LECTURE 4:

ENERGY AND ENERGY

TRANSFER

Chapter 7 & 12 (12.4)

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 Learning Outcomes
1. Energy
2. Work Done by a Constant and varying force
3. Kinetic Energy and the Work Kinetic Energy Theorem
4. Potential Energy of System
5. Gravitational & Elastic potential energy
6. The Non isolated System – Conservation of Energy
7. Potential energy of a system Elastic properties of the solids: Young's, Bulk and-
Shear Modulus
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WORK
Work is the force necessary to move an object a distance.

Not Work Work

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Work
• Work :
▪ A scalar quantity

• The units of work : Not Work

▪ Work = Force x Distance

▪ SI unit of work is Joule = N × m
▪ CGS unit of work is erg = dyne × cm

Work
 Energy forms:
Energy
Energy is the ability to do work

Energy is a ………. quantity, that can measure in:

……………, in SI system.
…………… , in CGS system.

Where, (1 erg = 10−7 J)

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Energy forms

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 Work
Work :
A force on a body does work if the body undergoes a displacement.
Or, work is the transfer of energy through motion.

✓ A scalar quantity

Not Work
Work
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 Units of Work

The SI unit of work is the joule (named in honor of the 19th century English
physicist James Prescott Joule).

Since W = F.s, the unit of work is the unit of force multiplied by the unit of
distance.
In SI units:
1joule = (1 newton) (1 meter) or 1J = 1N ∙ m
In CGS units:
1erg = (1 dyne) (1 centimeter) or 1erg = 1dyen ∙ cm
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 Kinds of Work
1- Work Done by a Constant Force

2- Work Done by a Varying Force

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 Work Done by a Constant Force
If the constant force F is in the same direction as the displacement, the work W done on an object is:

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 Work Done by a Constant Force
If the constant force F is in the same direction as the displacement, the work W done on an object is:

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 Work Done by a Constant Force
If the constant force F is in the same direction as the displacement, the work W done on an object is:

If the constant force F makes an angle (θ) with the direction of the displacement, the work W
done on an object by this force is:

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 Work Done by a Constant Force

▪ If the book being lifted, is there any work done on it?

▪ If it being held or carried horizontally, is there any work done on them?

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 Work Done by a Constant Force
The sign of the work depends on the direction of F relative to ∆r

Positive Work Negative Work Zero work

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 Work Done by a Constant Force
Look at these pictures and tell if there any work done ?

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 Work Done by a Constant Force
Look at these pictures and tell if there any
work done ?

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work due to a variable force

Work done by a spring

If the spring is either stretched or compressed a small distance from its un-stretched (equilibrium)
configuration, it exerts on the block a force that can be expressed as:

where x is the position of the block relative to its equilibrium position (x = 0), and k is a positive

constant called the force constant or the spring constant of the spring

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work due to a variable force
Work Done by a Varying Force

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 2. Work done by a spring

If the spring is either stretched or compressed a small distance from its un-stretched (equilibrium)
configuration, it exerts on the block a force that can be expressed as:

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Work Done by a Spring
• Hooke’s law
• Example 7.5, P175

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 Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic energy concept:
• Energy which a body possesses because of its motion
• Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity and has the same units as work

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 Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy concept:

Energy which a body possesses because of its motion

Like work, the kinetic energy of a particle is a ……….. quantity, it depends on only the
particle’s ……… and ………… not its direction of motion.
Kinetic energy can never be negative, and it is zero only when the particle is at rest.
The SI unit of kinetic energy is the …………….
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 Kinetic Energy

1. Kinetic energy does not depend on 2. Kinetic energy increases linearly with
the direction of motion. the mass of the object.

3. Kinetic energy increases with the

square of the speed of the object.
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Work – Kinetic Energy Theorem

The total work done on an object is equal to

its final kinetic energy minus the initial kinetic energy
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Work - Kinetic Energy Theorem:
The work-energy theorem:
The work done by the net force on a particle equals the change in the particle’s kinetic energy.

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 Potential Energy of a System

 Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within
a force field (gravitational, magnetic, electrical).
 Is stored energy.
 is a scalar quantity
 has the same units as kinetic energy and work .
 We will focus primarily on
❖ gravitational potential energy (energy an object has because of its height above the
Earth) ,
❖and elastic potential energy ( energy stored in a spring )
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1. Gravitational Potential Energy
 is the potential energy associated with
gravitational force

 PE g = m x g x y
m is mass in kilograms
g is acceleration caused by gravity
y is vertical distance it can fall in meters.
 Depends on mass and height.

 Remember ( mg ) is weight in N , so ( mgy ) is force times distance.

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 gravitational work &
gravitational potential energy

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Gravitational potential Energy

• What is the gravitational potential energy

and its formula?

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Potential Energy of a System
Elastic Potential Energy
An object is elastic if it returns to its original shape after being deformed.

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in an elastic object, such as a spring:

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Potential Energy of a System

We learned that the work done by a spring is given by:

Ws = - ½ k ( xf2 – xi2 )

The Elastic potential energy stored in a spring is defined by:

PEs = ½ k x2
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KE vs. PE

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Conservation of Energy Law

Energy in a system may take on various forms, e.g. kinetic, potential, heat, light

The law of conservation of energy states that:

Energy may neither be created nor destroyed.

Therefore, the sum of all the energies in the system is a constant

KEi + PEi = KE f + PEf

1 1
𝑚𝑣𝑖2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓
2 2 38
Conservation of Energy Law

Conservative forces:
• Closed loop net force = 0, e.g., gravity, electrical, etc.
• Et (total energy)= KE + PE = constant

Non-conservative forces:
• Net force  0, e.g., friction, air resistance, etc.
• Et = KE + PE  constant

Non-conservative forces still conserve energy, energy just transfers to thermal energy. 39
Elastic Properties of Solids

All objects are deformable when external forces act on it.

That is, it is possible to change the shape or the size (or both) of an object by
applying external forces.

*Look at chapter (12) in the book: 40

Elastic Properties of Solids(12.4)

Stress & strain
Stress is the external force acting on an object per unit cross-sectional
area.

Stress = F \ A
The result of a stress is strain, which is a measure of the degree of deformation.

"Strain is proportional to stress. ( Strain 𝜶 Stress )."

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The elastic modulus

The elastic modulus is defined as the ratio of the stress to the resulting: strain.
Elastic modulus = stress / strain

The elastic modulus relates what is done to a solid object (a force is applied) to how that object responds (it
deforms to some extent).

Types of elastic modulus:

Young’s Shear modulus

modulus Bulk modulus
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 Ex.1: How much work is necessary to
lift 10 kg 5m in the air?
10 kg
Ans.:
1 ) 10 N 2 ) 50 J 5m
3 ) 490 J 4 ) 4900 J

The answer is:

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Mr. Clean
A man cleaning a floor pulls a vacuum
cleaner with a force of magnitude F=
50.0 N at an angle of 30.0° with the
horizontal. Calculate the work done by
the force on the vacuum cleaner as the
vacuum cleaner is displaced 3.00 m to
the right.

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A diver of mass m drops from
a board 10.0 m above the
water surface, as in the Figure.

a) Find his speed 5.00 m

above the water surface.
Neglect air resistance.

a) Find his speed when he hits

the water.
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Ans.:

KEi + PEi = KE f + PEf

his speed 5.00 m above the water

surface = 9.9 m/s 46
 Example
Ans.:

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Work

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