COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

 Communication is the heart of the community.

 Communication strategies lead to achievement of the speech purpose and create
a smooth flow of information between the speakers and the listeners.
 Communication strategies are plans, ways, or means of sharing information that
are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological or linguistic
purpose.

Blueprints for how the information will be exchanged

Used by learners to overcome problems of conveying intended meaning

Effective use of these strategies result to communicative competence

Strategies must be use to start and maintain a conversation

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY

NOMINATION

 Used at the beginning of the interaction to set the purpose of the conversation
 The person tries to open a topic with the people he is talking to.

A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic.

Basically, when you employ this kind of strategy, you try to open a topic with the people
you are talking to

When beginning a topic in a conversation, especially if it does not arise from a previous
topic, you may start off with news inquiries and news announcements as they promised
extended talk. Most importantly, keep the conversational environment open for opinions
until the prior topic shuts down easily and initiates a smooth end. This could efficiently
signal the beginning of a new topic in the conversation
The ability of taking attention of the hearers and trying to commence or to begin or
nominate or propose speaker’s ideas in a conversation, basically, it is opening a topic.

EXAMPLES:

Hi! How are you?

How’s the weather there?

What’s the latest news?

RESTRICTION

 It constraints the reaction or response within the define set of categories

 Useful for narrowing down a listener’s response to expected set of answer
 This prevents the conversation from going off the topic

Refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. When communicating in the
classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your friends, you are typically given
specific instructions that you must follow. These instructions confine you as a speaker
and limit what you can say.

For example, in your class, you might be asked by your teacher to brainstorm on peer
pressure or deliver a speech on digital natives. In these cases, you cannot decide to talk
about something else. On the other hand, conversing with your friends during ordinary
days can be far more casual than these examples. Remember to always be on point
and avoid sideswiping from the topic during the conversation to avoid communication
breakdown.

A strategy that constrains or restricts the response of other involved person in the
communication situation.
The listener is forced to respond only within a set of categories that is made by the
speaker.

EXAMPLE:

Homily of a priest in a mass

Commencement speaker during graduation

A politician talking during the proclamation rally

Close-ended questions or questions answerable by yes or no

TURN-TAKING

 This recognizes when and how to speak when it is one’s turn

 It provides the person an equal opportunity to say their piece.

Sometimes, people are given unequal opportunities to talk because others take much
time during the conversation. Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people
decide who takes the conversational floor. There is a code of behavior behind
establishing and sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary idea is to give all
communicators a chance to speak.

Remember to keep your words relevant and reasonably short enough to express your
views or feelings. Try to be polite even if you are trying to take the floor from another
speaker. Do not hog the conversation and talk incessantly without letting the other party
air out their own ideas. To acknowledge others, you may employ visual signals like a
nod, a look, or a step back, and you could accompany these signals with a spoken cues
such as “What do you think?” or “Do you want to say something?”

Process by which people in a conversation decide who is to speak next

Knowing when to talk depends on watching out for the verbal and nonverbal cues that
signal the next speaker that the previous speaker has finished or the topic under
discussion has been exhausted and a new topic may be introduced.

Theres formal and informal turn to talk like you can just enter your thoughts or you can
say or ask if you can say your opinion

Acknowledging someone who wants to talk

What can you say?

Giving chance to others to speak

TOPIC CONTROL

 It is keeping a conversation going on by asking a question

 It ensures that communication sticks to the topic

It covers how procedural formality affects the development of topic in conversations. For
example, in meetings, you may only have turn to speak after the chairperson directs you
to do so. Contrast this with a casual conversation with friends over lunch or coffee
where you may take the conversational floor anytime.

Remember that regardless of the formality of the context, topic control is achieved
cooperatively. This only means that when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively
developed by avoiding unnecessary interactions and topic shifts. You can make yourself
actively involved in the conversation without overly dominating it by using minimal
responses like “Yes,” “Okay,” “Go on,”; asking tag questions to clarify information briefly
like “You are excited, aren’t you?”, “It was unexpected, wasn’t it?”; and even by
laughing!

EXAMPLE:
Let’s go back to the topic

Going back to our topic

As I was saying

Let’s talk about that later

TOPIC SHIFTING

 Introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic

 Use of transitional devices are very important

It is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins.

When shifting from one topic to another, you have to be very intuitive. Make sure that
the previous topic was nurtured enough to generate adequate views. You may also use
effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift like “By the way,” “In addition to
what you said,” “Which reminds me of,” and the like.

Ways to shift topic

1. Speaking topically – when the listener concentrates on some phrases from the
last statement mentioned by the speaker
2. Speaking on the topic – when the listener concentrates on a word, but the newly
introduced idea may not be related to the context of the topic or literally changing
the topic

EXAMPLE:

You want to avoid the topic

REPAIR

 Refers to overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible

messages
 a. Requesting Clarification
b. Not acknowledging the new situation
c. Topic Shifting
d. Repeating
e. Recasting
f. Adding

Refers to how speaker address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending
that they may encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody in the
conversation seems to talk at the same time, give way and appreciate others initiative to
set the conversation back to its topic.

It is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction. If there is a problem in

understanding the conversation, speakers will always try to address and correct it.
Although this is the case, always seek to initiate the repair.

Violations in communication situation

1. Grabbing the floor – interruption

2. Overlapping – speakers talking simultaneously
3. Hogging the floor – speaker talks simultaneously
4. Being silent – no one wants to speak
5. Trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding

TERMINATION

 Ends the interaction by using verbal and nonverbal messages that the
participants send to one another

It refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a

conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes responsibility to signal the end of
the discussion as well.
Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to signal the end of the topic through
concluding cues. You can do this by sharing what you learned from the conversation.
Aside from this, soliciting agreement from the other participants usually completes the
discussion of the topic meaningfully.

NONVERBAL CUES EXAMPLE:

Looking at the cellphone

Yawning

1. I have to go – termination
2. Have you heard about our valedictorian? He graduated magna cum laude. –
nomination
3. Oh great… good… yes, let’s see them. – turn-taking
4. Ill check it. Do you want me to clean it out? – repair
5. Oh no. you really should get some rest, have you taken your medicine? – topic
shifting
6. Is it raininig outside? Yes or no? – restriction
7. I know that you are good at editing videos. Yes? Are you willing to work with us?
– topic control
8. All right. I know you want to speak up. Its your turn. – turn-taking
This document discusses different types of communicative strategies. It begins by
defining nomination as a strategy used to collaboratively establish topics of
conversation. It then defines restriction as limitations placed on a speaker, turn-taking
as rules governing who speaks, topic control as how formality affects topic
development, topic shifting as moving between topics, repair as addressing problems
that arise, and termination as expressions that end discussion of a topic. It provides
examples for each strategy. It then presents statements and asks the reader to identify
the strategy used in each. Finally, it outlines questions to consider when creating a
tourism commercial promoting a destination.

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