 - Δ y: Difference elevation of point between tangent and curve.

5 - Δ x: The horizontal distance from P.V.C

6 - Δ e: Difference in elevation at P.V.I

Elevation and Stations of main points on the Vertical Curve


If the Station and Elevation of P.V.I is known:

( )=

( )=
( )=

( )=

THE AVAILABLE METHODS FOR COMPUTING THE ELEMENTS OF VERTICAL

1- Geometric Method:
Δ y: Difference elevation of point between tangent and curve.
Δ e: Difference in elevation at P.V.I
X: The horizontal distance from P.V.C
Y: The vertical distance from P.V.C

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Δ y: Difference elevation of point between tangent and curve.
Δ e: Difference in elevation at P.V.I
X: The horizontal distance from P.V.C
Y: The vertical distance from P.V.C
=

Where
=

=
=
Note: The sign is taking according the shape of vertical curve.

2 - Using equation of Parabola:


The Equation of Parabola

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙² 𝒃𝒙 𝒄

where (a, b, c) is constant

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at x = 0 y is elevation of P.V.C
y=c
c = elevation of P.V.C

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙² 𝒃𝒙 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑷 𝑽 𝑪

The first derivation of (y) respect to (x)


= (when x = 0)
=
the sloped of curve is (g1)
=
= ²
second derivation
²
=
²

= → =

= ⁄ ²

Turning point: - grade equal to zero at this turning point and the point become highest if
the curve crest and the point become lowest if the curve is sag.
= ²

=
=
= /
= Distance of highest or lowest point (Location of highest or lowest point)
= ²

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3 - Vertical Curve by tangent offsets from grade lines
=

1- The offsets from the tangent to the curve at point are proportion of the squares of the
horizontal distance from point. (Bb = 4 Aa, Cc = 9 Aa, VO = 16 Aa)
2 - Offsets from the two grade line are symmetrical respect to the point of intersection of
the two grade lines.
3 - The curve line midway between the point of intersection of the grade lines and middle
point of the chord joining the P.V.C and E.V.C.

Elevation of points on tangent


( ) = ( )
( ) = ( )
( ) = ( )

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Elevation of points on curve
( ) = ( )
( ) = ( )
( ) = ( )

=( )

Bb = ( )

Cc = ( )

= ( )
= ⁄

UNSYMMETRICAL VERTICAL CURVE


An unsymmetrical vertical curve is a curve in which the horizontal distance from the
P.V.I to the P.V.C is different from the horizontal distance between the P.V.I and the
P.V.T, in other words l1 does not equal to l2. Unsymmetrical curves are sometimes
described as having unequal tangents and are referred to as doglegs.

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Equation of Unsymmetrical Vertical Curve:

= ( )
( )

= horizontal distance from P.V.C

= Elevation of vertical curve on left side of curve

= ( )

and

= horizontal distance from P.V.T

= Elevation of vertical curve on right side of curve

= ( )

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