PHYSICS

STUDY MATERIAL
NC - 2026
Class (XI)
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 CONTENTS

Mthematical Tools-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 05

01. Units and Measurements--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41

02. Motion in a Straight Line--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46

03. Motion in a Plane---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53

04. Laws of Motion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60

05. Work Energy Power------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 68

06. System of Particles and Rigid Body Rotation------------------------------------------------------- 76

07. Gravitation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84

08. Mechanical Properties of Solids and Liquids------------------------------------------------------- 91

09. Thermal Properties of Matter, Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory--------------------99

10. Oscillation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108

11. Waves--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------115
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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS

BASIC MATHEMATICS

1. Natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, ...............}

2. Whole numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...............}

3. Integers Z = {0, ± 1 , ±2 , ............}

p
4. Rational numbers Q = {x/x = , p, q ∈ Z, q ≠ 0 }
q
5. Q′
Irrational numbers= {x / x ∉ Q}
6. Real numbers R = R= Q ∪ Q′

Note:

Irrational numbers are classified into two. (a) Algebraic irrationals and (b) Transcendental irrational.
1
2, 3, 3 5 are algebraic irrational but π , e, tan −1 , tan −1 2 , etc are transcendental irrationals.
3
 p1 p 2 p3  LCM {p1p 2 p3 ....}
LCM of  , , ....... =
 q1 q 2 q 3  HCF {q1q 2 q 3 .....}

 p1 p 2 p3  HCF {p1p 2 p3 .....}

HCF of  , , ...... =
 q1 q 2 q 3  LCM {q1q 2 q 3 ......}

7. Companendo-dividendo rule:

p r p+q r +s p−q r −s p+q r+s

= ⇒ = , = and =
q s q s q s p−q r −s
p1 p 2 p3 xp1 + yp 2 + zp3 + ....
= = .....
=
q1 q 2 q 3 xq1 + yq 2 + zq 3 + ....

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

8. Rules of proportionality
If p = kq where k > 0 then p is directly proportional to q and denoted p ∝ q .
1
If pq = k when k > 0, then p is inversely proportional to q; p ∝
q

9. Rules of indices

1 12−1 1
a
For a > 0; a = 1;= 0=;a ;a − n
a=
a an

am
a m .a n a=
= m+n
n
a m−n
a

( a m ) a=
n
mn n m
= a a m/n a   

  
n
a an
(ab) = a b ;     = n
n n n

b b

A function f(x) = ax is defined only if a > 0

Rules of inequalities
p < q and q < r ⇒ p < r

m < p < n ⇒ p ∈ ( m, n )
p−q > 0⇒ p > q
p−q < 0⇒ p < q
p > q and m > 0 ⇒ pm > qm
q−p
p+ ∈ ( p, q ) ∀m ∈ N
m

1 1 1 1
p > 0, q > 0 and ; p < q ⇒ > ;p > q ⇒ <
p q p q

1 1
p < 0, q < 0 and p < q ⇒ >
p q

1 1
p < 0, q > 0 and p < q ⇒ <
p q

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

If a > 0 and x ≤ a ⇒ −a ≤ x ≤ a

If a > 0 and x ≥ a ⇒ x ≤ −a, x ≥ a

If k > 0 and x − a < k ⇒ a − k < x < a + k

x 2 = x ∀x ∈ R

100 ≠ ±10 but 100 = 10

x2 =100 ⇒ x =± 100 =±10

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

(a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3

a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)

a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) ; a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)

a4 – b4 = (a – b) (a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3) or (a – b) (a + b) (a2 + b2)

Progression

a, a + d, a + 2d ...................... are in arithmetic progression

a, ar, ar2    .................... are in geometric progression, a ≠ 0

n
In an A.P, nth term tn = a + (n – 1)d and sum to n terms s=
n
2
( 2a + ( n − ) d )

a ( r n − 1)
G.P tn = ar n–1 sn =
r −1

a
S∞ = a + ar + ar 2 + .....∞ = , r <1
1− r

1
1 + x + x2 + x3 + .................. = = (1 – x)–1
1− x

n
n ( n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ........... + n = ∑r =
1 2

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

n
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
12 + 22 + 32 + .......... + n2 = ∑r
1
2
=
6

2
 n ( n + 1) 
n
1 + 2 + ................... + n = ∑ r = 
3 3 3 3

1  2 
Binomial expansion

For small values of x, (1 + x ) is approximated to 1 + nx

n

(1 + x )  1 + nx and (1 − x )
n n −n
ie, ≈ 1 + nx

(1 − x )  1 − nx and (1 + x )
n −n
≈ 1 − nx
QUADRATIC EQUATION

An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are certain numbers, and a ≠ 0 is called

a quadratic equation.
Discriminant of a Quadratic Equation
The number b2 – 4ac is called discriminant of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and is denoted
by D. i.e, D = b2 – 4ac
Nature of Roots of the Quadratic Equation
The value of x which satisfy the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are called roots of the equation. The
roots α and β of the equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by,

−b − b 2 − 4ac −b − D − b + b 2 − 4ac −b + D
=α = = ,β =
2a 2a 2a 2a

Now there are three possibilities:

Case I

When D < 0, i.e. b2 – 4ac < 0. In this case D will be imaginary, hence α and β will be both

imaginary.
Case II

−b −b
When D = 0 i.e. b2 – 4ac = 0. In this case D = 0, , from the above equation,=
α ,β
= .
2a 2a
Hence both roots α and β will be real and equal.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

Case III

When D > 0, i.e., b2 – 4ac > 0. Then the roots α and β will be real and different (distinct).

Relation between roots and coefficients

2
Let α, β be roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c= 0, a ≠ 0 then

−b c
sum of roots, α + β = , Product of roots, αβ =
a a
TRIGONOMETRY

ANGLE

It is the measure of amount of rotation from one side of the angle to other. If OA and OB are
initial and final positions of the revolving ray then angle formed will be ∠AOB .

Angles formed by anticlockwise rotation are taken as positive whereas those formed by clockwise
rotation are taken as negative.

      

In one complete revolution, the total angle formed is 3600. Generally we come across angles
from 00 to 3600. But there may be problems in which rotation involves more than one revolution.
For example, the rotation of wheel.

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

If the revolving line start from some initial position and makes n complete revolutions and also a
θ ( 360°× n ) + α
further angle of in the same direction, then the total angle described, is given by=

  Measurement of Angles
Angles are measured in degrees. A right angle is divided into 90 equal parts called Degrees. Each
degree is then divided into 60 equal parts called minutes and each minute is further divided into
60 equal parts called seconds.
But this system is not very convenient and therefore angles are preferred to be measured in
Radians.

The angle subtended at the centre by an arc of circle whose length is equal to the radius of the
circle is called a Radian.

If arc length AB = r = radius of the circle, then by definition ∠AOB =

1rad .
1 Arclength
The angle subtended at the centre by arc length AB will be θ= =
r Radius

The conversion formula from Degree to Radians is, 180° = π radians

Trigonometric Functions
The ratio of different pairs of sides of a right angled triangle are called Trigonometric functions.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

sine : Ratio of opposite side to hypotenuse, i.e. sin θ =p / h

cosine : Ratio of adjacent side to hypotenuse, i.e. cos θ =b / h

tangent : Ratio of opposite side to adjacent side, i.e. tan θ =p / b

contangent : Ratio of adjacent side to opposite side, i.e. cot θ =b / p

secant : Ratio of hypotenuse to adjacent side, i.e. sec θ =h / b

coseccant : Ratio of hypotenuse to opposite side, i.e. cos ecθ =h / p

Trigonometric Identities
2 2
(i) sin θ + cos θ =1

1
(ii) tan θ=
.cot θ 1 or,=
cot θ
tan θ

sin θ
(iii) tan θ =
cos θ

cos θ
(iv) cot θ =
sin θ

1
(v) sin θ=
.cos ecθ 1 or,=
cos ecθ
sin θ

1
(vi) cos θ=
.sec θ 1 or=
,sec θ
cos θ

2
(vii) 1 + tan = θ sec 2 θ
2
(viii) 1 + cot
= θ cos ec 2 θ
Quadrants

Let X0X’ and YOY’ be two mutually perpendicular lines in a plane. The whole plane is divided
into four different regions called quadrants and are respectively 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants.

The angle is said to be in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrant according as the terminal side lies in 1st,
2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants. If the terminal side coincides with one of the axis, then angle is called
quadrant angle.

The value of trigonometrical ratios of angles i.e.; (900 – θ ), (900 + θ ), (1800 – θ ), (1800 + θ ),

(3600 – θ ), (3600 + θ ) can be obtained by using following procedure.

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

A) When any trigonometric ratio (sin, cos, tan etc.) is operated on angle of the form (180° ± θ ) or,

( 360° ± θ ) . Then,
(i) Trigonometric function remains unchanged i.e.;

(ii) Sign is affixed according to the quadrant in which the angle lies.

B) When trigonometric function is operated on an angle of the form ( 90° ± q ) or, ( 270° ± q ) then,
(i) sin cos; tan cot i.e.; sin changes into cos and vice versa etc.

(ii) Sign is always considered on the basis of the operating function.

Students are already quite familiar with values of sin, cos, tan of angles 00, 300, 450, 600, 900, which
have been given in the following table.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin 0 1/2 1
1/ 2 3/2
cos 1 1/2 0
3/2 1/ 2
tan 0 1 undefined
1/ 3 3

The value of trigonometric functions of angles 1200, 1350, 1500...... etc. can be found, as discussed
below:

IInd quadrant (900 + θ )

sin ( 90° + θ=
) cos θ

cos ( 90° + θ ) = − sin θ

tan ( 90° + θ=
) cot θ

IInd quadrant (1800 – θ )

sin (180° − θ=
) sin θ

cos (180° − θ ) = − cos θ

tan (180° − θ ) = − tan θ

IIIrd quadrant (1800 + θ )

sin (180° + θ ) = − sin θ

cos (180° + θ ) = − cos θ

tan (180° + θ=
) tan θ

IIIrd quadrant (2700 – θ )

sin ( 270° − θ ) = − cos θ

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

cos ( 270° − θ ) = − sin θ

tan ( 270° − θ=
) cot θ

IVth quadrant (2700 + θ )

sin ( 270° + θ ) = − cos θ

cos ( 270° + θ=
) sin θ

tan ( 270° + θ ) = − cot θ

IVth quadrant (3600 – θ )

sin ( 360° − θ ) = − sin θ

cos ( 360° − θ=
) cos θ

tan ( 360° − θ ) = − tan θ

TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE OF COMPOUND ANGLES

The Addition Formula

(i) sin (A + B) = sin A . cos B + cos A . sin B

(ii) cos (A + B) = cos A . cos B – sin A . sin B

tan A + tan B
(iii) tan ( A + B ) =
1 − tan A.tan B
Subtraction Formula

(i) sin (A – B) = sin A . cos B – cos A . sin B

(ii) cos (A – B) = cos A . cos B + sin A . sin B

tan A − tan B
(iii) tan ( A − B ) =
1 + tan A.tan B

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

Product Formula

(i) 2 sin A . cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

(ii) 2 cos A . sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

(iii) 2 cos A . cos B = cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)

(iv) 2 sin A . sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

C+D C−D
(v) sin C + sin D =
2sin .cos
2 2

C+D C−D
(vi) sin C − sin D =
2 cos .sin
2 2

C+D C−D
(vii) cos C − cos D =
2 cos .cos
2 2

C+D D−C
(viii) cos C − cos D =
2sin .cos
2 2

TRIGONOMETRICAL FORMULAE OF MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES

Multiple Angles

1) sin 2A = 2 sin A. cos A 2) cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A

3) cos 2A = 2 cos2A – 1 4) 1 + cos 2A = 2cos2 A

5) cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2A 6) 1 – cos 2A = 2 sin2A

2 tan A
7) tan 2A = 8) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
1 − tan 2 A

9) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A

3 tan A − tan 3 A
10) tan 3A =
1 − 3 tan 2 A

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

Submultiple Angles

(i) sin 2A = 2 sin A . cos A, putting in place of A

A A
sin A = 2sin cos
2 2

A
   (ii) cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1, putting in place of A
2

A A
= 2 cos 2
cos A = 2 cos 2
− 1or,1 + cos A
2 2

A
(iii) cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2A; putting in place of A
2

A A
1 − 2sin 2
cos A = 2sin 2
or,1 − cos A =
2 2
Some Important Deductions

1 − cos 2A
1. cos 2A = 1 – 2sin2 A. ∴ sin 2 A =
2

1 + cos 2A
2. cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1 ∴ cos 2 A =
2

3sin A − sin 3A
3. sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A ∴ sin 3 A =
4

3sin A − sin 3A
4. cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos3 A ∴ sin 3 A =
4
1. Find the values of

(1) sin 150o (2) cos 120o

(3) tan 135o (4) cos 780o

(5) sec 210o (6) cot 330o

(7) sin 15°

(8) tan 75°

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

LOGARITHM

If N = an then ‘n’ is the logarithm of N with respect to ‘a’, and ‘a’ is called base of the logarithm

When a = 10, logarithm is known as common logarithm usually denoted log N, and it is used for
calculations.

For theoretical functions a = e, where ‘e’ is exponential constant and the logarithm is known as
natural logarithm and denoted by ‘ln’. Inx = logex

Rules of logarithms

1. logaN is defined only for N > 0, a > 0,

2. logaa = 1

3. loga1 = 0

4. logaMN = logaM + logaN

M
5. log
= a log a M − log a N
N

6. log a M n − n log a M
log a M
7. log N M =
log a N

1
8. log N M =
log M N

1
9. log a n M = log a M
n

10. N log a M = M log a N

11. a loga N = N

12. log a M > log a N ⇒ M > N if a > 1

13. log a M > log a N ⇒ M < N if 0<a<1

Common Logarithms and Use of Log Tables

Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms. The logarithm of a number consists
of two parts :

(i) Characteristic : [The integral part of the logarithm]

(ii) Mantissa : [The fractional or decimal part of the logarithm]

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

For Example : In log 273 = 2.4362, the integral part is 2 and the decimal part is 0.4362; therefore the
characteristic = 2 and mantissa = 0.4362.

To find Characteristic

(i) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number greater than one is non-negative and is numer-
ically one less than the number of digits before the decimal point.

For Example : In number 475.8; the number of digits before the decimal point is three,

Characteristic of log 475.8 = 2      [3 – 1 = 2]

similarly,

Characteristic of log 4758 = 3      [4 – 1 = 3]

Characteristic of log 47.58 = 1      [2 – 1 = 1]

Characteristic of log 4.758 = 0      [1 – 1 = 0]

(ii) The characteristic of the logarithm of a number less than one is negative and numerically one
more than the number of zeros immediately after decimal point.

For Example : The number 0.004758 is less than one and the number of zeros immediately after dec-
imal point in it is two.

Characteristic of log 0.004758 = –(2+1) = –3 which is also written as 3 .

Similarly, Characteristic of log 0.4352 = –1 =

[Since the number of zeros after decimal point = 3 and 3 + 1 = 4]

To Find Mantissa

The mantissa of the logarithm of a number can be obtained from the logarithmic table.

A logarithmic table consists of three parts:

(i) A column at the extreme left contains two digit numbers starting from 10 to 99

(ii) Ten columns headed by digits 0, 1, 2, .......9.

(iii) Nine more columns headed by digits 1, 2, ......9.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

1. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of one digit number : Let the number be 3.

 Mantissa of log 3 = value of the number 30 under zero = 0.4771

2. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of two digit number : Let the number be 32.

 Mantissa of log 32 = value of 32 under zero = 0.5051

3. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of three digit number : Let the number be 325.

 Mantissa of log 325 = value of 32 under 5 = 0.5119

4. To find the mantissa of the logarithm of a four digit number : Let the number be 3257.

 Mantissa of log 3257 = value of 32 under 5 plus the difference under 7 = 0.5128 [5119 + 9 =
5128]

Antilogarithms

If log 5274 = 3.7221, then 5274 is called antilogarithm of 3.7221 and we write : antilog 3.7221 =
5274.

We find an antilogarithm from antilogarithm tables. The antilogarithm tables are used in the same
way as the logarithm tables. The only difference between the two tables is that column at the extreme
left of the log table contains all two digit numbers starting from 10 to 99; whereas an antilog table
contains numbers from 0.00 to 0.99 (i.e. all fractional numbers with only two digits after decimal)
in the extreme left column of it.

Note

(i) Antilog tables are used only to find the antilogarithm of decimal part.

(ii) To find the antilog of 2.368 means to find the number whose log is 2.368

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QUESTIONS

1. If log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771 find the value of

64 256
(1) log 8 (2) log 36 (3) log 324 (4) log (5) log
81 243

2. Solve for x:

(a) log (x2 – 69) = 2   (b) log (x – 3) + log (x + 2) = log 6

1 1 1
3. Prove that (i) + + 1
=
log a abc log b abc log c abc

      (ii) log b a.log c b.log d .c.log a d = 1

FUNCTION

Function is a rule of relationship between two variables in which one is assumed to be dependent
and the other independent variable, for example:

e.g. The temperatures at which water boils depends on the elevation above sea level (the boiling
point drops as you ascend). Here elevation above sea level is the independent & temperature is
the dependent variable

e.g. The interest paid on a cash investment depends on the length of time the investment is held.
Here time is the independent and interest is the dependent variable.

In each of the above example, value of one variable quantity (dependent variable), which we might
call y, depends on the value of another variable quantity (independent variable), which we might
call x. Since the value of y is completely determined by the value of x, we say that y is a function
of x and represent it mathematically as y = f(x).

Here f represents the function, x the independent variable & y is the dependent variable.

All possible values of independent variables (x) are called domain of function.

All possible values of dependent variable (y) are called range of function.

Think of a function fas a kind of machine that produces an output value f(x) in its range whenever
we feed it an input value x from its domain (figure)

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

When we study circles, we usually call the area A and the radius r.
Since area depends on radius, we say that A is a function of r, A = f (r).The
equation A = πr 2 is rule that tells how to calculate a unique (single) output value
of A for each possible input value of the radius r.A = f ( r ) = πr 2 (Here the rule of
relationship which describes the function may be described as square & multiply by π
If r =1, A = π;if r = 2, A = 4π;if r = 3, A = 9π
The set of all possible input values for the radius is called the domain of the function.
The set of all output values of the area is the range of the function
We usually denote functions in one of the two ways

1. By giving a formula such as y = x2 that uses a dependent variable to denote the value of the
function.

2. By giving a formula such as f(x) = x2 that defines a function symbol f to name the function.

Strictly speaking, we should call the function f and not f(x), y = sin x. Here the function is sine, x
is the independent variable.

DIFFERENTIATION

Concept of Limit

Why do we need limit of a function?

x2 − 4
Consider the function y = .
x−2

(=
1) − 4
2

=
It is desired to evaluate the function at x = 1. We put x = 1 then, y 3 (Real value)
1− 2
4−4 0
=
Now we put x = 2, we have y = ; which is meaningless or an indeterminate form. Thus
2−2 0
the value of y cannot be obtained directly by substituting x = 2. There are several other forms which
0 ∞
are also meaningless or indeterminate. These forms are , , 0 × ∞,1∞ , ∞ − ∞, 00 , ∞ 0 .
0 ∞
A function may appear in one of indeterminate forms at a point, therefore, we have to look for an
alternative method, i.e., determining the limits of function. But the question arises what exactly we
do in finding the limit of a function. With reference to the above example we have learnt that the
x2 − 4
function is not defined at x = 2.
x−2

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

But still, we want to know the value of the function at a value slightly smaller or greater than 2. If
we could define the function at a value slightly smaller or greater than 2, then we say that the
limit of function exists as x approaches 2. In mathematics it is represented by the symbol lim .
x →2

x2 − 4
Now we determine the limit of function y = at x = 2
x−2

x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
We know that = , (when x ≠ 2 )
x−2 ( x − 2)
We can cancel out x – 2, then we get y = x + 2 (when ).

Now if x is slightly greater than 2, then the value of y will be greater than 4 and x gets closer to 2,
y comes closer to 4.

Alternatively, as x is slightly lesser than 2, then the value of y will be smaller than 4 and as x gets
closer to 2, y comes closer to 4. Numerically, it can be explained as:

For x>2 For x<2

x y x y
2.1 4.1 1.9 3.9
2.01 4.01 1.99 3.99
2.001 4.001 1.999 3.999
2.0001 4.0001 1.9999 3.9999

Hence, as x approaches 2, y approaches 4, then the limit of y is 4 as x tends to 2.

x2 − 4
The mathematical operation of determining limits is expressed as: lim =4
x →2 x − 2

Infinitely small and Infinitely larger quantities

A variable whose limit is zero is termed as infinitely small quantity (infinitesimal). Mathematically,
it may be written as, x → 0 .

A variable that constantly increases in absolute magnitude is termed as infinitely large quantity.
Although infinitely large quantities do not have any limits but it is conventional to say that an in-
x
finitely large quantity “ends to an infinite limit”; and we may write lim = ∞
x →2 x − 2

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

DIFFERENTIATION

Let y = f(x) ........... (i), where x is an independent variable and y is a dependent variable.

Let ∆x be a small increment in the value of x, then is the corresponding change in the value

of y, such that y + ∆
=y f ( x + ∆x )    (ii)

Subtracting eq (i) from (ii), we get, ∆

=y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )

∆y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
Now; =
∆x ∆x

If the limit of this ratio exists as ∆x → 0 , then it is defined as the derivative of y with respect to x

dy dy
and denoted by or f ′ ( x ) . In other words, is also known as differential co-efficient of y w.r.
dx dx
to x.

Derivatives of some important functions

d n
1.
dx
( x ) = nx n −1
d
2. (x) =1
dx

d
3.
dx
( x ) = 2 1 x
d 1 1
4.  = − 2
dx  x  x

d  1  −n
5. =  ;x ≠ 0
dx  x n  x n +1

d
6. ( sin x ) = cos x
dx

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

d
7. ( cos x ) = − sin x
dx
d
8. ( tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
d
9. ( cot x ) = − cos ec2 x
dx
d
10. ( sec x ) = sec x.tan x
dx
d
11. ( cos ecx ) = − cos ecx.cot x
dx
d x
12.
dx
( e ) = ex

d 1
13. ( log e x ) =
dx x
d
14. (C) = 0
dx
Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation

The geometrical meaning of differentiation is very much useful in the analysis of graphs in physics.
To understand the geometrical meaning of derivatives we should have knowledge of secant and
tangent to a curve

Secant and tangent to a curve

Secant : A secant to a curve is a straight line, which intersects the curve at any two points.

Tangent : A tangent is a straight line, which touches the curve at a particular point. Tangent is a
limiting case of secant which intersects the curve at two overlapping points.
In the figure shown, if value of ∆x is gradually reduced then the point Q will move nearer to the

point P. If the process is continuously repeated value of will be infinitely small and secant PQ
to the given curve will become a tangent at point P.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

 ∆y  dy
Therefore ∆x → 0  =  = tan θ
 ∆x  dx

 dy 
we can say that differentiation of y with respect to x, i.e.,   is equal to slope of the tangent at
 dx 
dy
point P (x, y) or tan θ =
dx

(From first figure the average rate of change of y from x to x + ∆x is identical with the slope of
secant PQ)
DIFFERENTIATION AS A RATE OF CHANGE
dy
is rate of change of ‘y’ with respect to ‘x’:
dx
For examples :
dx
(i) v = this means velocity ‘v’ is rate of change of displacement ‘x’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dv
(ii) a = this means acceleration ‘a’ is rate of change of velocity ‘v’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dp
(iii) F = this means force ‘F’ is rate of change of momentum ‘p’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dL
(iv) τ = this means torque ‘ ’ is rate of change of angular momentum ‘L’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

dW
(v) Power = this means power ‘P’ is rate of change of work ‘W’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt

dq
(vi) I = this means current ‘I’ is rate of flow of charge ‘q’ with respect to time ‘t’
dt
INTEGRATION
Definition

dy
Let y = f(x) and = f ′(x) , or, dy = f ′ ( x ) dx
dx

Differentiation means to divide the function into infinite number of small elements. Now we want
to sum up all small elements. We can not add like in algebra, as it involves infinite terms. Further
each term is infinitely small.
Integration is the method of summation of an infinite series in which each term tends to zero. Later
on it was found that it is just an inverse process of differentiation.

∫ f ′ ( x ) dx
∴ ∫ dy =

∴y =f (x)
Antiderivatives or Indefinite Integrals
Definitions : A function F(x) is an antiderivative of a function f(x) if F’(x) = f(x) for all x in the domain
of f. The set of all antiderivatives of f is the indefinite integral of f with respect to x, denoted by

The symbol ∫ is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the integral and x is the variable

of integration.
Definite integration or Integration with limits

30
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

b
b
∫ f ( x=
a
) dx g ( x=
)  a g ( b ) − g ( a )

where g(x) is the antiderivative of f(x) i.e. g′ ( x ) = f ( x )

Table of standard elementary integrals

d  x n +1  x n +1
(i) 
n
 = x ∴ ∫ x n dx = ; n ≠ 1
dx  n + 1  n +1

d
(ii) ( x ) = 1 ∴ ∫ dx =
x
dx

d 1 1
(iii) ( log x ) = ∴ ∫ .dx =
log x
dx x x
d
(iv) ( sin x ) = cos x ∴ ∫ cos xdx =
sin x
dx
d
(v) ( cos x ) = − sin x ∴ ∫ sin x dx =
− cos x
dx
d
(vi) ( tan x ) = sec2 x ∴ ∫ sec 2 xdx =
tan x
dx
d
(vii) ( cot x ) = − cos ec2 x ∴ ∫ cos ec 2 xdx =
− cot x
dx
d
(viii) ( sec x ) = sec x.tan x  ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x
dx
d
(ix) ( cosec x ) = − cos ecx.cot x ∴ ∫ cosec x.cot x dx =
− cos ec x
dx
d x
(x)
dx
( e ) = e x ∴ ∫ e x dx =
e x

Applications of Integration
The integration technique finds numerous applications in the study of physics.
Average of a varying quantity

In study of physics, many times we come across a situation where we need to calculate the aver-
age of a varying physical quantity. For example,

(i) Average speed and acceleration of a particle

(ii) Average force acting on a particle

31
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

(iii) Calculation of average power

(iv) Average life of a radioactive element

(v) Average kinetic and potential energies of an oscillating particle

Definition

Suppose a quantity y is varying with respect to x according to the function y = f(x). Then, the av-
erage value of y in the range x = x1 to x = x2 is defined as:
x2

∫
x
ydx
y= 1
x 2 − x1

(a) A varying quantity (b) Average of varying quantity

The average value of a quantity is denoted by y or < y >.

x2

Geometrically, the integral ∫ ydx

x1
represents the area under the curve between the limits x = x1

and . The average of a varying quantity is so obtained that a constant value of the quentity
encloses the same area between the limits x = x1 and x = x2 as shown.

1. Differentiate the following.

(1) x3 – 5x2 + 8x + 9 (2) ex + log x – sin x

(3) x + tan x (4) sec x + cosec x + cot x

(5) xex (6) x2 sin x

ex
(7) (1 + x2) tan x (8)
1+ x
2. Displacement of a particle ‘S’ is given by S = t3 – 3t2 + 8t + 1, where ‘t’ denotes time. Find velocity
and acceleration of the particle after 3 sec.

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

3. Integrate the following.

2
 1
(1) x + 5x + 8x – 1
3 2
(2)  x + 
 x

(3) x − cos x + e x 2
(4) sec x + sec x tan x
4. Evaluate
3 π

∫(x − 5x + 7 )dx ∫ sin x dx

2
(1) (2)
1 0

5. Find the area bounded by y = x2 + 2, co-ordinate axis in I quadrant and x = 1.

6. Find the area bounded by y = sin x, x-axis for x ∈ [ 0, 2π]

Determinants
a b  a b 
A real number corresponds to a matrix   of order 2 × 2 is called a determinant of  
c d  c d 

a b  a b 
and denoted by   , where a, b, c, d are any numbers. Its value is defined as  = ad − bc
c d  c d 

a1 b1 c1
b c2 a c2 a b2
For 3 × 3 determinants, a2 b2 c 2 = a1 2 − b1 2 + c1 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
a3 b3 c3

2 3 −1
7 1
1. Evaluate (1)   (2) 4 0 1
4 3
1 2 5

Co-ordinate Geometry
1. Distance formulae

( x1 − x 2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2
AB=

2. Section formulae, A divide PQ in the ratio m : n then

mP + nQ mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1
=A =⇒x = ,y
m+n m+n m+n

y 2 − y1
3. m
Slope of PQ, = = tan θ
x 2 − x1

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

GRAPHS
STANDARD GEOMETRICAL CURVES
1. Straight line

−c
ax + by + c = 0 represents general equation of straight line. We know, y = ; when x = 0 and
b

c
x= − ; when y = 0. Joining above points we get required st. line.
a

If c = 0; then ax + by = 0 represents the straight line passing through the origin.

2. Circle
(i) x2 + y2 = a2 represents the standard equation of a circle whose centre is at (0, 0) and radius a.

34
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

(ii) ( x − α ) + ( y − β ) = a ; is the equation of the circle with centre ( α, β ) and radius

2 2 2

(iii) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is the general equation of the circle with centre (–g, –f) and radius
g2 + f 2 − c

3. Parabola

A. Standard equation of a parabola is y2 = kx or x2 = ky where k ≠ 0 .

(i) y2 = 4ax ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (a, 0);    Axis : x-axis or y = 0

(ii) y2 = –4ax ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (–a, 0);    Axis : x-axis or y = 0

35
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

(iii) x2 = 4ay ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (0, a);    Axis : y-axis or x = 0

(iv) y2 = –4ay ;   Vertex : (0, 0) ;   Focus : (0, –a);    Axis : y-axis or x = 0

4. Graph of an Ellipse

x 2 y2
1 . Centre of the ellipse is (0, 0). It cuts x-axis at (a, 0)
A. Standard equation of ellipse is 2 + 2 =
a b
and (–a, 0) and y axis at (0, b) and (0, –b).

5. Graph of Hyperbola

x 2 y2 −x 2 y2
A. Standard equation of hyperbola is 2 − 1
= or; 2 + 2 =1
a b2 a b
x 2 y2
(i) When the equation is − 1 . Centre of hyperbola is (0, 0) and the vertices of the hyper-
=
a 2 b2
bola are (a, 0) and (–a, 0). Graph of the hyperbola will be as shown in the following figures.

36
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

−x 2 y2
(ii) When the equation of hyperbola is 1 . Centre is at origin (0, 0) and their vertices are
+ 2 =
a2 b
at (0, b) and (0, –b).

6. Rectangular Hyperbola

x 2 y2
A. Standard equation of a hyperbola is − 1
=
a 2 b2
put b = a; then x2 – y2 = a2

As asymptotes are perpendicular, therefore it is called rectangular hyperbola. For a certain rotation
of axes the above equation can also be put into the form, (xy = C).

37
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

Here x and y axes are asymptotes. This is the standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola.

B. General equation of rectangular hyperbola is ( x − α )( y − β ) = C . Its asymptotes are x = α

and y = β and centre is ( α, β ) . Its graph will be as shown in figure.

GRAPHS OF EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC AND TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS

1. Exponential Function

A function f(x) = ax; a > 0 is called exponential function.

Case (i) : a > 1. Here, y = ax increase with increase in x, i.e., f(x) is increasing function on R.

38
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

Case (ii) : 0 < a < 1. Here f(x) = ax decrease with increase in x, i.e., f(x) is decreasing function on
R.

2. Logarithmic Function
The function f(x) = logax (x, a > 0) and a ≠ 1 is a logarithmic function. We have seen that y = ax is

strictly increasing when a > 1 and strictly decreasing when 0 < a < 1. The inverse of this function
is denoted by logax.
y = a x ⇒ x = log a y
Writing y = logax in place of x = logay, we have the graph of y = logax. Thus, logarithmic function is
also known as inverse of exponential function.

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

3. Graph of Trigonometric Functions

(i) y = sin x
It is defined for all values of x and −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 i.e; y ∈ [ −1,1] and periodic function with period

2π .

(ii) y = cos x

It is defined for all values of x and −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 i.e.; y ∈ [ −1,1] and periodic function with period

2π .

(iii) y = tan x

y = tan x is defined for all values of x, except x = nπ + π / 2 and −∞ < tan x < ∞ and periodic with

period π .

40
 Chapter
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
01

QUESTIONS 5. The work done by a body W, varies with

b
LEVEL - I displacement s as W= as + , then the
(c − s)
2

1. If u1 and u2 are the units selected in two

dimensional formula for b is [a, b, c are
systems of measurement and n1 and n2 their
constants]
numerical values, then
1) n1u1= n2u2 2) n1u1+ n2u2= 0 1) M

3) n1n2= n1u2 4) (n1+ u1)= (n2+ u2) 2) L

2. Select the correct pair.
3) ML4T-2
Physical Quantity SI units 4) MLT-2
1) Force - kg m2s–2
6. With usual notation, the following equation,
2) Momentum - kg m–1 s–2 said to give the distance covered in the nth
second.
3) Work - kg m–1 s–1
a
4) Power - kg m2 s–3 ie., Sn =
u+ ( 2n − 1) is :
2
3. Which one of the following is not the unit of 1) numerically correct only
time ?
2) dimensionally correct only
1) Leap year
3) both dimensionally and numerically correct
2) Shake
3) Parallactic second 4) neither numerically nor dimensionally
correct
4) Lunar month
7. Which one of the following is a set of
4. Velocity of a body v can be expressed as
dimensionless physical quantities ?
v = pt3 + qt3, where t represents the time.
Then the SI unit of p is
1) strain, specific gravity, angle
1) ms -2

2) strain, work, Torque

2) ms-3
3) work, angle, specific gravity
3) ms-4
4) ms-5 4) work, energy, frequency

41
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

8. If unit of length and force are increased 13. A physical quantity A is dependent on other
4 times. The unit of energy : four physical quantities p, q, r and s given by
pq
1) is increased by 4 times A= . The percentage error of
2 3
rs
2) is increased by 16 times measurement in p, q, r and s are 1%, 3%,
0.5% and 0.33% respectively, then the
3) is increased by 8 times maximum percentage error in A is :

4) remain unchanged 1) 2% 2) 0%
9. A physical quantity x depends on quantities y
3) 4% 4) 3%
and z as follows : X=Ay + B tan Cz where A,
B and C are constants. Which of the following
14. A screw gauge gives the following reading
do not have the same dimensions :
when used to measure the diameter of a
1) x and B 2) C and z-1 wire. Main scale reading : 0mm, Circular
scale reading : 52 divisions. Given that 1 mm
3) y and B/A 4) x and A on main scale corresponds to 100 divisions
of the circular scale. The diameter of wire
10. The number of significant figures in 0.06900 m from the above data is :
is
1) 0.052 cm 2) 0.026 cm
1) 5 2) 4

3) 2 4) 3 3) 0.005 cm 4) 0.52 cm

11. From the point of view of significant figures, 15. One centimeter on the main scale of a vernier
which of the following statements are correct. callipers is divided into 10 equal parts. If 10
divisions of vernier coincide with 8 small
i) 10.2 cm + 8 cm = 18.2 cm
divisions of the main scale, the least count
ii) 2.53 m - 1.2 m = 1.33 m of callipers is :

iii) 4.2 m × 1.4 m = 5.88 m2 1) 0.01 cm 2) 0.02 cm

iv) 3. 6 m ÷ 1.75 s = 2.1 ms–1 3) 0.05 cm 4) 0.005 cm

1) (i) and (iv) only
LEVEL - II
2) (ii) and (iii) only
1. If h, C and G are fundamental quantities
3) (i) only in a system of units. Then dimensional
formula for mass in that system is
4) (iv) only [h →plank’s constant, C→ speed of light,
12. In simple pendulum experiment percentage G → Gravitational constant]
error in length and time period are 2% and
1)  h 2 C
−3
G 2 2)  h 2 C
−5
G 2
1 1 1 1
1% respectively. The percentage error in the 2 2

calculation of g is    

1) 1% 2) 2%
3)  h 2 C 2 G
1 1 −1
2  4)  h 2 C
1 −1
2
G 2
1

   
3) 3% 4) 4%

42
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

2. In a system of units, unit of mass is α kg, 7. Tw o r e s i s t o r s R 1 = ( 4 ± 0 . 8 ) Ω a n d

the unit of length is βm and unit of time is R2=(4 ± 0.4)Ω are connected in series.
γ second. Then 1 N in new system is The equivalent resistance of their series
combination will be
1) [α–1β–1γ2] 2) [α–1β–2γ2]
1) (4 ± 0.4)Ω
3) [α1β1γ2] 4) [α–1β γ–2]
3. The equation of state of some gases can be 2) (2 ± 0.4)Ω
 a 
expressed as  P +  (V − b) =
RT . Here 3) (8 ± 0.4)Ω
 V2 
P is the pressure, V is the volume, T is the 4) (8 ± 1.2)Ω
absolute temperature and a, b, R are
8. A student measures the time period of 100
constants. The dimensions of a are :
oscillations of a simple pendulum four times.
1) ML5T-2 2) ML-1T2 The data set is 90s, 91s, 95s and 92s. If the
minimum division in the measuring clock is 1s,
3) M0L3T0 4) M0L6T-2 then the reported mean time should be
4. The position of a particle at time t is given by 1) 92 ± 3 s
v 
x ( t )  0  (1 − e −αt ) , where v0
the relation=
α 2) 92 ± 2 s

3) 92 ± 5.0 s
is a constant and α > 0. The dimensions of
v0 and α respectively 4) 92 ± 1.8 s
1) M L T and T
0 1 –1 -1
2) M L T and T
0 1 0 -1
9. Length L and width B of a rectangular field
3) M L T and LT
0 1 –1 -2
4) M L T and T
0 1 –1 are (200 ± 5)m and (50 ± 2)m respectively.
Calculate the percentage error in area :
5. The length, breadth and thickness of a
block are given by l =12 cm, b = 6 cm 1) 4.5 % 2) 6.5 %
and t = 2.45 cm. The volume of the block
according to the idea of significant figures 3) 7.5 % 4) 8.5 %
should be :
10. A student measured the length of a rod and
1) 1 × 102 cm3 2) 2 × 102 cm3 write it as 3.50 cm. Which instrument did he
use to measure it ?
3) 1.76×102 cm3 4) 1.764×102 cm3
1) Meter scale
6. The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum
L 2) A vernier caliper where the 10 divisions
is T = 2π . Measured value of L is
g in the vernier scale match with 9 divisions in
the main scale and the main scale has 10
20.0 cm known to 1 mm accuracy and time
divisions in 1 cm.
for 100 oscillations of the pendulum is found
to be 90 s using wrist watch of 1 s resolution. 3) A screw gauge having 100 divisions in the
The accuracy in the determination of g is : circular scale and pitch as 1 mm
1) 2.7 % 2) 1%
4) A screw gauge having 50 divisions in the
3) 5% 4) 2% circular scale and pitch as 1mm

43
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

11. In the diagram shown in figure, find the Statement Type Question
magnitude and nature of zero error.
1) Statement I is true, statement II is true;
Statement II is correct explanation for
statement I.

2) Statement I is true, statement II is true;

MSD = 1 mm Statement II is not correct explanation for
statement I.
10 VSD = 9 MSD
1) -0.05 cm 2) +0.05 cm 3) Statement I is true, statement II is false.

3) -0.05 mm 4) +0.05 mm 4) Statement I is false, statement II is true.

12. A student measured the diameter of a small
14. Statement I : Length of a wire is 6.00 m
steel ball using a screw gauge of least count
0.001 cm. The main scale reading is 5 mm in S.I system. It’s significant
and circular scale coincides with 25 division figure is 3.
on the reference level. If screw gauge has a
zero error of -0.004 cm, the correct diameter Statement II : Number of significant figures
of the ball is : in a measurement depends
on system of units.
1) 0.521 cm 2) 0.525 cm
Assertion - Reason Type Question
3) 0.053 cm 4) 0.529 cm

13. Match the columns. 1) If both assertion and reason are true
and reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
Column I Column II Column III
a) Pressure i) Nm2Kg-2 1) [ML2T-1]
2) If both assertion and reason are true and
reason is not the correct explanation of the
Angular assertion.
b) ii) Radian 2) [ML–1T-2]
momentum
Universal 3) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
c) gravitational iii) JS 3) [M-1L3T-2]
constant 4) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
d) Angle iv) Nm–2 4) [M0L0T0]
15. Assertion : More precise measurement
1) a - iv - 2; b - iii - 1; c - i - 4; d - ii - 3 need not be more accurate.
2) a - iii - 1; b - i - 4; c - iv - 2; d - ii - 3 Reason : The accuracy in a
3) a - ii - 3; b - iv - 2; c - iii - 1; d - i - 4 measurement depends on
several factors including
4) a - iv - 2; b - iii - 1; c - i - 3; d - ii - 4 precision.

44
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 1 6. 3 11. 4
2. 4 7. 1 12. 4
3. 3 8. 2 13. 3
4. 3 9. 4 14. 1
5. 3 10. 2 15. 2

LEVEL II

1. 3 6. 1 11 2
2. 1 7. 4 12. 4
3. 1 8. 2 13. 4
4. 1 9. 2 14. 3
5. 2 10. 2 15. 3

45
 Chapter
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
02

QUESTIONS 5. Speed of two identical cars are u and 4u at

a specific instant. The ratio of the respective
LEVEL - I
distance in which the two cars are stopped
1. An athelete completes one round of a circular from that instant, when stopping forces are
track of radius R in 40 sec. What will be his same
displacement at the end of 2 min 20 sec
1) 1:1
1) zero 2) 2R
3) 2πR 4) 7 πR 2) 1:4
2. The position x of a particle with respect to 3) 1:8
time t along x-axis is given by =x 9t 2 − t 3
where x is in meters and t in seconds. What 4) 1:16
will be the position of this particle when it
achieves maximum speed along the +x 6. Two boys are standing at the ends A and B
direction ? of a ground where AB = a. The boy at B starts
running in a direction perpendicular to AB
1) 32 m 2) 54 m with velocity ν1 . The boy at A starts running
3) 81 m 4) 24 m
simutaneously with velocity ν along a
3. The average velocity of a body moving with
uniform acceleration travelling a distance of straight line and catches the other boy in a
3.06m is 0.34ms–1. If the change in velocity time t, where t is
of the body is 0.18 ms–1 during this time, its
uniform acceleration is a
1)
1) 0.03 ms –2
2) 0.02 ms -2
ν 2 + ν12
3) 2ms–2 4) 1 ms–2
4. A particle moving in a straight line covers half
the distance with speed of 3 m/s. The other a2
2)
half of the distance is covered in two equal ( ν 2 − ν12 )
time intervals with speed of 4.5 m/s and 7.5
m/s respectively. The average speed of the
particle during this motion is a
3)
1) 4.0 m/s ( ν − ν1 )
2) 5.0 m/s
3) 5.5 m/s a
4)
4) 4.8 m/s ( ν − ν12 )
2

46
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

7. A body starting from rest, accelerates at 12. A 210m long train is moving due north at a
a constant rate a ms–2 for some time after speed of 25 m/s. A small bird is flying due
which it decelerates at a constant rate b ms–2 south a little above the train with speed 5
to come to rest finally. If the total time elapsed m/s. The time taken by the bird to cross the
is t sec., the maximum velocity attained by train is
the body is given by
1) 6s 2) 7s
ab ab
1) t m/s 2) t m/s
a+b a−b 3) 9s 4) 10s

13. Which of the following graphs can not

2ab 2ab represent one dimensional motion of a
3) t m/s 4) t m/s particle
a+b a−b

8. A bus begins to move with an acceleration

Total Distance
Total Distance

covered
of 1 ms–2 . A man who is 48m behind the bus

covered
starts running at 10 ms–1 to catch the bus.
The man will be able to catch the bus after Time
Time
1) 6s 2) 5s I II
3) 3s 4) 8s Velocity
Speed
9. Two bodies of different masses ma and mb
are dropped from two different heights a and
Time
b. The ratio of the time taken by the two to Time
cover these distances are
III IV
1) a:b 2) b:a
1) I and II 2) II and III
3) a: b 4) a2 : b2
3) II and IV 4) I, II, III and IV
10. Two balls A and B of same masses are thrown
from the top of the building. A thrown up ward 14. Among the four position-time graph shown in
with velocity v and B thrown down-ward with the figure there is only one graph for which
velocity v then [neglect air resistance] average velocity over the time interval (0, T)
can vanish for a suitably chosen T. Which
1) velocity of A is more than ‘B’ at the ground one is it
2) velocity of B is more than ‘A’ at the ground x x
1) 2)
3) Both ‘A’ & ‘B’ strike the ground with same
t
velocity
4) None of these t
11. A ball dropped from the top of tower falls first x
x
half height of tower in 10 s. The total time 3) 4)
spend by ball in air is (g=10 m/s2)

1) 14.14 s 2) 15.25 s
t t
3) 12.36 s 4) 17.36 s

47
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

15. The acceleration versus time graph of a 16. The graph shows the variation of velocity of
particle is shown in figure. The respective a rocket with time. Then the maximum height
ν − t graph of the particle is attained by the rocket is

1)
1) 1.1 km

2) 5 km

3) 55 km

2) 4) 76 km

17. A particle starts from rest. Its acceleration

(a) versus time (t) is as shown in the figure.
The maximum speed of the particle will be

3) 10 m/s2

t(s)
11

1) 110 m/s
4)
2) 55 m/s

3) 550 m/s

4) 660 m/s

48
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

18. The displacement (X) of a particle depends 20. Statement I: A negative acceleration of
2
on time (t) as X = αt − β t
3 body can be associated with
speeding up of the body
Column I Column II Statement II: Negative acceleration means
The particle will be retardation.
i) at its starting point p) 2α 1) Both statements I and II are correct
after time 3β 2) Both statements I and II are incorrect
The particle will be α 3) Statement I is correct, II is incorrect
ii) q)
at rest at time β 4) Statement II is incorrect, I is correct
The average velocity LEVEL - II
of particle from t =
0 to t = t is equal 1. A particle starts with initial speed V and
iii) r) α
to instantaneous retardation a come to rest in time T. the time
velocity at t = t0 3β taken to cover first half of the total travelled
value of t0 = ___ is
No net force will act α T  1 
iv) on the particle at s) 1) 2) T 1 − 
time t is equal to
2β 2  2

T 3T
3) 4)
i ii iii iv 2 4
1) q s r p
2. A man walks on a straight road from his
2) q p s r
home to a market 2.5 km away with speed
3) s r p q of 5 km/h. Finding the market closed, he
4) r q s p instantly turns and walks back home with a
speed of 7.5 km/h. The average speed of the
19. Statement I: The average speed of a man over the interval of time 0 to 40 min is
body over a given interval of equal to
time is equal to the average
25
velocity of the body in the 1) 5 km/h 2) km / h
same interval of time. If a 4
body moves in a straight line
in one direction 30 45
3) km / h 4) km / h
4 8
Statement II: Distance travelled by a body
is equal to the displacement, 3. Two trains A and B of length 400 m each are
when it is moving in a straight moving on two parallel tracks with a uniform
line and same direction speed of 72 km h–1 in the same direction,
with A ahead of B. The driver of B decides
1) Both statements I and II are true to overtake A and accelerates by 1 m/s2. If
after 50 s, the guard of B just brushes past
2) Both statements I and II are false the driver of A, what was the original distance
between them ?
3) Statement I is true but II is false
1) 2250 m 2) 1250 m
4) Statement I is false but II is true 3) 1000 m 4) 2000 m

49
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

4. A body is projected vertically upwards. If t1 8. A ball is dropped from the top of a 100 m
and t2 be the times at which it is at a height h high tower on a planet. In the last ½s before
above the point of projection while ascending
hitting ground it covers distance of 19 m.
and descending respectively then
Acceleration due to gravity on that planet
1) h = gt1t 2 2) h = 2gt1t 2 (in m/s2)
1) 6 2) 5

1 1 3) 8 4) 10
3) h = gt1t 2 4) h = gt1t 2
2 4 9. A ball is dropped from the top of a building.
The ball takes 0.5 s to pass the 3 m length
5. A particle is thrown vertically upwards such of a window some distance from the top of
that it appears at height ‘h’ after time t1 & t2 the building. If the velocities of the ball at the
such that t1 / t 2 = 1 4 . If maximum height top and at the bottom of the window are ν T

attained by particle is H, then h/H is (h<H) and ν B respectively, then

5 4 1) ν T + ν B =12 ms
−1
1) 2)
4 1 −1
2) ν T − ν B = 4.9 ms
−1
3) ν B ν T =1ms
16 5
3) 4) νB
25 2 4) = 1ms −1
νT
6. An elevator, in which a man is standing, is
moving upward with a constant acceleration 10. A stone is thrown vertically upward. On its
of 2 m/s2. At an instant when speed of ele- way up it passes point A with speed of ν ,
vator is 10 m/s, the man drops a coin from and point B, 3 m higher than A, with speed
a height of 1.5 m. Find the time taken by the ν / 2 . The maximum height reached by stone
coin to reach the floor.
above point B is
1
1) s 2) ½ s 1) 1 m 2) 2 m
3
3) 3 m 4) 5 m

1 11. A boat takes two hours to travel 8 km and

3) 4) 1 s back in still water. If the velocity of water is
2 4 km/h, the time taken for going upstream 8
km and coming back is
7. The water droplet fall at regular interval from
tap 5 m above the ground the third drop is 1) 2h
leaving the tap at the instant when the first
drop touches ground. How far above the 2) 2 h 40 min
ground is the second drop at that instant.
3) 1 h 20 min
1) 1.25 m 2) 2.5 m
4) Cannot be estimated with the information
3) 3.75 m 4) 4.00 m given

50
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

12. A theif is running away on a straight road in 15. In each of the situations assume that particle
jeep moving with a speed of 9 ms-1. A police was initially at rest at origin and there after
mas chases him on a motor cycle moving it moved rectilinerarly. Some of the graph in
at a speed of 10 ms-1. If the instantaneous left column represent the same motion as
separation of the jeep from the motorcycle represented by graphs in right column match
is 100 m, how long will it take for the police these graphs.
to catch the thief
1) 1 s 2) 19 s Column I Column II
3) 90 s 4) 100 s
13. On a two lane road, car A is travelling with
A) p)
a speed of 36 Kmh-1. Two cars B and C
approach car A in opposite directions with a
speed of 54 Kmh-1 each. At a certain instant,
when the distance AB is equal to AC, both
being 1km, B decides to cross A before C
does. The minimum acceleration of car B to
B) q)
avoid an accident is
1) 0.5 ms-2 2) 1 ms-2
3) 2 ms-2 4) 2.5 ms-2
14. A ball is dropped vertically from a height d
above the ground. It hits the ground and
C) r)
bounces up vertically to a height d/2.
Neglecting subsequent motion and air
resistance, its velocity ν varies with the
height h above the ground as

1) 2) D) s)

1) A→ r, B→q, C→s, D→p

3) 4) 2) A→ p, B→q, C→s, D→r

3) A→ s, B→p, C→s, D→q

4) A→ p, B→s, C→q, D→p

51
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 2 6. 2 11. 1 16. 3
2. 2 7. 1 12. 2 17. 2
3. 2 8. 4 13. 4 18. 2
4. 1 9. 3 14. 2 19. 1
5. 4 10. 3 15. 1 20. 3

LEVEL II

11. 2
1. 2 6. 2
12. 4
2. 4 7. 3
13. 2
3. 2 8. 3
14. 1
4. 3 9. 1
15. 1
5. 3 10. 1

52
 Chapter
MOTION IN A PLANE
03

QUESTIONS 5. A particle is simultaneously acted by two

forces equal to 4 N and 3 N. The net force
LEVEL - I
on the particle can be :
1. A physical quantity which has a direction :
1) Only 7 N
1) must be a vector
2) may be a vector 2) Only 5 N

3) may be both scalar & vector 3) Only 1 N

4) none of the above 4) Between 1 N and 7 N
2. Two forces each numerically equal to 10 N,
6. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector,
are acting as shown in the figure. Then the
then magnitude of difference is
resultant is:
1) 2 2) 3
10N 1
3) 4) 5
2
60o
7. One of the rectangular components of a
10N velocity of 60 kmh–1 is 30 kmh–1. The other
1) 25N rectangular component is
2) 5N 1) 30 kmh–1
3) 2) 30 3kmh
−1

4) 10N
−1
3) 30 2 kmh
3. Which of the following is a null vector?
1) Position vector of a particle at origin 4) Zero
2) Acceleration of a body moving with 8. If the vector 4iˆ + 4ˆj + 6kˆ is perpendicular to
constant velocity
3) Velocity of a stationary particle the vector 4iˆ + xjˆ − 4kˆ , the value of x is
4) All of these
1) 2
4. For the resultant of the two vectors to be
maximum, what must be the angle between 2) 4
them
3) -2
1) 0o 2) 60o
3) 90o 4) 180o 4) -1

53
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]
   
9. What is angle between P × Q and P + Q 13. Two bullets are fired simultaneously,
horizontally and with different speeds from
1) 0 2) π 2 the same place. Which bullet will hit the
ground first?
1) the faster bullet
3) π 4) 3π 2
2) the slower bullet
10. Which of the following statements is false.
3) both will hit simultaneously
1) Mass, speed and energy are scalars
4) depends on masses
2) Momentum, force and torque are vectors
14. A stunt man plans to jump horizontally
3) Distance is a scalar while displacement is
between two roof tops. The second roof is
a vector
4.9 m below the first one and 6.2 m away
4) A vector has only magnitude whereas as from it. What should be his minimum speed
a scalar has both magnitude and direction so that he can make the jump successfully
  (in m/s)
11. Given two vectors A= 3iˆ + 4ˆj and B = ˆi − 2ˆj .
1) 3.1 2) 4
Then match the following columns. 3) 4.9 4) 6.2
15. The horizontal range and the maximum
Column I Column II height of a projectile are equal. Then the
Magnitude of angle of projection of projectile is
A)  1) 5
vector A 1
 −1
1) θ = tan   2) θ = tan
−1
( 4)
B) Unit vector of A 2) ( )
0.6iˆ + 0.8jˆ 4
The magnitude
C)  
of A + B
3) ( 2iˆ + 6ˆj) 3) θ = tan
−1
( 2) 4) θ= 45°
The difference 16. The speed of a projectile at its maximum
D)   4) 20
of vector, A − B height is half of its initial speed. The angle
of projection is
1) A - 4; B - 1; C - 2; D - 3
1) 60o 2) 15o
2) A - 1; B - 2; C - 4; D - 3
3) 30o 4) 45o
3) A - 3; B - 2; C - 4; D - 1
17. A particle of mass m is projected with
4) A - 2; B - 4; C - 1; D - 3 velocity v making an angle 45o with the
horizontal. When the particle lands on the
12. At the top of the trajectory of a projectile, the
level ground, the magnitude of the change
directions of its velocity and acceleration are
in its momentum will be
1) Perpendicular to each other
1) mv 2 2) 0
2) Parallel to each other
3) Inlcined to each other at an angle of 45o mv
3) 2mv 4)
4) Antiparallel to each other 2

54
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

18. If K is the kinetic energy of a projectile fired at Assertion - Reason Type Question
an angle 30o, then what is its kinetic energy
1) If both assertion and reason are true
at the highest position?
and reason is the correct explanation of the
K assertion.
1)
4 2) If both assertion and reason are true and
reason is not the correct explanation of the
3K assertion.
2)
4 3) If assertion is true, but reason is false.
4) If assertion is false, but reason is true.
3) K
22. Assertion : In uniform circular motion
4) 2K although the speed of particle
19. The range of projectile fired at angle of 15o remains constant yet the
is 50 metre. If it is fired with the same speed particle is accelerated due
at an angle 45o its range will be to the change in direction of
motion.
1) 25 m Reason : The force acting on the body
2) 50 m in uniform circular motion is
only radial.
3) 100 m 23. A stone is moved round a horizontal circle
4) 77.6 m with a 20cm long string tied to it. If centripetal
acceleration is 9.8 m/s2, then its angular
20. Two stones A and B projected with speed u velocity will be
and 2u attain the same maximum heights.
1) 7 rad/s 2) 22/7 rad/s
If stone A is thrown at an angle 60o with
horizontal, then the approximate angle of 3) 49 rad/s 4) 14 rad/s
projection of stone B with the horizontal is
24. The angular speed of seconds needle in a
1) 27o mechanical watch is

2) 37o π
1) rad / s 2) 2π rad / s
30
3) 17 o

4) 47o 60
3) π rad / s 4) rad / s
21. From the top of a tower 19.6 m high a ball π
is thrown horizontally. If the line joining the
25. A particle of mass m is moving in a horizontal
point of projection to the point where it hits
circle of radius R with uniform speed v. When
the ground makes an angle of 45o with the
it moves from one point to a diametrically
horizontal, then the initial velocity of the ball
opposite point, its
is
1) momentum does not change
1) 9.8 m/s
2) momentum changes by 2 mv
2) 4.9 m/s
1
3) 14.7 m/s 3) kinetic energy changes by mv 2
2
4) 2.8 m/s
4) kinetic energy changes by mv2

55
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

LEVEL - II 6. A person standing on a road has to hold his

umbrella at 60° with the vertical to keep the
1. The resultant of two forces has a magnitude
rain away. He throws the umbrella and starts
of 20N. One of them has a magnitude 20 3 running at 20 ms–1. He finds that rain drops
N. It makes an angle 300 with the resultant. are hitting his head vertically. Find the speed
Then the other force must be of magnitude. of the rain drops with respect to

1) 20N 2) 20 3N a) the road

b) the moving person

3) zero 4) 10 3N
40 20
2. Two buses starts from a bus stand with 10 1) m/s, m/s
3 3
km/h and 30 km/h along two tracks inclined
at 60o, what is the distance between them
after twelve minutes 2) 20 3 m/s, 20 3 m/s

1) 2 7km 2) 7 2km 20 40
3) m/s, m/s
3 3
3) 7 km 4) 5 km
3. Following sets of three forces act on a body. 4) 10 3 m/s, 20 3 m/s
Whose resultant can not be zero?
7. A man swims from point A on one bank
1) 10, 10, 20 2) 10, 10, 10
of a river of width 100 m. When he swims
3) 10, 20, 23 4)10, 20, 40 perpendicular to the river current, he reaches
the other bank 50 m downstream. The angle
4. A particle moves eastwards with a velocity to the bank at which he should swim, to reach
of 5 m/s. After 10 s, its direction changes directly opposite point B on the other bank
towards north with the speed remaining is:
unchanged. The average acceleration of the
particle is 1) 10o upstream

1) Zero 2) 1 m/s2 N-W 2) 20o upstream

2
3) 30o upstream

3) 1 m/s2 N-E 4) 1 m/s2 S-W 4) 60o upstream

2 2
8. Two seconds after projection, a projectile
5. A bird is flying towards east with velocity is travelling in a direction inclined at 30o to
50 km/h and a train is moving with a velocity the horizontal. After one more second it is
50 km/h towards south. What is the velocity travelling horizontally. Then
of the bird with respect an observer in train
1) velocity of projection is 20 m/s
1) 50 20 km/h north-east
2) velocity of projection is 20 3 m/s
2) 50 20 km/h south east
3) angle of projection is 60 o with the
3) 50 2 km/h south-west
vertical
4) 50 2 km/h north-east 4) angle of projection is 45o with the horizontal

56
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

9. The ceiling of a long hall is 60m high. What is 13. An object is projected so that it just
the maximum horizontal distance that a ball clears two walls of height 7.5m and with
throw with a speed of 40m/s can go without separation 50m from each other. If the
hitting the ceiling of the hall (g = 10 m/s2) time of passing between the walls is
2.5 s. The range of the projectile will be
1) 80m 2) 80 2 m ( g = 10 m/s2)

1) 75m 2) 70 m
3) 80 3 m 4) 160m
10. A small ball rolls of the top of a stairway 3) 140 m 4) 57.5 m
horizontally with a velocity of 4.5 ms–1. Each
step is 0.2 m high and 0.3 m wide. If g is 10 14. A body is projected up a smooth inclined
ms–2, then the ball will strike the nth step plane with velocity v from the point A as
where n is equal to (assume ball strike at shown in the figure. The angle of inclination
the edge of the step). is 450 and the top is connected to well of
diameter 40 m. If the body just manages to
1) 9 2) 10 cross the well, what is the value of v ? Length
3) 11 4) 12 of inclined plane is 20 2m .
11. A body is projected with velocity u1 from point
A as shown in figure. At the same time
another body is projected vertically upwards
with the velocity u2 from the point B. What
u1
should be the value of for both the bodies
u2
to collide.

-1
1) 40 ms-1 2) 40 2ms

-1
3) 20 ms-1 4) 20 2ms
2 1 15. A stone projected at an angle of 60o from the
1) 2)
3 3 ground level strikes at an angle of 30o on the
roof of a building of height h. Then the speed
3) 3 4) 2 of projection of the stone is
12. A ball is projected from the ground at a speed
of 10 ms–1 making an angle of 300 with the
horizontal. Another ball is simultaneously
released from a point on the vertical line
along the maximum height of the projectile.
Both the balls collide at the maximum height
of the projectile. The initial height of the
second ball is (g=10ms–2)
1) 6.25 m 2) 2.5 m 1) 2gh 2) 6gh

3) 3.75 m 4) 5 m
3) 3gh 4) gh

57
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

16. A particle is projected with a velocity ν so 18. A particle is moving in a circular path of
radius 5m and 5m/s. What is the average
that its range on a horizontal plane is twice acceleration in half revolution
the greatest height attained. If g is acceler-
ation due to gravity, then its range is 1) zero

4ν 2 2) 10 m/s2
1)
5g
2
3) 10π m/s

4g 10
2) 4) m / s2
5ν 2 π
19. The speed of a particle moving in a circle
of radius r = 2m varies with time t as v = t2
4ν 2
3) where t is in second, and v in m/s. Then net
5g 2 acceleration at t = 2 s will be.

4ν 1) 40 m/s 2
4) 2
5g 2
2) 60 m/s
17. A particle is projected from the ground with an
initial speed of v at an angle θ with horizontal.
The average velocity of the particle between
2
its point of projection and highest point of 3) 80 m/s
trajectory is
4) 10m/s2
ν
1) 1 + 2 cos 2 θ
2 20. A cyclist is riding with a speed of 45 km/h. As
he approaches a circular turn of radius 80m,
ν he applies brakes and reduces his speed at
2) 1 + 2 cos 2 θ a constant rate of (5/4) m/s per second. The
2
acceleration of the cyclist when his speed
reduces to 36 km/h is,
ν
3) 1 + 3cos 2 θ 2
2 1) 5 2m/s 2) 1.44 m/s2
4) ν cos θ
3) 2.4 m/s2 4) 1.76 m/s2

58
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 2 6. 2 11. 2 16. 1 21. 1

2. 4 7. 2 12. 1 17. 1 22. 1
3. 4 8. 1 13. 3 18. 2 23. 1
4. 1 9. 2 14. 4 19. 3 24. 1
5. 4 10. 4 15. 2 20. 2 25. 2

LEVEL II

1. 1 6. 1 11. 1 16. 1
2. 1 7. 4 12. 2 17. 3
3. 4 8. 2 13. 2 18. 4
4. 2 9. 4 14. 4 19. 3
5. 4 10. 1 15. 3 20. 4

59
 Chapter
LAWS OF MOTION
04

QUESTIONS 3. A block is released on smooth inclined plane

of inclination θ. The time at which it will reach
LEVEL - I bottom is:

1. A force of 5N changes the velocity of a body

from 10 m/s to 20 m/s in 5 sec. How much
force is required to bring about the same
change in 2 sec ?

1) 10 N

2) 12.5 N 1 2h
1)
sin θ g
3) 15 N

4) 17.5 N
2 2h
2)
2. Match the following sin θ g

Column I Column II 3 2h
3)
sin θ g
Accelerated
A) 1) Newton’s 1st law
motion
4 2h
B) Impulse 2) Mass 4)
sin θ g
C) Law of inertia 3) Force × time 4. Three blocks A, B and C of masses 4 kg, 2kg
and 1kg are in contact of frictionless surface.
Measure of Change in speed Find the contact force between B and C
D) 4)
inertia and direction

1) A 4; B 1; C 2; D 3

2) A 4; B 2; C 1; D 3

3) A 3; B 4; C 1; D 2
1) 6 N 2) 8 N
4) A 4; B 3; C 1; D 2
3) 18 N 4) 2 N

60
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

5. Find the tension in the string which connected 8. Two blocks of mass m each are moving
the blocks as shown in the following figure vertically downward under the influence of
an external force F and gravity as shown in
figure

1) 4 3N

2) 4 N

3) 3 N

4) 5 N

6. A light string passing over a pulley connects 1) contact force between blocks will break
two blocks of masses m1 and m2 (vertically). and normal reaction between the blocks will
g be zero
If the acceleration of the system is , then
8
2) both block move in combination with
the ratio of masses is
common acceleration a = 2g
1) 8 : 1
3) contact force between blocks in mg
2) 9 : 7
4) both 2 and 3 are correct
3) 4 : 3

4) 5 : 3 9. A ball of mass ‘m’ strikes a rigid wall with

speed u at angle 30o and get reflected with
7. Two blocks of masses 40 kg and 30 kg are the same speed, and at the same angle as
connected by a weightless string passing shown. If the ball is in contact with the wall
over a frictionless pulley as shown in the for time ‘t’, then the force acting on the wall
figure. The acceleration of the system would is
be

1) 0.7 m/s2

2) 0.8 m/s2
mu sin 30 2mu sin 30
1) 2)
3) 0.6 m/s2 t t

4) 0.5 m/s2 mu cos 30 2mu cos 30

3) 4)
t t

61
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

10. A lift moving in upward direction. The total 13. A 5000 kg rocket is set for vertical firing.
mass of the left and the passengers is 1600 The exhaust speed is 800 ms–1. To give an
kg. The variation of the velocity of the lift is initial upward acceleration of 20 ms–2, the
as shown in the figure. The tension in the amount of gas ejected per second to supply
rope at t =8th second will be the needed thrust will be ( g= 10 ms–2)
1) 127.5 kg s–1 2) 187.5 kg s­–1
3) 185.5 kg s–1 4) 137.5 kg s–1
14. A block of mass 4 kg is placed on a rough
horizontal plane. The time dependent force
F=Kt2 acts on the block where K = 2N/s2.
1) 11200 N Co-efficient of friction μ = 0.8. Force of friction
between the block and the plane at t =2s is
2) 16000 N
1) 32 N 2) 4 N
3) 4800 N
3) 2 N 4) 8 N
4) 12000 N
15. Determine the maximum acceleration of the
11. A monkey of mass 20 kg is holding a vertical train in which a box lying on the floor will
rope. The rope will not break when a mass of remain stationary. Given that the co-efficient
25 kg is suspended from it but will break if the of static friction between the box and the
mass exceeds 25 kg. What is the maximum train’s floor is 0.15
acceleration with which the monkey can 1) 1.5 m/s2 2) 2.5 m/s2
climb up along the rope ( g=10 m/s2)
3) 2 m/s2 4) 1 m/s­2
1) 10 m/s2 2) 25 m/s2 16. A chain of length L remains in limiting
equilibrium with a length x hanging down
3) 2.5 m/s2 4) 5 m/s2
from a rough horizontal table. The coefficient
12. A stationary body of mass 3 kg explodes into of friction between table and surface is :
three equal pieces. Two of the pieces fly off
x L+x
at right angles to each other, one with a 1) 2)
L L
velocity 2iˆ m/s and the other with a velocity

3jˆ m/s. If the explosion takes place in 10–5 sec, L−x x

3) 4)
L L−x
the average force acting on the third piece
in newton is 17. When a body is placed on a rough plane
inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal, its
( )
1) 2iˆ + 3jˆ × 10
−5
acceleration is

( )
2) − 2iˆ + 3jˆ × 10
−5 1) g(sin θ – cos θ)
2) g(sin θ–μ cos θ)
( )
3) 3jˆ − 2iˆ × 10
5

3) g(μ sin θ–cosθ)

4) ( 2i
ˆ 3jˆ ) ×10 −5
=
4) gμ(sin θ–cos θ)

62
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

18. A block of mass 2 kg is on a table. A horizontal 21. A car of mass 1000 kg negotiates a banked
force of 6 N is applied on the block. In this curve of radius 90 m on a frictionless road.
case the friction is (μs = 0.4) If the banking angle is 45o, then the speed
of the car is [g=10 ms–2]
1) 8N
1) 20 m/s 2) 30 m/s
2) 0 N
3) 6 N 3) 5 m/s 4) 10 m/s

4) None 22. A bend in a level road has a radius of 100

m. Find the maximum speed which a car
19. A block of mass m lying on a rough horizontal turning this bend may have without skidding
surface of friction coefficient μ is pulled (μs = 0.8) [g = 9.8 ms–2]
by a force F as shown, the limiting friction
between the block and surface will be 1) 15 m/s

2) 26 m/s

3) 28 m/s

4) 38 m/s

LEVEL - II

1. A balloon with mass m is descending down

 F with an acceleration a (where a < g). How
1) μ mg 2) µ  mg + 
 2 much mass should be removed from it so that
it starts moving up with same acceleration.
(Volume of balloon remains constant)
 F  3F 
3) µ  mg −  4) µ  mg −  2ma 2ma
 2  2  1) 2)
g+a g−a
20. Assertion : Force is required to move a
body uniformly along a circle.
ma ma
Reason : When the motion is uniform 3) 4)
g+a g−a
circular motion, acceleration
is zero
2. What will be the tension at a distance x from
1) If both assertion and reason are correct right end of a uniform rope as shown.
and reason is a correct explanation of the
assertion
2) If both assertion and reason are correct
and reason is not the correct explanation of
the assertion
3) If assertion is correct but reason is
incorrect  x  x
1) F 1 +  2) F 1 − 
 L  L
4) If assertion is incorrect but reason is
correct
3) F+ xL 4) F –xL

63
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

3. Two blocks A and B of masses 2m and m 5. A disc of mass 100 g is kept floating
respectively are connected by a massless horizontally in air by firing bullets each of
and in extensible string. The whole system is mass 5 g with same velocity at the same
suspended by a massless spring as shown in rate of 10 bullets per second. If the bullets
the figure. The magnitudes of accelerations rebound with the same speed in opposite
of A and B immediately after the string is cut direction, the velocity of each bullet at the
are respectively time of impact is
1) 196 cm s–1 2) 9.8 cm s–1
3) 98 cm s–1 4) 980 cm s–1
6. A block is kept on a frictionless inclined
surface with angle of inclination α. The incline
is given an acceleration a to keep the block
stationary. Then a is equal to

g
1) g,
2

g
2) ,g 1) g 2) g tan α
2
3) g/tan α 4) g cos ecα
3) g, g
7. Find the reaction between two blocks (Block
g g A doesn’t slide on B)
4) ,
2 2

4. Two fixed frictionless inclined planes making

an angle 30o and 60o with the horizontal are
shown in the figure. Two blocks A and B are
placed on the two planes. What is the relative 1) F 2) F 2
vertical acceleration of A with respect to B ?

3) F 4) 3F
3
8. In the figure shown all surfaces are smooth,
find the force acting between 4 kg block and
10 kg block

1) 4.9 ms–2
2) 9.8 ms–2 in vertical direction
3) zero 1) 70 N 2) 40 N

4) 4.9 ms–2 in vertical direction 3) 30 N 4) 20 N

64
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

9. A body of mass 5 kg is hanging from a string 12. If μ is the coefficient of friction between the
of negligible mass. A horizontal force F is board and floor as shown in figure. Find the
applied at a point of string due to which two maximum force that the man can exert on
parts of string include an angle of 150o, find the rope, so that the board does not slip on
the force applied and also the tension in the the floor
upper part of the string
1) F = 29 N, T = 50 N
2) F = 50N, T= 29 N
3) F = 29 N, T = 58 N
4) F =58 N, T = 29 N
10. A block A of mass m1 rests on a horizontal µMg
table. A light string connected to it passes 1)
1+ µ
over a frictionless pulley at the edge of table
and from its other end another block B of
mass m2 is suspended. The coefficient of 2) µ ( M + m ) g
kinetic friction between the block and the µ (M + m) g
table is μk. When the block A is sliding on 3)
the table, the tension in the string is M

( m 2 − µ k m1 ) g
1) µ (M + m) g
( m1 + m 2 ) 4)
1+ µ
m1m 2 (1 + µ k ) g 13. In the given system, find the minimum mass
2) of block to start slipping of block 2 kg
( m1 + m 2 )

m1m 2 (1 − µ k ) g 45o
3)
( m1 + m 2 ) 2kg
μ=0.3
( m 2 + µ k m1 ) g m
4)
( m1 + m 2 ) 1) 0.4 kg 2) 0.6 kg
11. Consider the situation shown in the figure. 3) 0.8 kg 4) 1 kg
The minimum value of m so that block do not 14. A given object takes n times as much time
move is : to slide down a 45o rough incline as it takes
to slide down a perfectly smooth 45o incline.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
object and the incline is given by
1 1
1) µ k = 2) µ k = 1 −
(1 − n 2 ) n2

1) 4 kg 2) 6 kg 1  1 
3) µ k = 4) 1 − 2 
3) 8 kg 4) 10 kg (1 − n 2 )  n 

65
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

15. A system of three masses A, B and C shown 17. The coefficient of static friction between two
in figure is pushed by a force F. All surfaces surfaces μs = 0.8. The tension in string shown
are smooth except between B and C. Static in figure is
frictional coefficient between B and C is μ.
Minimum value of F to prevent block B from
downward slipping is

3mg 5mg
1) 2)
2µ 2µ
1) 0
5µmg 3µmg
3) 4) 2) 6 N
2 2
3) 4 N
16. A block of mass 2 kg is placed on a truck
as shown in figure. The coefficient of kinetic 4) 8 N
friction between the block and surface is 0.5.
The truck starts from rest and moves with 18. A circular race track of radius 240 m is
acceleration 8 m/s2. After how much time the banked at an angle of 45o. If the coefficient
block fall off the truck of friction between the wheels of a race car
and the rod is 0.2 the maximum permissible
speed to avoid slipping is

[Acceleration due to gravity g=10 ms–2]

1) 40 ms–1

2) 60 ms–1
1) 4s 2) 3s 3) 72 ms–1
3) 2s 4) 1.5s 4)50 ms–1

66
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 2 6. 2 11. 3 16. 4 21. 2

2. 4 7. 1 12. 2 17. 2 22. 3
3. 1 8. 4 13. 2 18. 3
4. 4 9. 4 14. 4 19. 3
5. 1 10. 2 15. 1 20. 3

LEVEL II

1. 1 6. 2 11. 3 16. 3
2. 2 7. 4 12. 4 17. 1
3. 2 8. 1 13. 2 18. 4
4. 4 9. 3 14. 2
5. 4 10. 2 15. 2

67
 Chapter
WORK ENERGY POWER
05

QUESTIONS 3. A body of mass 3kg is under a force which

cau s e s a d i s p l a c e m e n t i n i t , g i v e n
LEVEL - I
t2
S= ( in m ) . The work done by the force
1. A 10 kg satellite completes one revolution 3
around the earth at a height of 100 km in 108 in 2 seconds
minutes. The work done by the gravitational
force of earth will be 1) 2J 2) 3.8J

1)108 × 100 ×10J 3) 5.2J 4) 2.6J

4. A body is displaced from (0,0) to (1m, 1m)
108 ×10
2)
100
J along the path x = y by a force= (
F x 2 ˆj + yjˆ N . )
The work done by this force will be
100 ×10 4 5
3) J 1) J 2) J
108 3 6

4) zero
3 7
3) J 4) J
2. Force and position graph of a particle is 2 5
given. Find the position at which work done
becomes zero 5. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is
lying on a smooth table and one-third of its
length is hanging vertically down over the
edge of the table. If g is acceleration due
to gravity, then work required to pull the
hanging part onto the table
1) MgL
MgL
2)
3

1) 12.5m MgL
3)
9
2) 30m

3) 15m MgL
4)
4) 27.5m 18

68
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

Assertion and Reason Type Questions 8. A particle is moving in a circle of radius r

under the action of force F=αr2 which is
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true directed towards centre of the circle. The total
and Reason is the correct explanation of mechanical energy (KE + PE) of the particle
Assertion is (take PE = 0 for r = 0)
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true and 1 3
the Reason is not the correct explanation of 1)αr3 2) αr
Assertion 2

3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false 4 3 53

3) αr 4) αr
4) If both Assertion and Reason are false 3 6

6. Assertion : Work done by a non 9. Two springs of spring constants 1500 N/m
conservative force may be and 3000 N/m respectively are stretched
positive or negative. with the same force. They will have potential
energy in the ratio
Reason : Work done by a force is the
dot product of the force and 1) 4:1 2) 1:4
the displacement of point of
application of force. 3) 2:1 4) 1:2

7. A toy car of mass 5kg starts from rest and 10. The work required to stretch an ideal spring
moves up a ramp under the influence of force by 2 cm is w. Find the extra work required
F(F is applied in the direction of velocity) to stretch the same spring by an addition
plotted against displacement x. The maximum distance of 8 cm
height(attained) is given by 1) 24 w 2) 25 w
3) 50 w 4) 10 w
11. Velocity time graph for a body of mass 10kg
is shown in the figure. The work done on the
body in first 2 seconds of the motion is

1)

1) –9300J
2)
2) 1200J
3)
3) –4500J
4) 4) –12000J

69
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

12. The potential energy of a system is 14. A body is moved along a straight line by
represented in the first figure. The force a machine delivering constant power. The
acting on the system will be represented by distance moved by the body in time t is
proportional to:
1
1) t 2) t 2

3 2
3) t 2
4) t 3

15. A machine delivers power to a body which is

proportional to velocity of the body. If the body
1)
starts with a velocity which is almost negligible,
then the distance covered by the body is
proportional to
3
1) V 2) V 2

5
3) V 3
4) V2
2)
16. A body of mass m1 makes a perfect elastic
collision with another body of mass m2 at rest.
After collision they fly apart in opposite direction
m1
with equal speeds. The ratio m 2 is
3)
1) 1 :1 2) 1 : 2
3) 1 : 3 4) 3 : 1
17. A solid sphere makes an elastic collision with a
stationary sphere of half its radius. After collision
the first sphere comes to rest. The ratio of
densities of the materials of the spheres is
4)
1) 1 : 2 2) 2 : 1
3) 1 : 8 4) 8 : 1
18. A sphere A of mass m moving with velocity u
collides head on with sphere B of same mass
at rest. If e is the coefficient of restitution, what

13. An engine exerts a force F= ( 20i − 3jˆ + 5kˆ ) N will be the ratio of the final velocity and initial
velocity of the ball A

(
and moves with velocity v = 6iˆ + 20ˆj − 3kˆ ) 1)
1− e
2)
1+ e
1+ e 2
m/s. The power of the engine (in watt) is:
1) 45 2) 75
1− e
3) 1 – e 4)
2
3) 20 4) 10

70
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

19. A ball of mass m moving with speed u undergoes LEVEL - II

a head-on elastic collision with a ball of mass
nm initially at rest. The fraction of the incident 1. A block of mass m is suspended by a
energy transferred to the second ball is light thread from an elevator. The elevator
n n is accelerating upward with uniform
1) 2) acceleration a. The work done by tension
(1 + n ) (1 + n )
2
on the block during t seconds is (u = 0)
2n 4n
3) 4)
(1 + n ) (1 + n )
2 2

20. Two identical balls A and B moving with

velocities +0.5 m/s and –0.3 m/s respectively,
collide head on elastically. The velociteis
of the balls A and B after collision, will be,
respectively
1) +0.5 m/s and +0.3 m/s
2) –0.3 m/s and +0.5 m/s m
1) ( g + a ) at 2
2
3) +0.3 m/s and 0.5 m/s
m
4) –0.5 m/s and +0.3 m/s 2) ( g − a ) at 2
g
21. Two putty balls of equal mass moving with
m 2
equal velocity  45 2m/s  in mutually 3) gat
2
perpendicular direction, stick together after
collision. The velocity of combined mass after 4) 0
collision is
2. A running man has half the kinetic energy
1) 22.5 2 m/s 2) 90 m/s of that of a boy of half of his mass. The man
speeds up by 1 m/s so as to have same K.E.
3) 45m/s 4) 5m/s as that of boy. The original speed of the man
22. Stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a will be
vertical circle with other end of the string of the
centre. At a certain instant of time, the stone is 1) 2 m/s
at its lowest position and has a speed u. The
magnitude of its change in its velocity as it
reaches a position where string is horizontal. 2) ( )
2 − 1 m/s

1) u 2 − gL 1
3) m/s
2) 2gL ( 2 −1 )
3) u 2 − gL
1
4) m/s
4) 2 ( u − gL )
2
2

71
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

3. A car of mass m starts moving so that its 6. A block of mass 3 kg start from rest and slides
velocity varies according to the law v = β s . down a curved path in the shape of a quarter
circle of radius 2 m and reaches the bottom of
where β is a constant and s is the distance path with a 4 m/s apeed. If g is 10 ms–2­, the
covered. The total work performed by all the amount of work done against friction is
forces which are acting on the car during the
first t seconds after the begininng of motion is 1) 60 J 2) 36 J
4 2
1) mβ t / 8 3) 24 J 4) 12 J
2 2
2) mβ t / 8
7. A block of mass M slides along the sides of
4 2
3) mβ t / 4 a bowl as shown in the figure. The walls of
the bowl are frictionless and the base has
2 4
4) mβ t / 4 co-efficient of friction 0.2. If the block is
released from the top of the side, which is
4. Figure shows a smooth curved track terminating 1.5m high, where will the block come to rest
in a smooth horizontal path. A spring of spring ? Given that the length of the base is 15m.
constant 400 N/m is attached at one end to the
wedge fixed rigidly with the horizontal part. A 40
g mass is released from rest at a height of 5m
on the curved track. The maximum compression
of the spring is

1) 1 m from P
1) 10 cm 2) 5 cm
2) Mid-point of PQ
3) 12 cm 4) 8 cm
Assertion and Reason Type Questions 3) 2 m from P

1) If both Assertion and Reason are true 4) At Q

and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion 8. A bus of mass 104kg moves on a rough road
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true and with a constant acceleration of 2m/s2. The
the Reason is not the correct explanation of friction of the road is 9% of its weight and that
Assertion of air is 1% of its weight. What is the power
of the engine where the speed is 72 km/h
3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false (g = 10 m/s2)
4) If both Assertion and Reason are false
1) 500 kW
5. Assertion : Total energy is negative for a
bound system. 2) 600 kW
Reason : The magnitude of PE of a
bound system is greater than 3) 450 kW
that of KE and PE is negative
for a bound system. 4) 200 kW

72
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

9. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 kg 13. A ball is let fall from a height h0. There are
3 2 n collisions with the earth. If the velocity of
varies with time as P = t watt (t is in rebound after n collisions is vn and the ball rises
2
seconds). If the velocity of the particle at t = 0 to a height hn, then coefficient of restitution e is
is zero, the velocity of the particle at t = 2 given by
second will be
1) 1 m/s 2) 2 m/s n h0 n h0
1) e = 2) e =
h0 hn
3
3) 3 m/s 4) m/s
2

10. A block of mass 1 Kg is released from rest

at t = 0 to fall freely under gravity. Power of hn hn
3) ne = 4) ne =
gravitational force acting on it at t = 2s is h0 h0
(g = 10 m/s2)
14. A particle of mass m moving in the X direction
1) 200 watts with speed 2V is hit by another particle of
mass 2m moving in the Y direction with speed
2) 10 watts V. If the collision is perfectly inelastic, the
percentage loss in the energy during collision
3) 100 watts is close to

4) zero
1) 50% 2) 56%
11. From a waterfall, water is falling at the rate of
100 kg/s on the blades of turbine. If the height 3) 62% 4) 44%
of the fall is 100 m then the power delivered
to the turbine is approximately equal to
15. A body of mass 2 kg is placed on a horizontal
1) 100 kW frictionless surface. It is connected to one
end of a spring whose force constant is 250
2) 10 kW N/m. The other end of the spring is joined with
3) 1 kW the wall. A particle of mass 0.15 kg moving
horizontally with speed v sticks to the body
4) 1000 kW after collision. If it compresses the spring by
12. A body of mass m moving horizontally with a 10cm. the velocity of the particle is
velocity v0 strikes a pendulum of equal mass
m. The two bodies stick together after collision.
Then the height up to which the pendulum rises
is

v0 v 02
1) 2)
8g 4g
1) 3 m/s 2) 5 m/s
v2 v2
3) 0 4) 0
8g 2g 3) 10 m/s 4) 15 m/s

73
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

16. As per given figure to complete the circular 18. A particle suspended from a string of length
loop what should be the radius if initial height  s given a horizontal speed u = 3 g at the
is 5 m
bottom. Then for the particle match the
following column

Column I Column II
1) 4m 2) 3 m A) Speed at B P) 7 mg
B) Speed at C Q) 5g
4) 2.5 m 4) 2 m
C) Tension in string B R) 7g
17. The mass of the bob of a simple pendulum
D) Tension in string C S) 4 mg
of length L is m. If the bob is left from its
horizontal position then the speed of the bob 1) A-R, B-Q, C-P, D-S
and the tension in the thread in the lowest 2) A-R, B-P, C-Q, D-S
position of the bob will be respectively 3) A-P, B-Q, C-S, D-R
4) A-Q, B-P, C-S, D-R
19. A girl in swing is 2.5 m above ground at
the maximum height and at 1.5 m above
the ground at lowest point. Her maximum
velocity in swing is [ g=10 ms–2]
−1 −1
1) 5 2ms 2) 2 5 ms

−1 −1
3) 2 3 ms 4) 3 2 ms

20. Potential energy as a function of r is given

A B
U
by = − , where r is interatomic
r10 r 5
distance, A and B are positive constants. The
1) 2gL and 3mg equilibrium distance between the two atoms
will be
1 1

2) 3mg and 2gL  A 5  B 5

1)   2)  
B A
3) 2mg and 2g
1 1
 2A  5  B 5
3)   4)  
4) 2 g  and 3mg  B   2A 

74
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 4 6. 1 11. 3 16. 3 21. 3

2. 4 7. 3 12. 3 17. 3 22. 4
3. 4 8. 4 13. 1 18. 4
4. 2 9. 3 14. 3 19. 4
5. 4 10. 1 15. 4 20. 2

LEVEL II

1. 1 6. 2 11. 1 16. 4
2. 3 7. 2 12. 3 17. 1
3. 1 8. 2 13. 1 18. 1
4. 1 9. 2 14. 2 19. 2
5. 1 10. 1 15 4 20. 3

75
 Chapter SYSTEM PARTICLES AND
06 RIGID BODY ROTATION

QUESTIONS 3. Three bodies having mass 5 kg, 4 kg and

2kg is moving at the speed of 5 m/s, 4 m/s
LEVEL - I
and 2 m/s, respectively along X-axis. The
1. A system of particles is called a rigid body, magnitude of velocity of centre of mass is
when 1) 1.0 m/s 2) 4 m/s
1) any two particles of system may have 3) 0.9 m/s 4) 1.3 m/s
displacements in opposite directions under
action of a force 4. Two masses m 1 = nm and m 2 = m are
connected by a light inextensible string and
2) any two particles of system may have suspended by means of a weightless pulley
velocities in opposite directions under action as shown in the figure. Assuming that both
of a force the masses start from rest the distance
travelled by centre of mass in t seconds [n > 1]
3) any two particles of system may have a
zero relative velocity

4) any two particles of system may have

displacement in same direction under action
of a force

2. Two balls each of mass m are placed on

the vertices A and B of an equilateral ΔABC
of side 1m. A ball of mass 2m is placed at
vertex C. The centre of mass of this system
from vertex A (located at origin) is
1
1) ( n − 1) gt ×
2 2

2
 n +1  2 1
2)   gt ×
 n −1  2

1 1 1  2
 n −1  2 1
1) m, m 2)  m, 3m  3)   gt ×
2 2 2   n +1  2

1 3   3 3   n +1  2 1
3)  m, m 4)  m, m 4)   gt ×
4  4   n −1  2
2  4

76
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

5. A projectile launched upwards for maximum 8. A light rod of length l has two masses m1
range R from point O on level ground, and m2 are attached to its two ends. The
explodes into two fragments of equal masses moment of inertia of the system about an
when it was at maximum height. One of the axis perpendicular to the rod and passing
fragments reaches back to point of projection through the centre of mass is
O. The point where the other one reaches
ground will be at a distance (Take point of
m1m 2
projection as origin) 1) m1m 2 l 2 2) l2
( m1 + m 2 )
1) R from O
m1m 2
l2 4) ( m1 + m 2 ) l
2
2) 2R from O 3)
( m1 − m 2 )
3) 4R from O 9. Moment of inertia of the system consisting of
R these three spherical shells about XX΄ axis
4) from O is
2

6. Two identical rods of mass M and length l 11 2

1) 4 mr2 2) mr
are lying in a horizontal plane at an angle α. 5
The moment of inertia of the system of two
rods about an axis passing through O and 16 2
3) 3 mr2 4) mr
perpendicular to the plane of the rod is 5

α 10. Consider a uniform square plate of side a and

mass m. The moment of inertia of this plate
about an axis perpendicular to its plane and
passing through one of its corner is
O
5 2 1
1) ma 2) ma 2
6 12

1) Ml2/3
7 2 2
3) ma 2 4) ma
12 3
2) Ml2/12
12. A projectile launched upwards for maximum
3) Ml2/4 range R from point O on level ground,
explodes into two fragments of equal masses
4) Ml2/6
when it was at maximum height. One of the
7. Find ratio of radius of gyration of a disc and fragments reaches back to point of projection
ring of same radii at their trangential axis is O. The point where the other one reaches
plane. ground will be at a distance (Take point of
projection as origin)
5 5
1) 2)
6 3 1) R from O 2) 2R from O

2 R
3) 1 4) 3) 4R from O 4) from O
3 2

77
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

13. A wheel of radius 20 cm has forces applied 16. A flywheel of moment of inertia 0.4 kg-m2 and
to it as shown in figure. The net torque on radius 0.2 m is free to rotate about a central
the wheel about its axis is axis. If a string is wrapped around it and it is
pulled with a force of 10 N, then its angular
velocity after 4 s will be

1) 10 rads–1

2) 5 rads-1

3) 20 rads-1

1) 5.4 Nm anticlockwise 4) None of these

2) 1.8 Nm clockwise
17. A rod of weight w is suppported by two
3) 2 Nm clockwise
parallel knife edges A and B; and is in
4) 3.4 Nm anticlockwise equilibrium in a horizontal position. The
knives are at a distance d from each other.
14. Two men are carrying a uniform bar of length
The centre of mass of the rod is at distance
L on their head, the bar is held horizontally
x from A. The normal reaction on A is
such that the younger mas gets (1/4)th load.
Suppose the younger man is at the end of
the bar, what is the distance of other man wx
1)
from that end ? d
L L wd
1) 2) 2)
3 2 x

2L 3L w (d − x )
3) 4) 3)
3 2 x

15. A mass m is supported by a massless string w (d − x )

4)
wound round a uniform cylinder of mass m d
and radius R. On releasing the mass from
rest, it will fall with an acceleration 18. A particle of mass 1 kg is moving along the
line y = x +2 (x and y in m) with speed 2m/s.
The magnitude of angular momentum of the
particle about the origin is

1) 4 kg m2s–1

2 −1
2) 2 2kg m s

2 −1
3) 4 2 kg m s
1) g 2) g/2
2g 3g 4) 2 kg m2s–1
3) 4)
3 4

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

LEVEL - II 4. Density of material of solid sphere is twelve

times that of solid circular cone
1. The centre of mass of three particles of
masses 1 kg, 2 kg and 3kg is at (3, 3, 3)
with reference to a fixed coordinate system.
Where should a fourth particle of mass 4
kg be placed, so that the centre of mass of
the system of all particles shifts to a point a
(1,1,1)?
1) (–1, –1, –1) 2) (–2, –2, –2)
3) (2, 2, 2) 4) (1, 1,1) 4a
2. Three identical spheres of mass M each
are placed at the corners of an equilateral
triangle of side 2 m. Taking one of the corner 2a
as the origin, the position vector of the centre
of mass is x
(0,0)
î
1) ( )
3 ˆi − ˆj 2)
3
+ ĵ Distance of centre of mass from the origin is

1) 2a 2) 3a

3) 4a 4) 1.5a
ˆi + ˆj ĵ
3) 4) î + 5. Two masses, 10 kg and 30 kg are kept on
3 3
a vertical line. The 10 kg mass is raised by
3. Find the centre of mass of a uniform L-shaped 7cm. What is the distance to be moved by the
lamina (a thin flat plate) with dimensions as 30kg mass to get the centre of mass raised
shown in the figure alongside. The mass of by 1cm
the lamina is 3 kg.
1) 1 cm downwards

2) 1 cm upwards

3) 3 cm downwards

4) 7 cm upwards

6. Two particles of equal masses have velocities

v1 = 4iˆ ms −1 and v 2 = 4ˆjms −1 . First particle

a1
has an acceleration = ( 2iˆ + 2ˆj) ms −2
, while

1) (5/6)m, (5/6)m the acceleration of the other particle is zero.

The centre of mass of the two particles
2) (3/4)m, (3/4)m moves in path of
2) (5/8)m, (5/8)m 1) straight line 2) parabola
4) (3/5)m, (3/5)m 3) circle 4) ellipse

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

7. A man weighing 80 kg is standing on a 10. A thin wire of mass M and length L is bent
trolley weighing 320 kg. The trolley is to form circular ring.The moment of inertia
resting on frictionless horizontal rails. If the of this ring about its axis is
man starts walking on the trolley along the
rails at a speed of 1 m/s. Then after 4s his 1 1
displacement relative to ground will be : 1) ML2 2) ML2
4π2 12
1) 5 m 2) 4.8 m 1 1
3) ML2 4) ML2
3π2 π2
3) 3.2 m 4) 4 m
11. Two solid spheres A and B are made of
8. A uniform square plate and a disc having
metals of different densities ρ A and ρ B,
same mass per unit area are kept in contact
respectively. If their masses are equal, then
as shown. The side of square and diameter
the ratio of their moments of inertia (IB/IA)
of disc are both equal to L. The position of
about their respective diameters is
COM of system w.r.t the centre of square
2/3 2/3
ρ  ρ 
1)  B  2)  A 
 ρA   ρB 

ρA ρB
3) 4)
ρB ρA
πL πL 12. From a uniform circular disc of radius R and
1) 2)
π+2 π+4 R
mass 9 M, a small disc of radius is
3
πL 2πL
3) 4) removed as shown in the figure. The moment
π +1 π+2
of inertia of the remaining disc about an axis
9. A rod PQ of mass M and length L is hinged perpendicular to the plane of the disc and
at end P. The rod is kept horizontal by a passing through centre of disc is
massless string tied to point Q as shown in
figure. When string is cut, the initial angular
acceleration of the rod is

40
1) 4 MR2 2) MR 2
2g 2g 9
1) 2)
L 2L
2g g 37
3) 4) 3) 10 MR2 4) MR 2
2L L 9

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

13. A cord of negligible mass is wound round 16. A solid sphere of mass m and radius R is
the rim of a flywheel (disc) of mass 20 kg rotating about its diameter. A solid cylinder
and radius 20 cm. A steady pull of 25 N is of the same mass and same radius is also
applied on the cord as shown in figure. The rotating about its geometrical axis with an
flywheel is mounted on a horizontal axle with angular speed twice that of the sphere. The
frictionless bearings. ratio of their kinetic energies of rotation
(KEsphere/KEcylinder) will be
1) 3: 1 2) 2 : 3

R 3) 1: 5 4) 1 : 4
17. A meter stick is held vertically with one end
of it on the floor and is then allowed to fall.
M=20 kg
R=20 cm Find the speed if other end which it hits the
floor (assuming that the end of stick does not
slip)
F=25 N
1) 3.2 m/s
Compute the angular acceleration of the 2) 5.4 m/s
flywheel. 3) 7.5 m/s
1) 12.50 s–2 2) 6 s–2 4) 9.2 m/s
3) 10 s –2
4) 8 s –2
18. A thin uniform rod of mass m and length l
14. To maintain a rotor at a uniform angular has a particle of mass m fixed at one end
speed of 100 rads–1, an engine needs to as shown.
transmit torque of 100 N-m. The power of
the engine is
1) 10 kW 2) 100 kW
C is the midpoint of AB and D is the
3) 10 kW 4) 100 MW
midpoint of AC. Its moment of inertia about
15. A rod PQ of mass M and length L is hinged an axis passing through the point D and
at end P. The rod is kept horizontal by a perpendicular to the length is
massless string tied to point Q as shown in
figure. When string is cut, the initial angular 2 2 ml2
1) ml 2)
acceleration of the rod is 3 54

17 2
3) ml2 4) ml
24
19. A 3 m long ladder weighing 20 kg leans on a
frictionless wall. Its feet rest on the floor 1m
from the wall. Find the reaction forces of the
wall and the floor.
2g 2g 1) 34.6 N and 199 N
1) 2)
L 3L 2) 25 N and 175 N
3) 30 N and 180 N
3g g
3) 4) 4) 35 N adn 160 N
2L L

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

20. Two discs of same moment of inertia rotating 23. A man stands on a platform rotating with
about their regular axis passing through an angular speed of 30 rpm with his arms
centre and perpendicular to the plane of disc stretched horizontally holding 5 kg in each
with angular velocities ω1 and ω2. They are hand. The man then brings his arms close
brought into contact face to face coinciding to his body with the distance of each weight
the axis of rotation. The expression for loss from axis changing from 90 cm to 20 cm.
of energy during this process is Assuming that the turn table rotates without
friction and the moment of inertia of the man
together with platform remains constant
1 1
I ( ω1 + ω2 ) I ( ω1 − ω2 )
2 2
1) 2) equal to 7.6 kg m2. His new angular speed
2 4
1) 80 rpm 2) 67 rpm
I
3) I ( ω1 − ω2 ) 4) ( ω1 − ω2 )
2 2
3) 59 rpm 4) 40 rpm
8
24. A circular disc of mass M and radius R can
21. A non uniform bar AB of length 2m and rotate freely about an axis passing through
weight W is suspended at rest by two strings its centre and perpendicular to its plane. A
of negligible weight as shown in figure. The bullet of mass m travelling with speed v hits
distance d of centre of gravity from end A. the disc as shown and gets stuck to it. The
angular velocity of the system if the disc was
initially at rest. (M = 2m)

1) 1.2 m 2) 0.6 m
V V
1) 2)
3) 0.72 m 4) 0.5 m 4R 6R

22. For the equilibrium of the system shown, the

value of mass m will be V 3V
3) 4)
R 2R
25. A thin horizontal circular disc is rotating about
a vertical axis passing through its centre. An
insect is at rest at a point near the rim of disc.
The insect now moves along a diameter of
the disc to reach its other end. During the
journey of the insect, the angular speed of
1) 9 kg the disc
1) continuously decreases
2) 12 kg
2) continuously increases
3) 21 kg 3) first increases and then decreases
4) remains unchanged
4) 4.5 kg

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 3 6. 4 11. 4 16. 3
2. 3 7. 1 12. 4 17. 4
3. 2 8. 2 13. 3 18. 2
4. 3 9. 1 14. 1
5. 2 10. 4 15. 3

LEVEL II

1. 2 6. 1 11. 2 16. 3 21. 3

2. 4 7. 3 12. 1 17. 2 22. 4
3. 1 8. 2 13. 1 18. 4 23. 3
4. 3 9. 1 14. 1 19. 1 24. 1
5. 1 10. 1 15. 3 20. 2 25. 3

83
 Chapter
GRAVITATION
07

QUESTIONS 4. The height at which the acceleration due to

LEVEL - I 1
gravity becomes times the value at the
n
1. Four point masses each of mass m are placed
on the corner of a side 'a'. Calculate the surface of the earth (of radius R), is:
magnitude of gravitational force experienced ( n − 1)
on each particle : 1) R n 2) R
n
m m

( n − 1)
a 3) R
2n
4) ( n −1 R )
5. If value of acceleration due to gravity at the
m m surface of a sphere is am, then its value is
am
Gm 2 Gm 2 1 
1)
2a 2
(
2 2 +1 ) 2)
2a 2

1 + 2 
 
3
at a distance _____ from the centre is :

r
Gm 2
GM 2 1)
3) 4
a2
4) 2
a2
(
1+ 2 2 ) 3

r
2. Two particles of mass m1 and m2, approach 2)
each other due to their mutual gravitational 2
attraction only. Then
1) acceleration of both the particles are equal r
3)
2) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is 2
proportional to m1
r
3) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is 4)
proportional to m2 3
4) acceleration of the particle of mass m1 is 6. A body weighs W newton of the surface of
inversely proportional to m1 the earth. It's weight at a height equal to
3. The diameter of two planets are in the ratio one-third the radius of the earth is :
4:1 and their mean densities in the ratio 8 9
1) W 2) W
1:2. The acceleration due to gravity on the 27 16
planets will be in ratio
1) 1:2 2) 2:3 2 W
3) W 4)
3) 2:1 4) 4:1 3 2

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

7. Mars has a diameter of approximately 0.5 of 11. The escape velocity from the earth is Ve. The
that of earth, and mass of 0.1 of that of earth. escape velocity from planet whose radius is
The surface gravitational field strength on four times and density is 9 times that of the
Mars as compared to that on earth is greater earth is
by a factor of :
1) 36 Ve 2) 12 Ve
1) 0.1 2) 0.2
3) 6 Ve 4) 20 Ve
3) 2 4) 0.4 12. Two satellites A and B go round a planet
P in circular orbits having radii 4R and R
8. There are two bodies of masses 100 kg and respectively. If the speed of the satellite A is
10000 kg separated by a distance 1m. At what 3V, the speed of satellite B is
distance from the smaller body, the intensity of
1) 12V
gravitational field will be zero?
2) 6V
1 1
1) m 2) m 4
9 10 3) V
3
1 10
3) m 4) m
11 11 3
4) V
9. Infinite number of bodies, each of 2 kg, are 2
situated on x-axis at distance 1m, 2m, 4m,
8m, ..... respectively, from the origin. The 13. Statement I: The total energy of a satellite
resulting gravitational potential due to this is negative
system at the origin will be Statement II: Gravitational potential energy
for a bound system is negative
−8
1) -G 2) G 1) Both statement I and II are true
3
2) Both statement I and II are false
−4
3) G 4) -4 G 3) Statement I is true but statement II is false
3
10. If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the 4) Statement I is false but statement II is true
earth’s surface, the gain in potential energy 14. If T0 time period of the surface satellite of
of the body at a height equal to two times the earth, height of parking orbit above the
radius R of the earth will be surface of earth is about 6 times radius of
the earth, the time period of parking satellite
1) mg2R in terms of T0 is

2) mg3R 1) 7T0
2) 7T0
1
3) mgR 3) 7 7T0
3
T0
2 4)
4) mgR 7
3

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

15. For a stellite moving in an orbit around the 18. Match list I and List II
earth, the ratio of kinetic energy to potential
energy is :
List I List II
1
1) 2 2) Gravitational
2 A)
constant (G)
i)  L2 T −2 

1 Gravitational
B) ii)  M −1L3T −2 
3) 4) 2 potential energy
2
Gravitational
16. If the angular momentum of a planet of mass C) iii)  LT −2 
potential  
m, moving around the sun in a circular orbit
is L, about the centre of the sun, its areal Gravitational
D) iv)  ML2 T −2 
velocity is : Intensity  

L Choose the correct answer from the options

1)
m given below
1) (A) – (ii), (B) – (i), (C) –(iv), (D) –(iii)
4L 2) (A) – (ii), (B) – (iv), (C) –(i), (D) –(iii)
2)
m
3) (A) – (ii), (B) – (iv), (C) –(iii), (D) –(i)

L 4) (A) – (iv), (B) – (ii), (C) –(i), (D) –(iii)

3)
2m LEVEL - II
1. Two particles of equal mass ‘m’ go around
2L a circle of radius R under the action of their
4) mutual gravitational attraction. The speed of
m
each particle with respect to their centre of
mass is
17. A planet moving around sun sweeps area
A1 in 2 days, A2 in 3 days and A3 in 6 days. Gm
Then the relation between A1, A2 and A3 is: 1)
R

Gm
2)
4R

GM
3)
1) 3A1 = 2A2 = A3 3R
2) 2A1 = 3A2 = 6A3
3) 3A1 = 2A2 = 6A3 GM
4)
2R
4) 6A1 = 3A2 = 2A3

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

2. Three particles P, Q and R are placed as per 4. The gravitational field at a distance R/2 from
the given figure. Masses of P, Q and R are the centre of the earth is E1. The gravitational
3m, 3m a n d m r e s p e c t i v e l y. T h e field at a height R/2 from the surface of earth
is E2. Then E1/E2 is
gravitational force on a fourth particle ‘S’ of
mass ‘m’ is equal to 1) 3:2 2) 2:3
3) 9:8 4) 8:9
5. A uniform solid sphere of mass ‘m’ and radius
‘r’ is surrounded symmetrically by a uniform
thin spherical shell of radius ‘2r’ and mass
‘m’
1) The gravitational field at a distance of 1.5r
2 Gm
from the centre is
9 r2
2) The gravitational field at a distance of 2.5r
8 Gm
from the centre is
25 r 2
3Gm 2
1) in ST direction only
2d 2 3) The gravitational field at a distance of 1.5r
from the centre is zero
4) The gravitational field between the sphere
3Gm 2 3Gm 2 and the shell is uniform
2) in SQ direction and in
2d 2 2d 2 6. A particle of mass M is situated at the centre
SU direction of spherical shell of mass M and radius ‘a’.
The magnitude of the gravitational potential
3Gm 2 a
3) is SQ direction only
2d 2 at a point situated at distance from the
2
centre will be
2 2
3Gm 3Gm 2GM 3GM
4) in SQ direction and in 1) 2)
2d 2 2d 2 a a
ST direction
4GM GM
Assertion and Reason 3) 4)
a a
3. Statement I : Acceleration due to gravity
(g) at the centre of earth is 7. The gravitational field intensity and the
zero gravitational potential at the centre of a
regular hexagon, of side  from its centre
Statement II: Inside the earth g varies
inversely with distance from and the corners of which have indentical
the centre of earth. masses of mass m each are:

1) Both statements I and II are true −6 Gm −6 Gm

1) 0, 2) 0,
 
2) Both statements I and II are false 2
3) Statement I is true but statement II is false
−6 Gm
3) 0, 4) 0,0
4) Statement I is false but statement II is true 2

87
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

8. Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are placed 10. A uniform solid sphere of mass M and radius
at a distance r apart. The potential at the R and a hollow sphere of mass M and radius
position where the gravitational field due to R are placed in contact. The work done in
them is zero is moving a mass m from the center of the
hollow sphere to the center of the solid
−G 
1) m1 + m 2 + 2 m1m 2  sphere is
r 
GMm GMm
1) 2)
−G  2R R
2) m1 + m 2 + 3 m1m 2 
r 
3GMm GMm
3) 4) −
−G  2R 2R
3) m1 + m 2 − 2 m1m 2 
r 
11. The escape speed of a projectile on the
−G  earth’s surface is 11.2 km/s. A body is
4) m1 − m 2 + 3 m1m 2  projected out with thrice this speed. What
r 
is the speed of the body far away from the
9. P(r) is the magnitude of a physical quantity earth ? Ignore the presence of the sun and
as a function of r (distance from centre of other planets
a spherical distribution of radius R). Match
1) 22.4 km/s
the following columns and select the correct
options from the codes given below 2) 31.7 km/s

3) 11.2 km/s
Column I Column II
P(r) P(r) is variation 4) 2.4 km/s
of gravitational 12. Escape velocity from the surface of the earth
i) p) potential for a is V. An object is dropped from infinity to
uniform solid earth, which passes through a smooth tunnel
O r =R r sphere from the surface of the earth to the centre.
P(r) P(r) is variation Velocity when it reaches the centre is:
of gravitational
ii) q) potential for a 3 4
1) V 2) V
uniform spherical 2 3
O r=R r shell
P(r) P(r) is variation 3) 3V 4) 2V
of gravitational
13. A light planet goes around a massive star in
iii) r) field intensity for
a circular orbit of radius r. If the gravitational
a uniform solid
pull of the star on the planet is proportional
O r=R r sphere −5
P(r) P(r) is variation to r 2
the orbital speed of the planet is
of gravitational
iv) s) field intensity for a proportional to
uniform spherical −7 −3
O r=R r shell 1) r 2
2) r 2

1) i-s; ii-r; iii-q; iv-p 2) i-q; ii-s; iii-r; iv-p

−3 7
3) i-r; ii-q; iii-s; iv-p 4) i-q; ii-r, iii-s; iv-p 3) r 4
4) r 4

88
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

14. Two satellites of earth, S1 and S2 are moving 16. What is the minimum energy required to
in the same orbit. The mass of S1 is four launch a satellite of mass m from the surface
times the mass of S 2 which one of the of a planet of mass M and radius R in a
following statements is true ? circular orbit at an altitude 2 R ?
5GMm
1) Time period of S1 is four times that of S2 1)
6R
2) The potential energies of earth and
satellite in the two cases are equal 2GMm
2)
3) S1 and S2 are moving with same speed 3R

4) The kinetic energies of the two satellites GMm

are equal 3)
2R
15. A satellite is orbiting Earth at a distance
r. Variations of its kinetic energy, potential GMm
4)
energy and total energy is shown in the 3R
figure. Of the three curves shown in figure,
identify the type of mechanical energy they 17. A planet of mass m moves along an elliptical
represent: orbit around the sun of mass Ms, so that
its maximum and minimum distances from
sun are r1 and r2 respectively. The angular
momentum ‘L’ of this planet relative to the
centre of sun is

2GM s r1r2
1) m
r1 − r2

2GM s r1r2
2) m
r1 + r2

1) 1– Potential, 2 – Kinetic, 3 – Total

4GM s r1r2
3) m
2) 1 – Total, 2 – Kinetic 3 – Potential r1 − r2

3) 1– Kinetic, 2 – Total, 3 – Potential 4GM s r1r2

4) m
4) 1– Potential, 2 – Total, 3 – Kinetic r1 + r2

89
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 1 7. 4 13. 1
2. 3 8. 3 14. 3
3. 3 9. 4 15. 2
4. 4 10. 4 16. 3
5. 4 11. 2 17. 1
6. 2 12. 2 18. 2

LEVEL II

1. 2 7. 1 13. 3
2. 4 8. 1 14. 3
3. 3 9. 4 15. 3
4. 3 10. 4 16. 1
5. 2 11. 2 17. 2
6. 2 12. 1

90
 Chapter
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
08 SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

QUESTIONS 5. A solid sphere of radius r made of a soft

material of bulk modulus K is surrounded by
LEVEL - I
a liquid in a cylindrical container. A massless
1. Two wire of same material and length are piston of area a floats on the surface of the
stretched by the same force. Their masses liquid, covering entire cross section of
are in the ratio 3:2. Their elongations are in cylindrical container. When a mass m is
the ratio, placed on the surface of the piston to
1) 3:2 2) 9:4 compress the liquid, the fractional decrement
 dr 
3) 2:3 4) 4:9 in the radius of the sphere,   is
 r 
9 −2
2. Bulk modulus of water is 2 × 10 Nm . The
mg
change in pressure required to increase the 1)
Ka
density of water by 0.1% is:
9
1) 2 × 10 Nm
−2 8
2) 2 × 10 Nm
−2 Ka
2)
mg
6 −2 4 −2
3) 2 × 10 Nm 4) 2 × 10 Nm
Ka
3. If the work done is stretching a wire by 1 3)
3mg
mm is 2 J, the work necessary for stretching
another wire of same material but with
double the radius and half the length by 1
mg
4)
mm is 3Ka
1 6. Breaking stress for steel is 8 ×105 N/m2.
1) J 2) 4 J
4 Density of steel is 8 ×10 3 kg m –3. The
minimum length of a steel rod that can be
3) 8 J 4) 16 J suspended without breaking ?
4. The poissons’ ratio of a material is 0.4. If
a force is applied to a wire of this material,
1) 1000 cm
there is a decrease of cross-sectional area
by 2%. The percentage increase in its length
is 2) 500 cm
1) 1%
2) 0.5% 3) 50 cm
3) 2.5%
4) 3.2% 4) 20

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

7. Assertion and Reason Type Questions 10. A solid sphere of volume V and density
ρ floats at the interface of two immiscible
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true liquids of densities ρ1 and ρ2 respectively. If
and Reason is the correct explanation of ρ1<ρ<ρ2, then the ratio of the volume of the
Assertion parts of the sphere in the upper and lower
liquid is
2) If both Assertion and Reason are true ρ − ρ1 ρ + ρ1
but Reason is not the correct explanation of 1) 2)
Assertion
ρ2 − ρ1 ρ + ρ2

3) If Assertion is true but Reason is false

ρ2 − ρ ρ + ρ2
3) 4)
ρ − ρ1 ρ + ρ1
4) Both Assertion and Reason are false
11. A piece of solid weighs 120 gwt in air, 80 gwt
28. Assertion: The maximum height of a in water and 60 gwt in a liquid. The relative
mountain on earth can be density of the solid and that of the liquid are
respectively
estimated from the elastic
behaviour of rocks at the 3
bottom of the mountain 1) 3, 2 2) 2,
4
Reason : At the base of mountain, 3 3
the stress must be less 3) ,2 4) 3,
2 2
than elastic limit of earth’s
supporting material 12. In a capillary tube experiment, a vertical
50cm long capillary tube is dipped in water.
8. The base of a rubber cube of side 3.0cm The water rises upto a height of 20cm due
is fixed at the bottom. A horizontal force of to capillary action. It this experiment is
2.7N is applied on the top face. Calculate conducted in a freely falling elevator, the
the horizontal displacement of the top face length of the water column becomes:
of the cube in the direction of force is :
[G = 1.5 ×105 N/m2]. 1) 50 cm 2) 20 cm

1) 0.2 mm 2) 0.4 mm 3) 30 cm 4) zero

13. The ratio of diameters of an air bubble at the
3) 0.6 mm 4) 0.8 mm bottom and at the surface of a lake is 1 : 2.
What is the depth of the lake? (1 atmospheric
9. In a hydraulic lift, the radius of the large and pressure = 10 m depth of water)
small pistons are in the ratio 20 : 1. What
weight placed on the small piston will be 1) 70 m 2) 60 m
sufficient to lift a car of mass 1500 kg.
3) 80 m 4) 35 m
1) 3.75 kg 14. A hollow ball made of a material of density
4800 kgm–3 just floats in a liquid of density
2) 37.5 kg 1200 kgm–3. The ratio of external volume of
the ball to the volume of the cavity is
3) 7/5 kg
1) 4 : 1 2) 4 : 3
4) 75 kg 3) 2 : 1 4) 6 : 5

92
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

15. A square plate of 1 m side moves parallel 20. If the terminal speed of a sphere of gold of
to a second plate with velocity 4m/s. A thin kg m
layer of water exists between the plates. If density 19.5 3 is
0.2 in a viscous liquid
m s
the viscous force is 2N and the coefficient of
viscosity is 0.01 poise, then find the distance
kg
of density 1.5 3 , find the terminal speed of
between the plates in mm. m
kg
1) 2 mm 2) 4 mm a sphere of silver of density 10.5 3 of the
m
3) 6 mm 4) 8 mm same size in the same liquid.

16. An iceberg is floating in sea water. The m m

1) 0.1 2) 0.2
density of ice is 0.92 g/cc and that of sea s s
water is 1.03g/cc. The percentage of the
iceberg which will be below the surface of m m
water is 3) 1.33 4) 0.4
s s
1) 3% 2) 11%
21. Two stones of same material with radii in the
3) 89% 4) 92% ratio 1 : 2 falls from great height through the
17. Energy needed in breaking drop of radius R atmosphere. The ratio of their momenta after
into n drops of radii r each is given by attaining terminal velocity is:

4 1) 1 : 1 2) 1 : 4
(
1) 4πT nr − R
2 2
) 2) π ( r n − R )
3
3 2
3) 1 : 16 4) 1 : 32
22. Two spherical soap bubbles of diameter
2
(
3) 4πT R − nr
2
) (
2
4) 4πT nr + R
2
) 10cm and 6cm are formed, one at each end
of a narrow horizontal tube. If the surface
18. A capillary tube of radius r is erected vertically tension of the soap solution is 0.03 N/m, then
in water and water rises in it to a height h. the pressure difference in pascal between
The mass of the water in the capillary is 5 g. the two ends of the tube is
Another capillary tube of radius 2 r is erected
in water. The mass of water that will rise in 1) 16 2) 1.6
this tube is: 3) 0.016 4) 0.08
1) 10.0 g 23. Two soap bubbles have their inside pressure
1.01 and 1.02 atmosphere respectively.
2) 20.0 g What is the ratio of their volume.
3) 2.5 g 1) 102 : 101 2) 8 : 1

4) 5.0 g 3) 7 : 8 4) 1 : 2
24. A ball rises to the surface of a liquid with
19. The viscous force acting on a raindrop of
constant velocity. The density of the liquid is
radius 0.35mm falling through air with a
four times the density of the material of the
m
is ( η = 2 × 10 pa − S) ball. The frictional force of the liquid on the
−4
velocity of 1
s rising ball is greater than the weight of the
ball by a factor of
1) 6.6×10-6 N 2) 6.6×10-5 N
1) 9 2) 6
3) 13.2×10-7 N 4) 1.32×10-7 N 3) 3 4) 4

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

25. A horizontal pipe line carries water in a 28. Lower end of a glass capillary tube is dipped
stream line flow. At a point along the pipe in water. Water rises to a height of 8 cm. The
where the cross-sectional area is 10cm2, the tube is then broken at a height of 6 cm. The
m height of water column and angle of contact
water velocity is 1 and the pressure is will be :
s
2000Pa. What is the pressure of water at
another point where the cross-sectional area
−1
( )
1) 6 cm,sin 3 4 ( )
2) 6 cm, cos 3 4
−1

is 5cm2?
1) 200Pa 2) 500Pa 1 1
−1 −1
3) 4 cm,sin   4) 4 cm, cos  
3) 1350Pa 4) 2700Pa 2 2
26. A water barrel stands on a table of height 29. Given below are two statements
h. If a small hole is punched in the side of
the barrel at its base, it is found that the In the light of the statements, choose the
resultant stream of water strikes the ground most appropriate answer from the options
at a horizontal distance R from the table. given below
What is the depth of water in the barrel? 1) Both statement I and statement II are
R 2 correct
1)
h 2) Both statement I and statement II are
incorrect
3) Statement I is correct but statement II is
R2
2) incorrect
2h
4) Statement I is incorrect but statement I is
correct
R2 Statement I : The shape of a small liquid
3)
4h drop is spherical
Statement II : Water descends while
4R 2 mercury ascends in a
4) capillary tube
h
LEVEL - II
27. Tanks A and B open at the top contains two
1. A uniform cylindrical rod of length L, cross
different liquids upto a certain height in them.
sectional area A and Young’s modulus Y is
A hole is made on the wall of each tank at a
acted upon by the forces shown in the figure.
depth h from the surface of the liquid. The
The elongation of the rod is
area of hole in A is twice that in B. If the
liquid mass flux through each hole is equal
then the ratio of the densities of the liquids
respectively is:
2 3 3FL 2FL
1) 2) 1) 2)
1 2 5AY 5AY

2 1 3FL 8FL
3) 4) 3) 4)
3 2 8AY 3AY

94
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

2. Two blocks of mass 1 kg and 2 kg are 5. A load of 1 kg weight is attached to one end
connected to a metal wire passing over a of a steel wire of cross sectional area 3 mm2
smooth pulley as shown in figure. The and Young’s modulus 1011 N/m2. The other
breaking stress of the material of the wire is end is suspended vertically from a hook on
40 a wall, then the load is pulled horizontally
×106 N/m 2 what should be the minimum and released. When the load passes through
3π
its lowest position the fractional change in
radius of the wire. length is ( g = 10 m/s2)
1) 10–4 2) 10–3
3) 103 4) 104
6. A 2 m long light metal rod AB is suspended
from the ceiling horizontally by means of
two vertical wires of equal length tied to its
ends. One wire is of brass and has cross
sectional area of 0.2 ×10–4 m2 and the other
is of steel with 0.1 ×10–4 m2 cross sectional
area in order to have equal stress in the two
wires, a weight w is hang from the rod. The
1) 1 mm 2) 0.5 mm position of the weight along the rod from end
A should be
3) 1.5 mm 4) 2 mm

3. A copper rod of length L and cross sectional

radius r is suspended from the ceiling by
one of its ends. Density of copper is ρ and
Young’s modulus of copper is Y. The PE
stored in the rod due to its own weight is:

ρ2 g 2 L3 πr 2 ρ2 g 2 L3 πr 2
1) 2)
2Y 6Y
1) 66.6 cm 2) 133 cm
3) 44.4 cm 4) 155.6 cm
ρ2 g 2 L2 πr 2 2ρ2 g 2 L2
3) 4) 7. A lift of mass ‘m’ is connected to a rope which
3Y 3Y is moving upward with maximum acceleration
4. The length of a metal wire is 1 when the ‘a’. For maximum safe stress, the elastic limit
of the rope is ‘T’. The minimum diameter of
the rope is (g = gravitational acceleration).
tension in it is T1 and  2 when the tension is
1 1
T2. The original length of the wire is:  2m ( g + a )  2  4m ( g + a )  2
1)   2)  
 πT   πT 
1T2 −  2 T1 1T2 +  2 T1
1) 2)
T2 − T1 T1 + T2
1 1
 m (g + a )  2  m (g + a )  2
1 +  2 3)   4)  
3) 4) 1 2 T1T2  πT   2πT 
2

95
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

8. A small but heavy block of mass 10 kg is 11. A vertical U tube of uniform inner cross-
attached to a wire 0.3 m long. Its breaking section contains mercury in both sides of
stress is 4.8 ×107 N/m2. The area of cross- its arms. A glycerin (density = 1.3 g cm–3)
section of the wire is 10-6 m2. The maximum column of length 10 cm is introduced into
angular velocity with which the block can be one of its arms. Oil of density 0.8 g/cm3 is
rotated in the horizontal circle is poured into the other arm until the upper
surfaces of the oil and glycerin are in the
1) 4 rad/s 2) 8 rad/s
same horizontal level. Find the length of the
3) 10 rad/s 4) 32 rad/s oil column, density of mercury = 13.6 g/cm3.
9. If the ratio of diameters, lengths and Youngs 1) 10.4 cm 2) 8.2 cm
moduli of steel and copper wires shown in
3) 7.2 cm 4) 9.6 cm
the figure are p, q and s respectively, then
the corresponding ratio of increase in their 12. Two non-mixing liquids of densities ρ and
lengths would be nρ (n > 1) are put in a container. The height
of each liquid is h. A solid cylinder of length
L and density d is put in this container. The
cylinder floats with its axis vertical and length
PL(P<1) in the denser liquid. The density d
is equal to

{ }
1) 1 + ( n + 1) p ρ

{ }
2) 2 + ( n + 1) p ρ

{ }
3) 2 + ( n − 1) p ρ

7q { }
4) 1 + ( n − 1) p ρ
1)
5p 2s 13. A metallic sphere weighing 3 kg in air is held
by a string so as to be completely immersed
5q in a liquid of relative density 0.8. The relative
2) density of metallic sphere is 10. The tension
7sp 2
in the string is :

7sp 2 1) 18.7 N 2) 42.5 N

3)
5q
3) 32.7 N 4) 27.6 N

2q 14. A soap bubble having radius of 1 mm is blown

4)
5sp from a detergent solution having a surface
tension of 2.5 ×10–2 N/m. The pressure inside
10. A soap bubble in vacuum has a radius of 12 the bubble equals at a point Z0 below the free
cm and another soap bubble in vacuum has surface of water in a container. Taking g=10
a radius of 5 cm. If the two bubbles coalesce m/s2 density of water = 103 kg/m3, the value
under isothermal condition, then the radius of Z0 is :
of the new bubble is :
1) 100 cm 2) 10 cm
1) 23 cm 2) 45 cm
3) 13 cm 4) 17 cm 3) 1 cm 4) 0.5 cm

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

15. Water flows in a streamlined manner through 18. A small hole of area of cross-section 2 mm2 is
a capillary tube of radius r, the pressure present near the bottom of a fully filled open
difference being P/2 and the rate of flow is tank of height 2 m. Taking g = 10 ms–2, the
8 cc/s. If the tube radius is reduced to r/2 rate of flow of water through the open hole
and the pressure is increased to P, the rate would be nearly
of flow becomes
1) 6.4 × 10–6 m3 s–1 2) 12.6 × 10–6 m3 s–1
1) 1 cc/s 2) 2 cc/s
3) 8.9 × 10–6 m3 s–1 4) 2.23 × 10–6 m3s–1
3) 4 cc/s 4) 8 cc/s
19. A bent tube is lowered into water stream
16. A streamlined body falls through air from as shown in the figure. The velocity of the
a height h on the surface of a liquid. If d
stream relative to the tube is equal to v=2.5
and D(D>d) represents the densities of the
m/s. The closed upper end of the tube
material of the body and liquid respectively,
located at a height of 12 cm has a small
then the time after which the body will be
orifice. To what height h will the water jet
instantaneously at rest, is
spurt ?
2h 2h D
1) 2) .
g g d

2h d 2h  d 
3) . 4)  
g D g  D−d 

17. A plane is in level flight at constant speed

and each of the two wings has an area of
m
25m2. If the speed of the air is 50 over the
s 1) 20 cm 2) 40 cm
m 3) zero 4) 50 cm
lower wing surface and 65 over the upper
s 20. The fresh water behind a reservoir dam
wing surface, determine the planes mass in is 15m deep. A horizontal pipe 4 cm in
kg (Take air density to be 1kgm–3) diameter passes through the dam 6m below
the surface. A plug secures the pipe closed.
1) 8000 kg When the plug is removed, approximately
what volume of water flows out of the pipe
2) 6400 kg in 3 hours ?
1) 1200 m2 2) 150 m2
3) 4400 kg
3) 2460 m3 4) 1600 m3
4) 3150 kg

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 3 6. 1 11. 4 16. 3 21. 4 26. 3

2. 3 7. 1 12. 1 17. 1 22. 2 27. 4
3. 4 8. 3 13. 1 18. 1 23. 2 28. 2
4. 3 9. 1 14. 2 19. 3 24. 3 29. 3
5. 4 10. 3 15. 1 20. 1 25. 2

LEVEL II

1. 4 6. 1 11. 4 16. 4
2. 1 7. 2 12. 4 17. 3
3. 3 8. 1 13. 4 18. 2
4. 1 9. 1 14. 3 19. 1
5. 1 10. 3 15. 1 20. 2

98
 Chapter THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER,
09 THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETIC THERORY

QUESTIONS 4. A truck driver takes 10000 litres of petrol in

a tanker in full from a place where temperature
LEVEL - I
is 5oC. It is taken to a place where temperature
1. If a thermometer reads freezing point of is 45oC. The amount of petrol overflown if
water as 20oC and boiling point as 150oC, tanker is not thermally insulated is
how much, thermometer read when the [ γ of petrol 1.8×10 –5 / o C and γ of tanker
actual temperature is 60oC =1.1×10–5/oC]
1) 98oC 1) 1.2 L
2) 32oC 2) 1.5L
3) 1400C 3) 2.1 L
4) 60oC 4) 2.8 L
2. A pendulum clock is 5sec fast each day at 5. The apparent coefficient of expansion of a
temperature of 15oC and 10 sec slow at a liquid when heated in a copper vessel is C
temperature of 30oC. The temperature at and when heated in a silver vessel is S. If A is
which it is designed to give correct time is: the linear coefficient of expansion of copper,
then the linear coefficient of expansion of
1) 18oC silver is:
2) 20oC
C + S − 3A C + 3A − S
3) 24oC 1) 2)
3 3
4) 25oC
3. If two rods of layer L and 2L having co- S + 3A − C C + S + 3A
3) 4)
efficients of linear expansion α and 2α 3 3
respectively are connected so that total
length is 3L. The average co-efficient of 6. The temperature of equal masses of three
linear expansion of composite rod will be ? different liquids A, B and C are 12oC, 19oC
and 28oC respectively. The temperature
1) 3α
when A and B are mixed is 16oC and when
3 B and C are mixed is 23oC. The temperature
2) α when A and C are mixed is:
2
1) 18.2oC
5 2) 22oC
3) α
3
3) 20.2oC
4) α
4) 24.2oC

99
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

7. 100 g of ice at 0oC is added to 100 g of 9. Three rods AB, BC and BD of same length l
water at 30oC. When the system reaches and cross-section A are arranged as shown.
equilibrium, what is the final temperature of The end D is immersed in ice whose mass is
the system and mass of ice remaining? 440 g and is at 0oC. The end C is maintained
at 100oC. Heat is supplied at a constant rate
1) 30oC, 37.5 gm of 200 cal/sec at A time after which whole ice
will melt is (k = 100 cal/msoC, A=10 cm2, l
= 1 m)
2) 0oC, 37.5 gm

3) 30oC, 62.5 gm

4) 0oC, 62.5 gm

8. Three rods of identical cross section and

made from the same metal form the sides of
an isosceles triangle ABC, right angled at B.
1) 400 sec 2) 600 sec
The points A and B are maintained at
temperature T and 2T respectively in 3) 700 sec 4) 800 sec

steady state. Considering only thermal 10. Ice starts freezing in a lake with water at 0oC,
conduction the temperature of the point C when atmospheric temperature is –10oC. If
will be the time taken for 1cm of ice to be formed is
12 min., the time taken for the thickness of
A ice to change from 1cm to 2cm will be
1) 24 min 2) 36 min
3) 48 min 4) 18 min
11. The spectrum of black body at two
temperatures 27oC and 327oC is shown. If
B C A1 and A2 are the areas under the two curves
respectively and λ1 and λ 2 are wavelengths
3T
1) corresponding to maximum emission then
2 +1
T
2)
2 +1

T
3)
3 ( 2 −1)
A λ A λ
1) =2
4,=2
4 2)=2
16,
= 2
2
A1 λ1 A1 λ1
T
4)
2 −1
A λ 1 A λ 1
3) =2
2,=2
=
4) 2
16,
= 2

A1 λ1 2 A1 λ1 2

100
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

12. The emissive power of a black body at 17. Consider the lung capacity to be 500 cm3 and
T = 300K is 100 W/m2. Consider a body B the pressure therein to be equivalent of 761
of area A = 10m2, co-efficient of reflectivity mmHg. The number of molecules per breath
r = 0.3 and co-efficient of transmission will be [Normal body temperature is 98.6oF]
t = 0.5. Its temperature is 300K. Then which 18 22
of the following is incorrect 1) 2.19 × 10 2) 1.19 × 10

1) the emissive power of B is 20 W/m2 18 19

3) 3 × 10 4) 3.2 × 10
2) the emissive power of B is 200 W/m 2

18. The number of correct statements among

3) the power emitted by B is 200 W below given is:
4) the emissivity of B is 0.2 i) The slope of a isochoric curve is zero on
13. A liquid cools from 50 C to 45 C in 5 min.
o o
a P-V diagram.
and from 45oC to 41.5oC in the next 5 min. ii) Slope of adiabatic curve is more in
The temperature of the surrounding is magnitude in comparison to slope of
1) 27oC 2) 40.3oC isothermal curve.
3) 23.3oC 4) 33.3oC iii) Internal energy is constant for an
14. The mean free path and collision frequency isothermal process.
of nitrogen molecule in a cylinder containing iv) Temperature decreases in adiabatic
nitrogen at 2 atmosphere and temperature expansion and temperature increases in
17oC. Take radius of nitrogen molecule to be adiabatic compression.
1Ao
v) A gas can have infinite number of specific
1) 1.14 × 10–6, 5 × 108 s–1 heats.
2) 2.28 × 10–6 m, 1010 s–1 1) 5 2) 4
3) 1.14 × 10 m, 5 × 10 s
–7 9 –1
3) 3 4) 2
4) 2.28 × 10 m, 5 × 10 s
–7 10 –1
19. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at
15. A vessel contains 28 gm of N2 and 32 gm of 127oC occupies a volume V. If the gas is
O2 at temperature T = 1800 K and pressure expanded adiabatically to the volume 8V.
2 atm. Find the pressure if N2 dissociates Then the work done by the gas will be
30% and O2 dissociates 50% if temperature  25 
remains constant  R = J / mol k 
 3 
1) 2 atm 2) 1 atm
1) 7500 J 2) 6000 J
3) 2.8 atm 4) 1.4 atm
3) 4500 J 4) 3000 J
16. The average energy of a molecule in a
diatomic gas is 0.1eV. Take the gas as ideal 20. An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes
and vibrational excitations are absent, the a process in which the gas
average translational energy and rotational volume relates to temperature as
energy per molecule are VT = a constant. Then molar specific heat
of gas in this process is
1) 0.08 ev and 0.02eV
R
2) 0.09 ev and 0.01 eV 1) 2) R
2
3) 0.06 ev and 0.04 eV
3R
4) 0.07 ev and 0.03 eV 3) 4) None of these
2

101
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

21. The p-v diagram, shown here represents the 23. Pressure versus temperature graph of an
thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating ideal gas is shown. Density of gas at point
with an ideal monoatomic gas. The amount A is ρ0. Find the density of gas at B
of heat, extracted from the source in a single
cycle is

3
1) 3ρ0 2) ρ0
13 2
1) p0v0 2) p0 v0
2 3) 2ρ0 4) ρ0
24. When an ideal diatomic gas is heated under
11 constant pressure the fraction of heat energy
3) p0 v0 4) 4p0v0
2 supplied which increases the internal energy
and workdone are respectively:
22. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas is
2 3
taken through a cycle ABCA as shown. During 1) ,
process AB, pressure and temperature of the 5 5
gas vary such that PT = a constant.
3 2
2) ,
5 5

3 4
3) ,
7 7

5 2
4) ,
7 7
25. During an adiabastic process, the pressure
(i) Work done during process AB is –4RT1 of gas is proportional to 4th power of absolute
Cp
(ii) Heat energy released/absorbed in temperature. Then for the gas is,
process AB is 7RT1 Cv

1) only (i) is correct 6 5

1) 2)
2) only (ii) is correct 5 3
3) both are correct
7 4
3) 4)
4) both are incorrect 5 3

102
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

26. Match the column : 28. An engine draws heat Q from the source
at temperature 600K and release Q' at the
Column I Column II sink if ideal. But in practice if also loses an
Degree of hotness amount Q" = 0.2Q' for other imperfections.
A) Heat P) of coolness of a If the sink temperature is 300K efficiency of
substance the engine
Amount of heat 1) 50%
required to rise
Internal 2) 45%
B) Q) the temperature
energy
of unit mass of a 3) 40%
substance by 1oC
4) 60%
C) Temperature R) Energy in transit
The sum of energy 29. A carnot engine, having an efficiency of
due to attractive 1
D) Specific heat S) force between η= as heat engine, is used as refrigerator.
10
molecules and due If the workdone on the system 10 J, the
to random motion amount of heat rejected to the surrounding
1) A R, B S, C P, D Q is
1) 99 J
2) A R, B P, C S, D Q
2) 90 J
3) A R, B Q, C P, D S
3) 1 J
4) A R, B S, C Q, D P
4) 100 J
27. Given below are two statements:
30. Given below are two statements : one is
In the light of the statements, choose the labelled as Assertion and the other is labelled
most appropriate answer from the options as Reason .
given below: In the light of the statements, choose the
1) Both statement I and statement II are most appropriate answer from the options
given below:
incorrect
1) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
2) Both statement I and statement II are and Reason is the correct explanation of
correct Assertion
3) Statement I is correct but statement II is 2) Both Assertion and Reason are correct
incorrect but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion
4) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is
correct 3) Assertion is correct but Reason is not the
correct explanation of A
Statement I : The pressure exerted by an
4) Both Assertion and Reason are not correct
enclosed ideal gas does not
depend on the shape of the Assertion : In kinetic theory of gases the
container. collision between molecules
are inelastic
Statement II: The pressure of an ideal
gas depends on the number Reason : Kinetic theory of gases the
of moles, temperature and molecules do not undergo
volume of the enclosure any collisions at all.

103
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

LEVEL - II 5. A wall has two layers A and B, each made

of different material. Both layers have same
1. A rod of length 20 cm made of metal A
thickness. The thermal conductivity of the
expands by 0.075 cm when its temperature
material of A is twice that of B. Under thermal
is raised from 0oC to 100oC. An another rod
equilibrium, the temperature difference
of a different metal B having the same length
across the wall is 36oC. The temperature
expands by 0.045 cm for the same change in
difference across the layer A is
temperature. A third rod of the same length is
composed of two parts, one of metal A and 1) 6o C 2) 12o C
metal B. This rod expands by 0.065 cm for
3) 18o C 4) 24o C
the same change in temperature. The portion
made of metal ‘A’ has length 6. Two identical conducting rods AB and CD
are connected to a circular conducting ring
1) 10 cm 2) 13.3 cm
at two diametrically opposite points. The
3) 15 cm 4) 6.7 cm radius of the ring is equal to length of the
rods. The area of cross-section and thermal
2. When an iron block floats in mercury at 0oC conductivity of the rod and ring are equal.
the fraction of its volume submerged is k1. The two free-ends of the rod are maintained
When the experiment is repeated at 50oC at 100oC and 0oC. The temperature of point
the fraction submerged becomes k2. If γ Hg C will be
and α Fe are the coefficients of expansion of
A B C D
Hg (volume) and Fe (linear) respectively then (100 C)
o
(0oC)
k1
is 1) 62o C 2) 37o C
k2
3) 28o C 4) 45o C
1 + 50α Fe 1 − 50α Fe 7. A sphere and a cube of same material
1) 2)
1 + 50 γ Hg 1 + 50 γ Hg and same volume are heated upto same
temperature and allowed to cool in the
1 + 100α Fe 1 + 150α Fe same surroundings. The ratio of amounts of
3) 4) radiations emitted will be
1 + 100 γ Hg 1 + 50 γ Hg
4π
3. A glass-tube of length 133 cm and of uniform 1) 1:1 2) :1
3
cross-section must be filled with mercury so
that the volume of the tube unoccupied by
1 2
mercury remains same at all temperatures. If π 3 1  4π  3
the cubical coefficients for glass and mercury 3)   :1 4)   :1
are respectively 0.000026/oC and 0.000182/o 6 2 3 
C, the length of mercury column is
8. When the temperature of a blackbody
1) 19 cm 2) 133 cm increases, it is observed that the wavelength
corresponding to maximum energy changes
3) 7 cm 4) 144 cm from 0.26 μm to 0.13 μm. The ratio of
4. Steam at 100oC is passed into 20g of water emissive powers of the body at the respective
at 10oC. When water acquires a temperature temperatures is,
of 80o the mass of water present will be 1) 16 2) 4
1) 42.5 g 2) 22.5 g 1
3) 1 4 4)
3) 24 g 4) 31.5 g 16

104
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

9. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen 13. A certain amount of air at 300K is trapped
and 4 moles of Argon at temperature T K. in a glass tube between its closed end and
Neglecting vibrational modes total energy a 15cm long mercury column as shown
of the mixture in figure. The tube is inverted. To what
temperature should the air column be
1) 4 RT
heated so that it regains its origin volume.
2) 9 RT Atmospheric pressure is 75cm of Hg

3) 11 RT
4) 13 RT
10. The rms speed of the molecules of a gas in
a vessel is 400 m/s. If half of the gas leaks
out at constant temperature, the rms speed
of remaining molecules will be
1) 400 m/s
2) 200 m/s 1) 350 K 2) 400 K
3) 450 K 4) 500 K
3) 400 2 m / s
14. A diatomic ideal gas is heated at constant
400 volume until pressure is doubled and again
4) m/s
2 heated at constant pressure until the volume
is doubled. The average molar heat capacity
11. The density of upper atmosphere is very low for the whole process is
of the order of 1014m–3. Assuming the average 13R 19R
35 o 1) 2)
diameter of air molecule as A , the 6 6
π
approximate mean free path of air molecules
23R 17R
3) 4)
is; 6 6
1) 20 km 15. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas
undergoes the process A B in the given
2) 25 km PV diagram. The specific heat for this
process is
3) 35 km
4) 40 km
12. An air bubble of volume 1 cm3 rises from the
bottom of a lake 40 m deep at a temperature
of 12 oC. To what volume does it grow,
when it reaches the surface, which is at a
temperature of 35oC ?
1) 4.5 ×10–5 m 3
3R 13R
2) 5.25 ×10–6 m 3 1) 2)
2 6
3) 6.25 ×10–6 m 3
5R
4) 6.25 ×10–5 m 3 3) 4) 2R
2

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

16. Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle 19. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is
as shown. If the temperature are TA = 600K, taken round the cyclic process ABCA as
TB = 800K, TC = 2200K and TD = 1200K, the shown, calculate the net heat absorbed by
work done per cycle is the gas in path BC

1) 20 KJ
2) 30 KJ 5P0 V0
1) P0V0 2)
3) 40 KJ 2
4) 60 KJ
17. The work done by the gas in the process P0 V0
ABC 3) 3 P0V0 4)
2

20. In a container of negligible mass, ‘m’ grams

of steam at 1000C is added to 100g of water
that has temperature 200C. If no heat is lost
to the surroundings at equilibrium, match the
items given in Column I with that in Column
II.

Column I Column II
i. Mass of steam in a. 114.8
the mixture, if m
3 5 =20g (in g)
1) P0 V0 2) P0 V0
2 2 ii. Mass of water in the b. 76. 4
mixture, if m = 20 g
(in g)
7
3) P0 V0 4) 4 P0V0 iii. If m = 20g, final c. 5.2
2 temperature of the
18. 5.6 litre of helium gas at STP is adiabatically mixture (in oC)
compressed to 0.7 litre. Taking the initial iv. If m =10g, final d. 100
temperature to be T1, the workdone in the temperature of the
process is, mixture (in 0C)
9 3 1) i – c; ii – a; iii – d; iv – b
1) RT1 2) RT1
8 2 2) i – a; ii – b; iii – c; iv – d
3) i – b; ii – d; iii – a; iv – c
15 9
3) RT1 4) RT1 4) i – c; ii – a; iii – b; iv – d
8 2

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 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 1 6. 3 11. 4 16. 3 21. 2 26. 1

2. 2 7. 4 12. 2 17. 2 22. 3 27. 2
3. 3 8. 1 13. 4 18. 2 23. 2 28. 3
4. 4 9. 4 14. 3 19. 1 24. 2 29. 4
5. 2 10. 2 15. 3 20. 1 25. 4 30. 4

LEVEL II

1. 2 6. 3 11. 1 16. 3
2. 4 7. 3 12. 2 17. 3
3. 1 8. 4 13. 3 18. 1
4. 2 9. 3 14. 2 19. 4
5. 2 10. 1 15. 2 20. 1

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 Chapter
OSCILLATION
10

QUESTIONS 5. A body of mass 36 gram makes SHM with a

LEVEL - I time period 12 second and amplitude 13cm.
At t=0, displacement is 13cm. Force acting
1. A particle is moving in a circle with uniform
on the body at t=2 s is  π =
2
speed. Its motion is
10 

1) Periodic and simple harmonic 1) 36 dyne 2) 54 dyne

2) Periodic but not simple harmonic
3) 18 dyne 4) 65 dyne
3) Simple harmonic but not peratic
4) None of the above 6. At a displacement 5cm acceleration of a body
in SHM is half of maximum acceleration.
2. Motion of a ball bearing inside a smooth Distance between extreme position is
curved bowl, when released from a point
slightly above the lowest point, is 1) 5 cm 2) 20 cm
1) simple harmonic motion (SHM)
3) 10 cm 4) 28 cm
2) non-periodic motion
3) parabolic 7. A simple pendulum is made of a body which
4) periodic but not SHM is a hollow sphere containing mercury
suspended by means of a wire. If a little
3. Identify the periodic function from the mercury is drained off, the period of pendulum
following will
1) log ( ωt )

2) sin ωt + cos ωt
−ωt
3) e
4) x ( t ) = 1 + ωt + ω t
2 2

4. Which of the following equations does not

represent a simple harmonic motion
y a sin ωt 1) Remains unchanged
1)=

= y a cos ωt 2) Increase
2)
y a sin ωt + b cos ωt
3) = 3) Decrease

=
4) y a tan ωt 4) Become erratic

108
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

8. What is the effect on the time period of a 11. A block of mass 2 kg hangs from a spring
simple pendulum, if the mass of the bob is of spring constant k = 200N/m. The block
doubled? is pulled down through 15cm below and
released. What is its kinetic energy when
1) halved
the block is 10cm above the equilibrium
2) doubled position?

3) become eight times 1) 5 J 2) 1.25 J

4) no effect 3) 2.5 J 4) 4 J

9. A body makes 5 SHM in 31.4 seconds. At y 12. A pendulum of length '  ' is suspended from
displacement, ratio between velocity and
2 the roof of a lift. When the lift is stationary, T
acceleration is . The displacement y is is the time period. When the lift moves with
3
an acceleration ‘a’ time period becomes
[A = amplitude)
 4T 
  . What will be the value of ‘a’?
2 3  5 
1) A 2) A
3 5
9g 9g
1) upwards 2) downwards
3 2 16 16
3) A 4) A
5 5
3g 3g
10. The figure shows the variation of force 3) upwards 4) downwards
5 5
acting on a particle of mass 400g executing
simple harmonic motion. The frequency of 13. A particle executing SHM of amplitude 4cm
oscillation of the particle is and T = 4 s. The time taken by it to move
from positive extreme position to half the
amplitude is
1) 1 s 2) 1/3 s

3) 2/3 s 4) 3 / 2 s
14. A vertical spring carries a 5 kg body and
is hanging in equilibrium, an additional
force is applied so that the spring is further
stretched. When released from the position,
it performs 50 complete oscillations in 25s,
with an amplitude of 5 cm. The additional
force applied is
1) 80 N
2) 80π2 N
2) ( 5 / 2π ) s
−1
1) 4 s -1

3) 4π2 N
3) (1/ 8π ) s 4) (1/ 2π ) s
−1 −1
4) 4 N

109
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

15. The oscillation of a body on a smooth 16. Two springs are connected to a block of
horizontal surface is represented by the mass M placed on a frictionless surface
equation, as shown below. If both the springs have a
spring constant k, the frequency of oscillation
=X A cos ( ωt ) of block is

where X = displacement at time t

ω = frequency of oscillation

Which one of the following graphs shows

correctly the variation of a with t? [a→
1 k 1 k
acceleration] 1) 2)
2π 2M 2π M
1)
a 1 2k 1 M
3) 4)
T
2π M 2π k
0 t
17. Two pendulums of length 121 cm and 100 cm
starts oscillations from their mean positions
simultaneously with the same phase. The
minimum number of vibrations of the longer
pendulum after which they two are again in
phase at the mean position is
2)
a 1) 11 2) 9

T 3) 10 4) 8
0 t 18. Choose the correct statement
1) Time period of a simple pendulum
depends on it amplitude
2) Time period of a spring watch varies with
acceleration due to gravity g
3) a 3) In a simple pendulum, time period varies
linearly with the length of the pendulum
T 4) The graph between length of the pendulum
0 t
and time period is a parabola
19. A coin is placed on a horizontal platform
which undergoes vertical SHM of angular
frequency ω. The amplitude of oscillation
is gradually increased. The coin will leave
4) a contact with the platform for the first time

T 1) for an amplitude of g/ω2

0 t 2) for an amplitude of ω2/g
3) for an amplitude of ω2/g2
4) At the mean position of the platform

110
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

Assertion and Reason 2. A particle performs SHM on the x-axis with

amplitude A and time period T. The time taken
Directions: Choose the correct option by the particle to travel a distance A/5 starting
from rest is
1) If both Assertion and Reason are true
and the Reason is correct explanation of the T T 4
1) 2) cos −1  
Assertion 20 2π 5

2) If both Assertion and Reason are true T 1 T 1

but Reason is not the correct explanation of 3) cos −1   4) sin −1  
2π 5 2π 5
Assertion

3) If Assertion is true, but the Reason is false 3. The displacement-time graph of a particle
executing SHM is shown in figure. Which of
the following statements is/are true?
4) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true

20. Assertion : In x = A cos ωt, the dot

product of acceleration and y
velocity is positive for time
π T/4
interval 0 < t < .
2ω
0
Reason : Angle between them is 0o in T/2 3T/4 T t
the time interval.

LEVEL-II
1) The velocity is maximum at t = T/2
1. A particle is vibrating in SHM. If its velocities
2) The magnitude of acceleration is maximum
are v1 and v2 when the displacements from
at t=T
the mean position are y1 and y2, respectively,
then its time period is 3) The force is zero at t = T/2

y 22 − y12 4) The kinetic energy equals the total

1) T = 2π oscillation energy at t = T/2
v12 − v 22
4. Two particles are executing SHM of same
amplitude and frequency along the parallel
v12 − v 22 straight line paths. They pass each other
2) T = 2π
y 22 − y12 when going in opposite directions, each time
1
their displacement is times of their
2
y12 + y 22 amplitude. What is the phase difference
3) T = 2π between them ?
v12 − v 22
π 2π
1) 2)
2 3
y12 + y 22
4) T = 2π π π
v12 + v 22 3) 4)
3 4

111
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

5. Three masses 700g, 500g and 400g are 8. A block of mass m compresses a spring of
suspended at the end of a spring as shown stiffness k through a distance 1/2 as shown
and are in equilibrium. When the 700g mass in the figure. If the block is not fixed to the
is removed, the system oscillates with a spring, the period of motion of the block is
period of 3 seconds, when the 500gm mass
is also removed, it will oscillate with a period
of

1) 2π m + k

2) ( π + 4 ) m / k
1) 1s 2) 2s
12 3) (1 + π ) m / k
3) 3s 4) s
5
4) None of these
6. A uniform disc of radius 10 cm & mass
200g is fixed at its centre to a metal wire,
the other end of which is fixed with a clamp. 9. The bob of a simple pendulum executes
The hanging disc is rotated about the wire simple harmonic motion in water with a
through an angle and is released. If the disc period t, while the period of oscillation of the
makes torsional oscillations with time period bob is t0 in air. Neglecting frictional force of
2 second, find torsional constant of wire water and given that the density of the bob is
(4/3) × 1000 kg/m 3. Which relationship
1) 0.1 Kg m2/s2 2) 0.01 kg m2/s2
between t and t0 is true ?
3) 0.001kg m2/s2 4) 0.02 kg m2/s2
7. A pendulum has period T for small oscillations. 1) t = t0 2) t = t0/2
An obstacle is placed directly beneath the
pivot, so that only the lowest one quarter of 3) t = 2t0 4) t = 4t0
the string can follow the pendulum bob when
it swings in the left of its resting position
as shown in the figure. The pendulum is 10. A particle at the end of a spring executes
released from rest at a certain point A. The simple harmonic motion with a period t1, while
time taken by it to return to that point is the corresponding period for another spring
is t2. If the period of oscillation with the two
springs in series is T, then

1) T= t1 + t 2

2 2 2
2) T = t1 + t 2

−1 −1 −1
3) T = t1 + t 2
1) T 2) T/2
−2 −2 −2
3) 3T/4 4) T/4 4) T = t1 + t 2

112
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

11. The speed (v) of a particle moving along a 12. In the following question two statements are
straight line, when it is at a distance (x) from given: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and
a fixed point on the line, is given by: the other is labelled as Reason (R)
v 2 144 − 9x 2
= While answering these questions you are
required to choose any one of the following
four responses:
Column I Column II 1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not
the correct explanation of (A)
Motion is simple 2π 2) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
i)
harmonic of period
p) units
3 3) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
4) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the
Maximum
correct explanation of (A)
ii) displacement from the q) 12 units
fixed point is Assertion: The time period of a
pendulum, on a satellite
Maximum velocity of orbiting the earth in infinity
iii) r) 27 units
the particle Reason: Time period of a pendulum
is inversely proportional to
Magnitude of square root of acceleration
acceleration at a due to gravtiy
iv) s) 4 units
distance 3 units from
the fixed point is 13. The motion of a particle is given by
x A sin ωt + Bcos ωt + C . The motion of
=
Now, match the given columns and select the the particle is :
correct option from the codes given below.
1) Not simple harmonic
Codes 2) Simple harmonic with amplitude
( A − B)
2
1) i-p; ii-q; iii-r; iv-s

2) i-s; ii-r; iii-q; iv-p

3) Simple harmonic with amplitude
( A + B)
2
3) i-p; ii-s; iii-q; iv-r

4) i-r; ii-p; iii-s; iv-q 4) Simple harmonic with amplitude A 2 + B2

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CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 2 6. 2 11. 2 16. 1
2. 1 7. 2 12. 1 17. 3
3. 2 8. 4 13. 3 18. 4
4. 4 9. 2 14. 3 19. 1
5. 4 10. 2 15. 3 20. 1

LEVEL II

1. 1 6. 2 11. 3
2. 2 7. 3 12. 4
3. 2 8. 2 13. 4
4. 1 9. 3
5. 2 10. 2

114
 Chapter

11 WAVES

QUESTIONS 4. Speed of sound in air is 340 ms–1 and in water

1480 m/s. Frequency of sound is 1000 K Hz.
LEVEL - I
Then find wave length of sound in water
1. Which one of the following statement is true? 1) 2.96 mm
1) Both light and sound waves are longitudinal 2) 1.48 mm

2) Both light and sound waves can travel in 3) 0.74 mm

vacuum
4) 1 mm
3) Both light and sound waves are transverse 5. The equation of a wave is given by Y =
5 sin 10π(t-0.01x) along the x-axis (All
4) Sound waves in air are longitudinal while
the quantities are expressed in SI units).
the light waves are transverse
The phase difference between the points
2. With the propagation of a longitudinal wave seperated by a distance of 10m along x-axis
through a material medium, the quantities is:
transmitted in the propagation direction are :
1) π / 2
1) Energy 2) π
2) Energy and mass 3) 3π
3) Energy and linear momentum 4) π 4
4) Energy, linear momentum and mass 6. Two interfering waves have the same
wavelength, frequency and amplitude. They
3. The equation of transverse wave travelling are travelling in the same direction but are
in a rope is given by 900 out of phase. Compared to the individual
waves, the resultant wave will have the same.
Y = 5 sin (4t - 0.02x) where y and x are in cm
and time t second. Calculate the amplitude, 1) amplitude and velocity but different
frequency, velocity and wavelength of the wavelength
wave and maximum speed of particle
2) amplitude and wavelength but different
1) 5cm, 0.637 Hz, 200 cm/s, 314 cm, 20 cm/s velocity

2) 10 cm 0.637 Hz, 100 cm/s, 314 cm, 20 cm/s 3) wavelength and velocity but different
amplitude
3) 5cm, 0.12 Hz, 200 cm/s, 314 cm, 10 cm/s
4) amplitude and frequency but different
4) 5 cm, 0.637 Hz, 300 cm/s, 314 cm, 5 cm/s velocity

115
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

7. Two coherent sources of different intensities 11. A standing wave is formed on a string fixed
send waves which interfere. The ratio of at both ends. The wavelength of it is λ .
maximum intensity to the minimum intensity
Statement I : The position of nodes are
is 25. The intensities of the sources are in the
ratio only at x = 0 , λ, 2λ,3λ........nλ
from one end (n = integer)
1) 25:1 2) 5:1
Statement II: The position of antinodes are
3) 9:4 4) 25:16 λ 3λ 5λ
only at x =, , , ...........
Assertion - Reason type 4 4 4
8. Assertion : Two longitudial waves gives by λ
(2n + 1) from one end
equations= y1 2a sin ( ωt − kx ) a n d 4
( n = integer)
y 2 a sin ( 2ωt − 2kx ) w i l l h a v e e q u a l
= 1) Statement I is correct but statement II is
incorrect
intensity 2) Statement II is correct but statement I is
Reason : Intensity of waves of given incorrect
frequency on same medium is proportional 3) Both statement I and II are correct
to squre of amplitude only
4) Both statement I and II are correct
1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion 12. A string on a musical instrument is 50 cm
long and its fundamental frequency is 270Hz.
2) Both Assertion and Reason are true and If the desired frequency of 1000 Hz is to be
Reason is not the correct explanation of produced the required length of the string is
Assertion
1) 13.5 cm 2) 27 cm
3) Assertion is correct and Reason is incorrect
3) 6.75 cm 4) 20.25 cm
4) Assertion is incorrect and Reason is correct
9. A transverse wave is travelling with velocity 13. A string is clamped at both the ends and is
through a metal wire of length L and density vibrating in its 4th harmonic. The equation of
ρ . The tensile stress on wire is the stationary wave is y = 0.3 sin (0.157 x)
cos (200 πt). The length of the string is (all
2 2
1) v ρ 2) vρ quantities are in SI Units)
v 1) 20 m 2) 40 m
3) vρ 4)
ρ 3) 60 m 4) 80m
10. If we study the vibration of a pipe open at 14. A string 2 m long and fixed at its ends is driven
both ends. Which of following is not true by a 240 Hz vibrator. The string vibrates in
1) Open end will be antinode its third harmonic mode. The speed of the
wave and its fundamental frequency is :
2) Odd harmonics of fundamental frequency
will be generated 1) 180 ms-1 and 80 Hz
3) All harmonics of fundamental frequency 2) 320 ms-1 and 80 Hz
will be generated
3) 320 ms-1 and 120 Hz
4) Pressure change will be maximum of both
ends 4) 180 ms-1 and 120 Hz

116
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

15. A turning fork A produces 4 beats/sec with 20. Two tuning forks have frequencies 380 and
another fork B of frequency 256 Hz. When A 384 Hz respectively. When they are sounded
is slightly filed, the beat frequency increases. together they produce 4 beats. After hearing
Then the original frequency of A is maximum sound, how long will it take to hear
the minimum sound.
A) 258 Hz 2) 260 Hz
1) 1 2 sec. 2) 1 4
3) 252 Hz 4) 264 Hz

16. Air is blown at the mouth of an open tube 3) 18 4) 116

of length 25cm and diameter 2cm. If the
velocity of sound in air is 330ms–1, then the
emitted frequencies are (in Hz) (neglect end LEVEL - II
correction) 1. Speed of sound in a metallic rope of density
4 ×103 kg/m3 is 5000 m/s. Calculate the
1) 660, 1320, 1980
magnitude of linear stress required to
2) 660, 1000, 3300 produce a linear strain of 1 percent in the rod
1) 102 N/m2 2) 109 N/m2
3) 302, 664, 1320
3) 104N/m2 4) 107 N/m2
4) 330, 990, 1690
2. Speed of sound in mercury at a certain
17. A cylindrical tube, open at both ends emits temperature is 1450 m/s. Given the density
a fundamental frequency f in air. The tube is of mercury is 13.6 ×103 kg/m3. The bulk
dipped vertically in water, so that half of it is modulus for mercury is :
in water. The fundamental frequency of air 1) 2.86 ×1010N/m2
column is now
2) 3.86 ×1010N/m2
f 3f 3) 4.86 ×1010N/m2
1) 2)
2 4
4) 5.86×1010N/m2
3) f 4) 2f
3. The equation of a wave is y(x.t) = 0.05sin
18. In an experiment to measure speed of sound π π
by a resonating air column, a tuning fork of  2 (10x − 40t ) − 4 
frequency 500 Hz is used. The length of air
column is varied by changing the level of i) The wave length is 0.4m
water in the resonance tube. Two successive
ii) The frequency is 10 Hz
resonance are heard at air column of length
50.7 cm and 83. 9 cm. Find the speed of iii) The wave velocity is 4m/s in +ve x direction
sound in air
iv) The particle velocity and acceleration
1) 325 m/s 2) 330 m/s are 2.22 m/s and 1.40m/s2 at X = 0.5m and
t = 0.05s
3) 332 m/s 4) 335 m/s
v) The amplitude of the wave is 0.05m
19. Two sound waves of length 1m and 1.01m in
1) only (i) and (iii) are correct
a gas produce 10 beats in 3s. The velocity of
sound in gas is 2) only (i) and (ii) are correct

1) 360 m/s 2) 300 m/s 3) only (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct
4) All are correct
3) 337 m/s 4) 330 m/s

117
CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

4. At what temperature will the speed of sound in 8. Two waves represented a

hydrogen be the same as in oxygen at 1000C.
Molar masses of oxygen and hydrogen are = (
Y1 a sin ωt − kx + π
6 ) Y2 a cos ( ωt − kx )
and
=
in the ratio 16:1
the resultant amplitude is:
1) -219.70C 2) -249.70C 1) a 2) a 2

3) -229.70C 4) -239.70C
3) a 3 4) 2a
5. When a wave travels in a medium particle 9. A string of length  is fixed at both ends and
displacement is given by the equation y = a
sin 2π (bt-cx) where a, b and c are constants. is vibrating in second harmonic. The amplitude
The maximum particle velocity will be twice of antinode is 5mm. The amplitude of particle
the wave velocity if 
at a distance   from fixed end is
8
1
1) c = 2) c = πa
πa 1) 5 2mm

1 5
3) b = ac 4) b = 2) mm
ac 2
6. Tw o w a v e s a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e 3) 5mm
equations = y1 a sin ( ωt + kx + 0.57 ) m and
4) 10 2mm
y 2 a cos ( ωt + kx ) m , where x is in metre
=
10. A tube open at both ends have a length 48 cm
and t in second. The phase difference and fundamental frequency 32 Hz. If velocity
between them is of sound in air is 320 ms-1. Diameter of the
tube is :
1) 1.25 rad 2) 1.57 rad 5 10
1) cm 2) cm
3) 0.57 rad 4) 1.0 rad
3 3

20 25
7. A uniform thin rope of length 12 m and mass 3) cm 4) cm
6 kg hangs vertically from a rigid support and 3 3
a block of mass 2 Kg is attached to its free
end. A transverse short wavetrain of λ =6cm 11. An open pipe A is filled with monoatomic gas
and a closed pipe B of same length is filled
is produced at the lower end of the rope. What with a diatomic gas at same temperature.
is the wavelength of the wavetrain when it Second harmonic of A is same as 3rd har-
reaches the top of the rope: monic of B. Then the ratio of molar mass of
gases in A and B
1) 12 cm
200 100
1) 2)
2) 6 cm 189 189

3) 9 cm
400 300
3) 4)
4) 3 cm 189 189

118
 CLASS (XI) [NC 2026 - PHYSICS]

12. A tube open at only one end is cut into two 14. Two strings X and Y of sitar produces a beat
tubes of unequal length. The piece open of frequency 4Hz. When the tension of Y is
at both end has of fundamental frequency slightly increased, the beat frequency is found
450 Hz and other has fundamental to be 2Hz. If the frequency of X is 300 Hz,
frequency 675 Hz. What is the Ist overtone then the original frequency of Y was
frequency of the original tube
1) 296 Hz
1) 168.75 Hz
2) 298 Hz
2) 506.25 Hz
3) 302 Hz
3) 208.25 Hz
4) 304 Hz
4) 302 Hz
15. Two identical string instruments have fre-
13. The end correction of a resonance column is quency of 100 Hz. If tension in one of them
1.0cm. If the shortest length resonating with increases by 4% and they are sounded
the tuning fork is 15.0cm, the next resonating together, then the number of beats in one
length will be second is

1) 31 cm 2) 45 cm 1) 1 2) 8

3) 46 cm 4) 47 cm 3) 4 4) 2

ANSWER KEY

LEVEL I

1. 4 6. 3 11. 2 16. 1
2. 3 7. 3 12. 1 17. 3
3. 1 8. 2 13. 4 18. 3
4. 2 9. 1 14. 2 19. 3
5. 2 10. 4 15. 2 20. 3

LEVEL II

1. 2 6. 4 11. 3
2. 1 7. 3 12. 2
3. 4 8. 3 13. 4
4. 2 9. 2 14. 1
5. 1 10. 2 15. 4

119