UIT 2305

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
 UNIT 1

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION AND

CODING
 Session Meta Data

Author R KISHORE

Version No 1

Release Date 06-10-2022

Reviewer
 Introduction to Analog
communication
- Amplitude Modulation
 Session objectives
 To understand the concept of amplitude modulation (AM)
 To study the mathematical representation of AM
 To introduce time domain and frequency domain concepts
 To learn the importance of modulation index in AM.
 To understand AM modulators and demodulators
 To introduce the concepts of angle modulation
 To learn narrowband and wideband FM
 Session outcomes
At the end of the session, students will be able to

 Understand the concept of amplitude modulation (AM)

 Understand time domain and frequency domain
concepts
 Learn the importance of modulation index
 AM modulation and demodulation techniques
 Understand the concepts of angle modulation
 Differentiate PM from FM
 To compare narrowband and wideband FM
 Outline

 Introduction – Amplitude modulation

 Mathematical representation of AM
 Time domain and frequency domain concepts
 Modulation index
 AM modulators and demodulators
 Modulation

• Modulation: This involves changing the characteristic

of the carrier in accordance with the amplitude of the
message signal.
• Types: Amplitude modulation (AM),
Frequency modulation (FM) and
Phase modulation (PM)
 Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation is defined as a process in which

the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the amplitude of the message signal.
AM Modulator and Demodulator

AM Modulator

AM Demodulator
Time Domain Representation of AM
 Mathematical Analysis
• Modulating signal is given as
em  Em cos 2f mt (1.1)
where em represents message signal. Em represents
amplitude of the message signal. f m is frequency of the
modulating signal.
• Similarly, the carrier signal is denoted by,
ec  Ec cos 2f ct (1.2)
where ec represents the carrier signal. Ec represents the
amplitude of carrier signal. f c is carrier frequency.
 Mathematical Analysis
• Then the modulated signal is given by
eAM  Ec  Em cos 2f mt cos 2f ct (1.3)

 Em 
= Ec 1  E cos 2f mt  cos 2f ct (1.4)
 c 

• Modulation index (m): It is the ratio of the

amplitude of the message signal to the amplitude of
the carrier signal.
Em (1.5)
m
Ec
 Mathematical Analysis
• Equation (1.4) becomes,
eAM  EC 1 m cos 2f mt cos 2f ct
• Now multiply Ec cos 2f ct with the contents inside the
bracket.
eAM  Ec cos 2f ct  mEc cos 2f ct cos 2f mt (1.6)
• Apply, Cos A Cos B  2 Cos  A  B   Cos  A  B  formula to
1

the second term in the summation.

e AM  Ec cos 2f c t 
mEc
2
cos 2  f c  f m t  cos 2  f c  f m t
(1.7)
 Mathematical Analysis
• This is a signal made up of three signal components
i) A carrier at frequency fc Hz
ii) Upper side frequency at f c  f m Hz and
iii) Lower side frequency at f c  f m Hz
• The bandwidth of AM (the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequency) is
Bandwidth   f c  f m    f c  f m   2 f m Hz (1.8)
where fm is the maximum frequency of the
modulating signal.
Frequency domain representation of AM

Source : Electronic Communication Systems, Wayne Tomasi

Frequency domain representation of AM
Frequency spectrum consists of
i) Ec cos 2f ct - carrier frequency f c with the
amplitude of Ec

ii) Side band at  fc  f m  and  fc  f m  with the

amplitude of mE c
2
.
 Importance of Modulation Index
Modulation index (m): It is the ratio of the amplitude
of the message signal to the amplitude of the carrier
signal.
Em
m
Ec

Depth of modulation or % Modulation = m x 100

 Importance of Modulation Index
Modulation index should be in the range of 0  m  1.
Based on the values of m, the AM modulation can be
classified into two types.
• Linear modulation:
The type of modulation is linear modulation when m  1 .For
proper signal reception linear modulation is preferred
• Over modulation:
The type of modulation is over modulation when m  1. Upper
and lower envelopes are combined with each other and it may
lead to phase reversal in the modulated signal. Perfect
reconstruction is therefore not possible in over modulation
 so it is
recomended that
the amplitude of
modulating
wave should be
less than or
equal to carrier
wave
Introduction to Analog
communication
- Angle modulation
 Frequency and Phase Modulation

Phase modulation is defined as a process in which the

Phase of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
amplitude of the message signal

Frequency modulation is defined as a process in which

the frequency of the carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the amplitude of the message signal.
Time domain representation of FM & PM
Frequency spectrum of PM signal
 Relation between FM and PM
The integrated signal is then fed into a
phase modulator to produce an FM signal

Input: The original

message signal m(t)

The differentiated signal is then fed into a

frequency modulator to produce a PM signal
a) Generation of FM using Phase Modulator
b) Generation of PM using Frequency Modulator
 Bandwidth of FM
Theoretically the bandwidth occupied by FM is infinite,
since, it has infinite number of side bands. But there is a
thumb rule available for finding bandwidth of FM, it is
Bandwidth (BW)
 2  f m  number of significant sidebands (2.16)

i.e. only the finite number of sidebands carry the useful

information.
 Types of FM
When  is less than 1,it is a narrow band FM and when
 >>1, it is wideband FM.
S. No Parameter Narrowband Wideband
1 Modulation index   Less than one Greater than One
2 Maximum f  frequency 5 kHz 75 kHz
deviation
3 Range of modulating 30 Hz to 3 kHz 30 Hz to 15 kHz
signal frequency
4 Maximum modulation 1 Greater than 1
index
5 Bandwidth Small, Large, it is around
approximately 15 times higher
same as AM than narrowband
FM.
 Summary
• Concepts of Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Mathematical analysis of AM
• Frequency and Time domain representation of AM
• Importance of modulation index
• Concepts of PM and FM
• Frequency spectra of PM and FM
• Narrowband and wideband FM
 Test your understanding
• Define Amplitude Modulation
• State the importance of modulation index
• Elaborate the mathematical representation of AM
wave
• Define Phase Modulation
• Define Frequency Modulation
 References
1. Proakis.J.G, Salehi.M, Fundamentals of Communication
Systems, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2006.
2. S. Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John Wiley, 2005.
3. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106106097/pdf/Lecture08_SamplingT
heorem.pdf
4. B. P. Lathi and Zhi Ding,“Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, OxfordUniversity Press.
2017