DC Machines

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 DC motor
2 • The same dc machine can act as a generator
or a motor.
• The motor converts electric energy to
mechanical energy.
• DC motors are used in industrial applications
that demand a high degree of flexibility in the
control of speed and torque (the torque-speed
characteristics of dc motors can be varied over
a wide range while retaining high efficiency).
• They drive devices such as hoists, fans, pumps,
calendars, punch-presses, cars, steel mills, mines,
electric trains etc.

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DC Motors
- Have variable characteristics and are used extensively in variable-speed drive
s

Classification Advantages Disadvantages

➢Permanent Magnet ➢Simple control of ➢ High maintenance
➢Field winding motor speed ➢ Not suitable for
- Self Excited ➢High starting torque high-speed
- Separately Excited ➢Wide range of operation due to
speed control commutator and
➢Low initial cost of brushes
drives ➢ Low life-span for
➢High reliability high intensity uses

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3
 DC motor – principle of operation
4

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 DC motor – principle of operation
5
• DC motors consist of rotating armature windings
and stationary field windings.
• In a DC motor, current must be conducted to
the armature windings by passing current
through carbon brushes that slide over a set of
copper surfaces called a commutator, which is
mounted on the rotor.
• The commutator bars are soldered to armature
coils.
• The brush/commutator combination makes a
sliding switch that energizes particular portions of
the armature, based on the position of the rotor.
• This process creates north and south poles on the
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rotor that are attracted to or repelled by north
and south poles on the stator, which are formed
 DC motor – principle of operation . . .
6

• It's this magnetic interaction that causes the

rotor to rotate.
• All motors rely upon the force exerted by a
magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor.
• If a straight current carrying conductor is placed
at right angles to the uniform magnetic field
existing between the North and south poles of a
permanent magnet, the result is shown in Fig.a.
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 DC motor – principle of operation . . .
7

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 DC motor – principle of operation . . .
8 • Two fields are present: the uniform field due to
the magnet with lines of force that are straight
and parallel, and the circular field around the
current-carrying conductor, shown dotted.
• As the lines of force above the conductor in
Fig.a point in the same direction, they add
together, and as the lines of force below the
conductor oppose each other, they subtract.
The resultant magnetic field is shown in fig. b.
• Because the field is strong above the conductor
and weak below the conductor, the distorted
lines of force tend to straighten like stretched
elastic bands.
• A force is thus exerted www.forumelectrical.com
on the conductor,
tending to move it down, as indicated by the
arrow.
 • If it were free to move, the conductor would leave the
9 magnetic field.
• If the current is reversed through the conductor, the
circular field around the conductor will also reverse.
Hence, the conductor will tend to move in the
opposite direction, i.e., upwards.
• Similarly, if the polarity of the main magnetic field is
reversed, the direction of conductor motion will
change.

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 Torque
10 It is the turning or twisting force about an axis.

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 11
Force on the conductor

sin 

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 Counter emf (Back emf) in dc motors
12 • When a dc supply is connected to the dc motor,
a large current will flow through the armature
conductors because its resistance is very low.
• Each current carrying conductor experiences a
force (because they are immersed in the magnetic
field).
• These forces add up to produce a powerful
torque, causing the armature to rotate.
• As soon as the armature begins to turn, a 2nd
phenomenon takes place: the generator effect.
With the armature rotating in the magnetic field,
the armature conductors generate an emf.
• This generated (induced) emf is proportional to
the speed of rotation of the motor and the flux per
pole,  and is as follows: www.forumelectrical.com
 E0 = ( Zn 60)( P A)
13 Where, Z = total number of armature conductors
 = effective flux per pole (Wb)
n = speed of rotation (rpm)
P = no. of poles
A = no. of parallel paths

The generated voltage opposes the supply voltage,

thus limiting the armature current.

In case of a motor, the induced voltage, E0 is called

counter emf because it opposes the source
voltage.
I = ( ES − E0 ) R
The armature current is given by
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where ES = line supply voltage & E0 = counter

 Counter emf (Back emf) in dc motors . . .
14
When the motor is at rest, the counter emf (cemf) is
zero and so the starting current is given by: I = (ES-0)
/ R.

As the speed increases, the cemf increases, with

the result that the value of armature current
diminishes.

When a motor runs at no-load, the counter-emf

must be slightly less than ES, so as to enable a small
current to flow, sufficient to produce the required
torque.

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 Mechanical power and torque
15The electrical power supplied to the armature,

Pa = ES I ES = Eo + IRa
 Pa = Eo I + I 2 Ra
The I2R term represents heat dissipated in the
armature, but EoI is the electrical power which is
converted to mechanical power developed. The
mechanical power of the motor is therefore exactly
equal to the product of the cemf multiplied by the
armature current.
P = E0 I

where, P =mechanical power developed by the

motor [W]
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E0 = induced voltage in the armature (cemf) [V]
I = total current supplied to the armature [A]
 The mechanical power P is also given by the
16 expression, where n is the speed of rotation.
P = T  = nT 9.55
Combining the above two equations for P,

 nT 9.55 = E0 I (
 T = Z I ) P
6.28  A 
where, T = torque developed (N-m)
Z = total number of armature conductors
F = effective flux per pole (Wb)
I = armature current (A)
6.28 = constant, to take care of units (=2)
Speed of rotation
E0 = ( Zn 60)( P A)  Speed , n = 60E0 A (ZP)
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For Es ≈ Eo Speed, n  60ES A /(ZP)
Classification of dc motors

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17
 Classification of dc motors
18 The magnetic flux in DC machine is produced by
field coils carrying current.

The production of magnetic flux in the machine by

circulating current in the field winding is called
excitation.

There are two methods of excitation: separate

excitation and self excitation.

In separate excitation the field winding is energized

by a separate DC source.

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Fig. Separately excited DC motor
 Classification of dc motors . . .
19
In self excitation the current flowing through the
field winding is supplied by the machine itself.

DC machines are named according to the

connection of the field winding with the armature.

The principle types of DC machine are:

(i) separately excited DC machine
(ii) self excited DC machine: 3 types
•Shunt machine.
•Series machine.
•Compound
machine.
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Fig. Self excited DC motor 19
 Series motor
The field is connected in series with the armature
20
and must, therefore, carry the full armature current.

IL

V= Ea + Ia(Ra+ Rse)

IL = Ia = Ise

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 Power Flow Diagram
Pcf= Ia2Rse P
21
Pin= VTIL Pm Pout

Pca= Ia2Ra

 60 P 
 =  
 2 N 
P is normally given  60 Po 
for output / load torque , o =  
 2 N 
Pin = Pout + total losses
 60 Pm 
for mechanical torque, m =  
Pm= Ea Ia  2 N 
P 
Efficiency,  =  out 
Where,  Pin 
Pca =armature copper loss
Pcf =field copper loss www.forumelectrical.com
P=stray, mech etc
 Shunt motor
22 The field is connected in parallel with the armature.

V= Ea + IaRa

IL = Ia+ Ish

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 Power Flow Diagram
Pcf= Ish 2R
sh P
23
Pin= VTIL Pm Pout

Pca= Ia2Ra

P is normally given  60 P 
 =  
Pin = Pout + total losses  2 N 
 60 Po 
for output / load torque , o =  
Where,  2 N 
Pca =armature copper loss
 60 Pm 
Pcf =field copper loss for mechanical torque, m =  
P=stray, mech etc  2 N 
Pm= Ea Ia P 
Efficiency,  =  out 
 Pin 
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 Compound motor
24 A compound motor carries both a series field and a
shunt field.

The shunt field is always greater than the series field.

If the magnetic flux produced by the series winding

aids the flux produced by the shunt field winding, the
machine is said to be cumulatively compounded.

If the series field winding opposes the shunt field flux,

the machine is said to be differentially compounded.

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 Compound motor . . .
25 Either type may be long shunt or short shunt type.

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 Compound motor . . .
26
Short shunt

V =Ea + IaRa + ILRse

IL = Ia+ Ish

Long shunt

V= Ea + Ia(Ra+Rse)

IL = Ia+Ish
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26
 Power Flow Diagram
Pca= Ia2Ra Pcf2= Ia 2R
se P
27
Pin= VTIL Pm Pout

Pcf1= Ish2Rsh

P is normally given  60 P 
 =  
 2 N 
Pin = Pout + total losses
 60 Po 
for output / load torque , o =  
Where,  2 N 
Pca = armature copper loss  60 Pm 
Pcf = field copper loss for mechanical torque, m =  
 2 N 
P = stray, mech etc
P 
Efficiency,  =  out 
Pm= Ea Ia
 Pin 

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 Shunt motors: Load characteristics
28
➢ Consider a dc shunt motor running at no-load. If
a mechanical load is suddenly applied to the
shaft, the motor begins to slowdown.
➢ This causes the counter emf to decrease, resulting
in a higher armature current and a
corresponding nhigher
E torque.T  Φ I
a
Φ
load  n Eo  Ia  T

➢ The speed of a shunt motor stays relatively

constant (changes by 5 to 15 percent) from no-
load to full-load.
➢ As load current increases the torque developed
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also increases linearly as the field flux remains
almost constant.
29

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 Speed control of shunt motors
30 There are two methods of speed control for shunt
motor, namely armature control and field control
Armature control
According to eqn.E0 = ( Zn 60)( P A)

if the flux per pole  is kept constant, the speed

depends only on the counter emf or mainly on the
supply voltage (Armature resistance being very
small).

The field excitation of the motor is kept constant, but

the armature voltage is varied from zero to
maximum to vary the speed of the motor.

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There are two ways of armature control, the Ward-
Leonard speed control system and the Rheostat
 • The Ward-Leonard system is just a simple way of applying a
variable dc voltage to the armature of a dc motor. See Fig
31 below.
• When Es is reduced less than Eo, the armature delivers
power to the generator G. In effect, the dc motor suddenly
becomes generator and the generator G becomes a motor
as it receives electric power. G drives its own ac motor as
an asynchronous generator. As a result, power is fed back
into the line. The fact that the power can be recovered this
way makes the Ward-Leonard system very efficient.

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 • Rheostat speed control is achieved through
placing a resistance in series with the armature.
32
The voltage drop in the resistance reduces the
armature voltage.
• This method enables us to reduce the speed
below its nominal speed.
• This is only recommended for smaller machines
because a lot of power is wasted in the resistance.
• Furthermore, the speed regulation is poor, even
for a fixed setting of the rheostat.

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32
 Field control
33 • We can also vary the speed of a dc motor by
varying the field flux.
• If the line supply voltage is maintained constant
then the speed is inversely proportional to the
flux, F.
• This method of
speed control is
frequently used
when the motor has
to run above the
normal speed.
• To control the flux
we vary the field
current by www.forumelectrical.com
connecting a
rheostat in series
 • If we suddenly increase the resistance of the
rheostat, both the exciting current Ix and the flux
34
 will decrease.
• This in turn reduces the cemf, causing the
armature current to jump to a much higher value.
• The motor develops a greater torque than before
and hence runs faster.
• This method of speed control enables high-
speed/base-speed ratios as high as 3:1.
• Under certain abnormal conditions, the flux may
drop to dangerously low values which in turn may
cause the motor to rotate at a dangerously high
speed. Safety devices are introduced to prevent
such runaway conditions.
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 Series motor: Load Characteristic and
35 Speed Control
• A series motor is identical in construction to a shunt
motor except for the field. The field is connected in series
with the armature and must, therefore, carry the full
armature current.
• This series field is composed of a few turns of wire have a
cross section sufficiently large to carry the current.
• In shunt motor, the flux per pole is constant at all loads
while for series motor, it depends upon the armature
current..
• When a series motor operates at full-load, the flux per
pole is the same as that of a shunt motor of identical
power and speed.
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 • When a series motor starts up (Eb is zero), the armature
current is higher than the normal, with the result the flux
36
also greater than normal. Φ  Ia
startup, Eo = 0, Ia   T
• Therefore the starting torque of the series motor is
considerably greater than that of a shunt motor.
T  Φ Ia T  I 2
a

• At light loads the armature current and the flux per pole
are small. The weaker field causes the motor to run faster
than the normal speed. (The same way for as it would for
a shunt motor with a weak shunt field)
• At no-load the speed may rise to a dangerously
high value. For this reason we never operate a
series motor at no-load
light loads T  I a  www.forumelectrical.com
 n
37

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 Speed control of dc series motors . . .
38 • The speed of a series motor can be increased by
placing a low resistance in parallel with the series
field. The field current is then smaller than before,
which produces a drop in flux and an increase in
speed.
parallel R Ia   n
• Conversely the speed may be lowered by
connecting an external resistor in series with the
armature and the field. The total IR drop across
the resistor and field reduces the armature
supply voltage and so the speed must fall.
series R I a −initial  Eo  Ia   n

• The power of a series motor tends to be constant,

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because high torque is accompanied by low
 Compound motor
39 • In a cumulative compound motor, the mmf of
series field adds to the mmf of shunt field.
• Hence, as the load increases, the total mmf
increases which in turn decreases the speed.
• The speed drop from no-load to full-load is
generally between 10 and 30 percent.

• In a differential compound motor, the mmf of the

series field opposes the mmf of the shunt field.
• In such a motor, the total mmf decreases with
increasing load which in turn increases the speed
of the motor, and this may lead to instability.
• The differential compound motor has very few
applications. www.forumelectrical.com
 Load characteristics of dc motors:
40

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 Load characteristics of dc motors:
41

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 Reversing the direction of rotation
42 • DC motor direction can be reverse via

The armature connections

Both the shunt and series field connections

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 Starting a shunt motor

43 • When a motor is at rest, the cemf is zero and so the

starting current is given by I = ES / R. The starting current
may be 20–30 times greater than the nominal full-load
current if we supply full voltage. The risk are:
a. Burning out the armature
b. Damaging the commutator and brushes, due to
heavy sparking;
c. Overloading the feeder;
d. Snapping of the shaft due to mechanical shock;
e. Damaging the driver equipment because of the
sudden mechanical hammerblow.
• All dc motors must, therefore, be provided with a means
to limit the starting current to www.forumelectrical.com
reasonable value, usually
between 1.5 and twice full-load current.
 • One method is to place a rheostat in series with the
44 armature.
• The resistance is gradually reduced as the motor
accelerates and is eventually eliminated when the machine
has attained full speed.
• Today, electronic methods are often used to limit the
starting current and to provide speed control.

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 Stopping a dc motor

45 • We tends to believe that stopping a dc motor is a

simple, almost trivial operation. Unfortunately, this is not
always true.
• When a large dc motor is coupled to a heavy inertia
load, it may take an hour or more for system to come
to a halt. Therefore, we must apply a braking torque to
ensure a rapid stop. They are
a. Mechanical friction, same way we stop a car.
b. Electromechanical brake, consists of circulating a
reverse current in the armature, so as to brake the
motor electrically. To create such electromechanical
brake:
① Dynamic braking
② Plugging www.forumelectrical.com
  Dynamic braking
46

(a) Armature connected

to a dc source, Esc

(b) If we suddenly open the switch, the motor continues

to turn, but its speed will gradually drop due to
friction and windage losses.
• As the shunt field is still excited, Eo continues to exist,
falling at the same rate as speed.
• The motor is now a generator www.forumelectrical.com
whose armature is on
open-circuit
47

• In practice, R is chosen
so that initial braking
current and torque are
about twice the rated
motor current and
normal torque.
• The speed drops quickly
 (c) I2 flow opposite at first and then more
direction to original I1. slowly. The speed
Reverse torque is decreases exponentially,
developed. like the voltage across
• The reverse torque brings discharging capacitor.
the machine to a rapid , • The speed decrease by
but very smooth stop. half in equal intervals of
time To.
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  Plugging
48

(a) Armature connected

to a dc source, Esc
(b) If we sudden reverse the terminals of the source, the
net voltage acting on the armature circuit becomes
(Es+Eo).
• Resistor R is used to limit the reverse current. It is
designed so that I2 is twice full-load current.
• As soon as motor stop, we must immediately open
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the armature circuit to avoid motor turn in reverse
direction. This can be achieved by applying
49

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 Armature reaction
50 Armature reaction is the effect of the magnetic
interaction between the two fields set up by the
rotor and the stator on the distribution of main field
flux.
When there is no load on
the armature, the
armature current is almost
zero and hence the flux is
also zero and there is no
armature m.m.f.

When a d.c. machine is

loaded, current flows in the
armature winding. This
armature current sets up an
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armature flux.
50
• This armature reaction
produces 2 undesirable
51
effects on the main field
flux.
• Saturation in pole tip. Net
reduction in the field flux
per pole. (demagnetizes /
• Distortion of main
weakens the mainfield flux wave along the air-gap.
flux).
(cross-magnetizes / distorts). The neutral zone is
shifted, which results in poor commutation with
sparking at the brushes.
• Methods to reduce armature reaction:
a. Stabilized-shunt winding: Add series field of one or
two turns to increase the flux under load.
b. Commutating poles between the main poles.
c. Compensating winding connected in series with
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armature, and distributed in slots, cut into the pole
faces of the main field poles.
 Applications of dc motors
52 Shunt motors: Shunt motors are prone to armature
reaction, a distortion and weakening of the flux
generated by the poles that results in commutation
problems evidenced by sparking at the brushes.

Installing additional poles, called interpoles, on the

stator between the main poles wired in series with
the armature reduces armature reaction.

They are suitable for applications requiring constant

speed and where accurate control of speed or
position of the load is required.

• specific applications: fans, conveyor drives,

machine tools, packaging etc.
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52
 Applications of dc motors
53 Series motors: Series motors lack good speed
regulation, but are well-suited for high-torque loads
like power tools and automobile starters because of
their high torque production and compact size.
They are used on equipments requiring a high
starting torque.
• Series motors are used on equipment requiring a
high starting torque. Such as electric trains.
• They are also used to drive devices which must
run at high speed at light loads, such as electric
cranes and hoists.

Compound motors: The concept of the series and

shunt designs are combined. www.forumelectrical.com
They are used when
high starting torque compared to shunt motors are
required. 53
 Efficiency and Heating of Electrical Machines
54
Losses
➢Whenever a machine transforms energy from one form to
another, there is always a certain loss.
➢ The loss takes place in the machine itself, causing
(1) an increase in temperature
(2) a reduction in efficiency.
➢From the standpoint of losses, electrical machines may be
divided into two groups:
✓ those having revolving parts (motors, generators, etc.)
✓ those do not (transformers, reactors, etc.).
➢ Electrical and mechanical losses are produced in rotating
machines, while only electrical losses are produced in
stationary machines.
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➢ The study of power losses is important because it gives us a
clue as to how they may be reduced.
 Mechanical losses
55
Mechanical Losses
Friction Losses Windage Losses
 Rotation speed  Rotation speed
 Design:  Cooling fan
design
1. bearings
 Turbulence of the
2. brushes,
revolving parts.
3. commutator
4. slip rings.
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55
 Electrical losses
56 ➢ It depend upon its resistance and the current it carries (I2R).
➢ In DC motors and generators, it occur in the armature, the series field, the
Conduct shunt field, the commutating poles, and the compensating winding.
or/Coppe
r Losses ➢ These I2R losses show up as heat, causing the conductor temperatures to rise
above ambient temperature.

➢ The I2R losses in the brushes are negligible

because the current density is only about 0.1
A/mm2.
Brush ➢ The contact voltage drop between the brushes
Losses and commutator may produce significant losses.
➢ The voltage drop depend on the type of brush,
the applied pressure, and the brush current.

➢ It produced in the core of a machine due to hysteresis and eddy currents.

Iron ➢ It depend upon the magnetic flux density,www.forumelectrical.com
the speed of rotation, the
Losses quality of the steel, and the size of the armature.
56
 Hysteresis loss
57 • The alternating flux causes changes in the alignment of the
molecules in the magnetic core.
• This change is energy consuming and heat is produced
within the core.
• The energy loss is referred to as hysteresis loss, which
depends on the nature of the material used for the
laminations. Silicon steel has low hysteresis losses
Eddy current loss
• As an armature rotates in a magnetic field, the armature
core also cuts the magnetic flux and an emf is induced in it
causing a current flow (called an eddy current) in the core.
• Owing to this eddy current and resistance, a certain
amount of power will be absorbed, producing heat.
• Although eddy current losses are effectively reduced by
laminating the core, they are never eliminated.
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• Iron losses and other rotational losses (Mechanical losses) are
made very small by design. 57
 Losses as a function of Load
58 • A dc motor running at no-load develops no useful power.
However, it must absorb some power from the line to
continue to rotate.
• This no-load power overcomes the friction, windage, and
iron losses, and provides for the copper losses in the
shunt field.
• The I2R losses in the armature, series field and
commutating field are negligible because the no-load
current is seldom more than 5% of the nominal full-load
current.
• As machine is loaded, I2R losses will rise. The other losses
remains unless the speed of the machine changes
appreciably. The total losses increase as well as the
temperature rises progressively aswww.forumelectrical.com
the load increases.
 • The temperature rise must not exceed the maximum
59
allowable temperature of insulation used in the machine.
Consequently, there is a limit to the power that the
machine can deliver.
• This temperature-limited power enables us to establish
the nominal or rate power of the machine.
• A machine loaded beyond its nominal rating will usually
overheat. The insulation deteriorates more rapidly, which
inevitably shortens the service life.
• If a machine runs intermittently, it can carry heavy
overloads without overheating, provided that the
operating time is short. For example, the rate 10kW can
readily carry a load of 12kW for short periods.
• However, for higher loads the capacity is limited by other
factors, usually electrical. www.forumelectrical.com
 Efficiency
60 Efficiency is the ratio of the output power to the
input power
Input = Output + losses
➢ Output is always less than input due to losses
➢ Efficiency of a machine
Output
=  100%
Input
Input − losses
=  100%
Input

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60
61

• At light loads, the efficiency of any motor is poor. Therefore, when

selecting a motor, we should always choose one having a power rating
roughly equal to the load it has to drive.
• It is proved that the efficiency of any dc machines reaches maximum at
that load where the armature circuit copperwww.forumelectrical.com
losses are equal to the no-
load losses.
 Life expectancy of electric equipment
62 ➢ Apart from accidental, electrical and mechanical
failures, the life expectancy of electrical apparatus is
limited by the temperature of its insulation: the higher
the temperature, the shorter its life.
➢ Tests made on many insulating materials have shown that
the service life of electrical apparatus diminishes
approximately by half every time the temperature increases
by 10°C.
➢ This means that if a motor has a normal life expectancy of
eight years at a temperature of 105° C, it will have a service
life of only four years at a temperature of 115°C, of two
years at 125°C, and of only one year at 135°C.
➢ Under normal conditions of operation, most organic
insulators have a life expectancywww.forumelectrical.com
of 8~10 years provided
that their temperature does not exceed 100oC.
62
 ➢ Some synthetic polymers can withstand temperatures as
high as 200oC for the same length of time.
63 ➢ Low temperature are just as harmful as high temperature
are, because the insulation tends to freeze and crack.
➢ The factors that contribute most to the deterioration of
insulators are
(1) heat (2) humidity (3) vibration (4)
acidity (5) oxidation (6) time

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 Thermal classification of insulators
64 • Committees and standard organizations (IEEE, IEC, UL,
TUV etc.) have grouped insulators into five classes,
depending upon their ability to withstand heat. These
classes correspond to the maximum temperature levels of :
105ºC, 130ºC, 155ºC, 180ºC and 220ºC.
Maximum ambient temperature
• The maximum ambient temperature is 40ºC.
Hot spot temperature rise
• The temperature of a machine varies from point to point,
but there are places where the temperature is warmer
than anywhere else. This hottest-spot temperature must
not exceed the maximum allowable temperature of the
particular class of insulation used.www.forumelectrical.com
 Speed and size of a machine
65 • The basic physical size of a machine depends upon the power and
speed of rotation.
• Suppose we have to build a generator running at half the speed of
original generator. To generate the same voltage at half of the speed,
we either have to double the number of conductors on the armature
or double the flux from the poles (See eq. below)

Zn P
E=  Volts
60 A
• Consequently, we must either increase the size of the armature, or
increase the size of the poles. In practice, we increase both.
• We conclude that for given power output, a low-speed machine is
always bigger than a high speed machine. This is true for both ac and dc
machines.
• Low speed motors are therefore much more costly than high speed
motors of equal power.
• Consequently, for low-speed drives, it is often cheaper to use a small
high-speed motor with a gearbox. www.forumelectrical.com
 Permanent magnet machine
• The shunt-field machines require coils and a field
66
current to produce the flux.

• The energy consumed, the heat produced, and

the relatively large space taken up by the field
poles are disadvantages of a dc motor.

• By using permanent magnets instead of field coils,

these disadvantages are overcome.

• The result is a smaller motor having a higher

efficiency with the added benefit of never risking
run-away due to field failure.
• Permanent magnet motors are particularly
advantageous in capacitieswww.forumelectrical.com
below about 5 hp.
67

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 Example 2:
A 4 pole lap wound compound motor consumed 25 kW at a terminal
68 voltage of 500 V. The armature resistance is 0.03 , series field resistance is
0.04  and the shunt field resistance is 200 . Find the armature current.
25 kW 25000W
Line current: IL = = = 50 A
500V 500V
500 V 500 V
Shunt field current : I sh = = = 2.5 A
Rsh 200 

Armature current: I a = I se = I L − I sh = 50 − 2.5 = 47.5 A

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 Example 3:
A 25 kW, 250 V DC shunt machine has armature and field resistances of
0.06  and 100 respectively. Find the armature current when the machine
69
is working as a motor taking 25 kW input.

Line current:
250 k W
IL = =100 A
250V

Shunt field current:

250V
I sh = = 2.5 A
100 

Armature current:
I a = I L − I sh =100 − 2.5 A = 97.5 A

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 Example 6:
A 4 pole lap wound compound motor consumed 25kW at a terminal
70 voltage of 500V. The armature resistance is 0.03, series field
resistance is 0.04 and the shunt field resistance is 200. The brush
contact drop per brush is 1 V.
(a) Find the emf generated.
(b) Calculate the number of armature conductors if the speed is 1200
rpm and the flux per pole is 0.02 weber.

Line current, I L = 25 kW = 25000 W = 50 A

500 V 500 V

500 V 500 V
Shunt field current, I sh = = = 2.5 A
R sh 200 

Armature current, I a = I se = I L − I sh = 50 − 2.5 = 47.5 A

emf generated, Ea = Vt − ( I a Ra + I a Rse + brush contact drop )

www.forumelectrical.com
= 500 − ( 47.5  0.03 + 47.5  0.04 + 2 ) = 494.68 V
 Solution…

71

Now,
Z n
Ea = P
a 60
Ea a 60 494.68  4  60
 Z= = =1237
P  n 4  0.02 1200
(for lap winding: a = P, for wave winding: a = 2)

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 Example 7:
A 25 kW, 250 V DC shunt machine has armature and field resistances
72 of 0.06  and 100 respectively. Find the electromagnetic power
developed in the armature when the machine is working as a motor
taking 25 kW input
Solution

Line current, I L = 250 k W =100 A

250 V
250 V
Shunt field current, Ish = = 2.5 A
100 

Armature current, Ia = I L − Ish =100 − 2.5 A = 97.5 A

Counter emf, E a = Vt − I a R a = 250 − 97.5  0.06 = 244.15 V

244.15  97.15
Electromagnetic power, E a Ia = = 23.80 kW
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1000
 Additional Examples
73 A compound motor as shown in Figure draws 4.5 A at the
terminal voltage of 240V. The armature, shunt field and
series field resistances are 0.02 , 120  and 10 ,
respectively. Assume that the mechanical, hysteresis and
eddy current losses are negligible. Determine the followings:

(i) Series field and shunt field currents.

(ii)Back emf.
(iii)Copper losses.
(iv)Motor efficiency.

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 V
shunt field current, I sh = = 2A
Rsh
74 series field current, I se = I L − I sh = 2.5 A

Back emf, E = V − I se ( Ra + Rse ) = 214.95V

Ploss = I sh2 Rsh + I se2 ( Ra + Rse ) = 542.63W

Pin = VI L = 1080W

Pin − Ploss
= 100% = 49.76%
Pin

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 Example 8:
A 25 kW, 250 V DC shunt machine has armature and field resistances of
75 0.06  and 100 respectively. Find the armature current, the
electromagnetic power developed in the armature and the efficiency when
the machine is working (i) as a generator delivering 25 kW output and (ii) as
a motor taking 25 kW input.
Solution:
IL= 25kW/250V = 100A,
Ish=250V/100 ohm = 2.5A,

Generator=>
Ia= IL + Ish = 102.5A
Ea = Vt+IaRa = 250 + 102.5*0.06
= 256.15V,
Pm = EaIa = 26.25kW
Eff = 25/26.25*100% = 95.2%

Motor=>
Ia= IL – Ish = 97.5A
Ea=Vt-IaRa = 250 – 97.5*0.06
= 244.15V, www.forumelectrical.com
Pm= EaIa = 23.8kW
Eff = 23.8/25*100% = 95.2%