Performance Analysis & Model Fabrication of Aeromine Wind

Turbine

Authors

Student Name Reg No

Amir Ali MEEN201101044
Abdullah Zafar MEEN201101061
M. Shabbir MEEN201101077
Irfan Aqeel MEEN201101089
Zuhaib Shah MEEN201101111

Supervisor
Dr. Engr. Mumtaz Ahmad Qaisrani
Co-Supervisor
Engr. Adnan Rasheed

INSTITUTE OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

KHAWAJA FAREED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY RAHIM YAR KHAN.

i
 Certification of Approval

This report of the final year project under the title of “Performance Analysis & Model Fabrication

of Aeromine Wind Turbine” is submitted to the Institute of Mechanical and Manufacturing

Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar

Khan, Pakistan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BS Mechanical

Engineering.

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

___ ___

Supervisor Co-supervisor (if applicable)

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

___ ___

Examiner Head of Department

ii
 Acknowledgments

In the Name of the Allah who has been so Beneficent and Merciful. It is He Who has given me the
power to complete this research work and with the blessings of Allah, we have succeeded in
defending our research work. It is that courage, self-belief, and confidence that Allah Almighty
has injected in us to put in useful effort which eventually has become a source of happiness for us.
We would like to thank KFUEIT and people associated directly or indirectly with our degree for
their moral support and belief in our capabilities. Here, we want to mention some of these personals
Firstly, our source of inspiration needs some serious gratitude and that is our supervisor Dr. Engr.
Mumtaz Ahmad Qaisrani & Co-Supervisor Engr. Adnan Rasheed for his valuable contributions,
motivations, and belief in the potential of this research. We like to thank him for his ultimate
guidance and his credence and motivation.

iii
Dedicated to our beloved parents & Teachers whose care and prayers
led us towards that accomplishment.

iv
 Abstract

The primary objective of this project is Performance Analysis & Model Fabrication of Aeromine
Wind Turbine. Nonrenewable energy sources not only change our planet's environment by
increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Also, electricity issues prevailed in the country for over a
decade now. The system features a mirrored pair of foils with no external moving parts, creating
a low-pressure region between them. These hollow foils have orifices (air-jets) on the low-pressure
side skins, allowing air to move from the foil's interior to the exterior due to the suction between
the mirrored foils. This airflow is channeled to an internal turbine and generator to produce
electricity. Pilot-scale field demonstrations (1-meter chord) were conducted, including low wind
speed tests (<5 m/s) and high wind speed tests (>9 m/s) at the Sandia National Laboratories Scaled
Wind Farm Technology site in Lubbock, Texas, USA. The study focused on high wind speed
performance while adjusting the air-jet area.

v
 Complex Engineering Problem Certification
(To be filled by supervisor)
This is to certify that the final year project namely
______________________________________________________________________________
supervised by _______________________________ is fulfilling the attributes of a complex
engineering problem and the level achieved has been well depicted below which can be
examined through the brief abstract of the project.

Just Strongly
Achieved Achieved
1. Depth of knowledge required 1 2 3 4 5

2. Range of conflicting requirements 1 2 3 4 5

3. Depth of analysis required 1 2 3 4 5

4. Familiarity of the issues 1 2 3 4 5

5. Extent of applicable notes 1 2 3 4 5

6. Extent of stakeholder involvement and needs 1 2 3 4 5

7. Interdependence 1 2 3 4 5

Supervisor Sign: _______________________

vi
 Table of Contents

Certification of Approval ................................................................................................................ ii

Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... v

Complex Engineering Problem Certification................................................................................. vi

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vii

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. x

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xii

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1

1.1 History........................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Need for Efficiency Increase ........................................................................................ 2

1.3 Sustainable Energy Production ..................................................................................... 2

1.4 Environmental Impact ................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Technological Advancements ....................................................................................... 4

1.6 Space and Land Use Efficiency .................................................................................... 5

1.7 Aeromine Wind Turbine ............................................................................................... 6

1.8 Principle of Aeromine Wind Turbine ........................................................................... 6

1.9 Wattage in Aeromine .................................................................................................... 7

1.10 Design of Aeromine .................................................................................................... 7

1.11 The Aeromine Difference ........................................................................................... 8

1.12 Cost-Effective Steps toward Energy Independence .................................................... 9

1.13 Specifications .............................................................................................................. 9

1.14 Building-integrated wind turbine with zero external moving parts ............................ 9

1.15 Creating a Better Way to harvest the Power of Wind ............................................... 11

vii
1.16 Methods used to Increase Wind Efficiency .............................................................. 11

1.17 Why the World needs a New Wind Energy Solution ............................................... 12

LITERATURE SURVEY...................................................................................... 15

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 18

3.1 Machine Specification ................................................................................................ 18

3.2 Basic Formulas............................................................................................................ 21

Power in the Wind: ...................................................................................... 21

Voltage & Rpm: ........................................................................................... 21

Average Velocity Per day: ........................................................................... 22

Number of hours & Average Wind Velocity ............................................... 22

Maximum Velocity vs Time: ....................................................................... 23

Angle of Attack: ........................................................................................... 23

Calculation of the Angle of Attack .............................................................. 23

3.3 CAD Modeling............................................................................................................ 23

Aerofoil ........................................................................................................ 24

Base Structure .............................................................................................. 26

Bottom Deck ................................................................................................ 29

Flappers ........................................................................................................ 30

Final CAD Model ........................................................................................ 31

3.4 CFD Analysis .............................................................................................................. 32

Meshing........................................................................................................ 33

Lift Coefficient............................................................................................. 34

Drag coefficient ........................................................................................... 35

Static Pressure .............................................................................................. 35

Results .......................................................................................................... 36

Velocity Contour .......................................................................................... 37

viii
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ......................................................................... 40

4.1 Experiment Results: .................................................................................................... 40

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE WORK ........................................................... 45

5.1 Applications ................................................................................................................ 45

5.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................ 46

5.3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 49

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 50

ix
 List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Estimate increase of global wind power capacity ....................................................... 3

Figure 1.2: Simplified Grid-Connected Wind Turbine ................................................................... 4

Figure 1.3: Aermoine Wind Turbine Design .................................................................................. 6

Figure 1.4: Aeromine design........................................................................................................... 7

Figure 1.5: Design of Aeromine Wind Turbine is Vertical. ........................................................... 7

Figure 1.6: Principle of Aerodynamics Derive Aeromine ............................................................ 10

Figure 2.1: Experimental Aeromine Wind Turbine Vertical ........................................................ 17

Figure 3.1: PIV Data ..................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 3.2: Air-jets Open Graph ................................................................................................... 20

Figure 3.3: Aerofoil Profile........................................................................................................... 25

Figure 3.4: Aerofoil Sketch........................................................................................................... 25

Figure 3.5: Extruding Aerofoil Sketch.......................................................................................... 25

Figure 3.6: Aero Foil 3D Model ................................................................................................... 26

Figure 3.7: Drawing and Extruding Base Structure Sketch .......................................................... 27

Figure 3.8: Extrude Cut of Sketch ................................................................................................ 27

Figure 3.9: Using fillet .................................................................................................................. 28

Figure 3.10: Sketching Stand Walls.............................................................................................. 28

Figure 3.11: Using fillet and extrude cut command ..................................................................... 28

Figure 3.12: Sketching holes......................................................................................................... 29

Figure 3.13: Half closing air entrance........................................................................................... 29

Figure 3.14: Bottom Deck............................................................................................................. 30

Figure 3.15: Drawing Flapper ....................................................................................................... 30

Figure 3.16: Using Mirror Command For Two Flappers ............................................................. 31

Figure 3.17: Final CAD Model ..................................................................................................... 31

x
Figure 3.18: Final CAD Model Back View .................................................................................. 32

Figure 3.19: CFD of Flappers ....................................................................................................... 33

Figure 3.20: Meshing .................................................................................................................... 34

Figure 3.21: Lift Coefficient ......................................................................................................... 35

Figure 3.22: Drag Coefficient ....................................................................................................... 35

Figure 3.23: Static Pressure .......................................................................................................... 36

Figure 3.24: Static Pressure Result ............................................................................................... 37

Figure 3.25: Static Pressure Result Vertical View........................................................................ 37

Figure 3.26: Velocity Contour 1 ................................................................................................... 38

Figure 3.27: Velocity Contour 2 ................................................................................................... 38

Figure 3.28: Velocity Contour 3 ................................................................................................... 39

Figure 4.1: Wind Speed vs RPM .................................................................................................. 42

Figure 4.2: Wind Speed vs Electric Power Generated (Watt) ...................................................... 42

Figure 4.3: Wind Speed vs Power Coefficient (cp) ...................................................................... 43

Figure 4.4: Tip Speed Ratio vs Power Coefficient ....................................................................... 43

Figure 4.5: Tip Speed vs Electric Power (w) ................................................................................ 44

Figure 4.6: Tip Speed vs Torque (nm) .......................................................................................... 44

xi
 List of Tables

Table 3.1: CFD Parameters ........................................................................................................... 33

Table 3.2: CFD Results ................................................................................................................. 39

Table 4.1: Wind Tunnel Results ................................................................................................... 41

xii
 INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy stands in stark contrast to its fossil fuel counterpart, offering a sustainable and
environmentally friendly approach to powering our lives. In essence, it refers to energy sources
naturally replenished on human timescales, like sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat. Unlike
finite resources like coal and oil, these sources continue to generate energy without depletion,
making them crucial for a sustainable future.[1]

One of the key benefits of renewable energy lies in its inherent cleanliness. Unlike fossil fuels,
renewable sources create little to no harmful emissions, contributing significantly to combating
climate change and improving air quality. Solar and wind farms, for instance, generate electricity
without releasing greenhouse gases, reducing our reliance on polluting power plants. Additionally,
renewable energy often requires less water during operation, further minimizing its environmental
footprint compared to traditional methods.[2]

The sun shines, the wind blows, and the tides rise consistently, offering free and readily available
energy sources. While initial infrastructure costs for solar panels, turbines, or hydroelectric dams
can be significant, these investments pay off over time. Renewable energy systems require minimal
fuel costs and low maintenance, leading to long-term cost savings and energy independence.
Furthermore, the growing renewable energy sector creates new jobs in manufacturing, installation,
and maintenance, boosting local economies and fostering sustainable development.[3]

1.1 History

For centuries, wind whispered its potential, driving ships across vast oceans and powering mills to
grind crops. However, harnessing might for electricity generation remained a mere dream until the
19th century. In 1883, Scottish engineer James Blyth took the first step, crafting a groundbreaking
wind turbine that marked the dawn of a new era. After, Danish scientist Poul la Cour built upon
this foundation, developing efficient turbines and tirelessly advocating for their widespread
adoption. These early pioneers ignited a spark, setting the stage for the wind giants of today.[4]

The 20th century witnessed a dynamic dance of advancement and retraction for wind power. While
several countries, including Denmark and the United States, embraced the technology for rural
electrification, global focus shifted elsewhere. Yet, the seeds of future growth were sown during

1
this period. Technological advancements improved efficiency, while the rising awareness of fossil
fuel's negative impacts created fertile ground for a comeback[5].

The 21st century ushered in a momentous shift. Large-scale wind turbines, towering beacons of
progress, began to dot landscapes worldwide. Driven by falling costs, increasing environmental
concerns, and ambitious renewable energy goals, the wind industry experienced exponential
growth. Today, these majestic sentinels capture the wind's song, transforming it into clean,
sustainable energy that powers homes, businesses, and entire communities[6].

Looking ahead, the future of wind turbines is filled with exciting possibilities. Research continues
to refine designs, explore innovative offshore installations, and seamlessly integrate wind power
into existing grids. As technology evolves and our commitment to sustainability strengthens, the
wind will continue to be a powerful ally in our journey towards a cleaner, greener future. The
whispers of the past have become a symphony of progress, reminding us that harnessing the power
of nature is not just a technological triumph, but a vital chapter in our collective story.[7]

1.2 Need for Efficiency Increase

Renewable energy is crucial for tackling climate change and paving the way toward energy
independence. However, existing rooftop choices like solar panels and traditional small wind
turbines face constraints in their energy output, demand significant space, and exhibit relatively
short operational lifespans.

Aeromine presents a groundbreaking solution that outperforms comparable solar alternatives,

producing up to 50% more power by harnessing the most efficient renewable energy source.
Moreover, Aeromine excels in challenging weather conditions and generates power during peak
energy demand periods. [8]

1.3 Sustainable Energy Production

In the presence of wind, even a gentle breeze, the blades are set into motion, producing kinetic
energy. This rotational movement of the blades further causes the shaft within the nacelle to turn.
Consequently, a generator housed in the nacelle plays a pivotal role in converting this kinetic
energy into electrical energy. [9]

2
Moreover, this seamless process exemplifies the efficiency of harnessing wind power, where the
natural force of the wind is not only responsible for initiating the motion but also serves as a
renewable resource that, when captured effectively, contributes significantly to the generation of
sustainable electrical power. [10]

1.4 Environmental Impact

Wind, classified as a renewable energy source, offers a notably eco-friendly alternative for energy
production when compared to various other sources. The utilization of wind power through
turbines stands out for its minimal environmental impact. Unlike certain energy sources that
release emissions harmful to the air and water, wind turbines, with only rare exceptions, remain
clean and emission-free. Moreover, their operational processes alleviate demand for water cooling,
contributing to a more sustainable and resource-conscious energy production method. [11]

In addition to its environmental benefits, the reliability of wind as a consistent energy source is a
key advantage. Wind is a naturally occurring and perpetual phenomenon, providing a continuous
and renewable energy supply. The adaptability of wind power systems to various geographical
locations enhances their potential as a widespread and reliable energy solution, contributing to
energy security and reducing dependence on finite resources[12].

Furthermore, the installation and operation of wind turbines contribute positively to local
economies. The construction of wind farms creates jobs, stimulates economic growth, and often
involves community engagement. As the wind energy sector continues to expand, it not only serves
as a pivotal player in mitigating environmental impacts but also fosters socio-economic
development on regional levels[12].

3
 Figure 1.1: Simplified Grid-Connected Wind Turbine[17]

1.5 Technological Advancements

Innovations in wind energy technology researched by NREL can lower the cost of energy across
nearly all regions of the contiguous United States, enhancing access to clean wind energy. [18].

These innovations include:

1) Longer blades Substantially longer blades enhance the energy capture of each turbine.
Innovations such as segmenting the blades can facilitate transportation, thereby reducing
the costs associated with turbine installation..[19]

2) Taller towers. Stronger winds are present at higher hub heights, which are beyond the
reach of conventional turbines. Increasing the height by an average of 17 meters provides
the necessary clearance for longer blades to access these high-altitude winds.

3) Low-specific-power wind turbines. These turbines feature a rotor size that is larger
relative to the generator size. Larger rotors capture more wind, transferring more energy to
the generator and enhancing wind power availability.

4
 4) Advanced tower manufacturing. Innovative manufacturing methods, including spiral
welding and 3D printing, allow for the on-site construction of wind turbine towers, thereby
lowering costs and eliminating transportation limitations.

5) Climbing cranes. As wind turbine heights rise, cranes designed for more efficient
installation and major component replacements—such as gearboxes, generators, and
blades—could reduce costs compared to traditional cranes like crawler or mobile cranes.
This is due to the higher expenses associated with renting, disassembling, reassembling,
and relocating conventional cranes between turbine sites.[20]

6) Wake steering. By utilizing controls that adjust the tilt or orientation of a wind turbine and
modify its generator speed, plant operators can redirect or steer individual turbines to
prevent interference with downstream turbines.

1.6 Space and Land Use Efficiency

The efficiency of wind power generation is notably influenced by the geography of a site. Smooth,
rounded hills at higher altitudes tend to offer superior wind conditions, facilitating enhanced
energy production. The presence of open plains and proximity to water bodies further contributes
to the favorable dynamics of wind energy capture, ensuring consistent and robust performance.

Furthermore, mountain gaps serve as strategic locations for wind energy projects, acting as natural
wind channels that intensify and concentrate the wind. The strategic placement of wind turbines
in such gaps capitalizes on these amplified wind speeds, optimizing the overall energy output. [22]

In summary, the geographical characteristics of sites, including elevation, terrain, and wind
channeling features, play a pivotal role in determining the suitability and effectiveness of wind
energy installations. Understanding and leveraging these geographical nuances are essential for
maximizing the potential of wind power generation.

Ideal locations for harnessing wind energy encompass elevated and unobstructed sites, such as the
summits of gently contoured hills, expansive plains with minimal obstructions, water bodies, and
mountain passes that channel and amplify wind flow. Typically, wind velocities rise in tandem
with the elevation above the Earth's surface. [21]

5
1.7 Aeromine Wind Turbine

Aeromine wind harvesters, utilizing Motionless, Integrated Extraction (MIE) technology, offer
decentralized power generation without external moving components. Their unique design,
protected by a patent, seamlessly integrates into various structures and functions independently or
alongside rooftop solar photovoltaics. Aeromine's patented and innovative solution excels in
power generation, surpassing other sustainable energy alternatives. [23]

1.8 Principle of Aeromine Wind Turbine

Forceful winds sweep through the airfoil wind tunnel, compelling air to be drawn through the open
pipe. This action, in turn, sets the turbine beneath the surface into motion. The focused impact of
the wind creates an efficient mechanism for harnessing energy[24].

In this innovative system, the airfoil wind tunnel serves as a crucial component, channeling the
wind with precision to maximize its effect on the turbine. The open pipe, strategically positioned,
becomes a conduit for directing the force of the wind, ensuring a concentrated and powerful flow
that significantly enhances the turbine's energy-generating capabilities. This streamlined process
exemplifies the effectiveness of harnessing natural forces in an optimized and sustainable.

air-
jets
inle
t

du
ct
flo
w

a)
b)
intern
al
flows

Figure 1.1: Aermoine Wind Turbine Design[21]

6
 Figure 1.2: Aeromine design

1.9 Wattage in Aeromine

As per Aeromine's specifications, each unit is capable of generating hopefully 5 kilowatts of

electrical power, and the flexibility of the design allows for the installation of multiple units at
intervals of 15 feet along the leading edge of a building rooftop[24].

This configuration not only ensures efficient utilization of available space but also facilitates
scalability, enabling users to adapt the installation to the specific energy needs of their location.
The strategic placement of these units along the building's leading edge maximizes their collective
impact, harnessing wind energy effectively and contributing to a more sustainable and distributed
power generation infrastructure[25].

1.10 Design of Aeromine

Aeromine technology eliminates the need for traditional wind turbine blades by using a pair of
vertically mounted airfoils.

Figure 1.3: Design of Aeromine Wind Turbine is Vertical.[27]

7
A vertical-axis wind turbine is a type of wind turbine in which the main rotor shaft is oriented
perpendicular to the wind, with the primary components situated at the base of the turbine. [26].
This configuration allows the generator and gearbox to be positioned near the ground, making
maintenance and repairs easier.

Less expensive to manufacture than horizontal-axis turbines, vertical-axis wind turbines offer
several advantages:

1. Easier installation compared to other wind turbine types.

2. Portability from one location to another.
3. Equipped with low-speed blades, reducing the risk to people and birds.

1.11 The Aeromine Difference

Employing Aeromine patented aerodynamic design, the system adeptly seizes and intensifies
building airflow, even in wind speeds as modest as hopefully 5 miles per hour, drawing parallels
to the airfoils found on race cars. This innovative approach stands in stark contrast to conventional
turbines, which rely on rotating rotor blades and numerous moving components, often leading to
maintenance challenges. In contrast, the motionless yet robust Aeromine solution not only
surpasses in energy generation but also boasts durability, all while occupying a more compact
space. This feature not only enhances efficiency but also minimizes the need for extensive
maintenance, positioning Aeromine as a reliable and low-maintenance solution for sustainable
power generation[27].

Aeromine is designed for installation on buildings with large flat rooftops such as:

• Warehouses and Distribution Centers

• Manufacturing Facilities
• Office Buildings
• Multi-Family Residential Developments
• Big Box Retail

8
1.12 Cost-Effective Steps toward Energy Independence

The high-performance solution offered by Aeromine, when integrated with current solar energy
alternatives, has the capability to fulfill 100% of a building's on-site energy requirements. Notably,
a solitary Aeromine unit is equivalent in power output to as many as 16 solar panels[28].

This combination of Aeromine's efficiency and solar energy options not only ensures
comprehensive on-site energy coverage for buildings but also presents a compelling synergy
between two sustainable technologies. The ability of a single Aeromine unit to match the power
output of multiple solar panels underscores the potency of diversified renewable energy strategies,
offering a more robust and reliable approach to meeting energy demands while contributing to a
greener and more sustainable future.

1.13 Specifications

Traditionally, the concept of "wind energy" evokes images of expansive turbines situated in vast
fields or on the open sea. However, Aeromine Technologies has pioneered a revolutionary
bladeless wind energy system designed to grace the rooftops of commercial properties, offering a
localized and sustainable energy solution. This static system seamlessly integrates with a building's
existing electrical infrastructure and rooftop solar systems[29].

In a noteworthy development, AEC Angels, an investment platform specializing in emerging

technologies within the architecture, engineering, and construction sectors, announced its
endorsement of Aeromine. This endorsement came alongside a strategic investment from Thornton
Tomasetti, a member of AEC Angels and a prominent player in the Houston-based company's
growth. AEC Angels comprises industry veterans committed to evaluating and investing in early-
stage companies exhibiting promising technological advancements. Notable members of this
alliance include STO Building Group, Syska Hennessy, and SHOP Architects. This collaboration
underscores the collective commitment to advancing cutting-edge technologies that redefine the
landscape of sustainable and innovative solutions within the built Environment [30].

1.14 Building-integrated wind turbine with zero external moving parts

Aeromine's pioneering and proprietary technology transforms the vision of integrating wind
energy performance into the built environment into a tangible reality. When synergized with solar
9
and battery storage, this innovative approach has the potential to amplify on-site generation by
100-200% for any given project," remarked Grant McCullagh, Director at Thornton Tomasetti and
Managing Director of AEC Angels[31].

Drawing inspiration from the airfoils on race cars, the technology adeptly captures and magnifies
a building's natural airflow. Remarkably efficient, the stationary and noiseless Aeromine unit
requires only 10% of the roof space utilized by solar panels, offering continuous energy generation
regardless of weather conditions. Typically, Aeromine systems consist of 20-40 units strategically
positioned along a building's edge, aligning with the predominant wind direction.

Claiming up to a 50% boost in productivity compared to other renewable energy alternatives,

Aeromine, when combined with rooftop solar, has the potential to meet up to 100% of a building's
on-site energy needs. This integration not only streamlines energy production but also diminishes
the necessity for extensive energy storage[32].

Noteworthy companies embracing Aeromine's groundbreaking technology include BASF

Corporation, which is currently conducting pilot testing of the wind energy system at its
manufacturing plant in Wyandotte, Mich. This practical application underscores the growing
interest and trust in Aeromine's innovative approach within diverse industrial settings.

Here is how the bladeless wind energy system works:

Figure 1.4: Principle of Aerodynamics Derive Aeromine [24]

10
1.15 Creating a Better Way to harvest the Power of Wind

Recognizing the untapped potential of wind energy and recognizing the limitations of current
rooftop energy solutions in harnessing it, Aeromine's founders envisioned a more productive and
efficient alternative. Following extensive research and development efforts, they successfully
introduced the patented airfoil technology that powers Aeromine[33].

This innovative technology represents a significant advancement beyond traditional distributed

wind turbines, which often prove unsuitable for most rooftop applications. The founders of
Aeromine have pioneered a highly effective approach for capturing energy, even from moderate
wind conditions, catering specifically to the energy needs of large, flat-roofed structures such as
warehouses, data centers, offices, and apartment buildings.

1.16 Methods used to increase Wind Efficiency

Wind energy is a renewable and sustainable source of power that has gained significant attention
in recent years. As the demand for clean and eco-friendly energy sources continues to rise,
increasing the efficiency of wind power generation becomes paramount. Several methods are
employed to enhance the efficiency of harnessing wind energy.

One crucial approach involves the advancement of wind turbine technology. Modern turbines are
designed with innovative features such as larger blades, which capture more wind energy, and
improved aerodynamics for increased efficiency[34]. Additionally, the integration of smart
technologies, such as sensors and control systems, allows turbines to adapt to changing wind
conditions, optimizing their performance.

Location plays a pivotal role in maximizing wind energy output. Strategic placement of wind farms
in areas with consistent and strong wind patterns is essential. This requires a thorough analysis of
wind maps and meteorological data to identify optimal locations. Offshore wind farms, in
particular, benefit from stronger and more consistent winds, contributing to higher efficiency
compared to onshore counterparts.

Energy storage solutions complement efforts to increase wind efficiency. Since wind is an
intermittent energy source, effective storage systems, such as advanced batteries, help store excess

11
energy generated during peak wind conditions. This stored energy can then be released during
periods of low wind activity, ensuring a more consistent and reliable power supply.

Collaborative research and development initiatives are instrumental in driving innovation in wind
energy technology. Governments, industries, and research institutions worldwide are working
together to share knowledge and resources. This collaborative approach accelerates the pace of
technological advancements, leading to more efficient and cost-effective wind power solutions.

Finally, public awareness and support are crucial for the widespread adoption of wind energy.
Community engagement, education, and policy advocacy contribute to the overall success of wind
energy projects. By fostering a positive perception of wind power and addressing concerns, society
can actively participate in the transition to a more sustainable and efficient energy future.

1) Wind Speed Impact: The amount of power available from the wind increases
exponentially as the wind speed doubles. Specifically, it grows by a factor of 8.
Consequently, in low wind conditions, the available power is relatively minimal.

2) Blade Diameter Effect: Doubling the diameter of the turbine blades results in a fourfold
increase in the power accessible from the wind. This underscores the significance of
employing large-diameter turbine blades, especially in regions with lower wind speeds, to
optimize wind power efficiency.

1.17 Why the World needs a New Wind Energy Solution

This pressing need underscores the importance of developing a new wind energy solution that can
address the shortcomings of existing technologies and propel us towards a cleaner, greener future.

First and foremost, the existing wind energy infrastructure faces challenges related to efficiency
and reliability[35]. Traditional wind turbines are limited in their ability to harness energy from low
wind speeds and are susceptible to wear and tear, reducing their overall lifespan. A new wind
energy solution should aim to optimize energy capture across a broader range of wind conditions
and exhibit enhanced durability, ensuring long-term viability and economic feasibility. Moreover,
advancements in technology could lead to designs that minimize the environmental impact of wind
farms, addressing concerns such as bird collisions and habitat disruption.

12
Secondly, geographical limitations often hinder the widespread adoption of traditional wind
energy systems. Many regions with high energy demand lack the necessary wind resources to
make conventional wind farms economically viable. A new wind energy solution should explore
innovations in design and scalability, enabling deployment in a wider array of locations, including
urban environments where space is limited. This adaptability would not only diversify the global
renewable energy portfolio but also make clean energy accessible to populations currently
underserved by conventional wind power.

Expanding on the need for a new wind energy solution, it is essential to consider the evolving
nature of energy consumption patterns. The current energy grid infrastructure was primarily
designed to accommodate centralized power generation, often relying on large-scale power plants.
However, the increasing decentralization of energy sources, driven by the growing popularity of
renewable energy options like solar and wind, necessitates a reevaluation of our energy systems.
A new wind energy solution should integrate seamlessly with evolving grid architectures,
embracing smart grid technologies and fostering a more resilient and responsive energy
distribution network[36].

Moreover, the environmental impact of manufacturing and decommissioning conventional wind

turbines raises concerns about the overall sustainability of these systems. A new wind energy
solution should prioritize environmentally friendly materials and manufacturing processes, as well
as address the recyclability of components. Additionally, advancements in the circular economy
approach could be incorporated, ensuring that the end-of-life stages of wind turbines are managed
responsibly and contribute to a closed-loop system, minimizing waste and environmental harm.

Another critical aspect is the integration of digital technologies to enhance the performance and
efficiency of wind energy systems. Artificial intelligence and data analytics can be leveraged to
optimize the operation of wind turbines, predicting wind patterns, adjusting blade angles, and
maximizing energy output. The implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in wind farms
can enable real-time monitoring and maintenance, reducing downtime and enhancing overall
reliability. By embracing these technological advancements, a new wind energy solution can not
only improve energy output but also contribute to the broader digital transformation of the energy
sector.

13
Furthermore, the geopolitical implications of energy production cannot be overlooked. The global
energy landscape is often marked by geopolitical tensions over access to and control of fossil fuel
resources. Shifting towards a new wind energy solution reduces dependence on such finite
resources, thereby diminishing geopolitical conflicts related to energy security. A more diversified
and distributed energy network based on renewable sources promotes global cooperation and
mitigates geopolitical risks associated with traditional energy supply chains.

Lastly, public awareness and education play a pivotal role in driving the transition to a new wind
energy solution. Sustainable energy practices are not only a technological challenge but also a
societal one. Governments, industry leaders, and advocacy groups must collaborate to educate the
public about the benefits of renewable energy and dispel myths or misinformation. A well-
informed and supportive public is crucial for the successful implementation of large-scale wind
energy projects and the broader global transition to sustainable energy sources.

In summary, the imperative for a new wind energy solution extends beyond technical innovation
to encompass a holistic transformation of our energy systems. Addressing grid integration,
environmental sustainability, digitalization, geopolitical considerations, and public awareness will
contribute to the development of a comprehensive and effective solution. This multifaceted
approach is essential for ensuring the success of wind energy in meeting the world's growing
energy needs while fostering a more sustainable and resilient future[37].

Aeromine presents an innovative solution that outperforms equivalent solar alternatives by

generating up to 50% more power. This is achieved by harnessing the most efficient renewable
energy source available. Notably, Aeromine excels in extreme weather conditions, ensuring
reliable performance even when faced with challenging environmental factors. Moreover, it
contributes to meeting peak energy demands by producing power precisely when it is needed most.

The importance of renewable energy in addressing climate change and establishing energy
independence is undeniable. However, existing rooftop alternatives, including solar panels and
traditional small wind turbines, face limitations in energy production, demand substantial space,
and exhibit relatively short life cycles.

14
 LITERATURE SURVEY

Aeromine has developed a bladeless wind energy system that captures ambient wind currents to
generate electricity. This patented technology, validated through collaborative research with
Sandia National Laboratories and Texas Tech University, operates without vibrations or noise and
is easy to install. According to the company, it can produce up to 50% more electricity compared
to a similar solar power array, at the same cost and using just 10% of the available roof space.
BASF is currently testing an Aeromine system at its Wyandotte, Michigan factory.

The technology uses aerodynamic principles similar to those found in race car airfoils to enhance
airflow around each building. The Aeromine unit is stationary, silent, and durable, generating
energy around the clock regardless of weather conditions. An Aeromine system comprises 20 to
40 units installed along the edge of a building facing the primary wind direction. Designed to
integrate seamlessly with a building's existing electrical system, the Aeromine wind solution
combined with rooftop solar can meet up to 100% of a building’s onsite energy needs while
reducing the requirement for energy storage, according to the company.

“This innovation is a significant advancement in the rapidly growing rooftop power generation
market, aiding corporations in achieving their resilience and sustainability objectives with a
previously untapped distributed renewable energy source,” says Aeromine CEO David Asarnow.
“Aeromine’s proprietary technology brings the benefits of wind energy to onsite generation,
overcoming the limitations of traditional spinning wind turbines and less efficient solar panels.”

The Aeromine system occupies a small area on a building’s roof, preserving space for existing
solar panels and utility infrastructure. It offers commercial property owners an effective tool to
enhance energy independence, especially in the face of rising energy costs and increasing demand
for features like electric vehicle charging stations.

Experiments were conducted in the recirculating wind tunnel at Texas Tech University’s National
Wind Institute. The test section of the tunnel measures 1.22 meters high by 1.83 meters wide (4
feet high by 6 feet wide). The tunnel's rear wall can hinge down to mount the Aeromine unit in a
fixture that allows for adjustable variations in the angle-of-attack (AoA) of the foils, spacing

15
between foil pairs, and spacing between multiple devices mounted in parallel. This setup also
enables off-axis orientations to assess the impact of non-perpendicular wind on efficiency. The
transparent side of the test section facilitates particle image velocimetry (PIV) with a laser
positioned downstream and an external camera array. Oil droplets are used to seed the tunnel for
PIV measurements.

A 1/3-scale model of a single pair Aeromine system was tested, with foil dimensions of 0.5 meters
chord and 0.8 meters height. Small rib sections with static pressure taps were placed in the middle
of the device. Tubes connected these taps to the outside of the wind tunnel for pressure
measurements, with a reference static tap positioned near the tunnel’s inner wall. Pressures were
recorded at five locations along the low-pressure sides of both foils. The S1210-based design was
chosen for its excellent lift characteristics across a broad range of Reynolds numbers. However, as
demonstrated, the performance of the airfoil changes significantly due to the presence of the
second mirrored foil, even when all air-jets are covered.

Testing of the rapid prototyped foils was conducted at freestream velocities of 5, 7.5, 10, and 12
m/s, corresponding to chord-based Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from approximately 139,000
to 333,000. The results are presented for angles of attack (AOA) of either 10° or 15°, which were
previously identified as near-optimal based on measured inlet duct velocities. The freestream
velocity U-U∞ was measured using a vane anemometer placed in front of the Aeromine and just
off the wind tunnel wall. This measurement was considered representative of the average velocity
across the height of the Aeromine pair, which is zero at the base.

Pressure profiles along the low-pressure sides of the foils were recorded using static pressure taps
located in the green insert. A choke was installed at the duct’s inlet to simulate the load of the
turbine-generator. The choke's constriction was adjusted to create a load curve.

Pressures were recorded on either side of the choke near the duct inlet, and the average velocity
inside the duct downstream of the choke was measured. This data allowed for the calculation of
mechanical power. The choke emulates various loading conditions of the turbine-generator.
Additionally, particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow field were taken to
analyze the acceleration between the foils and the wake structure.

16
 Figure 2.1: Experimental Aeromine Wind Turbine Vertical[27]

Blockage measurements indicated that the device had an acceptable effect on the freestream
velocity in the nearby section of the tunnel. The velocity in the tunnel adjacent to the device was
found to be between 10% and 13.5% higher than the freestream U - U∞ values recorded just off
the tunnel floor. This was observed for both the full-length (0.8 m) and half-length (0.4 m) devices,
suggesting that the primary increase in this velocity compared to the freestream U - U∞ is
attributable to the measurement location being closer to the tunnel wall.

17
 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Machine Specification

Nomenclature

Aduct = Cross-sectional area of Aeromine inlet duct

Aexit = Exit area of Aeromine defined by a rectangle enclosing the trailing edges of
the foils.

Ajet = Total area of air-jets (orifices) in foil surface

AOA = Angle-of-attack of each foil (or half-angle between foils)

Cp = Power coefficient for the device

Pjet = Pressure-drop across the jets from inside to outside the foils

Pchoke = Pressure-drop across choke in the inlet duct

L = Chord length of foils

LCOE = Levelized-cost-of-electricity

Power = Mechanical power of the Aeromine unit

PIV = Particle image velocimetry

PV = Photovoltaic

ρ = Air density

Re = Reynolds number based on chord

𝑢duct = Average flow velocity in the inlet duct

𝑢jet = Flow velocity at the air-jets

U∞ = Freestream velocity

Vjet = Total volume flow through all air-jets

18
A. Asymmetry The asymmetry was evident even at an angle of attack (AoA) of 10°, with all air-
jets closed, as illustrated by the PIV data shown in Fig. 6. The zero-velocity area beneath the
"lower" airfoil in the PIV data is attributed to the support structure, which is visible in Fig. 3.
Additionally, some artifacts from the mounts can be seen near the foil surfaces.

a b
) )

Figure 3.1: PIV Data[29]

B. Air-jets Open: Pressures, PIV and Aero-Mechanical Efficiency

When the air-jets are open, different chokes were tested. With the choke fully open (no choke), air
is drawn from outside the wind tunnel through the inlet (as shown in Fig. 4), flows through the
internal ducts of the foil, exits through the air-jets, and mixes with the freestream flow. No
significant pressure difference was detected between the inside and outside of the tunnel within
measurement error, indicating that the air-jet outflow is a result of AeroMINE operation.

Although the air-jets are active, there is no load on the system when the choke is absent. The
pressure measurements along the foils are displayed in Fig. 7a for an angle of attack (AoA) of 15°
and in Fig. 7b for AoA = 10°. Generally, the asymmetry is less pronounced with the air-jets
operating compared to the scenario with all air-jets closed (Fig. 5a). Some asymmetry remains in
the AoA = 15° case, which is considered typical for this setup. Reducing the AoA to 10° minimizes
the asymmetry further, but this adjustment also reduces the area swept by the incident wind,
consequently lowering the potential power available.

19
 a) b)

Figure 3.2: Air-jets Open Graph[32]

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = ∆𝑃𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑢𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 (1)

Cut in Speed:

The “cut-in speed" refers to the minimum wind speed at which the turbine begins to produce usable
power. Below this speed, the wind turbine typically does not generate enough rotational energy to
produce electricity efficiently.

The cut-in speed is an important parameter because it determines the wind conditions under which
the turbine can start generating power. It is influenced by the design of the turbine blades, the
generator characteristics, and the aerodynamic properties of the turbine.

The formula for the cut-in speed can vary depending on the specific design and manufacturer of
the wind turbine. Generally, it can be represented as:

Vcut.in = k ⋅ Vrated (2)

where:

• Vrated is the rated wind speed, which is the wind speed at which the turbine operates most
efficiently and generates its rated power.

• k is a factor typically ranging between 0.2 and 0.4, depending on the turbine design and
characteristics.

20
Cut out Speed:

The cut-out speed of a wind turbine is the wind speed at which the turbine is designed to stop
operating to prevent damage to its components. Beyond this speed, the turbine is shut down to
avoid mechanical failure due to excessive forces and stresses.

To understand and calculate the cut-out speed, we must consider the following aspects:

1) Aerodynamic Forces: The forces acting on the turbine blades increase with the square of
the wind speed, which can lead to mechanical failure if the speed becomes too high.

2) Structural Limits: The structural integrity of the turbine components, including blades,
tower, and nacelle, can only withstand forces up to a certain limit.

3) Control Systems: The turbine's control systems are programmed to shut down the turbine
at a specific wind speed to prevent damage.

3.2 Basic Formulas

Power in the Wind:
1
Power (W) = x ρ x A x v 3 (3)
2

• Pm is the mechanical power output (W)

• η is the efficiency of the turbine

Voltage & Rpm:

To find the voltage and RPM of an Aeromine wind turbine using an ammeter, we will need to
follow these steps:

1) Measure the Current: Use the ammeter to measure the current (I) produced by the wind
turbine. This value will be in amperes (A).

2) Determine the Power Output (if possible): If we have a power meter, we can measure
the electrical power output directly. If not, we can estimate the power output based on the
turbine's specifications and the wind speed.

3) Find the Voltage (V): The power output (P), you can use the relationship

21
 𝑃
V= (4)
𝐼

to find the voltage.

4) Determine the RPM: RPM (revolutions per minute) can be measured using a tachometer.
If a tachometer is not available, you might need to refer to the turbine's specifications or
use a formula based on the generator's characteristics.

Average Velocity Per day:

The average wind velocity per day for your Aeromine wind turbine project, we will need to follow
these steps:

1) Collect Wind Speed Data: Measure the wind speed at regular intervals throughout the
day. This can be done using an anemometer. Ensure we record the time at which each
measurement is taken.

2) Sum the Wind Speeds: Add all the wind speed measurements taken throughout the day.

3) Count the Number of Measurements: Count how many times you took wind speed
measurements during the day.

4) Calculate the Average Wind Speed: Divide the sum of the wind speeds by the number
of measurements.

Instantaneous Wind Speed = Anemometer Factor x Instantaneous Shaft Speed

Average Wind Speed = Anemometer Factor x (Number of Turns / Time).

Number of hours & Average Wind Velocity

To determine the number of hours that this average wind velocity is maintained throughout the
day, you will need to compare each recorded wind speed against the average and count how many
hours it matches or is close to the average wind speed.

Steps to Determine the Number of Hours:

1) Collect and Record Wind Speed Data: Measure wind speed at regular intervals (e.g.,
every hour) throughout the day.

22
 2) Calculate the Average Wind Speed: Sum all recorded wind speeds and divide by the total
number of measurements.

3) Count Hours Matching Average Speed: Count how many of the recorded intervals have
wind speeds that are equal to or very close to the calculated average.

Maximum Velocity vs Time:

To determine the maximum wind velocity and the specific time it occurs, follow these steps:

1) Collect Wind Speed Data: Measure wind speed at regular intervals throughout the day.

2) Identify Maximum Velocity: Find the highest wind speed value in your recorded data.

3) Record the Time of Maximum Velocity: Note the time at which the maximum wind
speed was recorded.

Angle of Attack:

The angle of attack in a wind turbine, including the Aeromine wind turbine, is a crucial parameter
that affects the performance and efficiency of the turbine blades. The angle of attack is the angle
between the chord line of the blade and the relative wind velocity.

The angle of attack (α) can be calculated using the following parameters:

• Chord Line: A straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges of the blade.

• Relative Wind Velocity: The wind velocity relative to the moving blade, which is a
combination of the actual wind speed and the rotational speed of the blade.

Calculation of the Angle of Attack

For a wind turbine blade, the relative wind velocity is the vector sum of the free-stream wind
velocity and the blade's tangential velocity due to rotation.

3.3 CAD Modeling

Using specific computer programs, CAD modeling, which stands for Computer-Aided Design
modeling, creates detailed digital representations of objects, products, or structures. It is commonly
used in various fields such as engineering, architecture, manufacturing, and product design. This
method allows for a realistic and visual representation of an idea or design before it is physically

23
41 built. Designers and engineers can efficiently analyze, modify, and optimize designs, reducing
the likelihood of errors and improving overall design effectiveness.

CAD modeling provides a range of tools and features to explore different scenarios, simulate real-
world conditions, and assess design performance. Additionally, CAD models are easily shareable
and conducive to collaborative work, fostering teamwork and communication among design
teams.

We have 5 parts of Aeromine wind turbine:

1) Aero foil
2) Base Structure
3) Bottom Deck
4) Flapper
5) Mirror of flapper

Aerofoil

The S1210 airfoil is a specific aerodynamic profile designed for use in various applications,
particularly in the field of aviation. An airfoil, commonly known as a wing or blade profile, plays
a crucial role in determining the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft or other flying objects.

The S1210 airfoil is part of the NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) airfoil
series, which was a set of standardized airfoil shapes developed during the early to mid-20th
century. The NACA airfoils were extensively used in the design of aircraft, providing engineers
with well-defined aerodynamic properties that facilitated the development of efficient and stable
flying machines.

24
 Figure 3.3: Aerofoil Profile[27}

We imported those coordinates on Solid-works and found our Aero foil sketch.

Figure 3.4: Aerofoil Sketch

Then we extruded base/boss for solid Aero foil.

Figure 3.5: Extruding Aerofoil Sketch

25
 Figure 3.6: Aero Foil 3D Model

The S1210 airfoil is characterized by its specific geometric shape, which includes parameters such
as the chord length, thickness, and camber distribution. In the case of the S1210, the numerical
designation indicates certain features of the airfoil. The "S" in S1210 denotes that it is a standard
design, while the numerical values provide information about the camber and thickness
distribution.

Base Structure

The base structure of an Aeromine wind turbine is designed to provide stability and support for
the turbine, ensuring it operates efficiently and safely. Now we have to make drawing of base
structure for our aeromine wind turbine and our priority is that all edges must be round because
turbine must be aerodynamically good. We have sketched a rectangle of 200*125mm with 20mm
two holes between rectangle. Then we have extruded base/boss it.

26
 Figure 3.7: Drawing and Extruding Base Structure Sketch

And then we have sketched a 140mm diameter hole and extruded-cut it.

Figure 3.8: Extrude Cut of Sketch

After that we have used fillet command to make hole edges round because our top priority is that
our turbine structure must be aerodynamically good.

27
 Figure 3.9: Using fillet

We have sketched a stand walls of 12mm thickness for standing base structure and capturing air.

Figure 3.10: Sketching Stand Walls

we have removed unwanted edges by extrude cut and also make our edges round by using fillet
command.

Figure 3.11: Using fillet and extrude cut command

28
After this we have sketched two 10mm holes and extruded cut for flappers fixing.

Figure 3.12: Sketching holes

We have half closed the air entrance to avoid turbulence.

Figure 3.13: Half closing air entrance

Bottom Deck

We have to make drawing of turbine deck so we have sketched a rectangle of 200*300mm on top
view plane and extruded 12mm thickness and used fillet command of 20mm radius. For smooth
airflow.

29
 Figure 3.14: Bottom Deck

Flappers

Now we need flappers for capturing more wind for Aerofoils. So first of all we have used line
and circle command for making flapper profile and made a 10mm diameter pin for fixing in base
structure.

Figure 3.15: Drawing Flapper

We need two flappers to capture more wind so me mirrored it using mirror command in assembly
mode.

30
 Figure 3.16: Using Mirror Command for Two Flappers

Final CAD Model

This is the final CAD Design of Aeromine Wind Turbine.

Figure 3.17: Final CAD Model

31
 Figure 3.18: Final CAD Model Back View

3.4 CFD Analysis

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a specialized field within fluid mechanics that leverages
numerical analysis and algorithms to solve and analyze problems involving fluid flows. It is widely
used across various industries due to its ability to simulate real-world fluid behavior in a virtual
environment. CFD plays a crucial role in the design and optimization of systems and components,
enabling engineers to predict how fluids (liquids and gases) will behave under different conditions.

In the aerospace engineering sector, CFD is pivotal for the design and analysis of aircraft and
spacecraft. By simulating airflows over wings and fuselages, engineers can enhance aerodynamic
efficiency, reduce drag, and improve fuel economy. Similarly, the automotive industry utilizes
CFD to refine vehicle aerodynamics, ensuring better performance and fuel efficiency. It also aids
in thermal management by simulating airflow around engine compartments and brake systems,
leading to optimized cooling solutions.

32
 Figure 3.19: CFD of Flappers

Table 3.1: CFD Parameters

Parameters Values

Height 0.32 m

Chord Length 0.2 m

Holes Diameter 12 mm

Diameter of inlet duct 0.019 m

Length of duct 0.08 m

Wind Velocity 13.1 m/s

Input Air Velocity U 8 m/s

Rectangular Area b/w two Aerofoils 0.01632 𝑚2

Generating Negative Pressure 96.6 pascals

Meshing

33
Meshing is a critical step in the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation process,
involving the division of the physical domain into smaller, manageable cells or elements. This
discretization allows the complex equations governing fluid dynamics, such as the Navier-Stokes
equations, to be solved numerically at each cell. The quality of the mesh significantly influences
the accuracy, convergence, and computational efficiency of the simulation.

In the context of designing an Aeromine wind turbine, meshing is particularly important due to the
complex geometries and the interaction of various fluid flow phenomena around the turbine blades
and structure. A well-constructed mesh can capture the intricate details of airflow, pressure
distribution, and turbulence, leading to more precise performance predictions and design
optimizations.

Figure 3.20: Meshing

Lift Coefficient

The lift coefficient is a dimensionless number that represents the lift force generated by a body in
a fluid flow relative to the fluid density, flow velocity, and reference area. It is defined by the
equation:

CL = 2 × L / (A × ρ × V²) (6)

where:

• L is the lift force.

• ρ is the fluid density.

• V is the flow velocity.

34
 • A is the reference area (typically the projected area of the blade perpendicular to the flow).

Figure 3.21: Lift Coefficient

Drag coefficient

The drag coefficient (C_D) is another dimensionless number that quantifies the drag force
experienced by a body moving through a fluid. It is given by the equation:

Cd = 2 × D / (A × ρ × V²) (7)

Figure 3.22: Drag Coefficient

Static Pressure

Static pressure is a fundamental parameter in fluid dynamics that represents the pressure exerted
by a fluid in motion, excluding dynamic effects due to the fluid's motion. In the context of using
ANSYS for CFD simulations, static pressure is a crucial variable to analyze as it helps in
understanding the pressure distribution within the fluid flow, which is essential for designing and
35
optimizing components like wind turbine blades.

Figure 3.23: Static Pressure

Results

A contour of static pressure is a graphical representation that displays the distribution of static
pressure over a surface or within a flow field. This type of plot uses color gradients to show how
pressure varies in the region of interest, making it easier to visualize high and low-pressure areas.
In CFD simulations, such as those performed in ANSYS Fluent, contour plots are essential for
analyzing and understanding fluid behavior around objects like wind turbine blades.

Key Points:

1) Static Pressure: This is the pressure exerted by a fluid at a given point, excluding any
dynamic effects due to the fluid’s motion. It is a measure of the potential energy per unit
volume of the fluid.

2) Contours: Contour plots use lines or color gradients to represent constant values of a
particular variable, in this case, static pressure. Each contour line or color band represents
a specific pressure value.

3) Visualization: By plotting static pressure contours, engineers can identify areas of high
and low pressure, flow separation points, and pressure gradients. This information is crucial
for optimizing aerodynamic performance, such as in the design of wind turbine blades.

36
 Figure 3.24: Static Pressure Result

Figure 3.25: Static Pressure Result Vertical View

Velocity Contour

A velocity contour is a graphical representation that displays the distribution of velocity within a
flow field. This type of plot uses color gradients to visualize how velocity varies across different
regions of interest, making it easier to understand flow patterns and behaviors. In CFD simulations

37
using tools like ANSYS Fluent, velocity contours are essential for analyzing and optimizing
aerodynamic performance, such as in the design of wind turbine blades.

Figure 3.26: Velocity Contour 1

Figure 3.27: Velocity Vector 2

38
 Figure 3.28: Velocity Contour 2

Table 3.2: CFD Results

RESULTS Static Pressure Velocity Contour

Minimum -9.66e+01 0.000

Maximum 3.90e+01 13.192

39
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Experiment Results:

Given Data,

Aerofoil Technicals (S1210)

Height = 0.32 m

Chord Length = 0.2 m

Diameter of inlet duct = 0.019 m

Radius of inlet duct =0.0095m

Length of duct = 0.08 m

Wind Velocity generated = 13.1 m/s

Input Air Velocity U = 8 m/s

Rectangular Area b/w two Aerofoils = 0.01632 𝑚2

Generated Negative Pressure = 96.6 pa

Area of Inlet Duct

Area of Inlet Duct = 𝜋𝑟 2 (8)

= 3.14 x 0.00952

= 0.000283𝑚2

Area of Inlet Ducts = 0.000566 𝑚2

Power:

Power = Pressure x Velocity x Area (9)

P = 96.6 x 13.1 x 0.000566

Power = 0.72 w

Wind Power
40
 Wind Power Available = 0.5 x 1.225 x 0.01632 x 83 (10)

= 5.1 watt

Efficiency:

Output Power
Efficiency = (11)
Input Power

0.72
= x 100
5.1

= 14.1 %

Efficiency:

Efficiency = 14.1%

Table 4.1: Wind Tunnel Results

Electrical power
Generated Cp Power
wind speed (m/s) RPM (Watt) coefficient TSR
20.02 940 0.00032 0.000019 0.08358

21.34 1100 0.000525 0.000027 0.0917

22.65 1265 0.000646 0.000027 0.0994

23.96 1442 0.000912 0.000033 0.1071

25.27 1552 0.001026 0.000031 0.1093

26.57 1676 0.001254 0.000033 0.1122

27.88 1715 0.001804 0.000041 0.1095

29.19 1830 0.002 0.00004 0.1116

30.49 2300 0.001824 0.000032 0.1342

31.74 2252 0.001518 0.000023 0.1263

32.36 2200 0.0016 0.000023 0.121

41
Wind Tunnel Results

V_W VS RPM
2500

2000

1500
RPM

1000

500

0
20.02 21.34 22.65 23.96 25.27 26.57 27.88 29.19 30.49 31.74
WIND VELOCITY (M/S)

Figure 4.1: Wind Speed vs RPM

V_W VS P_E
0.0025
ELECTRICAL POWER (WATT)

0.002

0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0
20.02 21.34 22.65 23.96 25.27 26.57 27.88 29.19 30.49 31.74
WIND VELOCITY (M/S)

Figure 4.2: Wind Speed vs Electrical Power Generated (w)

42
 V_W VS CP
0.000045
0.00004

POWER COEFFICIENT C_P 0.000035

0.00003
0.000025
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
0
20.02 21.34 22.65 23.96 25.27 26.57 27.88 29.19 30.49 31.74
WIND VELOCITY (M/S)

Figure 4.3: Wind Speed vs Power Coefficient (cp)

C_P POWER COEFFICIENT

0.000045
C_P POWER COEFFICIENT

0.00004
0.000035
0.00003
0.000025
0.00002
0.000015
0.00001
0.000005
0

TSR

Figure 4.4: Tip Speed vs Power Coefficient (cp)

43
 P_E VS TSR
P_E ELECTRIC POWER (WATT) 0.00232

0.00182

0.00132

0.00082

0.00032

TSR

Figure 29.5: Tip Speed vs Electric Power (w)

TORQUE VS TSR
0.00006
0.00005
TORQUE (NM)

0.00004
0.00003
0.00002
0.00001
0

TSR

Figure 4.6: Tip Speed vs Torque (nm)

44
 APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Applications
Aeromine wind turbines are an innovative and relatively new type of wind energy technology.
Here are some key applications:

1) Building-Integrated Wind Energy: Aeromine wind turbines are designed to be installed on

the rooftops of commercial, industrial, and residential buildings, seamlessly integrating into
the building's architecture.

2) Urban and Suburban Areas: These turbines are suitable for urban and suburban
environments where traditional large wind turbines are impractical. They can harness wind
energy in areas with complex wind patterns.

3) Distributed Energy Generation: Aeromine turbines can be part of a distributed energy

generation system, providing localized power production and reducing the load on centralized
power grids.

4) Supplementary Power for Solar Energy Systems: They can be combined with solar panels
to create a hybrid renewable energy system, ensuring a more consistent energy supply by
complementing solar power when the sun is not shining.

5) Industrial Facilities: Industrial facilities can use Aeromine turbines to offset their energy
consumption, reduce operational costs, and lower their carbon footprint.

6) Commercial Buildings: Commercial buildings, such as office complexes, shopping centers,

and hotels, can install these turbines to generate clean energy and promote sustainability.

7) Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: They can be installed at EV charging stations to provide
renewable energy for charging electric vehicles, enhancing the overall sustainability of the
transportation sector.

8) Remote Locations: Aeromine turbines are suitable for remote locations where connecting to
the grid is challenging or expensive. They can provide a reliable source of renewable energy
for off-grid applications.

45
9) Green Buildings and Sustainable Architecture: Incorporating Aeromine turbines into green
building designs can help achieve sustainability certifications and reduce the environmental
impact of the building.

10) Educational and Demonstration Projects: Schools, universities, and research institutions
can use Aeromine turbines for educational purposes, demonstrating the potential of wind
energy and promoting renewable energy technologies.

5.2 Future Work

Aeromine wind turbines represent a significant innovation in the field of renewable energy. To
further enhance their performance, efficiency, and market viability, several key technological
advancements are necessary. This section explores potential areas of improvement, providing a
detailed roadmap for future work in enhancing Aeromine wind turbine technology.

1) Enhanced Aerodynamic Design

Improve the efficiency and performance of Aeromine wind turbines by refining their aerodynamic
design.

Approach:

Materials Innovation: Use advanced composite materials to reduce weight and increase
durability. Research into new materials such as carbon fiber composites or graphene can lead to
stronger, lighter turbine structures that can withstand harsh environmental conditions while
maintaining high efficiency.

Shape Optimization: Utilize computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to experiment with
different shapes and configurations of the turbine blades and housing. Optimizing the shape can
help maximize the pressure differential created by the wind, improving energy capture even in low
wind speeds and turbulent urban environments.

Variable Geometry: Develop turbines with adjustable components that can adapt to changing
wind conditions. This might involve blades or other parts that can change their angle or shape in
response to wind speed and direction, ensuring optimal performance across a wider range of
conditions.

46
Expected Outcome: Greater energy capture and efficiency, making Aeromine wind turbines more
competitive with traditional wind turbines and other renewable energy sources.

2) Integration with Smart Grid Technology

Seamlessly integrate Aeromine wind turbines with modern smart grids to optimize energy
production and distribution.

Approach:

Real-Time Monitoring: Develop advanced sensors and monitoring systems that provide real-time
data on turbine performance, weather conditions, and grid demand. This data can be used to
optimize turbine operations dynamically.

Demand Response Capabilities: Implement systems that allow turbines to adjust their output
based on real-time grid demand. During periods of high demand, turbines can increase their energy
production, while during low demand, they can reduce output or store excess energy.

Energy Storage Solutions: Integrate with battery storage systems to store excess energy produced
during periods of high wind and low demand. This stored energy can be released when demand is
high, ensuring a stable and reliable energy supply.

Expected Outcome: Enhanced grid stability and efficiency, reduced energy waste, and improved
integration of renewable energy sources into the existing power infrastructure.

3) IoT and AI Applications

Utilize Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies for predictive
maintenance and performance optimization.

Approach:

IoT Sensors: Deploy IoT sensors on turbines to continuously monitor various operational
parameters, such as vibration, temperature, wind speed, and structural integrity. This data can
provide valuable insights into the health and performance of each turbine.

AI Algorithms: Develop AI algorithms that analyze data from IoT sensors to detect anomalies,
predict potential failures, and optimize maintenance schedules. Machine learning techniques can
be used to identify patterns and correlations that human operators might miss.

47
Autonomous Maintenance: Implement autonomous maintenance systems that can carry out
routine inspections and minor repairs without human intervention. Drones and robotic systems can
be used to inspect and maintain turbines, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.

Expected Outcome: Reduced operational costs, increased turbine lifespan, and enhanced overall
efficiency through predictive maintenance and real-time performance optimization.

4) Noise Reduction Techniques

Minimize the noise generated by Aeromine wind turbines to increase their suitability for urban
and residential areas.

Approach:

Acoustic Design: Research and implement design features that reduce aerodynamic noise, such
as serrated blade edges, optimized blade shapes, and noise-dampening materials. Computational
simulations can help identify the most effective design changes.

Vibration Control: Develop and incorporate advanced vibration control systems to minimize
mechanical noise. This might involve the use of dampers, isolation mounts, and other techniques
to reduce vibrations transmitted to the supporting structure.

Active Noise Cancellation: Explore the use of active noise cancellation technology to counteract
the sound produced by the turbines. This could involve strategically placed microphones and
speakers that generate sound waves to cancel out the noise from the turbine blades.

Expected Outcome: Quieter operation, making Aeromine wind turbines more acceptable for
installation in noise-sensitive areas, such as residential neighborhoods and urban centers.

5) Scalability and Modularity

Enhance the scalability and modularity of Aeromine wind turbines to cater to various energy needs
and installation environments.

Approach:

Modular Design: Develop a modular turbine system that can be easily scaled up or down based
on energy requirements. This could involve interchangeable components that allow for quick
adjustments in turbine size and capacity.

48
Ease of Installation: Simplify the installation process through modular components that can be
easily transported and assembled on-site. This might include pre-fabricated units that can be
quickly deployed with minimal infrastructure.

Flexible Configurations: Create turbine designs that can be customized for different
environments, from urban rooftops to remote rural locations. This flexibility can help meet diverse
energy needs and expand the market for Aeromine wind turbines.

Expected Outcome: Greater market penetration and adaptability, enabling Aeromine wind
turbines to serve a wider range of applications and geographic locations.

5.3 Conclusion
The future work on Aeromine wind turbines involves significant technological enhancements
aimed at improving efficiency, performance, and market viability. By focusing on aerodynamic
design, smart grid integration, IoT and AI applications, noise reduction, and scalability, Aeromine
can develop advanced wind turbines that meet the growing demand for sustainable and reliable
energy solutions. These advancements will not only enhance the competitiveness of Aeromine
turbines but also contribute to the broader adoption of renewable energy technologies worldwide.

49
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