Jan 2014 PART – A May/June 2013

PART – A 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. Find 𝜕𝑥
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑦
.If 𝑢 = 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1. If 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑐, find 𝑑𝑥 . 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
2. If 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, then find 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
2. If 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, then find
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) PART – B
1 𝑑𝑢
(a).(i) If u = xy + yz + zx where 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑡 find 𝑑𝑡
PART – B
(ii) Test for maxima and minima of the function
(a) (i) Expand ex log e (1 + y) in powers of x and y upto terms of third 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 − 12𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 20)
degree. π
(b)(i) Expand ex siny near the point (−1, ) by Taylor’s series as far as
4
yz zx xy ∂(u,v,w)
(ii) If u = x
+ y
+ z
, then find ∂(x,y,z) quadratic terms.
(b) (i) Discuss the maxima and minima 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) (ii) Find the dimensions of the rectangular box open at a top of
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
(ii) If 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑧 − 𝑥, 𝑥 − 𝑦)then show that + + =0 maximum capacity, whose Surface area is 432sq.cm
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

JAN 2013 PART – A Jan 2012

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
PART – A 1. If 𝑢 = 𝑦 𝑥 show that𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦 ∂(r,s,t)
1. If 𝑟 = 𝑥
𝑠= 𝑦
𝑡= 𝑧
, then 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∂(x,y,z)
2. If 𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑢𝑣 find the jacobian of x and y with respect

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 to u and v
2. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑧 − 𝑥, 𝑥 − 𝑦)then find 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧
PART – B
PART – B
(a) (i) If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑢𝑣 P.T
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝟏 𝜕𝑢 𝟐 𝜕𝑢 𝟐 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
(a)(i) If 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 show that + = (( ) + ( ) ) 𝑧𝑢𝑢 + 𝑧𝑣𝑣 = 4(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) ( + )
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝒖 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
(ii) Test for the maxima and minima of the function (ii) Expand by Taylor series the function f(x,y)=x 2 y 2 + 2x 2 y + 3xy 2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 (6 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) in powers of x+2 and y-1 upto the third powers.
r r
(b).(i) If u = f(x, y) where x = e 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 & y = e sinθ, 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
(b)(i) If 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑢 = 0, 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑢𝑣 = 0, 𝑧 − 𝑢𝑣𝑤 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
P.T ∂x2 + ∂y2 = e−2r { ∂r2 + ∂θ2 }
(ii) Test for maxima and minima of the function
(ii)Show that the maximum value of 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 is 𝑟 and minimum 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 − 12𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 20)
𝑟2
value is − 2 May /June 2012
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 1
PART – A 𝑦
1. Given 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑥 ) Find the value of 𝑥 2 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑢𝑥𝑦 +
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
1. If 𝑢 = + + Show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0. 𝑦 2 𝑢𝑦𝑦
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 2. Write the sufficient condition for𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) to have maximum value at
2. If 𝑢 = ,𝑣 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) (a,b)
PART – B PART – B
(a)(i) Transform the equation zxx + 2zxy + zyy by changing the (a) (i) If u = f(x, y), where x = rcosθ and y = rsinθ, prove that
independent variables u = x − y , v = x + y. ∂u 2 ∂u 2 ∂u 2 1 ∂u 2
(ii) Expand by Taylor series the function f(x,y)=x 2 y + 3y − 2 in ( ) +( ) =( ) + ( )
∂x ∂y ∂r r2 ∂θ
powers of x-2 and y+2 up to the third powers. (ii) Expand by Taylor series the function f(x,y)=x 2 y 2 + 2x 2 y +
(b)(i)Find maximum and minimum values of 3xy 2 in powers of x+2 and y-1 up to the third powers.
f(x, y) = (x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2x + y) (b) (i)Find maximum and minimum values of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 +
(ii) A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32 c.c. 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦)
Find the dimensions of the box that requires the least material (ii) A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32 c.c.
for its construction. Find the dimensions of the box that requires the least material
for its construction.

Nov/Dec 2010 May/June 2009

PART – A PART – A
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 0 . 1.If 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑦 = 2𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑡 ?
2. If 𝑢 =
𝑥+𝑦
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 2.If 𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 then
1−𝑥𝑦 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
PART – B compute
π 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
(a) (i) Expand ex cos y near the point (1, 4 ) by Taylor’s series as far as
PART – B
quadratic
π
terms. (a)(i) Expand ex siny near the point (−1, 4 ) by Taylor’s series as far as
𝑦
(ii) 𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) Prove that 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 quadratic terms.
𝑥
(b)(i) Discuss the maxima and minima of the function 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
(ii) If 𝑢 = 𝑓 ( , , ) Prove that𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 ) 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
(ii) Find the Jacobian of y1 , y2 , y3 with respect to x1 , x2 , x3
x x x x
If y1 = 2 3 , y2 = 3 1 , y3 = 1 2
x x (b)(i) Examine the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 (12 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)for extreme
x1 x2 x3 values.
(ii) Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelepiped
x2 y2 z2
inscribed in the ellipsoid whose equation is + + = 1.
a2 b2 c2

May/June 2010 UNIT - II

PART – A
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 2
 FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
Function of Several Variables Second order partial derivatives:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be the function of single independent variable where 𝑥 is the 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
( )= = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , ( )= = 𝑓𝑥𝑦
independent variable and 𝑦 is the dependent variable. 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥

Let 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, . . . 𝑡 be a set of independent variables and 𝑢 be the dependent 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓

( )= = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 , ( )= = 𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
variable. The equation 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, . . . 𝑡) denotes the functional relation
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
which gives the value of 𝑢 for arbitrarily assigned values to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, . . . 𝑡. This 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: =
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
function is an explicit function. 𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
Example: 1 𝐈𝐟 𝒖 = + + , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 = 𝟎.
Most of the functions of more than one independent variable will be in the 𝒛 𝒙 𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

form of implicit functions of the form 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, . . . 𝑡) = 0. Solution:

Partial Derivatives: Differentiate partially with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑧 respectively we have

The ordinary derivative of a function of several variables with respect to one

of the independent variables, keeping all other independent variables as 𝜕𝑢 −1 1 𝜕𝑢 −𝑧 𝑥
= 𝑧( 2)+ ,𝑥 = ( ) + , − − −(1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
constant is called the partial derivative of the function with respect to that
𝜕𝑢 1 −1 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝑥
variable. = + 𝑥( 2) ,𝑦 = ( ) − , − − −(2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑧 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑧 𝑦
Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) in two variables. The partial derivative of 𝑓 with
𝜕𝑢 −1 1 𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 𝑧
respect to 𝑥 is = 𝑦( 2 ) + ,𝑧 = ( ) + , − − −(3)
𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= lim (1) + (2) + (3) ⇒∴ 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 0.
𝜕𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
The partial derivative of 𝑓with respect to 𝑦 is 𝝏𝒛
Example: 2 𝐈𝐟 𝒛 = 𝒚𝒇(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 ), 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒚 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒙 𝝏𝒚 =
𝝏𝒛 𝒙𝒛
,
𝒚
𝜕𝑓 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦) − 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
= lim Solution:
𝜕𝑦 ∆𝑦→0 ∆𝑦
𝜕𝑧
= 𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ). 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑧
= 𝑦𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ). (−2𝑦) + 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 3
 𝜕𝑧 1. If 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧), then prove that
𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − − − (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
(i)𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(1) + (2) ⇒ 𝑦 +𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (ii)(
𝜕
+
𝜕
+
𝜕
) 𝑢= −
9
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2
= 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑥𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) y
2. If 𝑢 = log(x 2 + y 2 ) + tan−1 , then prove that 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0
2 2) x
= 𝑥𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥𝑧 𝑧 3. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑧 − 𝑥) show that + + =0
= {∵ 𝑓(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = } 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 𝑦
Homogeneous Functions and Euler’s Theorem
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
Example: 3 If 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛 ), 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒛 = 𝒚 𝝏𝒛𝝏𝒙 = 𝒛 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Definition
Solution: A function 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be a homogeneous function in 𝑥 and 𝑦 of
𝑦
Given that 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) degree 𝑛, if it is in the form𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑛 ∅ ( 𝑥 ).
𝜕𝑢 2𝑦 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 2𝑦(−2𝑥)
= 2 , = ( )= 2 , Note: If 𝑓 ( 𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),then 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogenous function of
2 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
degree 𝑛
𝜕2 𝑢 −4𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑧 = 2 − − − (1) Euler’s Theorem
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑢 2𝑥 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 2𝑥(−2𝑧) If𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛, then 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 2 2 2
, = ( )= 2 ,
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 𝒙+𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒖
Example: 1 If 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 ( ), prove that𝒙 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = 𝟐
.
2 √𝒙+√𝒚
𝜕 𝑢 −4𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝑦 = 2 − − − (2)
𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 Solution:
𝜕𝑢 2𝑧 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 2𝑧(−2𝑦) Given 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (
𝑥+𝑦
)
= 2 2 2
, = ( )= 𝟐 , √𝑥+√𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 (𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 )𝟐
𝑥+𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢 −4𝑥𝑦𝑧 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦) = ( 𝑠𝑎𝑦 )
𝑥 = 2 − − − (3) √𝑥 + √ 𝑦
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
From (1), (2) & (3),we have 𝑡𝑥 + 𝑡𝑦 𝑡(𝑥 + 𝑦) √𝑡 √𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑦 1
𝑓 ( 𝑡𝑥 , 𝑡𝑦) = = = ( ) = 𝑡 ⁄2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
√𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑦 √𝑡(√𝑥 + √𝑦) √𝑡 √𝑥 + √ 𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
∴𝑥 =𝑦 =𝑧 1
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 i.e. 𝑓 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 2
.

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓

By Euler’s Theorem, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 4
 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝑥3 + 𝑦 3
𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) + 𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 = = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑥−𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑥3 + 𝑦 3
𝑥(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) + 𝑦(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑥−𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢
÷ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) ⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 = ( )⇒𝑥 +𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑡 3 𝑥 3 + 𝑡 3 𝑦 3 𝑡 3 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝑓 (𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = = = 𝑡 2 𝑓 ( 𝑥, 𝑦)
Example: 2 If 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ), Prove that𝒙 +𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒖. 𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡𝑦 𝑡(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝒙−𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚

𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 i.e. 𝑓 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 2.

Solution: Given 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑥−𝑦
) ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 = 𝑥−𝑦
= 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦)(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕
3 3 By Euler’s Theorem, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓. 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) + 𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
𝑥−𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
⇒ 𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) + 𝑦(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 ⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 =2 = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
3 3
𝑡 𝑥 +𝑡 𝑦 3 3
𝑡 𝑥 +𝑦 3 3 3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝑓 (𝑡𝑥, 𝑡𝑦) = = = 𝑡 2 𝑓 ( 𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑡𝑥 − 𝑡𝑦 𝑡 𝑥−𝑦 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
i.e.𝑓 is a homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 = 2 1. Verify Euler’s theorem for 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦 3 𝑥
𝜕𝑢
+𝑦
𝜕𝑢
= 3𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
By Euler’s Theorem, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑓 𝑥 2 +𝑦2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2. If 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑥−𝑦
), Prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢
𝜕 𝜕 𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢) + 𝑦 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢) = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 3. If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ), Prove that 𝑥 +𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 √𝑥 −√𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 Total Differential Coefficient:

⇒ 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢) + 𝑦(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢) = 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 In partial differentiation of a function of two or more variables, it is assumed
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢 that only one of the independent variables varies at a time. In
÷ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢) ⇒ 𝑥 +𝑦 =2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
total differentiation, all the independent variables concerned are assumed to
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 =2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢 vary and so to take increments simultaneously.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 If u = f(x, y) is a function of x&y where x = f(t)&y = g(t) then
⇒𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 {𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝒙𝟑 +𝒚𝟑 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
Example: 3 If 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ), Prove that𝒙 +𝒚 = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒖.
𝒙−𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Solution: = .+ − − − (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 𝑑𝑢
Given 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) is called the total differential coefficient of 𝑢.
𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 5
Note: 𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥𝑦 3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦
1. In the Differential form, (1) can be written as 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = = 𝑒𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2
where 𝑑𝑢is called the total differential coefficient of𝑢. 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
2. Replacing t by x in (1), we get = + .
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
3. The above result can be extended to functions of several variables. = +
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝒖 1
Example: 1 Find when 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕. = 2𝑥𝑦 3 . + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 . 𝑒 𝑡 {∵ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 }
𝒅𝒕 𝑡
Solution: 1
= 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡(𝑒 𝑡 )3 + 3(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡)2 (𝑒 𝑡 )2 𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑡
= . + . 1
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡(𝑒 𝑡 )3 + 3(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡)2 (𝑒 2𝑡 )𝑒 𝑡
𝑡
= 2𝑥. 2𝑎𝑡 + 2𝑦. 2𝑎 = 4𝑎𝑡(𝑎𝑡 2 ) + 4𝑎. 2𝑎𝑡 = 4𝑎 2 𝑡(𝑡 2 + 2)
2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡𝑒 3𝑡
Example: 2 Find
𝒅𝒖
if 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 where 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟑 & 𝒚 = 𝒕𝟐 = + 3(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡)2 𝑒 3𝑡
𝒅𝒕 𝑡
Solution: Example: 4 Find
𝒅𝒖
𝐢𝐟 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝒚) where x = 𝟑𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒕𝟑 .
𝒅𝒕
𝑢 = 𝑥3𝑦 4 𝑥 = 𝑡3 𝑦 = 𝑡2 Solution:
𝜕𝑢
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑥 = 3𝑡 𝑦 = 4𝑡 3
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑡 2 = 2𝑡 𝜕𝑢 1
𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
= 4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝜕𝑥 √1 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)2
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=3 = 12𝑡 2
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 −1 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
= + = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 . 3𝑡 2 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 3 . 2t =
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 √1 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)2

= 9(𝑡 3 )2 (𝑡 2 )4 𝑡 2 + 8(𝑡 3 )3 (𝑡 2 )3 t {∵ 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 } 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 =
1
.3+
−1
. ( 12𝑡 2 )
𝑑𝑡 √1−(𝑥−𝑦)2 √1−(𝑥−𝑦)2
1
= (3 − 12𝑡 2 ) − − − (1)
= 9𝑡 6 𝑡 8 𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 9 𝑡 6 𝑡 = 9𝑡16 +8𝑡16 = 17𝑡16 √1−(𝑥−𝑦)2

𝒅𝒖
Example: 3 Find 𝒅𝒕
if 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 where 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒕 & 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕

Solution:
𝑢 = 𝑥2𝑦 3 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑡

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 6
Now, 1 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 1 − (3𝑡 − 4𝑡 3 )2 = 1 − 9𝑡 2 + 24𝑡 4 − 16𝑡 6 2. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 Find
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡
= 1 − 8𝑡 2 − 𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 4 + 8𝑡 4 − 16𝑡 4 . 𝑡 2
Ans: 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡(𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
3 3

= 1 − 8𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 4 − 𝑡 2 (1 − 8𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 4 )
Partial Derivative of a function of two functions:
= (1 − 𝑡 2 )(1 − 8𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 4 )
If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)& 𝑣 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)
= (1 − 𝑡 2 )(1 − 4𝑡 2 )2 − − − (2) 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = . + . ;
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣
= . + .
𝑑𝑢 1 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
Using (2) in (1), = (3 − 12𝑡 2 )
𝑑𝑡 √(1−𝑡 2 )(1−4𝑡 2 )2

1 3 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
= . 3(1 − 4𝑡 2 ) = . Example: 1 If 𝒖 = 𝒇 (𝒚 , 𝒛 , 𝒙), prove that 𝒙𝒖𝒙 + 𝒚𝒖𝒚 + 𝒛𝒖𝒛 = 𝟎.
(1 − 4𝑡 2 )√(1 − 𝑡 2 ) √(1 − 𝑡2 )
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 Solution:
Example: 5 If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛 + 𝒛𝒙, where𝒙 = 𝒆𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 &𝒛 = , find .
𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Given 𝑢 = 𝑓 ( , , )
Solution: 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
By total differentiation, we have Let 𝑝 = 𝑦 , 𝑞 = 𝑧 , 𝑟 = 𝑥 − − − (1)
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑧  𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟), where 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 are functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 as assumed in (1)
= . + . + .
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑧
1 = . + . = ( )+ (− 2 ) − − − (2)
= (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑒 𝑡 + (𝑧 + 𝑥)(−𝑒 −𝑡 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦) (− 2 ) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑝 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 1
1 1 1 = . + . = (− 2 ) + ( ) − − − (3)
= (𝑒 −𝑡 + ) 𝑒 𝑡 + ( + 𝑒 𝑡 ) (−𝑒 −𝑡 ) + (𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ) (− 2 ) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑝 𝑦 𝜕𝑞 𝑧
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 1
1 1 1 1 = . + . = (− 2 ) + ( ) − − − (4)
= 1 + 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 − 1 − 2 𝑒 𝑡 − 2 𝑒 −𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝑥
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
1 𝑡 1 2 2 From (2), (3) & (4), we have
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑡 ) − 2 (𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥
𝑥𝑢𝑥 + 𝑦𝑢𝑦 + 𝑧𝑢𝑧 = ( − ) + (− + ) + (− + )
2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = (𝑒 − 𝑒 ); 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = (𝑒 + 𝑒 ) 𝑦 𝜕𝑝 𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑝 𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝑥 𝜕𝑟
=0
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE: Example.2 If 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚), where 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 and 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, prove that

1. Find
𝑑𝑢
, when 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 , 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 Ans:𝑡 3 ( 4 + 𝑡)𝑒 𝑡 𝝏𝒖 𝟐 𝝏𝒖 𝟐 𝝏𝒖 𝟐 𝟏 𝝏𝒖 𝟐
𝑑𝑡 ( ) +( ) = ( ) + 𝟐( )
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 7
 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= + = −𝑒 −𝑣 − 𝑒𝑣 − − − (2)
Solution: 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Given:𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) (1) - (2)⇒ 𝜕𝑢 − 𝜕𝑣 = (𝑒 𝑢 +𝑒 −𝑣 ) 𝜕𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑣 ) 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 − 𝑦 𝜕𝑦
where𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Example: 4 Given the transformation 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚, 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 and that 𝐟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 is a function of 𝐮&𝐯 and also of 𝒙 and 𝒚, prove that
= . + .
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝟐 𝟐)
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 + = (𝒖 + 𝒗 ( + )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ( ) − − − (1) 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒖𝟐 𝝏𝒗𝟐
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Solution:
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= . + . = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ( ) + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ( ) 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 = . + .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ( ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ( )
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
( ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ( ) − − − (2)
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑢 ( ) + 𝑣 ( ) − − − (1)
Squaring both sides of (1) and (2) and adding, we get 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑢 2 1 𝜕𝑢 2 ≡𝑢 +𝑣 − − − (2)
( ) + 2( ) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
We know that, = ( )
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ( ) + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ( ) ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
i.e.𝜕𝑥 2 = (𝑢 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 ) (𝑢 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 )
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ( ) − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ( ) ( ) 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑢. (𝑢 + 𝑣 ) + 𝑣. (𝑢 +𝑣 )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) {(𝜕𝑥 ) + (𝜕𝑦 ) }Since(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1) 𝜕 2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= 𝑢 (𝑢 + . 1 + 𝑣. ) + 𝑣 (𝑢. + 𝑣 + . 1)
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
=( ) +( ) 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑢2 2
+ 𝑢 + 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2
2
+𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
Example: 3 If z be a function of 𝒙 & 𝒚, where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝒆−𝒗 &
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛 = 𝑢2 + 𝑢 + 2𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2
+𝑣 − − − (3)
𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒖 − 𝒆𝒗 , P.T 𝝏𝒖
− 𝝏𝒗
=𝒙 𝝏𝒙
−𝒚 𝝏𝒚
. 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Solution: Since, 𝑓 is a homogeneous function, we have =
𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
= + = 𝑒𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑢 − − − (1) = . + . = −𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ( ) + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 ( )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 8
 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= −𝑣 ( ) + 𝑢 ( ) − − − (4) = . + . = −𝑦 +𝑥 − − − (4)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
i.e. ≡ −𝑣 +𝑢 − − − (5) 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 (3) ⇒ =𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Now, 𝜕𝑦 2
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝜕𝑦 ) = (−𝑣 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑢 𝜕𝑣 ) (−𝑣 𝜕𝑢 + 𝑢 𝜕𝑣 ) 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(4) ⇒ = −𝑦 + 𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= −𝑣. (−𝑣 + 𝑢 ) + 𝑢. (−𝑣 +𝑢 ) 𝜕2 𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 Now, =
𝜕 𝜕𝑢
( ) = (𝑥
𝜕
+𝑦
𝜕
) (𝑥
𝜕𝑢
+𝑦
𝜕𝑢
)
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 =𝑥 [𝑥 + 𝑦 ] + 𝑦 [𝑥 +𝑦 ]
= −𝑣 (−𝑣. 2 + 𝑢 + . 1) + 𝑢 (−𝑣 + . (−1) + 𝑢 2 ) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
= 𝑣2 − 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑢 + 𝑢 2 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 2 = 𝑥 [𝑥 + . 1 + 𝑦 ] + 𝑦 [𝑥 + 𝑦 + . 1]
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
= 𝑣2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 − 𝑢 + 𝑢 2
− − − (6)
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 2
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Since, 𝑓 is a homogeneous function, we have 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 = 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
+𝑦
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Adding (3) and (6), we get 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦 2 = (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) (𝜕𝑢2 + 𝜕𝑣 2). 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2 2
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 +𝑦 − − − (5)
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
Example: 5 If 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) where 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽& 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽, P.T + =
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 2
= ( ) = (−𝑦 + 𝑥 ) (−𝑦 +𝑥 )
𝒆−𝟐𝒓 { + } 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒓𝟐 𝝏𝜽𝟐
𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Solution: = −𝑦 [−𝑦 +𝑥 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟
= 𝑒 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥&𝜕𝜃 = −𝑒 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −𝑦 − − − (1) 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+𝑥 [−𝑦 +𝑥 ]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑟
= 𝑒 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑦 &𝜕𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑥 − − − (2)
𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Using (1) & (2) we have, = −𝑦 [−𝑦 + . 1 + 𝑥 ]
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= . + . =𝑥 +𝑦 − − − (3) 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑥 [−𝑦 − . 1 + 𝑥 2]
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 9
 𝜕2 𝑧 2
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 2
𝜕2 𝑧
= 4𝑥 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 − − − (2)
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2
= 𝑦2 − 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 = + = −2𝑦. + 2𝑥. − − − (3)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2 𝑢 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2
𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑦 − 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − − − (6) 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 (3) ⇒ = −2𝑦. + 2𝑥.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
(5) + (6) ⇒
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 2 2
𝜕2 𝑢 2 2
𝜕2 𝑢 2 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 2
= ( ) = (−2𝑦. + 2𝑥. ) (−2𝑦. + 2𝑥. )
+ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) { + } 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑒 2𝑟 { + } 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 = 4 {– 𝑦. (−𝑦. + 𝑥. ) + 𝑥. (−𝑦. + 𝑥. )}
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
∵ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑒 2𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑒 2𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑒 2𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 𝑒 2𝑟

𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 4 {−𝑦 (−𝑦 𝜕𝑢2 + 𝑥 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 ) + 𝑥. (−𝑦 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 + 𝑥 𝜕𝑣 2)} (𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 = )
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢
∴ 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2
= 𝑒 −2𝑟 { 2 + 2} . Hence the proof.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 4 {𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥2 2}
Example: 6 If 𝒛 = 𝒇(𝒖, 𝒗) where 𝒖 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 , 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 P.T 𝒛𝒙𝒙 + 𝒛𝒚𝒚 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢

𝟒(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝝏𝒖𝟐 + 𝝏𝒗𝟐)

𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝒛 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 4𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 2
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2
Solution: 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
2 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 4𝑦 − 8𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 − − − (4)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2
= + = 2𝑥. + 2𝑦. − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 (2) + (4) ⇒ 𝑧𝑥𝑥 + 𝑧𝑦𝑦 = (4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ) + (4𝑥 2
+ 4𝑦 2)
(1) ⇒ = 2𝑥. + 2𝑦. 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 4(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) ( 2 + 2 )
= ( ) = (2𝑥. + 2𝑦. ) (2𝑥. + 2𝑦. ) 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:
= 4 {𝑥 [𝑥 + 𝑦 ] + 𝑦 [𝑥 + 𝑦 ]}
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1. If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) where𝑥 = 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 , 𝑦 = 2𝑢𝑣 P.T 𝑧𝑢𝑢 + 𝑧𝑣𝑣 = 4(𝑢2 +
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
𝑣2) ( + )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
2 2 2 2
𝜕 𝑧 𝜕 𝑧 𝜕 𝑧 𝜕 𝑧
= 4 {𝑥 [𝑥 +𝑦 ] + 𝑦 [𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ]}
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
= 4 {𝑥 2 𝜕𝑢2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 + 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 2}
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 10
 𝒅𝒚 𝒚
Example: 2 Find 𝒅𝒙
, 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒙)

Solution
Differentiation of implicit function 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
If x and y are connected by means of a relation of the form 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥
0, 𝑥 and 𝑦 are implicitly related (or) 𝑦 is an implicit function of ‘𝑥’ since 𝜕𝑓 2𝑥 𝑥2 𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑦
= 2 + (− 2 ) = 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.
𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 2𝑦 𝑥2 1 2𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ( ) 𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑓 = 0 by definition of total differentiation 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 = 2 + ( )= 2 ⇒ = − 𝜕𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥2 𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑓
( ) 2𝑦 + 𝑥
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑦 ( )
𝜕𝑥
= − 𝜕𝑓 Example: 3 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝
𝑑𝑦
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝑑𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
Solution:
Note :
Given 𝑓 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
Partial derivatives are denoted as 𝑝 = ;𝑞 = ;𝑟 = ;𝑠 = ;𝑡 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑓𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑎𝑥𝑦 𝑓𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑝 −𝜕𝑓
=− 𝑑𝑦 −(3𝑥 2 − 6𝑎𝑥𝑦) −3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥𝑦) 2𝑎𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑞 = 𝜕𝑥
= = = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑓 (3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 ) 3(𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 2 ) 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦

Diff. both sides w. r. to ‘𝑥’ PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:

2 2 2 du
𝑑 𝑦 (𝑝 𝑡 − 2𝑝𝑞𝑠 + 𝑞 𝑟) 1. Find dt , if 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦 2 ); 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡
2
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑞3
1
𝒅𝒚 Ans.: 𝑦 2 ( + 2𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥𝑦 2 )
Example: 1 If 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒄, 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝒅𝒙
. 𝑡

Solution:
Given: 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑐,
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑐,
𝜕𝑓 𝑑
𝜕𝑥
= 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑦 𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) Formula:𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
𝜕𝑓
= (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 ( ) 𝑦 𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) + 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 =− 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 +(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑥 𝑦
( )
𝜕𝑦

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 11
Taylor’s Theorem for Functions of Two Variables
We know that Taylor’s theorem for a function of single variable is Example: 1 Expand 𝒆𝒙𝒚 in powers of (𝒙 − 𝟏) and (y-1) up to third
ℎ2 ′′ degree terms, by Taylor’s series [A.U 2001,2009]
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑥) + − − −
2! Solution:
Let us consider the function of two variables 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘).Expand this
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
faction by using Taylor’s theorem by considering 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ , 𝑦 + 𝑘)as a
The Taylor’s series 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) about (𝑎, 𝑏) is
𝜕
function of single variable. We have𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑘) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + (ℎ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + {(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)}
2
𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 1
) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + (ℎ + ) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) + − − − − − − + {(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝜕𝑦 2! 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
2!
Taylor Series and Maclaurin Series: + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)}
Taylor series for 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) about a point (a, b) is 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) + 1
1 + {(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
{(𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)} + 2! {(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 3!
1 + 3(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)} + ⋯
𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)} + {(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑦 −
3!
Here (a,b) = (1,1)
𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏) 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)} + ⋯
2
We have 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓(1,1) = 𝑒
Maclaurin’ s Series for 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(0,0) + {𝑥 𝑓𝑥(0,0) + 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 . 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥 (1,1) = 𝑒
1 2 2
𝑦 𝑓𝑦(0,0)} + {𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑥(0,0) + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦(0,0) + 𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0, 0)} + 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 . 𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 (1,1) = 𝑒
2!
1
{𝑥 3 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (0,0) + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0,0) + 𝑦 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (0,0)} + ⋯ 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 . 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 . 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,1) = 𝑒
3!
𝑓𝑥𝑦 =.𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑒 𝑥𝑦
.1 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
(𝑥 + 1) , 𝑓𝑥𝑦(1,1)=2𝑒

Notation : 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 . 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 . 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦(1,1)=𝑒

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 =.𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 . 2𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (1,1) = 3𝑒
𝑓𝑥 = ; 𝑓𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥 2 ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕3 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕3 𝑓 𝜕3 𝑓
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 = ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 = ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 3

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 12
 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 =𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 + 1)𝑥 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (1,1) = 3𝑒
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦 2 . 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 . 𝑦 = 𝑦 3 . 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (1,1) = 𝑒 f(x,y)=𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑓(−2,1) = 4.1 + 2.4.1 + 3(−2). 1
2
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 3
.𝑥 = 𝑥 .𝑒 𝑥𝑦
, 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (1,1) = 𝑒 𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 =6
The Taylor series expansion for 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
about (1,1) is 2
𝑓𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑥 (−2,1) = 2(– 2).1+4(– 2).1+3.1
1
𝑒 𝑥𝑦 =𝑒 + (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 + (𝑦 − 1)𝑒+ [(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑒+2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1)2𝑒 + 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 =–9
2!

(𝑦 − 1)2 𝑒] +
1
[(𝑥 − 1)3 𝑒 + 3(𝑥−1)2 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 𝑓𝑦 (−2,1) = 2.4.1+2.4+6(– 2).1 = 4
3!
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−2,1) = 2.1+4.1 = 6
(𝑦 − 1)3𝑒 + 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1)2 3𝑒 + (𝑦 − 1)3 𝑒]
1 1 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (−2,1) = 4(– 2).1 + 4(– 2) + 6.1
= e{1 + (x − 1) + (y − 1)+2 [(𝑥 − 1)2 +4(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1)+(𝑦 − 1)2 ] + 6 [(𝑥 −
𝜕 = – 10
1)3 + 9(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦 − 1) + 9(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)3 ] + ⋯ } 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 = (𝑓 ) = 4𝑦 + 4
𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−2,1) =2.4 + 6(– 2) = – 4
Example: 2 Expand by Taylor series the function f(x,y)=𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝜕
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 = (𝑓 = 4𝑥 + 6 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (−2,1 ) =0
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 in powers of x+2 and y-1 upto the third powers. [A.U 𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑦)
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (−2,1) = 4.1 + 4 = 8
2010,2012] 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (−2,1) =4.( – 2) + 6 = – 2
Solution:
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (−2,1) = 0
We know Taylor’s series about the point (𝑎, 𝑏) is,
𝑓( 𝑥 , 𝑦) = 𝑓( 𝑎, 𝑏) + [( 𝑥 − 𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + ( 𝑦 − 𝑏) 𝑓𝑦 ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 )] ∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(−2,1) + [(𝑥 + 2)𝑓𝑥 (−2,1) + (𝑦 − 1)𝑓𝑦 (−2,1)]

1 1
+ [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + [(𝑥 + 2)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−2,1) + 2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 − 1)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (−2,1)
2! 2!
1 + (𝑦 − 1)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−2,1)]
+ (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 ]𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏)
3! 1
2
+ [(𝑥 + 2)3 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (−2,1) + 3(𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑦 − 1)𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (−2,1)
+ 3(𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑦 – 𝑏 )𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) 3!
+3(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + … … + 3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 − 1)2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (−2,1) + (𝑦 − 1)3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (−2,1)] + ⋯
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2
1
Here f(x,y)=𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 and (𝑎, 𝑏) = (−2,1) = 6 + [−9(𝑥 + 2) + 4(𝑦 − 1)] + [6(𝑥 + 2)2
2!
− 20(𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 − 1) − 4(𝑦 − 1)2 ]
1
+ [24(𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑦 − 1) − 6(𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 − 1)2 ] + ⋯
3!

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 13
Example: 3 Expand 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 (𝟏 + 𝒚) in powers of x and y up to terms of At (0,0)
third degree [A.U2000, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2010] 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 + 𝑥. 0 + 𝑦. 1 + [𝑥 2 . 0 + 2𝑥𝑦. 1 + 𝑦 2 . (−1)]
Solution: 2
1
Required the expansion in powers of x and y and so Maclaurin’s series + [𝑥 3 . 0 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦. 1 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 (−1) + 𝑦 3 . 2]
6
is to be used. 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑒 𝑥 log(1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 .
We know that 2 2 2 3
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(0,0) + [𝑥𝑓𝑥 (0,0) + 𝑦𝑓𝑦 (0,0)] Example: 4 Expand 𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 in powers of x and y at (0,0) up to third

1 degree term , by Taylor’s theorem. [AU 2009, 2010]

+ [𝑥 2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) + 2𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) + 𝑦 2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0)]
2 Solution:
1 Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
+ [𝑥 3 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (0,0) + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (0,0) + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0,0) + 𝑦 3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (0,0)] + ⋯
3!
We know that Taylor’s series for f(x, y) about (a, b) is
Given f(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 log(1 + 𝑦) ; 𝑓(0,0) = log 1 = 0
Let we know 𝑓( 𝑥 , 𝑦) = 𝑓( 𝑎, 𝑏) + [( 𝑥 − 𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + ( 𝑦 −
∴ 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 log(1 + 𝑦) ; 𝑓𝑥 (0,0) = 0 1
𝑏) 𝑓𝑦 ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 )] + [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) +
1 2!
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 1 1
1+𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 ]𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 3(𝑥 −
3!
𝑥
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 log(1 + 𝑦) ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 0
𝑏)2 (𝑦 – 𝑏 )𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
1
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . ; 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 1 +3(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + … …
1+𝑦
𝑒𝑥 Here (𝑎, 𝑏) = (0,0)
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = − ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −1
(1 + 𝑦)2 We have 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 , 𝑓(0,0) = 1
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 log(1 + 𝑦) ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 0 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑒 cos 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥 (0,0) = 1
𝑓𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦) , 𝑓𝑦 (0,0) = 0
1 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 1
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 1
1+𝑦 𝑥 (−
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑦) , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 0
𝑒𝑥
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 =− ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −1 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −1
(1 + 𝑦)2
2𝑒 𝑥 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (0,0) = 1
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 = ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = 2
(1 + 𝑦)3 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦) , 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (0,0) = 0

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 14
 𝜕 𝑥 (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )2 .0−𝑥.2𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2) = { (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )2
} = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = −1
𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦) , 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (0,0) = 0
𝐴𝑡(1,1)
Taylor’s series about (0, 0) is 𝜋
𝑓 (1,1) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 1 =
1 2 1 4
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) + ⋯
2! 3! ∴ 𝑓(1,1)𝑥 = −
1 1
, 𝑓𝑦 (1,1)= , 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1 ,1) =
2
=
1
2 2 22 2
1 1
∴ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) + ⋯ 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1 ,1) = 0, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1 ,1) = −
2
=−
1
2 6 22 2
𝒚
Example: 5 Expand 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 about (1, 1) up to the second degree terms. Using these values in (1), weget
𝒙

Solution: 𝜋 1 1
∴ 𝑓( 𝑥, 𝑦 ) =
+ [( 𝑥 − 1 ) (− ) + ( 𝑦 − 1). ( )]
4 2 2
We know the expansion of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) about the point (𝑎, 𝑏) as Taylor’s series
is We know 𝑓( 𝑥 , 𝑦) = 𝑓( 𝑎, 𝑏) + [( 𝑥 − 𝑎 )𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + ( 𝑦 − 1 1
1
+ [ (𝑥 − 1)2 . ( ) + (𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1).0
𝑏)𝑓𝑦 ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 )] + 2! [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2! 2
(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] 1
+ (𝑦 − 1)2 ( − )] + ⋯ .
Here ( 𝑎, 𝑏) = (1,1) 2
𝑦 𝜋 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(1,1) + [( 𝑥 − 1 ) 𝑓𝑥 (1, 1) + ( 𝑦 − 1) 𝑓𝑦 ( 1 , 1 )] 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = − ( 𝑥 − 1 ) + ( 𝑦 − 1). + (𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑥 4 2 2 4 4
1
+ [(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,1) + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1,1) Example: 6 Expand 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐 in powers of 𝒙 − 𝟏 and 𝒚 + 𝟐 using
2!
Taylor’s theorem.
+ (𝑦 − 1)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1,1)] + − − −(1)
𝑦 Solution
Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥 We know𝑓( 𝑥 , 𝑦) = 𝑓( 𝑎, 𝑏) + [( 𝑥 − 𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + ( 𝑦 − 𝑏) 𝑓𝑦 ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 )]
1
−𝑦 −𝑦
∴ 𝑓𝑥 = ( )= 2 1
1+
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥 + 𝑦2 + [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑥2 2!
1 1 𝑥 1
𝑓𝑦 = . = 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 ]𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑦2 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦2 3!
1 + 𝑥2
+ 3(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑦 – 𝑏 )𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2 .0−𝑦.2𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = − { (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
} = (𝑥 2+𝑦 2)2 +3(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + … …
𝜕 −𝑦 [(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2 .1−𝑦.2𝑦] 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 Here ( 𝑎, 𝑏) = (1, −2)
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ( )= =
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(1, −2) + [( 𝑥 − 1 ) 𝑓𝑥 (1, −2) + (𝑦 + 2) 𝑓𝑦 (1, −2)]

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 15
 1 1
+ [ (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1, −2) + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 + 2))𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1, −2) + [(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 2(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
2! 2!
+ (𝑦 + 2)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1, −2)] + − − −(1) 1
+ (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + [(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 ]𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏)
3!
Given 𝑓( 𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2
+ 3(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 (𝑦 – 𝑏 )𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑓𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 0 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0
+3(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)3 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 (𝑎, 𝑏)] + … …
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥, 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 = 2
𝜋
At (1,-2) Here 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 and the point is (1, 4 )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
f(1,-2) = -2-6-2=-10; 𝑓𝑥 (1,-2)= - 4, 𝑓𝑦 (1 , -2) = 4,𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1,-2) = 2, 𝑓𝑥𝑥 =(1.- ∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 (1, ) + [(𝑥 − 1)𝑓𝑥 (1, ) + (𝑦 − ) 𝑓𝑦 (1, )]
4 4 4 4
2)= - 4, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 =0 , 𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑥 =0, 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+ [(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1, ) + 2(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − ) 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1, ) + (𝑦 −
2 4 4 4
𝑓𝑥𝑥𝑦 =2, 𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑦 =0, 𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦 =0
𝜋 2 𝜋
Using these values in (1) ,we get 4
) 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1, 4 )] + − − −(1)
1 𝜋
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 2 = −10 + [(𝑥 − 1) (−4) + (𝑦 + 2).4] + [ (𝑥 − 1)2 (− 4) Here (𝑎, 𝑏) = (1, 4 )
2!
+ 2(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 + 2).2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 . 0] 𝜋 𝑒
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ; 𝑓 (1, ) =
4 √2
1
+ [(𝑥 − 1)3 . 0 + 3(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 + 2 ).2 + 3 (𝑥 𝜋 𝑒 𝜋 𝑒
3! 𝑓𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . cos 𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥 (1, ) = 𝑓𝑦 (1, ) = −
4 √2 4 √2
− 1) (𝑦 + 2)2 . 0 + 0 ] + ⋯. 𝜋 𝑒
𝑓𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1, ) =
= −10 − 4 (𝑥 − 1) + 4(𝑦 + 2) − 2(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 4 √2
+ 2) + (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑦 + 2). 𝜕 𝑥 𝜋 𝑒
𝑓𝑥𝑦 = (𝑒 cos 𝑦) = −𝑒 𝑥 . sin 𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑥𝑦 (1, ) = −
𝛑 𝜕𝑦 4 √2
Example: 8 Expand 𝐞𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐲 near the point (𝟏, ) by Taylor’s series as
𝟒 𝜋 𝑒
𝑓𝑦𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 . cos 𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1, ) = −
far as quadratic terms. 4 √2
Solution: Using these values in (1) ,weget
We know the expansion of 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) about the point (𝑎, 𝑏) as Taylor’s 𝑒 𝑒 𝜋
∴ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = √2 + (𝑥 − 1) √2 + (𝑦 − 4 ) (− √2) +
𝑒

series is
We know 𝑓( 𝑥 , 𝑦) = 𝑓( 𝑎, 𝑏) + [( 𝑥 − 𝑎 ) 𝑓𝑥 (𝑎, 𝑏) + ( 𝑦 − 𝑏) 𝑓𝑦 ( 𝑎 , 𝑏 )]

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 16
 1 𝑒 𝜋 𝑒 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
[(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2(𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − ) (− )
2 4
√2 √2 | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝜋 2 𝑒 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
+ (𝑦 − ) (− )] + ⋯. =
4 √2 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 |
𝑒 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 2
= [1 + (𝑥 − 1) − (𝑦 − ) + (𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑥 − 1) (𝑦 − ) − (𝑦 − ) ] 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
√2 4 2 4 2 4
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:
NOTE
1. Expand 𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 in powers of 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑦 − 1 using Taylor’s
1. To define the Jacobian of n dependent variables, each of these must
theorem.
be a function of n independent variables.
Ans:− 9 + 3(𝑥 + 2) − 7(𝑦 − 1) + 2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 − 1) − 2(𝑦 − 1)2 +
2. The concept of Jacobians is used when we change the variables in
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑦 − 1)2 + ⋯
multiple integrals (see property 4 given below)
2. Find the Taylor’s series expansions of 𝑦 𝑥 at (1,1) up to second degree
PROPERTIES OF JACOBIANS
terms. Ans:1 + (𝑦 − 1) + (𝑥 − 1)(𝑦 − 1) + ⋯
𝝏(𝒖,𝒗) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
JACOBIANS: 1. If 𝒖 and 𝒗 are function of x and y then × =𝟏
𝝏(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)

If u and v are functions of two independent variables xand y, then Proof:

the determinant Let 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) . when we solve 𝑥 and 𝑦, let
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 = ∅(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝜓(𝑢, 𝑣)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 Then
|| |
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 |
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 . + . = =1
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u
Is called the Jacobian or functional determinant of u, v with respect ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
. + . = = 0 − − − (1)
∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂v
to x and y and is written as
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝑢, 𝑣 .
∂x ∂u
+ ∂y . ∂u = ∂u
=0
𝑜𝑟 𝐽 ( )
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥, 𝑦 ∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
. + . = =1
∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂v
Similarly the Jacobian of u, v, w with respect to x, y, z is defined as

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 17
 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
Example: 1 If x = u(1+v), y = v(1+u), find 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗).
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 Solution
Now 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
× 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
= |𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
| × |𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
| =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 1+𝑣 𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 = | 𝜕𝑣 | = |
𝜕𝑢 |
(𝜕𝑥 . 𝜕𝑢 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝜕𝑢) (𝜕𝑥 . 𝜕𝑣 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝜕𝑣 ) 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑣 1+𝑢
| 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
| 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
(𝜕𝑥 . 𝜕𝑢 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝜕𝑢) (𝜕𝑥 . 𝜕𝑣 + 𝜕𝑦 . 𝜕𝑣 )
= (1+u)(1+v) – uv
1 0
=| | [by (1)] = 1 + v + u + uv –uv= 1 + u + v.
0 1
𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
=1 Example: 2 If = ,𝒗= , then find .
𝒙 𝒚 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
2. If 𝐮 and 𝐯 are functions of 𝐫 and 𝐬 , where 𝐫 and 𝐬 are functions
Solution
of 𝐱 and 𝐲, then 𝑦2 𝑥2
Given that = , 𝑣=
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕(𝑟, 𝑠) 𝑥 𝑦
= × 𝑦2
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑟, 𝑠) 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑢
= − 𝑥2 ,
𝜕𝑣
=
2𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑦
Proof:
𝜕𝑢 2𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑥2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 = , =−
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦2
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕(𝑟, 𝑠) 𝜕𝑠 | × |𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦2
= | 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 2𝑦
× | 𝜕𝑠 | −
𝜕(𝑟, 𝑠) 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑠 | We know that
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)
=
𝜕𝑥
|𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
| =|
𝑥2 𝑥
|
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕𝑣 2𝑥 𝑥2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑠
( . + . ) ( . + . ) 𝑦2 𝑥2 2𝑥 2𝑦
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 = (− 𝑥 2) (− 𝑦 2) − ( 𝑦 ) ( 𝑥 ) = 1 − 4 = −3
=| 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑠
|
( . + . ) ( . + . ) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 1
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
= −3 ∴ 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) = − 3 (By Property:1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚) 𝝏(𝒓,𝜽)
= |𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
| = Example: 3 If 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽, verify that × = 𝟏.
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝝏(𝒓,𝜽) 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Solution
Note: The two properties given above hold good for more than two
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃,
variables too.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
3. If u , v , w are functionally dependent functions of three independent 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜃 | = |cos 𝜃 −𝑟 sin 𝜃
= | 𝜕𝑟 |
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) 𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃
variables x, y, z then =0
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 18
 = 𝑟(cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) = 𝑟 Example: 5 Find the Jacobian of 𝒚𝟏 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒚𝟑 with respect to 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑
𝒙𝟐 𝒙 𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐
Now 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = tan−1 ( 𝑥 )
𝑦
If 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒙𝟏
, 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐
, 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑

∴ 2𝑟
𝜕𝑟
= 2𝑥
𝜕𝜃
=
1
×
−𝑦 Solution
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑦2 𝑥2
1+ 2 𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦1 𝜕𝑦1
𝑥
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3
𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝑦 −𝑦
= = = 2 𝜕(𝑦1 ,𝑦2 ,𝑦3 ) |𝜕𝑦2 𝜕𝑦2 𝜕𝑦2 |
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 2
𝑥 +𝑦 2 𝑟 =
𝜕(𝑥1 ,𝑥2 ,𝑥3 ) |𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 |
𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝜃 𝑥 𝜕𝑦3 𝜕𝑦3 𝜕𝑦3
Similarly = = 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3
𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝜕𝑦 𝑟2

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝑦
2 2 2
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟|= 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑟 =1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥2
= || | = | 𝑟𝑦 − 2
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃| 𝑥 𝑟3 𝑟3 𝑟 𝑥 𝑥1 𝑥1
− 2 | 𝑥1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟 𝑟2 3 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥1 |
= − 2
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) 1 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
× =𝑟× =1 | 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 |
𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑟 2 1 1 𝑥2
− 2
𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥3
Example:4 If 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚, 𝒗 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 , 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽,
𝟐 𝟐
−𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥2
𝝏(𝒖, 𝒗) 1
𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐭𝐞 = 2 2 2 | 𝑥2 𝑥3 −𝑥3 𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑥2 |
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝝏(𝒓, 𝜽) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥3 𝑥1 −𝑥1 𝑥2
Solution −1 1 1
𝑥12 𝑥22 𝑥32
= | 1 −1 1 | =-1(1 -1 )-1 ( -1 -1 ) + 1 (1+1)=0 + 2 +2 =4
By the property of Jacobians, 𝑥12 𝑥22 𝑥32
1 1 −1
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
𝜕(𝑟,𝜃)
= 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) × 𝜕(𝑟,𝜃) (By Property:2)
𝑢𝑥 𝑢𝑦 𝑥𝑟 𝑥𝜃 Example: 6 Show that 𝒖 = 𝒚 + 𝒛, 𝒗 = 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒛𝟐 , 𝒘 = 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚𝒛 − 𝟐𝒚𝟐 are
= |𝑣 𝑣𝑦 | × |𝑦𝑟 𝑦𝜃 |
𝑥
functionally dependent. Find also the functional relationship.
Solution:
2𝑦 2𝑥 cos 𝜃 −𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
=| |×| |
2𝑥 −2𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤) | 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 |
= −4(𝑦 + 𝑥 2 2) 2
× 𝑟 (cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃) = −4𝑟 2 3
We know that = − − − (1)
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 19
Given that 𝑢 = 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 2𝑧 2 , 𝑤 = 𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑧 − 2𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢
=
(1−𝑥𝑦).1−(𝑥+𝑦)(−𝑦)
=
1−𝑥𝑦+𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
=
1+𝑦 2
;
𝜕𝑥 (1−𝑥𝑦)2 (1−𝑥𝑦)2 (1−𝑥𝑦)2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
=0 ; =1 ; =1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 (1 − 𝑥𝑦). 1 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)(−𝑥) 1 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 1 + 𝑥2
= = =
𝜕𝑢
=1 ;
𝜕𝑣
=0 ;
𝜕𝑤
= −4𝑧 − 4𝑦 𝜕𝑦 (1 − 𝑥𝑦)2 (1 − 𝑥𝑦)2 (1 − 𝑥𝑦)2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣 1
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 = 1+𝑥 2and𝜕𝑦 = 1+𝑦 2
𝜕𝑧
=1 ; 𝜕𝑧
= 4𝑧 ; 𝜕𝑧
= −4𝑦 𝜕𝑥

1+𝑦 2 1+𝑥 2
0 1 1 𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) (1−𝑥𝑦)2 (1−𝑥𝑦)2 1 1
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
∴ (1) becomes 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) = |1 0 4𝑧 | ∴ (1) becomes𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = | 1 1
| = (1−𝑥𝑦)2 − (1−𝑥𝑦)2 = 0
1 −4𝑦 − 4𝑧 −4𝑦 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑦 2

= 0 + 1(4𝑧 + 4𝑦) + 1(−4𝑦 − 4𝑧) Hence 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are functionally related.

𝑥+𝑦
= 4𝑧 + 4𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 4𝑧 W.K.T. tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦  𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢 = 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑣 = 𝑢
1−𝑥𝑦
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)
∴ =0 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦)
∴ 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤are functionally dependent. 1.If = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ,𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, find the Jacobian .Ans: 𝑢
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣)

Now, 𝑣 − 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 2𝑧 2 − 𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦 2 2.𝐼𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑢 = 0, 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑢𝑣 = 0, 𝑧 − 𝑢𝑣𝑤 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑

𝜕(𝑢,𝑣,𝑤)
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
= 2𝑦 2 + 4𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧 2
Ans:𝑢2 𝑣
2 2
= 2(𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 )
MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF A FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES
= 2(𝑦 + 𝑧)2
Definition: 1 MAXIMUM VALUE
𝑣 − 𝑤 = 2𝑢2
A function f(x, y) is said to have a maximum at (𝑎 , 𝑏) if
∴ The functional relationship among 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 is 𝟐𝒖𝟐 = 𝒗 − 𝒘
𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) > 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑏 + 𝑘) for small values of ℎ and 𝑘, positive or negative.
𝒙+𝒚
Example: 7 Are these functions 𝒖 = and 𝒗 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 −𝟏
𝒚 are
𝟏−𝒙𝒚 Definition: 2 MINIMUM VALUE
functionally dependent? If so, find the relation between them. A function f(x, y) is said to have a minimum at (𝑎 , 𝑏) if 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) <
Solution: 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑏 + 𝑘) for small values of ℎand 𝑘, positive or negative.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 Definition: 3 EXTREMUM VALUES
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
We know that 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦) = |𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
| − − − (1) A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to have an extremum at (𝑎, 𝑏) if it has
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
either a maximum or minimum at that point.
𝑥+𝑦
Given 𝑢 = and 𝑣 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦
1−𝑥𝑦

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 20
 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
𝜕𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 , 𝑟 = 𝜕𝑥 2 = 6𝑥
Definition: 4 STATIONARY VALUES 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
= 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 ,𝑡 = = 6𝑦 𝑠= =3
A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be Stationary at (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑜𝑟 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) is said to be 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Stationary value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑖𝑓
𝜕𝑓(𝑎,𝑏)
= 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜕𝑓(𝑎,𝑏)
= 0. At maximum point or minimum point = 0, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓
Working rule to find the maximum or minimum values of f(x, y) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)From (1), we get 𝑦 = −𝑥 2
𝜕𝑥
Step: 1The given function is 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑓
= 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 0 − − − (2)
Step: 2 Find if
∂f ∂f
and ∂y and equate to zero, by solving the equation
∂f
= 0, 𝜕𝑦
∂x ∂x
(2)becomes, 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 = 0
∂f
= 0, find the roots (x1, y1 ), (x2, y2 ), … … .. These points may be maximum
∂y 𝑥(𝑥 3 + 1) = 0
points or minimum points, now we need to verify this. 𝑥 = 0, (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) = 0 Since by using synthetic division method
∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
Step: 3Find the values of r = ,s = ,t = at these points. 1 ± √1 − 4 1 ± 𝑖√3
∂x2 ∂x ∂y ∂y2 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = = imaginary roots are rejected
2(1) 2(1)
Step: 4(a) If rt − s2 > 0 and 𝑟 < 0 at a certain point, then the function is
The points 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −1 may be a maximum or minimum point.
maximum at that point.
Hence the points to be considered are (0, 0) and (−1, −1).
(b) If rt − s2 > 0 and 𝑟 > 0 at a certain point, then the function is minimum
At (0,0)
at that point.
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 36𝑥𝑦 − 9 = 0 − 9 <0
(c) If rt − s2 < 0 for a certain point, then the function is neither maximum
(0,0) neither maximum nor minimum. This point is a saddle point.
nor minimum at that point. This point is known as saddle point.
At (-1,-1)

(d) If rt − s2 = 0 at a certain point, then nothing can be whether the

𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 36𝑥𝑦 − 9 = 36(−1)(−1) − 9 = 36 − 9 > 0
function is max. or min. at that point. In this case further investigations are
,𝑟 < 0; −6 < 0
required.
Then the point (−1, −1) is a maximum point.
Example: 1 Obtain the maximum and minimum values of
Maximum value = maxima= substitute the maximum point in the given
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚.
equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 , we get
The maximum value = 𝑓(−1, −1) = (−1)3 + (−1)3 + 3(−1)(−1)
Solution:
= −1 − 1 + 3(−1)(−1) = 1
Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 21
Example: 2 Find the maximum or minimum value of 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 . Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 3𝑎𝑥𝑦
Solution: 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
= 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑦, 𝑟= = 6𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 = 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 , 𝑡= 𝑠= = −3𝑎
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
= 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 , 𝑟 = 2 = 6 + 6𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
At maximum point or minimum point = 0, =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦
= −2𝑦 , 𝑡 = 𝜕𝑦 2 = −2 𝑠 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 0
3𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
At maximum point or minimum point 𝜕𝑥 = 0, 𝜕𝑦 = 0 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0 − − − (2)
6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 = 0 , −2𝑦 = 0 (1) Xx⇒ 𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 0
3𝑥(2 + 𝑥) = 0 ,𝑦 = 0 (2) X y⇒ 𝑦 3 − 𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −2 (-) (+)
The points are (0, 0), (−2, 0) 𝑥 − 𝑦 =0 ⇒ 𝑥 3 = 𝑦 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 − − − (3)Substitute y = x in (1), we get
3 3

At (0, 0) 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑎) = 0  𝑥 = 0, 𝑎.
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (6 + 6 𝑥)(−2) − 0 = −12 < 0 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎in equation (3) , we get𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎
So that the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is neither a maximum nor a minimum at The points are (0, 0) & (𝑎, 𝑎).
(0,0). This point is a saddle point. At (0,0)
At (-2, 0) 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (6 𝑥)(6𝑦) − 9𝑎 2 = −9𝑎 2 < 0
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (6 + 6 𝑥)(−2) − 0 = [6 + 6(−2)](−2) = (−6)(−2) = 12 > 0 So that the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is neither a maximum nor a minimum at (0,0).
and𝒓 = 6 + 6(−2) = −6 < 0 This point is a saddle point.
At (a, a)
The function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is maximum at that point (-2,0). 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (6 𝑥)(6𝑦) − 9𝑎 2 = (6 𝑎)(6𝑎) − 9𝑎 2 = 36𝑎 2 − 9𝑎 2 > 0
Maximum value = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3(−2)2 − 0 + (−2)3 = 12 − 8 = 4 . Now, 𝑟 = 6𝑥. At (𝑎, 𝑎), 𝑟 = 6𝑎
If a is positive then r is positive.
Example:3 Examine 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝒚 𝟑 𝟑
for maximum and If a is negative then r is negative.
minimum values. The point (𝑎, 𝑎) is minimum if 𝑎 > 0 and the point (𝑎, 𝑎) is maximum if 𝑎 <
Solution: 0.

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 22
 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (6 𝑥 − 30)(6𝑥 − 30) − 36𝑦 2 = [6(4) − 30][6(4) − 30] − 0
Example: 4 Find the maximum or minimum values of 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 − = (−6)(−6) = 36 > 0and
𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 + 𝟕𝟐𝒙. 𝑟 = 6𝑥 − 30At (4,0),𝑟 = 6(4) − 30 = −6 < 0
Solution: The function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is maximum at that point (4, 0).
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 15𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 + 72𝑥 Maximum value = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 15𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 + 72𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝑓(4,0) = 64 − 240 + 288
= 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 30𝑥 + 72, 𝑟 = 2 = 6𝑥 − 30
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 Maximum value = 112
𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
𝜕𝑦
= 6𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦 , 𝑡 = 𝜕𝑦 2 = 6 𝑠 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 6𝑦 At (6, 0)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (6 𝑥 − 30)(6𝑥 − 30) − 36𝑦 2 = [6(6) − 30][6(6) − 30] − 0 =
At maximum point or minimum point 𝜕𝑥 = 0, 𝜕𝑦 = 0
(6)(6)> 0 and
3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 30𝑥 + 72 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 24 = 0 − − − (1)
𝑟 = 6𝑥 − 30 = 6(6) − 30 = 6 > 0
6𝑥𝑦 − 30𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 = 0 − − − (2)
The function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is minimum at that point (6,0).
Minimum value = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 15𝑥 2 − 15𝑦 2 + 72𝑥
From [2], 𝑦(𝑥 − 5) = 0
⇒ 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 5
𝑓(6,0) = 216 − 540 + 432 = 108
𝑦 = 0in(1),we get ,𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 24 = 0
At (5, 1)
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 24 = 0
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (6 𝑥 − 30)(6𝑥 − 30) − 36𝑦 2 = [6(5) − 30][6(5) − 30] − 36(1)2
𝑥 (𝑥 − 6) − 4(𝑥 − 6) = 0
= 0 − 36 < 0
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
The point (5, 1) is neither a maximum nor a minimum.
𝑥 = 4, 6
At (5, -1)
𝑥 = 5 in(1),we get , 25 + 𝑦 2 − 50 + 24 = 0
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (6 𝑥 − 30)(6𝑥 − 30) − 36𝑦 2
2
𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦 = ±1
= [6(5) − 30][6(5) − 30] − 36(−1)2
The points (4, 0), (6, 0), (5, 1), (5, −1) may be maximum point or minimum
= 0 − 36 < 0
point.
The point (5, −1) is neither a maximum nor a minimum.

At (4,0)

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 23
Example: 5 Examine the function 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 (𝟏𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝒚) for 𝑟 = 72𝑥𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 3 = 72(6)(4)2 − 12(6)2 (4)2 − 6(6)(4)3
extreme values. = −2304,
Solution: 𝑡 = 24𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 𝑦 = 24(6)3 − 2(6)4 − 6(6)3 (4) = −2592,
Given 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 12𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑠 = 72𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8𝑥 3 𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 72(6)2 (4) − 8(6)3 (4) − 9(6)2 (4)2 = −1728
𝜕𝑓
= 36𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 , 𝑟 =
𝜕2 𝑓
= 72𝑥𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 3 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = (−2304)(−2592) − (1728)2 > 0and r<0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓
∴ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)has a maximum at the point (6, 4).
= 24𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 ,𝑡 = = 24𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 Maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6912
2
𝜕 𝑓 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:
𝑠= = 72𝑥 2 𝑦 − 8𝑥 3 𝑦 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
1. Discuss the maxima and minima of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 − 2𝑥 2 +
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
At maximum point or minimum point = 0, =0 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 Ans: minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 8
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

36𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (36 − 4𝑥 − 3𝑦) = 0 − − − 2. Identify the saddle point and the extremum points of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 −
(1)and 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 Ans: maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1
24𝑥 3 𝑦 − 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 3 𝑦(24 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑦) = 0 − − − (2) Constrained Maxima and Minima
(1) ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 0 & 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 36 − − − (3) Method of Lagrangian multiplier
∴ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 Step 1: Consider a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) in three variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧.We will find an
(2) ⇒ 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 0 2𝑥 + 3 𝑦 = 24 − − − (4) extreme value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) subject to the constraint ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0.
∴ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 Step 2: Form the equation 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆 ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) where 𝜆 is an
Solving (3 )& (4 ) we get 𝑥 = 6 & 𝑦 = 4 Also sub. 𝑋 = 0in (4) 𝑦 = 8. undetermined constant, called the Lagrangian multiplier.
Sub.𝑦 = 0in (4) 𝑥 = 12 and 𝑥 = 0 in (3) 𝑦 = 12& sub 𝑦 = 0 in (3) 𝑥 = Step 3: For 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) to be maximum and minimum,
∂f ∂∅ ∂f ∂∅ ∂f ∂∅
9. 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑜where𝑑𝑢 = ( +λ ) dx + ( +λ ) dy + ( +λ ) dz
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
Solving (1) & (2), we get the stationary points are
Thus we have
(0,0),(0,8),(0,12),(12,0),(9,0) and (6,4).
∂f ∂∅
At five points (0, 0), (0, 8), (0, 12), (12, 0), (9, 0) +λ = 0 − − − (1)
∂x ∂x
𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 2 = 0 ∂f ∂∅
+λ = 0 − − − (2)
Further investigation required to investigate the extremum at these points. ∂y ∂y

At (6, 4)
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 24
∂f ∂∅ Example: 2 Find the minimum value of 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝒆 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 +
+λ = 0 − − − (3)
∂z ∂z 𝒄𝒛 = 𝒑
Solving these equation along with ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 we get the values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
Solution:
and λ.The value of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 either maximize or minimize 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧). Here λ is a
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 &∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 − 𝑝
parameter which is independent of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧.
Consider the lagrangian function 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
Example: 1 Find the Maximum value of xyz subject to the condition
𝑈 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝜆 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 − 𝑝)
x + y + z = a. 𝜕𝑢 −2𝑥
= 0 : 2𝑥 + 𝑎 𝜆 = 0  𝑎 𝜆 = −2𝑥 𝜆 =
(Or) Divide ‘a’ into three parts so that their product shall be a 𝜕𝑥 𝑎
𝜕𝑢 −2𝑦
maximum. 𝜕𝑦
= 0 : 2𝑦 + 𝑏 𝜆 = 0 𝑏 𝜆 = −2𝑦 𝜆 = 𝑏

Solution: 𝜕𝑢 −2𝑧
𝜕𝑧
= 0 : 2𝑧 + 𝑐 𝜆 = 0 𝑐 𝜆 = −2𝑧 𝜆 = 𝑐
Let 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
From the above equations, we have,
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆( 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑎) Where 𝜆 is the Lagrange’s multiplier.
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑧 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 𝑝
𝜕𝑢 = = = 2 = 2 = 2 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 2 = 2
𝜕𝑥
= 0 : 𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆 = 0 − − − (1) 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2
𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 2 𝑎 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
𝜕𝑢 𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑝 𝑐𝑝
= 0 : 𝑥𝑧 + 𝜆 = 0 − − − (2) 𝑥= 2 2 2
, 𝑦= 2 2 2
, 𝑧= 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎 +𝑏 +𝑐 𝑎 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
𝜕𝑢 𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑝 𝑐𝑝
= 0 : 𝑥𝑦 + 𝜆 = 0 − − − (3) Minimum point is ( 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐+𝒄𝟐 , 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐
, 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐
)
𝜕𝑧

From (1), (2), (3)We have 𝑦𝑧 = − 𝜆 , 𝑥𝑧 = −𝜆 , 𝑥𝑦 = − 𝜆 Minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = (

𝑎𝑝
)2+(
𝑏𝑝
)2
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
𝑦𝑧 = 𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑝 ( 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 )𝑝2 𝑝2
+( 𝑎2+𝑏 2+𝑐 2)2 = (𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 )2
= 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 +𝑐 2
.
𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧 1 1 1 3 3
 = = 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = = = =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑎 Example: 3 Show that the minimum value of (𝒂𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑 𝒛𝟐 ), when
𝑥𝑦𝑧 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑦𝑧 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 = , = , = + + = is 𝒌𝟐 (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)𝟑
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝒌
𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 𝑧 𝑎
1 3 1 3 1 3 a 𝑎 𝑎 Solution: Let𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑎 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑏3 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 3 𝑧 2 &
 = , = , = x = , 𝑦 = , 𝑧 =
𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑎 𝑧 𝑎 3 3 3 ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 1/𝑥 + 1/𝑦 + 1/𝑧 − 1/𝑘
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
The maximum of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) occurs at (3 , 3 , 3) and the max 𝑓 = 𝒙𝒚𝒛 =
𝒂𝟑
. Consider the Lagrangian function 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝟐𝟕
1 1 1 1
𝑈 = 𝑎3 𝑥2 + 𝑏3 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 3 𝑧 2 + λ [ + + − ]
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑘

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 25
𝜕𝑢 −1
= 0 : 2𝑥𝑎 3 + 𝜆 [ 2 ] = 0  2𝑥𝑎 3 =
𝜆
 2𝑥 3 𝑎 3 = 𝜆 Consider the Lagrangian function 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2
𝜕𝑢 −1 𝜆 𝑈 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 + 𝜆∅(𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 32)
𝜕𝑦
= 0 : 2𝑦𝑏3 + 𝜆 [ 𝑦 2 ] = 0  2𝑦𝑏3 = 𝑦2
 2𝑦 3 𝑏3 = 𝜆
𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 −2𝑧
𝜕𝑥
= 0 : 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑧 𝜆 = −𝑦 − 2𝑧 ⇒ 𝜆 = 𝑦𝑧
− − − (3)

𝜕𝑢 −1 𝜆
𝜕𝑧
= 0 : 2𝑧𝑐 3 + 𝜆 [ 𝑧 2 ] = 0  2𝑧𝑐 3 = 𝑧2
 2𝑧 3 𝑐 3 = 𝜆
𝜕𝑢 −𝑥 −2𝑧
= 0 :𝑥 + 2𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧 𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑧 𝜆 = −𝑥 − 2𝑧 ⇒ 𝜆 = − − − (4)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥𝑧
From the above equations, we have,
𝜕𝑢 −2𝑦 −2𝑥
2𝑥 3 a3 = 2𝑦 3 b3 = 2𝑧 3 c 3 𝜕𝑧
= 0 :2𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝜆 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 𝜆 = −2𝑦 − 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝜆 = 𝑥𝑦
− − − (5)

 xa = yb = zc From (3),(4),(5) we get

a b c a+b+c a+b+c −y − 2z −x − 2z −2y − 2x
 1 = 1 = 1 Each value = 1 1 1 = 1 = k(a + b + c) = =
+ + yz xz xy
x y z x y z k
−y −2z −x −2z −x −2z −2y −2x
ax = k(a + b + c), by = k(a + b + c), cz = k(a + b + c) Now yz
= xz xz
= xy

k(a + b + c) k(a + b + c) k(a + b + c) −𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 = −𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧
x= , y= , z=
a b c
−2𝑥𝑧 = −2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑧
Minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑎 3 𝑥 2 + 𝑏3 𝑦 2 + 𝑐 3 𝑧 2
𝑥 = 𝑦 − − − (6)𝑦 = 2𝑧 − − − (7)
𝑘(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐) 2 𝑘(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐) 2 𝑘(𝑎+𝑏+𝑐) 2
= 𝑎3 ( 𝑎
) + 𝑏3 ( 𝑏
) + 𝑐3( 𝑐
) from (6) & (7) 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2𝑧
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 𝑎𝑘 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) + b 𝑘 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) + c 𝑘 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) since𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 32
= 𝑘 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) = 𝑘 2 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3 4𝑧 3 = 32 ⇒ 𝑧 3 = 8 ⇒ 𝑧 = 2in(7)we get 𝑦 = 2𝑥2 = 4
Example: 4 A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a volume of 32 From (6)𝑥 = 4.
c.c. Find the dimensions of the box that requires the least material for  𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2
its construction. Thus the dimensions of the box are 4cm, 4cm and 2cm.
Solution: Example: 5 Find the dimensions of the rectangular box without a top of
Let 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 be the length, breath and height of the box respectively. maximum capacity, whose surface is 108 sq.cm
Surface area of the box is 𝑆 = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) − − − (1) Solution:
Subject to the condition 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 32 (given) Let 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 be the dimensions (i.e. Length, breath & height) of the rectangular
∅(𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 32 − − − (2) box.

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 26
Maximize 𝑉 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)(Given ) We have to maximize 𝑉 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧
Surface area = ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 – 108 Subject to the Condition
𝑥2
+
𝑦2
+
𝑧2
= 1.
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Consider the Lagrangian function 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧and ∅(x, y, z) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 1 .
𝑈 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆( 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 – 108)
𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 −2𝑧 Consider the Lagrangian function 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
= 0 :𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑦 + 2𝑧) = 0 𝑦𝑧 𝜆 = −𝑦 − 2𝑧 ⇒ 𝜆 = − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑦𝑧
𝑥2 𝑦 2 𝑧2
𝜕𝑢 −𝑥 −2𝑧 𝑈 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆( 2 + 2 + 2 − 1)
𝜕𝑦
= 0 :𝑥𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑥 + 2𝑧) = 0 𝑥𝑧 𝜆 = −𝑥 − 2𝑧 ⇒ 𝜆 = 𝑥𝑧
− − − (2) 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝜕𝑢 2𝑥𝜆 2𝑥𝜆
𝜕𝑢 −2y −2x = 0 : 8𝑦𝑧 + = 0 8𝑦𝑧 = − − − − (1)
𝜕𝑧
= 0 :𝑥𝑦 + 𝜆(2𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 0 𝑥𝑦 𝜆 = −2𝑦 − 2𝑥 ⇒ λ = xy
– −(3) 𝜕𝑥 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝜕𝑢 2𝑦𝜆 2𝑦𝜆
−y −2z −x −2z −2y −2x = 0 : 8𝑥𝑧 + = 0 8𝑥𝑧 = − − − − (2)
From (1) ,(2) & (3) we get = = 𝜕𝑦 𝑏2 𝑏2
yz xz xy
𝜕𝑢 2𝑧𝜆 2𝑧𝜆
−𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 = −𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑧 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= 0 : 8𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐2
= 0 8𝑥𝑦 = − 𝑐2
− − − (3)

−2𝑥𝑧 = −2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑧 2𝑥 2 𝜆

Multiply (1) by 𝑥 we get 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = − 𝑎2
− − − (4)
𝑥 = 𝑦 − − − (4)𝑦 = 2𝑧 − − − (5) 2𝑦 2 𝜆
Similarly we get 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = − , − − − (5)
From (4) & (5) 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 2𝑧 𝑏2

2𝑧 2 𝜆
𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑥 = 108 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = − − − − (6)
𝑐2
108
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 108 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 = 108 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = = 36 𝑥= ±6 Comparing (4)&(5)&(6) we get
3
But we find the maximum volume of rectangular box, so we take 𝑥 = 6 2𝑥 2 λ 2𝑦 2 λ 2𝑧 2 λ
− = − = −
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Since 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑥 = 6 𝑦 = 6
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑐
= 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 {By using formula 𝑏 =𝑑 then each ratio = 𝑏+𝑑
Put 𝑥 = 6 in (4) we get 𝑧 = 3 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
The dimensions of the box having max capacity is Length 𝑥 = 6 𝑐𝑚, Breath + + 1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
+ + == =
𝑦 = 6 𝑐𝑚 and Height 𝑧 = 3 𝐶𝑚. 1 1 1 3 3
2
Example: 6 Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelepiped 𝑎 𝑎 𝑏2 𝑏
𝑥2 = ,x = 𝑦2 = ,x =
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
3 √3 3 √3
inscribed in the ellipsoid whose equation is 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏 . 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
Maximum volume = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 8( )( )( ) = 8 3√3
.
√3 √3 √3
Solution:
Let 2𝑥, 2𝑦, 2𝑧 be the dimensions of the required rectangular paralleopiped.

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 27
 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑧2 = ,z =
Example: 7 Prove that the rectangular solid of maximum volume which 3 √3
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
is in inscribed in a sphere is a cube. The extreme points are ( , , )
√3 √3 √3

Solution: Let2𝑥, 2𝑦, 2𝑧 be the dimensions of the rectangular solid from given 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 8𝑎3
Maximum volume of Rectangular Solid = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 8( ) = 3√3
√3 √3 √3
problem,
Example: 8 Find the shortest and the longest distance from the point (1,
We have to maximize 𝑉 = (2𝑥) (2𝑦) (2𝑧)
2, -1) to the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒
𝑉 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧
Solution:
Subject to the condition 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎 2
Let (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) be any point on the sphere.
Let the Lagrangianfunction𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
Distance of the point A(1, 2, -1) from (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is given by
𝑈 = 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎 2 )
𝑑 2 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) − − − (1)
𝜕𝑢
= 0 : 8𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑥𝜆 = 0  8𝑦𝑧 = −2𝑥𝜆 − − − (1)
𝜕𝑥 Subject to ∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 24 = 0 − − − (2)
𝜕𝑢
= 0 : 8𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝜆 = 0  8𝑥𝑧 = −2𝑦𝜆 − − − (2) Consider the Lagrange’s function 𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) + 𝜆∅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 Ie., 𝑈 = (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 + (𝑧 + 1)2 + 𝜆 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 24)
= 0 : 8𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑧𝜆 = 0 8𝑥𝑦 = −2𝑧𝜆 − − − (3)
𝜕𝑧
For Stationary values 𝑑𝑈 = 0
Multiply (1) by 𝑥 we get 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = −2𝑥 2 𝜆 − − − (4)
𝜕𝑢
Similarly we get 8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = −2𝑦 2 𝜆 − − − (5) = 0 ⟹ 2(𝑥 − 1) + 𝜆(2𝑥) = 0 ⟹ 2𝑥 − 2 + 2𝜆𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝑥
8𝑥𝑦𝑧 = −2𝑧 2 𝜆 − − − (6) ⟹ 2𝑥(1 + 𝜆) = 2
Comparing (4)&(5)&(6) we get 1
⟹ (1 + 𝜆) = − − − (3)
2 2
−2𝑥 λ = −2𝑦 λ = −2𝑧 λ 2 𝑥
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
𝜕𝑢
𝑥2 𝑦 2 𝑧2 2 2 2
𝑎2 = 0 ⟹ 2(𝑦 − 2) + 𝜆(2𝑦) = 0 ⟹ 2𝑦 − 4 + 2𝜆𝑦 = 0
12 12 12 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑦
= = 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = = = , =
12 12 12 1 1 1 3 3
⟹ 2𝑦(1 + 𝜆) = 4
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑐
By using formula = then each ratio = 2
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏+𝑑
⟹ (1 + 𝜆) = − − − (4)
𝑎2
𝑎 𝑦
𝑥2 = ,x =
3 √3 𝜕𝑢
= 0 ⟹ 2(𝑧 + 1) + 𝜆(2𝑧) = 0 ⟹ 2𝑧 + 2 + 2𝜆𝑧 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑧(1 + 𝜆) = −2
𝑎2
𝑎 𝜕𝑧
𝑦2 = ,y =
3 √3
Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 28
 −1
⟹ (1 + 𝜆) = − − − (5)
𝑧
1 2 −1
From (3), (4) & (5), = =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

𝑥 𝑦 −𝑧 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 √24
⟹ = = 𝐸𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = =
1 2 1 2 2
√1 + 2 + (−1) 2 √6

24
= √ = √4 = ±2
6

⟹ 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 4 , 𝑧 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2 , 𝑦 = −4 , 𝑧 = 2
From (1) Minimum distance is 𝑑2 = (2 − 1)2 + (4 − 2)2 + (−2 + 1)2
= 1 + 4 + 1 = 6 ∴ 𝑑 = √6
Maximum distance is 𝑑 2 = (−2 − 1)2 + (−4 − 2)2 + (2 + 1)2
= 9 + 36 + 9 = 54 ∴ 𝑑 = √54 = 3√6
Which are the required shortest and longest distances respectively.
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE:
1. Find the greatest and the least distance of the point (3,4,12) from the
unit sphere 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧2 = 1
2. The temperature 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) at any point in space is 𝑢 = 400 𝑥𝑦𝒛𝟐 .Find
the highest Temperature on the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1

Dr.A.Manickam, Associate Professor of Mathematics, School of Sciences,Division of. Mathematics SRMIST-TRICHY Page 29