Agnel Charities

Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Professional Communication & Ethics-II

Report on

‘ Threads of Change: Weaving a Sustainable Future

for Fashion ’

A.Y.- 2024-2025
TE-SEM-5
 Agnel Charities

Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology,

Vashi
(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
 Agnel Charities

Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Report on
Threads of Change: Weaving a Sustainable
Future for Fashion

TE-Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Submitted By:

Sr.no. Name Roll no.

1 KAUSTUBH JOSHI 3022122
2 SACHIN MALPE 3022131
3 SMIT MHADGUT 3022133
4 ATHARVA MORE 3022134
5 PRATHAM NAMBIAR 3022135
A group report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Term Work for the subject
Professional Communication & Ethics -II

Approved By:

Mrs.Vaishali Patil

Subject In-charge
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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

PREFACE

In the tapestry of modern consumerism, few threads have been as transformative—and as

contentious—as those of fast fashion. Over the past few decades, the fashion industry has undergone
a seismic shift, moving from seasonal collections to an almost continuous cycle of new styles hitting
the market at breakneck speed and rock-bottom prices. This revolution in clothing production and
consumption has democratized style, allowing consumers across economic spectrums to participate in
the latest trends. However, it has come at a steep cost to our planet, our societies, and ultimately, to
the very essence of fashion itself.

"Threads of Change: Weaving a Sustainable Future for Fashion" is born out of this pivotal moment.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the fast fashion phenomenon, its impacts,
and the growing sustainable fashion movement. By examining case studies, industry data, and expert
insights, we hope to illuminate pathways toward a more ethical and environmentally conscious
fashion ecosystem.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Successful completion of any project requires help from a number of people.

We would like to thank our Principal Dr. S.M. Khot for providing the
necessary facilities required for the completion of this project.

We take this opportunity to thank our H.O. D Dr.Megha Kolhekar for the
moral support and guidance.

We would also like to express our sincere gratitude towards our guide,
Mrs. Vaishali Patil whose guidance and care made the project successful.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Chapter Name Page No.

No.
1 Introduction 9

2 Literature Survey 16

3 Methodology

18

4 Solutions
26

5 Conclusion
36

6 References 37

7 Glossary 38

8 Index 39

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig no. Name of figure Page no.
1.1 Dump of Clothes 1

1.2 Laborers in Fast Fashion Factory 2

1.3 3
Where does the term ‘fast fashion’ come
from?
1.4 Growth of clothing sales and decline in clothing 3
utilization since 2000

1.5 Response graph 4

1.6 Response graph 5

1.7 Response graph 6

1.8 Response graph 7

1.9 Response graph 8

2.0 Response graph 9

2.1 Response graph 12

2.2 Response graph 13

2.3 Response graph 14

2.4 Response graph 15

2.5 Response graph 16

2.6 Response graph 20

2.7 Response graph 21

2.8 Response graph 27

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Abstract

This report examines the fast fashion phenomenon and its implications for sustainability within the global
apparel industry. Fast fashion, characterized by rapid production cycles and low-cost, trend-driven clothing, has
revolutionized the fashion landscape but has also given rise to significant environmental and social challenges.
The study investigates the environmental impacts of fast fashion, including resource depletion, pollution, and
textile waste accumulation. It also addresses the social ramifications, such as labor exploitation and cultural
homogenization.

The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data on production volumes, waste
generation, and carbon emissions with qualitative analyses of consumer behavior and industry practices. Case
studies of both fast fashion retailers and sustainable fashion initiatives are presented to illustrate current
practices and potential alternatives.

Key findings indicate that while fast fashion has democratized style and boosted economic growth in some
regions, its long-term costs outweigh these benefits. The report highlights emerging sustainable practices
within the industry, including circular economy models, innovative recycling technologies, and slow fashion
movements. It also explores the role of consumers, policymakers, and fashion brands in driving systemic
change.

Recommendations are provided for transitioning towards a more sustainable fashion ecosystem, emphasizing
the need for collaborative efforts across the value chain. The study concludes that reimagining the fashion
industry through a sustainability lens is not only environmentally necessary but also presents opportunities for
innovation, ethical business practices, and enhanced consumer value.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

CHAPTER 1
Introduction

"Fashions fade, style is eternal." —Yves Saint Laurent

In the ever-evolving landscape of global commerce, few industries have

undergone as dramatic a transformation in recent decades as fashion. At the
forefront of this change is the phenomenon known as "Fast Fashion". –

What is Fast Fashion?

Fast fashion is fashion that is designed and manufactured quickly. It is a business

model that prioritizes speed and low cost to deliver frequent new collections. These
new clothes are often inspired by the latest fashion-house looks or celebrity styles.
Typically, clothes that fall into the fast fashion category are not designed with quality,
sustainability, or longevity in mind. Instead, these garments are designed to be cheap to
buy, typically attracting a fashion hungry consumer that is aiming to wear the latest
trends and get style on a budget.
Over the last quarter of a century, the fast fashion industry has grown exponentially.
This growth has impacted on the more traditional fashion houses as they now must
produce fresher styles to counteract the low-price copies.
Once, fashion cycles used to consist of two releases a year (spring / summer and
autumn / winter), but this has turned into a constant stream of new collections.
Historically, people would invest in their clothing and keep them until they wore out,
but today fast fashion has created a surge in consumption, with consumers buying
many more garments and discarding them on a more frequent basis.
Unfortunately, the demand for cheap and fast fashion leads to an array of
environmental problems. From high energy consumption, excessive water use, toxic
chemical discharge, to waste generation, fast fashion’s environmental and carbon
footprint is significant.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

FIG 1.1 Dump of Clothes

According to an analysis by Business Insider, fashion production comprises 10% of

total global carbon emissions, as much as the European Union. It dries up water
sources and pollutes rivers and streams, while 85% of all textiles go to dumps each
year.

Even washing clothes releases 500,000 tons of microfibers into the ocean each year, the
equivalent of 50 billion plastic bottles. The Quantis International 2018 report found
that the three main drivers of the industry’s global pollution impacts are dyeing and
finishing (36%), yarn preparation (28%) and fiber production (15%).

The report also established that fiber production has the largest impact on freshwater
withdrawal (water diverted or withdrawn from a surface water or groundwater source)
and ecosystem quality due to cotton cultivation, while the dyeing and finishing, yarn
preparation and fiber production stages have the highest impacts on resource depletion,
due to the energy-intensive processes based on fossil fuel energy. According to the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change, emissions from textile manufacturing
alone are projected to skyrocket by 60% by 2030.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

1.1 HISTORY OF FAST FASHION

Remember the days when there were two fashion seasons a year? Spring/Summer
and Autumn Winter? If you were born after 1990 you probably don’t. Fashion was
seasonal and in comparison, to today, it was ‘slow’.

Stores would carry designs for a whole season and there would be ample time to
think about your purchases. Trends were dominant but longer lasting and often
easily identifiable from decade to decade. Today, fashion is completely different. A
melting pot of trends that can change weekly…. Or daily, depending on the brand.

Today, instead of two fashion seasons a year, there are 52 seasons a year. There are
new designs hitting the shop floor every week. Faster than we, as consumers, can
keep up with. We see trend after trend passing by us from one week to the next and
this results in us feeling that the items we purchased just a few months or even
weeks ago feel ‘old’ and ‘out of trend’. It also gives us a greater sense of urgency to
buy and buy on impulse because we risk missing the opportunity to buy the piece.

FIG 1.2 Laborers in Fast Fashion Factory

Have you ever looked in your wardrobe and felt you had nothing to wear? Even
after shopping less than a week before? That’s the work of fast fashion and the

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

millions of dollars they pay every day to make sure you feel discontent with your
wardrobe.

This is exasperated by the fastest of the fast-fashion brands. The ecommerce

sites have taken ‘new in’ to an all-new level with new designs arriving on site
every single day. Giving us fashion week 365 days (about 12 months) a year and
in the process turning us fashion lovers into fashion consumers with little love or
emotional attachment to the pieces that we buy.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

FAST FASHION THROUGH AGES

Fast fashion as a concept can be seen very obviously from the 1980’s onwards,
however, its evolution started long before that. Fast fashion is the product of an
increasingly efficient supply chain. The evolution of the fashion supply chain dates
to the 1800’s and since then it has become faster, increased production output,
and more exploitative.

To give you some context, before a streamlined fashion supply chain, people who
raise sheep, get wool, spin yarn, and produce (as we would call today) made
clothing to order, meeting their needs and only producing again when the clothes
had been completely worn out.

This all changed with the birth of the industrial revolution. Textile machines could
now produce clothing on mass, breaking away from the ‘made to order’ model to a
‘ready to wear’ model where clothes could be made in bulk and in a range of
sizes.
Probably the most significant innovation that propelled us towards fast fashion
was the invention of the sewing machine which was introduced in the late 1840’s.
It was with this that the price of clothing fell rapidly. Time is money, and it took a lot
less time to produce garments with a sewing machine than by hand.

Like today, the couture houses continued to produce hand-crafted pieces for the
wealthy, but local dressmakers now began to produce in bulk, often hiring teams
of seamstresses in house to produce the clothing and serving mainly middle class
women. Members of poorer households at this time would still produce their own
clothing.

The practice of outsourcing, that is to hire an outside team of workers to produce

the clothing for the dressmaker, and sell these in store, also started at this time.
These outsourced works were known as ‘sweaters’. ‘Sweaters’ worked in their
own home for very low wages. Garment workers producing at home is a practice
that is hidden, but very much still active today in the fashion industry.

EARLY 20TH CENTURY

In the early 20th Century, despite transformative innovations in fashion, most clothing
was still produced by small teams of local dressmakers or in the home. World War II
brought with it restrictions on material resources and a necessity for more functional
attire. Changes seen throughout the war became commonplace as peacetime flourished
and mass produced, standardised clothing became more appealing to consumers,
unsurprising for economies that had suffered during the war. Towards the mid 20th
Century, local workshops were growing into small garment factories but this was not

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

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without its downfalls. Industrialisation that had not yet come to grips with health and
safety saw tragic consequences, most notably the fire that broke out in New York’s
Triangle Shirtwaiste Factory in 1911. This was an unprecedented tragedy that resulted
in the death of 146 garment workers and was a catalyst to health and safety reforms as
well as improvements in workers rights. We wish we could say incidents of this nature
were a thing of the past but as recently as 2013 fashion saw its most catastrophic
tragedy when the Rana Plaza garment factory collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh killing
1,130 people and injuring hundreds more.

These workshops began to grow in both employee size and production capacity and
fast-fashion as we know it today, began.

1960s-2000s

The 1960’s brought with it somewhat of a cultural renaissance and fashion was
front and center of that. There was a rise in demand for cheaply made clothes,
which in many ways reflected an increasingly equal society. The ability to wear
something that looked and felt luxurious was no longer out of reach for the middle
and working classes and this kind of democratization of fashion was welcomed by
the masses with open arms.

This spike in demand for mass produced, affordable fashion put pressure on the
fashion industry and instead of growing the local garment economy locally it
became cheaper for European and American brands to outsource their production
to developing countries such as China, India, and Bangladesh.

There are several key brands who, depending on the article / book / conversation,
are credited with creating the fast fashion model. Zara, H&M & Primark. H&M is
by establishment the oldest, having started in 1947 as Hennes & Mauritz in 1947.
Primark was 1969 and Zara, 1974. Their brand stories all tell of humble
beginnings in Europe, starting with one small store and a rise to global
corporations. The truth is less inspirational.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Fig 1.3Where does the term ‘fast fashion’ come from?

It’s hard to pinpoint exactly when ‘fast fashion’ was crowned as a term but after
Amancio Ortega (founder of Zara) opened their New York flagship in New York in
1990. The New York Times described the brand’s mission as ‘fast fashion’
knowing Ortega built Zara on the principle of make speed the driving force. And it
was fast. New trends could go from drawing board to production to shop floor in
two weeks.

The 90’s and 2000’s saw it become socially acceptable to buy cheap clothing.
Before this the fashion industry was still dominated by luxury and many felt their
clothes represented their status and purchasing power, thus buying cheap
clothing could be a source of embarrassment, something that people would prefer
to hide. When the likes of Zara and H&M were worn by celebrities it became a
source of pride to flaunt what you have bought for ‘just £5’.

For all the harm that fast fashion has done both socially and environmentally, it
would be irresponsible not to address how it has allowed people, regardless of
background or wealth, to enjoy fashion. Democratization of fashion is important
for people’s self-expression and mental wellbeing. However, it is not the sheer
volume of first-hand clothing that we consume that is the problem. The challenge
in fixing a broken system is; How do we keep fashion democratic without human
or environmental exploitation?

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.3

Fast fashion has doubled in production over the past 20 years, contributing to
environmental degradation and human rights issues. It is responsible for 10% of global
CO2 emissions and causes waste at every production stage, harming wildlife and
polluting land, soil, and water. The industry thrives on cheap labor and resources,
particularly in low-income countries, exploiting workers and producing massive
amounts of waste, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Fast fashion's environmental impact spans the entire production process, from fabric
sourcing to waste disposal. Key materials like polyester consume millions of barrels of
oil and release greenhouse gases. Animal-based textiles like wool contribute to
deforestation, water pollution, and habitat loss. Cotton production uses significant
amounts of pesticides and water, leading to biodiversity loss and soil degradation. The
industry also creates vast quantities of wastewater, especially from textile dyeing,
polluting aquatic ecosystems[1].

Fig 1.4 Growth of clothing sales and decline in clothing utilization since 2000

Workers in fast fashion supply chains, primarily women in low-income countries, face

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

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hazardous conditions, low wages, and long hours. Many work in unsafe environments,
with factories prone to collapses and fires. Exposure to chemicals in manufacturing
also leads to various health problems, including respiratory issues and reproductive
disorders. Despite some safety reforms, wage and health concerns remain
unresolved[2] [3].

Many fast fashion brands engage in "greenwashing," falsely promoting sustainability

initiatives. Brands like H&M have been accused of overstating their environmental
claims. Efforts to use recycled materials, such as plastic bottles, fail to address the core
issue of overproduction and the industry's wasteful business model. True sustainability
efforts are limited and often lack transparency[4] [5].

Some companies, like Levi’s and Patagonia, are promoting sustainable practices, such
as encouraging longer use of garments, offering repair services, and using recycled
materials. Innovations in fabric sourcing, such as hemp and organic cotton, aim to
reduce environmental harm, but these efforts are still dwarfed by the fast fashion
industry’s scale. Policy changes, such as the FABRIC Act in the U.S., seek to improve
worker conditions and promote transparency[6] [7].

Combatting the fast fashion industry requires efforts from all stakeholders—
governments, companies, and consumers. Reducing overconsumption and promoting
sustainable alternatives like secondhand shopping and repairing clothescan help
mitigate fast fashion's environmental and social harms[8].

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Fast Fashion and Its Environmental Impact

1. Water

The environmental impact of fast fashion comprises the depletion of non-

renewable sources, emission of greenhouse gases and the use of massive amounts
of water and energy. The fashion industry is the second largest consumerindustry
of water, requiring about 700 gallons to produce one cotton shirt and 2 000
gallons of water to produce a pair of jeans. Business Insider also cautions that
textile dyeing is the world’s second-largest polluter of water, since the water
leftover from the dyeing process is often dumped into ditches, streams or rivers.

2. Microplastics

Furthermore, brands use synthetic fibres like polyester, nylon and acrylic which
take hundreds of years to biodegrade. A 2017 report from the International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) estimated that 35% of all microplastics – tiny
pieces of non-biodegradable plastic – in the ocean come from the laundering of
synthetic textiles like polyester.

According to the documentary released in 2015, The True Cost, the world
consumes around 80 billion new pieces of clothing every year, 400% more than
the consumption twenty years ago. The average American now generates 82
pounds of textile waste each year. The production of leather requires large
amounts of feed, land, water and fossil fuels to raise livestock, while the tanning
process is among the most toxic in all of the fashion supply chain because the
chemicals used to tan leather- including mineral salts, formaldehyde, coal-tar
derivatives and various oils and dyes- is not biodegradable and contaminates
water sources.

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3. Energy

The production of making plastic fibres into textiles is an energy-intensive process

that requires large amounts of petroleum and releases volatile particulate matter
and acids like hydrogen chloride. Additionally, cotton, which is in a large amount
of fast fashion products, is also not environmentally friendly to manufacture.
Pesticides deemed necessary for the growth of cotton presents health risks to
farmers.

3.2 The Social Impacts of Fast Fashion

Fast fashion does not only have a huge environmental impact. In fact, the industry
also poses societal problems, especially in developing economies. According to
non-profit Remake, 80% of apparel is made by young women between the ages of
18 and 24. A 2018 US Department of Labor report found evidence of forced and
child labour in the fashion industry in Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, China,
India, Indonesia, Philippines, Turkey, Vietnam and others. Rapid production
means that sales and profits supersede human welfare.

In 2013, an eight-floor factory building that housed several garment factories

collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh, killing 1,134 workers and injuring more than
2,500. In her project An Analysis of the Fast Fashion Industry, Annie Radner
Linden suggests that ‘the garment industry has always been a low-capital and
labor intensive industry’.

In her book No Logo, Naomi Klein argues that developing nations are viable for
garment industries due to ‘cheap labour, vast tax breaks, and lenient laws and
regulations’. According to The True Cost, one in six people work in some part of
the global fashion industry, making it the most labour-dependent industry. These
developing nations also rarely follow environmental regulations; China, for
example, is a major producer of fast fashion but is notorious for land degradation
and air and water pollution.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

3.3 HARMS TO HUMANS

The introduction of chemicals to the environment is not the only harm associated
with the fast fashion industry. The harsh chemicals used in manufacturing create
potential health hazards for workers and consumers. These risks can be felt in a
wide range of communities, as fast fashion garments are usually produced in low-
income countries but purchased in high-income countries. At the beginning of the
production process, pesticides can cause harm to workers as they have beenlinked
to acute and chronic health issues including reproductive disorders, neurological
disorders, respiratory conditions, certain cancers and death (Farmworker Justice,
2013). In garment factories, workers are exposed to occupational hazards
including respiratory harms from chemicals and musculoskeletal harms from
repeated motions (Islam, 2022). The harmful effects can even be experienced by
the consumer of fast fashion. Garments contain a variety of harmful chemicals
including PFAS, azo dyes, phthalates, and formaldehyde (Fashinnovation, 2022).
These chemicals come with risks of irritation; respiratory, developmental, and
reproductive problems; and certain cancers. On top of that, the spillover of
cheaply made fast fashion can also affect the economies of low-income countries,
even if they are not involved directly in the production of garments. Every year
the United States exports roughly 500,000 tons of secondhand clothing to low-
and middle-income countries that do not always possess the infrastructure to
handle it (Brooks, 2019). Reports from various African communities note how
these imports can decimate local textile businesses, as they are unable to compete
with the competitive costs of these used garments (Brooks, 2019). While this
opens a new market for secondhand clothing, it increases reliance on foreign
countries and suppresses local industries, resulting in a loss of culture and
traditional styles (Porter, 2019). The continuing desire around the world for these
garments at low costs also contributes to the ongoing injustice related to low
wages and working conditions in the low-income countries where most factories
are based. In April 2013 the Rana Plaza building in Dhaka, Bangladesh collapsed,
resulting in more than 1,100 textile-worker fatalities and bringing to light the
subpar conditions in which fast fashion industries operate. Between 2006 and
2012, more than 500 workers in Bangladesh garment factories died in factory fires,
usually due to faulty wiring (Thomas, 2018). Following these tragic events, the
Accord on Fire and Building Safety was signed by various fast fashion companies,
including American Eagle, H&M, and Inditex. This

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agreement resulted in 97,000 hazards being repaired in 1,600 factories, and 900
factories being shut down for not meeting compliance standards (Thomas, 2018).

3.4 CURRENT PRACTICES

Despite the various claims made by companies showcasing their sustainable

efforts through partial recycling or “conscious” collections, overall efforts are still
relatively low. Even the actions of companies that are following through on their
pledges to be more sustainable are not necessarily having a significant positive
impact. One of the most common recycled materials to substitute the creation of
new synthetics are polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. In a survey of
roughly 50 fashion brands, 85% claimed that they were working toward using
recycled polyester sourced from plastic bottles (Circular). Using recycled
polyester has the potential impact of reducing carbon emissions by 32% (Federal
Office for the Environment, 2017). But while recycling sounds green in theory,
there are several logistical drawbacks. Recycling synthetic materials does not fix
the emerging problem of microplastics, as recycled materials will expel just as
many fibers as new materials (Bryce, 2021). Additionally, removing plastic bottles
from their established, closed-loop system may actually harm their overall
recyclable potential. These bottles can be recycled at least 10 times in the current
system. Feeding them into the fashion industry decreases their likelihood and
potential to be recycled as most garments end up in landfills (Bryce, 2021).
Despite the potential that exists with recycling plastic bottles, the actual rate at
which PET bottles are recycled remains relatively low, with only 29.1% being
recycled in 2018 (EPA). Textile recycling involves a similar shortcoming, as it’s
estimated that less than 1% of textile waste is recycled into new fibers due to
logistical issues including the collecting, sorting, and processing of garments
(McKinsey & Company, 2022). Many claims made by fast fashion companies hint
at sustainability but fall short, and a lack of transparency contributes to the
problem of greenwashing. Greenwashing is infamous in the fast fashion industry,
and multiple companies having had attention drawn to their misleading claims in
the past. Companies like Boohoo, SHEIN, H&M, ASOS, and Zara have all
released claims on their efforts to improve their sustainability, but there’s little
evidence they are realizing those claims (Rauturier, 2022; Igini, 2022). The
popular brand H&M released environmental scorecards informing consumers
about how environmentally friendly their garments were. In an investigation by

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Quartz, more than half of the scorecards claimed pieces to be more

environmentally friendly than they actually were, and in some instances the
statements were described as being “the exact opposite of reality” (Quartz, 2022).
The garments included in the controversial claims were those labeled as
“Conscious Choice.” This specific label was described by H&M to mean “pieces
created with a little extra consideration for the planet,” with products containing at
least 50% of “more sustainable materials” (H&M). These vaguely defined “eco-
friendly” labels are another popular industry greenwashing technique. But
simultaneously producing and promoting the purchase of billions of garments per
year, many of which get discarded and replaced quickly, reduces the potential
positive impacts of so-called “conscious collections” and falsely reassures
consumers.

3.5 CURRENT PRACTICES

3.5.1 Corporations’ Slow Fashion Initiatives:

● Patagonia: Offers a "Worn Wear" program where customers can trade in used
clothing for resale. They also provide DIY repair guides and a product
guarantee for repair, reducing waste and promoting garment longevity.

● Levi’s: Encourages customers to wash jeans less frequently (after 10 wears) to

conserve water and reduce microfiber pollution. They also operate Tailor
Shops to repair or alter old clothing and support secondhand clothing
exchanges.

● MUD Jeans: Introduced the "Lease a Jeans" program, where customers lease
jeans for a year and can return them for recycling. The company promotes a
circular economy and uses 92% less water in the process.

● Use of Sustainable Fabrics: Some companies are switching to more

sustainable fabrics such as organic cotton, recycled cotton, hemp, and linen,
which require fewer pesticides and water. Fabrics like Bananatex, made from
banana plants, are fully biodegradable and do not require pesticides or
fertilizers.

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3.5.2 INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS

● Thrifting and Secondhand Shopping: Buying secondhand clothing or

swapping clothes with others reduces the demand for new garments and
minimizes textile waste.

● Repair and Upcycling: Individuals are encouraged to repair, alter, or upcycle

existing garments instead of discarding them. DIY projects can refresh old
items, extending their lifespan and reducing waste.

● Reducing Consumption: Consumers are becoming more conscious of

overconsumption by purchasing fewer, higher-quality items that last longer,
shifting away from the fast fashion model of frequent, low-cost purchases.

● Sustainable Washing Habits: Simple practices like washing clothes less

frequently and at lower temperatures help reduce the release of microplastics
and conserve water.

3.6 FUTURE REMEDIES

I. Corporate Reforms

Fast fashion companies need to adopt a circular economy approach, emphasizing

recycling, reusing, and reducing waste. This model encourages programs like
leasing garments, offering repair services, and recycling initiatives to reduce the
overall environmental footprint. By extending the lifecycle of garments,
companies can limit waste and lessen the demand for new raw materials.
Additionally, transparency in supply chains is essential. Companies must disclose
their environmental and social impacts, ensuring ethical practices and
accountability. Proposed laws like New York’s "Fashion Sustainability and Social
Accountability Act" aim to enforce such transparency, requiring brands to share
their policies on both environmental and labor issues.

Another key focus for corporate reform is the use of sustainable materials. Future
innovation should prioritize biodegradable and recyclable fabrics, moving away
from synthetic, fossil-fuel-based materials like polyester. The fashion industry

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should embrace natural and recycled alternatives that minimize environmental

harm throughout the product lifecycle. Finally, to combat misleading
environmental claims, regulations must be put in place to end greenwashing.
Brands should be held accountable for ensuring that their sustainability claims are
accurate and verified, helping to build consumer trust and drive real change in the
industry.

II. Government Policy and Regulation

Legislation is critical in addressing the fast fashion crisis. Governments should

introduce and enforce policies like the FABRIC Act, which aims to protect
garment workers in the U.S. by improving working conditions and wages.
Additionally, international agreements like the International Accord are vital for
ensuring worker safety, particularly in developing countries where many fast
fashion factories operate. These policies hold fast fashion companies accountable
for both their labor practices and environmental degradation.

To further incentivize sustainable practices, governments should provide tax

incentives to companies that adopt environmentally responsible models while
imposing penalties on those that continue to pollute. Another area where
government intervention is crucial is in waste management and recycling
infrastructure. Investment in textile recycling facilities and programs can help
reduce the volume of clothing that ends up in landfills, making it easier for
companies and consumers to participate in sustainable practices.

III. Consumer Education

Raising consumer awareness is essential to combating the fast fashion problem.

Awareness campaigns that educate consumers on the environmental and human
rights impacts of fast fashion can lead to more responsible buying behaviors.
These programs should promote sustainable alternatives, encouraging consumers
to choose ethical brands and reduce overconsumption.

Changing the cultural narrative around fashion is also critical. The glamour
associated with constantly buying new, trendy clothing needs to be replaced by a
focus on sustainability, ethical consumption, and the longevity of garments.

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(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Influencers and fashion brands can play a pivotal role in reshaping these attitudes,
steering their audiences towards more mindful fashion choices that prioritize
quality over quantity.

IV. Technological Innovation:

Technological innovation offers promising solutions to the fast fashion crisis.

Advanced recycling techniques are needed to process textiles into high-quality
materials without degrading them, extending the lifecycle of fibers. Textile-to-
textile recycling, which can turn old garments into new ones, is vital to scaling up
sustainable fashion.

Additionally, innovations in waterless and non-toxic dyeing processes can

significantly reduce the fashion industry’s environmental footprint. Traditional
dyeing processes consume large amounts of water and release harmful chemicals
into the environment. By adopting new technologies that use less water and
eliminate toxic substances, industry can move towards a cleaner and more
sustainable future.

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(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

CHAPTER 4
SOLUTIONS

The extensive environmental impacts of fast fashion at the local and global level
require system-level changes. Reform should focus on fundamental changes to fiber
and textile production, logistics and chemical management, and business and consumer
practices. For instance, the textile industry must decrease its use of non-renewable
energy and level of CO2 emissions. Separately, manufacturers should decrease
chemical usage during textile processing, and policy makers must update wastewater
treatment requirements. Finally, overall production volumes and the rate at which
material passes through the systems must slow down. In effect, companies must
produce less material more efficiently, and customers must consume less and wear
garments longer. To achieve these goals, an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
policy should be enforced. Producers would be required to take back all their products
at the end of their lifespans and be responsible for recycling the material. This added
responsibility would incentivize producers to create more durable and high-quality
products.

On a broader level, slowing down the system requires businesses to transform extended
usage time into a financial advantage. Profits would have to come from sources beyond
one-time sales. Fashion business services such as repairing, redesigning, renting, or
second-hand selling already interest brands and many are trying out these activities
after the COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, policies making waste a cost for the industry
(e.g. EPR) could redirect development towards improving garments’ lifespan and
quality. In this new system, businesses would work at a slower pace and more
accurately, invest in better quality, raise product prices, and find more creative
marketing methods. Additionally, the latest developments in recycling technologies can
provide better ways to close the material loop by recycling textile waste back into high
quality fiber production (e.g. Infinited Fibre Company’s cellulose regeneration).
Creating a quality guarantee can also direct consumer choices towards investing in
better, premium-quality, and long-lasting garments. Currently, consumers claim they
are unable to find quality garments and therefore are not ready to invest more in them.
A new quality system could persuade them to trust fashion companies in a new way.
For instance, some brands already offer a one-year guarantee for their garments with
repair services. This builds trust between the company and its clients and provides a
reason for a higher product price.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

(A) CONSUMER AWARENESS SURVEY

We successfully conducted a survey via Google Forms to assess consumer awareness
of fast fashion. The questionnaire explored over 221 participants' shopping habits,
knowledge of fast fashion's environmental impact, and attitudes towards sustainable
alternatives. We'll analyze the results using various graphical representations, including
pie charts for categorical data and bar graphs for comparing responses across
demographics.

Fig 1.5: Response graph

The largest segments are "A few times a year" (35.3%) and "Rarely" (36.2%), together accounting for
over 70% of responses. This distribution suggests that while fast fashion is widely consumed, most
people don't buy from these brands frequently, possibly indicating some level of awareness or concern
about fast fashion's impacts.

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Fig 1.6: Response graph

Quality is the most influential factor (54.3%), contradicting the common perception of fast fashion as
low-quality. Style/trends (49.3%) and price (36.2%) are the next most important factors, aligning
with fast fashion's reputation for trendy, affordable clothing. This data suggests consumers value
quality and style in fast fashion, potentially more than its affordability or convenience.

Fig 1.7: Response graph

68.8% of respondents are familiar with the term 'fast fashion'. This data indicates that most survey participants
have at least some understanding of fast fashion, though there's still a significant portion (about 30%) who are
unsure or unfamiliar with the concept

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Fig 1.8: Response graph

Majority (81%) show some level of environmental consciousness.

●
● Fig 1.9: Response graph
● 67% are aware of environmental issues.High awareness suggests effective information dissemination

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(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

●
● Fig 2.0: Response graph
● 56.1% are aware of working conditions. Demonstrates significant awareness of labor issues

Fig 2.1: Response graph

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36.7% say ethical production influences decisions

● Small percentage gave specific reasons for influence
Suggests growing importance of ethical considerations in fashion.

Fig 2.2: Response graph

43% have opted for secondhand, vintage, or sustainable brands. Shows significant interest in
sustainable fashion options

Fig 2.3: Response graph

40.3% willing to pay more. Indicates potential for growth in sustainable fashion market

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Fig 2.4: Response graph

8% keep items for more than 2 years.Suggests conscious consumption and longer-term use

Fig 2.5: Response graph

53.8% donate clothing.Indicates strong awareness of clothing waste issues.\

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Fr. C. Rodrigues Institute of Technology, Vashi

(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

Fig 2.6: Response graph

● 32.6% rate importance as 3/5
● 28.1% rate 4/5
● 29.4% rate 5/5 (very important)
● Only 10% rate 1-2/5 (not important)
● Shows high value placed on sustainable clothing production

Fig 2.7: Response graph

● 45.2% trust some brands

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● 41.2% are skeptical but somewhat believe claims

● Indicates widespread distrust in fashion industry's sustainability marketing

Fig 2.8: Response graph

● 45.7% want lower prices for sustainable brands

● 40.7% desire more availability of sustainable brands
● 37.1% seek improved quality of sustainable products
● 31.2% need better awareness of sustainability issues
● 22.6% want increased brand transparency and trust
● Only 2.3% don't plan to switch from fast fashion
● Suggests multiple factors influence sustainable fashion adoption

These results indicate consumers are interested in sustainable fashion but face barriers of price, availability, and
trust in brand claims. Addressing these issues could significantly shift purchasing behavior towards more
sustainable options.

(B) EXPERT INTERVIEW

Our expert for this subject matter is DR HL Vijayakumar Lakkanna . Professor Dr H L

Vijayakumar is the principal of the Army Institute of Fashion & Design (AIFD) in
Bangalore. The following are his thoughts on a list of 5 questions that were sent to him:
Question 1: What are the primary environmental impacts of fast fashion?

Answer: Fast fashion has a devastating impact on the environment. The high turnover rate
encourages overconsumption and excessive waste, leading to landfills overflowing with discarded
clothing. The production process requires vast amounts of natural resources, including water,
energy, and raw materials, depleting them at an alarming rate. Chemical dyes and finishes used in
textile manufacturing can contaminate water bodies and air, posing a serious threat to ecosystems
and human health.

Question 2: How does fast fashion affect labor conditions in developing countries?

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Answer: Fast fashion often relies on low-cost labor in developing countries, leading to exploitative
working conditions. Workers may face long hours, low wages, unsafe environments, and child
labor. The lack of adequate labor rights protection and opportunities for unionization further
exacerbates these issues. .

Question 3: What are the ethical implications of fast fashion?

Answer: Far-reaching. The production of animal-based materials can involve animal cruelty and
unethical practices. The industry promotes a culture of consumerism and materialism, which can have
negative social and psychological consequences. Moreover, the low-cost nature of fast fashion often
benefits wealthy consumers while exploiting workers in developing countries, perpetuating inequality
and injustice.

Question 4: How can consumers reduce their impact on the environment through their clothing
choices?

Answer: Consumers can significantly reduce their environmental impact by making conscious
clothing choices. Opting for quality over quantity and investing in timeless pieces can help reduce
waste. Choosing clothing made from sustainable materials, such as organic cotton, recycled polyester,
or Tencel, minimizes the demand for harmful chemicals and resources. Additionally, caring for
clothes properly, washing them less frequently, mending and repairing damaged items, and avoiding
tumble drying can extend their lifespan and reduce waste.

Question 5: What role can fashion institutes play in addressing the challenges of fast fashion?

Answer: Fashion institutes have a crucial role to play in addressing the challenges of fast fashion. By
incorporating sustainability and ethical fashion into their curriculum, they can educate future
designers and industry professionals about the importance of responsible practices. Conducting
research on sustainable materials, production processes, and business models can contribute to the
development of innovative solutions.

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(An Autonomous Institute & Permanently Affiliated to University of Mumbai)

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Fast fashion, characterized by its rapid production and low prices, has revolutionized the fashion industry.
However, its meteoric rise has come at a significant cost, both environmentally and socially. This paper delves
into the dark side of fast fashion, exploring its negative impacts, examining its economic benefits, and
proposing potential solutions for a more sustainable future.

One of the most pressing concerns associated with fast fashion is its detrimental effect on the environment. The
industry's insatiable demand for resources, coupled with its excessive waste production, has led to a significant
strain on the planet. The cultivation of raw materials, such as cotton and polyester, often involves the use of
harmful pesticides and fertilizers that contaminate water bodies and contribute to deforestation. The
manufacturing process itself is energy-intensive, releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and
exacerbating climate change. Moreover, the disposal of unwanted clothing often ends up in landfills, where it
takes centuries to decompose, releasing harmful chemicals into the environment.

In addition to its environmental consequences, fast fashion has also had a profound impact on labor conditions,
particularly in developing countries. The industry's relentless pursuit of low costs has led to the exploitation of
workers, who often face long hours, low wages, unsafe working conditions, and a lack of labor rights
protection. Child labor and forced labor have also been documented in some cases, highlighting the dark side
of the fast fashion supply chain.

While the negative impacts of fast fashion are undeniable, it is important to acknowledge that the industry has
also brought certain economic benefits. The low prices offered by fast fashion retailers have made clothing
more accessible to a wider range of consumers, stimulating economic growth in some regions. The industry has
also created jobs, albeit often under exploitative conditions, in both developed and developing countries.

To address the challenges posed by fast fashion, a multifaceted approach is required. Consumers can play a
crucial role by adopting more sustainable consumption habits, such as buying fewer clothes, choosing
higher-quality items, and supporting ethical brands. Fashion brands and retailers must also take responsibility
for their environmental and social impacts by adopting more sustainable practices, such as using eco-friendly
materials, reducing waste, and ensuring fair labor conditions throughout their supply chains. Governments can
provide incentives for sustainable fashion practices and regulate the industry to address environmental and
social concerns.

Furthermore, innovation and technological advancements can offer solutions to the challenges of fast fashion.
The development of sustainable materials, circular economy models, and advanced manufacturing techniques
can help reduce the industry's environmental footprint. Additionally, investments in research and development
can support the creation of new business models that prioritize sustainability and ethical practices.

In conclusion, the dark side of fast fashion presents a significant challenge to our society. By understanding the
negative impacts of this industry, we can take collective action to create a more sustainable and equitable
future. By adopting responsible consumption habits, supporting ethical brands, and demanding accountability
from industry leaders, we can help to mitigate the environmental and social costs of fast fashion and build a

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more sustainable fashion system for generations to come.

REFERENCES
[1] The True Cost: This documentary explores the environmental and social impacts of fast

fashion. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwp0Bx0awoE

[2] The Story of Stuff: This animated short film explains the linear economy and the negative

consequences of overconsumption, including fast fashion.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GorqroigqM

[3] "Fast Fashion: A Review of Its Environmental and Social Impacts" by M.B. Ali and

M.A. Khan (2017): This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the environmental

and social issues associated with fast fashion.

[4] "The Dark Side of Fast Fashion: A Case Study of Bangladesh" by M.A. Hossain and

M.N. Islam (2018): This paper examines the labor conditions and environmental impacts of

fast fashion in Bangladesh.

[5] Fast fashion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_fashion

[6] Sustainable fashion: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_fashion

[7] Fashion Revolution: https://www.fashionrevolution.org/

[8] Ethical Fashion Forum: https://the.ethicalfashionforum.com/about-1

[9] Greenpeace: https://www.greenpeace.org/international/

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GLOSSARY
Glossary of Important Terms in the Fast Fashion Industry

1. Carbon Footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases produced by an individual,

organization, or product.

2. Ethical Fashion: Clothing and accessories produced in a way that respects workers' rights,

animal welfare, and the environment.

3. Environmental Impact: The negative effects of human activities on the natural environment.

4. Fast Fashion: A business model that emphasizes rapid production and turnover of clothing to

meet the latest trends at low prices.

5. Fair Trade: A trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency, and respect for all

participants, with a particular focus on supporting producers in developing countries.

6. Greenwashing: The practice of making false or misleading claims about a product's

environmental benefits.

7. Microfiber Pollution: Tiny plastic fibers that shed from synthetic clothing and enter

waterways, harming marine life.

8. Overconsumption: The excessive consumption of goods and services, often driven by trends

and marketing.

9. Supply Chain: The network of individuals, organizations, and activities involved in the

creation, production, and distribution of a product.

10. Sustainable Fashion: Clothing and accessories made from environmentally friendly materials

and produced in a way that minimizes negative impacts on the planet and people.

11. Textile Waste: Discarded clothing, fabric scraps, and other textile materials.

12. Water Footprint: The total amount of water used to produce a product, including the water

required for growing raw materials, manufacturing, and transportation.

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INDEX

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 9

1.1 WHAT IS FAST FASHION 9

1.2 HISTORY OF FAST FASHION 11
1.3 EARLY 20TH CENTURY 13
1.4 1960s-2000s 14

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 16

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 18

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

18
3.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS
19
3.3 HARM TO HUMANS
19
3.4 CURRENT PRACTICES
22
3.5 FUTURE REMEDIES 23

CHAPTER 4 SOLUTIONS 26

( A) CONSUMER AWARENESS SURVEY

26
(B) EXPERT INTERVIEW
34

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 36

REFERENCES 37

GLOSSARY 38

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