Psy/Educ 6600: Unit 2 Homework

Groundwork for Inference

Your Name
Spring 2018

Contents
Chapter 1. DATA PREPARATION 2
Load Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Import Data, Define Factors, and Compute New Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 5. Intro to Hypothesis Testing: 1 Sample z-Test 3

5C-3. 1 Sample z-Test compared to historic controls for mathquiz and statquiz . . . . . . . . . . 3
5C-4. Test for Normaity for mathquiz and statquiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Skewness and Kurtosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Shapiro-Wilk’s Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Create Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Create QQ Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 6. Confidence Interval Estimation: The t Distribution 7

6C-1. 1-sample t-tests for anx_base, anx_pre, and anx_post . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6C-2. 1-sample t-tests for hr_base among MEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6C-3. 1-sample t-tests for hr_post among FEMALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Chapter 7. Independent Samples t-Test for Means 10

7C-1. Independent Samples t-Test for Mean hr_base by genderF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Assumtion Check: Homogeneity of Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Perform the t-Test for Means in 2 Indep Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7C-5. Independent Samples t-Test for Mean hr_post by coffeeF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Assumtion Check: Homogeneity of Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Perform the t-Test for Means in 2 Indep Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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Chapter 1. DATA PREPARATION

Load Packages

• Make sure the packages are installed (Package tab)

library(tidyverse) # Loads several very helpful 'tidy' packages
library(readxl) # Read in Excel datasets
library(furniture) # Nice tables (by our own Tyson Barrett)
library(psych) # Lots of nice tid-bits
library(car) # Companion to "Applied Regression"

Import Data, Define Factors, and Compute New Variables

• Make sure the dataset is saved in the same folder as this file
• Make sure the that folder is the working directory
NOTE: I added the second line to convert all the variables names to lower case. I still kept the
F as a capital letter at the end of the five factor variables.
data_clean <- read_excel("Ihno_dataset.xls") %>%
dplyr::rename_all(tolower) %>%
dplyr::mutate(genderF = factor(gender,
levels = c(1, 2),
labels = c("Female",
"Male"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(majorF = factor(major,
levels = c(1, 2, 3, 4,5),
labels = c("Psychology",
"Premed",
"Biology",
"Sociology",
"Economics"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(reasonF = factor(reason,
levels = c(1, 2, 3),
labels = c("Program requirement",
"Personal interest",
"Advisor recommendation"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(exp_condF = factor(exp_cond,
levels = c(1, 2, 3, 4),
labels = c("Easy",
"Moderate",
"Difficult",
"Impossible"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(coffeeF = factor(coffee,
levels = c(0, 1),
labels = c("Not a regular coffee drinker",
"Regularly drinks coffee"))) %>%
dplyr::mutate(hr_base_bps = hr_base / 60) %>%
dplyr::mutate(anx_plus = rowsums(anx_base, anx_pre, anx_post)) %>%
dplyr::mutate(hr_avg = rowmeans(hr_base + hr_pre + hr_post)) %>%
dplyr::mutate(statDiff = statquiz - exp_sqz)

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Chapter 5. Intro to Hypothesis Testing: 1 Sample z-Test

5C-3. 1 Sample z-Test compared to historic controls for mathquiz and statquiz

TEXTBOOK QUESTION: (A) In the past 10 years, previous stats classes who took the same math quiz
that Inho’s students took averaged 28 with a standard deviation of 8.5. What is the two-tailed p value
for Inho’s students with respect to that past population? (Don’t forget that the N for mathquiz is not 100.)
Would you say that Inho’s class performed significantly better than previous classes? Explain. (B) Redo
part a assuming that the same previous classes had also taken the same statquiz and averaged 6.1 with a
standard deviation of 2.5.
DIRECTIONS: Find the mean (M) and sample size (n) for mathquiz and statquiz and then work the
rest of the statistical test by hand in the printed homework packet.
NOTE: You may use the furniture::table1() funciton gives the mean, but it only gives the
total n for all variables. Since some students were missing the math quiz, but not the stat quiz
the sample sizes are different. So use the psych::describe() function to get the means and the
sample size for each variable.
# Find the mean and n for: mathquiz, statquiz

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5C-4. Test for Normaity for mathquiz and statquiz

TEXTBOOK QUESTION: Test both the math quiz and stat quiz variables for their resemblance to
normal distributions. Based on skewness, kurtosis, and the Shapiro-Wilk statistic, which variable has a
sample distribution that is not very consistent with the assumption of normality in the population?

Skewness and Kurtosis

DIRECTIONS: Find the skewness and kurtosis for mathquiz and statquiz
NOTE: Yes, you just did this above using the psych::describe() function… so you may skip
it here if you want.
# Find the skewness and kurtosis for: mathquiz, statquiz

Shapiro-Wilk’s Test

DIRECTIONS: Use the shapiro.test() function to test for normality in a small’ish sample.
NOTE: You must use a dplyr::pull() step to pull out one variable from the dataset before
you can use the shapiro.test() function.
# Shapiro-Wilk's Normality Test for: mathquiz

# Shapiro-Wilk's Normality Test for: statquiz

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Create Histograms

DIRECTIONS: Use geom_histogram() after setting the ggplot(aes()). Make sure to try different bins
= # or binwidth = # to get a ‘good looking’ plot.
NOTE: For histograms, you do need to specify the variable name as xin the aes(x = variable)
option.
# Histogram for: mathquiz

# Histogram for: statquiz

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Create QQ Plots

DIRECTIONS: Use geom_qq() after setting the ggplot(aes()).

NOTE: For qq plots, you do need to specify the variable name as samplein the aes(sample =
variable) option.
# Histogram for: mathquiz

# Histogram for: statquiz

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Chapter 6. Confidence Interval Estimation: The t Distribution

6C-1. 1-sample t-tests for anx_base, anx_pre, and anx_post

TEXTBOOK QUESTION: Perform one-sample t tests to determine whether the baseline, pre-, or postquiz
anxiety scores of Inho’s students differ significantly ( α = .05, two-tailed) from the mean (µ = 18) found by a
very large study of college students across the country. Find the 95% Cconfidence interval for the population
mean for each of the three anxiety measures.
DIRECTIONS: Use the t.test(mu = #) function to perform a 1 sample t-test. Make sure to sepify the
Null hypothesis value for µ.
NOTE: You must use a dplyr::pull() step to pull out one variable from the dataset before
you can use the t.test() function.
# 1-sample t-test for: anx_base

# 1-sample t-test for: anx_base

# 1-sample t-test for: anx_base

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6C-2. 1-sample t-tests for hr_base among MEN

TEXTBOOK QUESTION: Perform a one-sample t test to determine whether the average baseline heart
rate of Inho’s male students differs significantly from the mean heart rate (µ = 70) for college-aged men at
the .01 level, two-tailed. Find the 99% confidence intervals for the population mean represented by Inho’s
male students.
DIRECTIONS: Similar to the last problem, use the t.test(mu = #) function to perform a 1 sample
t-test. This time, make sure the subset out the males only with a dplyr::filter() step prior to the
dplyr::pull() step.
note: To change from the default 95% confidence intervals, make sure to specify conf.level =
0.99 inside the t.test() function.
# 1-sample t-test for MALES: hr_base

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6C-3. 1-sample t-tests for hr_post among FEMALE

TEXTBOOK QUESTION: Perform a one-sample t test to determine whether the average postquiz heart
rate of Inho’s female students differs significantly (α = .05, two-tailed) from the mean resting heart rate
(µ = 72) for college-aged women. Find the 95% confidence interval for the population mean represented by
Inho’s female students.
DIRECTIONS: This time, subset out WOMEN and choose the post-quiz heart rate. Also, use a different
population null value.
# 1-sample t-test for MALES: hr_base

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Chapter 7. Independent Samples t-Test for Means

7C-1. Independent Samples t-Test for Mean hr_base by genderF

TEXTBOOK QUESTION: Perform a two-sample t test to determine whether there is a statistically

significant difference in baseline heart rate between the men and the women of Inho’s class. Do you
have homogeneity of variance? Report your results as they might appear in a journal article. Include the
95% CI for this gender difference.

Assumtion Check: Homogeneity of Variance

DIRECTIONS: Before performing the test, check to see if the assumption of homogeneity of variance is
met using Levene’s Test. For a independent samples t-test for means, the men and women need to have
the same amount of spread (SD) in their baseline hear rates.
NOTE: Use the car:leveneTest() function to do this. Inside the funtion you need to specify
at least three things (sepearated by commas):
• the formula: continuous_var ~ grouping_var (replace with your variable names)
• the dataset: data = . to pipe it from above
• the center: center = "mean" since we are comparing means

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Perform the t-Test for Means in 2 Indep Groups

DIRECTIONS: Test if men and women have different baseline heart rates using the t.test() function.
Use the same t.test() funtion we have used in the prior chapters. This time you need to speficy
a few more options:
• the formula: continuous_var ~ grouping_var (replace with your variable names)
• the dataset: data = . to pipe it from above
• independent vs. paired: paired = FALSE (this is the default)
• is homogeneity satified: var.equal = TRUE (NOT the default)
• confidence level: conf.level = # (defults to .95)
# indep groups t-test for means: hr_base by genderF

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7C-5. Independent Samples t-Test for Mean hr_post by coffeeF

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS: Perform a two-sample t test to determine whether coffee drinkers exhibited
significantly higher postquiz heart rates than nondrinkers at the .05 level. Is this t test significant at the
.01 level? Find the 99% confidence interval for the difference of the two population means and explain its
connection to your decision regarding the null hypothesis at the .01 level.

Assumtion Check: Homogeneity of Variance

DIRECTIONS: Just like the last question, run Levene’s test first.

Perform the t-Test for Means in 2 Indep Groups

DIRECTIONS: Make sure to change the confidence level to 99%.

# indep groups t-test for means: hr_post by coffeeF

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