UIT 2305

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
 Outline

 Introduction – Communication and its types–

Definition
 Signals and its types
 Blocks of communication systems
 Need for Modulation
 Types of modulation
 Test Your Understandings
 Communication
• Communication: It is the process of transfer of
information between two points.
• The two points are transmitter and a receiver.
• In both analog and digital communication, the
transmitter conveys the information in the
form of signals.
• Signal: Signal is a physical quantity that varies
with time or space or any other independent
variable. Signals are classified into two types.
 Types of signals
• Continuous time signal: The signal will be defined for all
the time intervals. For example x(t )  sin t
• Here the continuous signal can be defined for all time
intervals. The time period "t" varies from   t 
Amplitude

Time
 Types of signals
• Discrete time signal: A discrete time signal can be
defined as only for a specific time interval. For
example 1 when n  0
x ( n)  
0 otherwise

• Here the discrete time "n" should be an integer. i.e.

the amplitude of the signal can be defined as relevant
to a time period n=1 or 2 and so on. The signal
cannot be defined for a time period n=0.5, 1.5, and so
on.
 Types of communication
• Based on the classification of signals, the
communication systems can be classified as Analog
and Digital communication systems.

• The analog communication system uses continuous

time signal as input, where as digital communication
uses discrete time signal as input.
 Basic blocks of communication
• The term "communication" refers to transfer of
information from one place to another or between
individuals.
• There is a transmitter on one side and the receiver on
the other. There is a „channel‟ as a medium to
transmit information.
Block diagram of an electronic
communication systems

Source : Electronic Communication Systems, Wayne Tomasi

 Types of Modulation
• Amplitude Modulation
It is the process of changing the amplitude of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in
proportion with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal (information)
• Frequency Modulation
It is the process of changing the frequency of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in
proportion with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal (information)
 Types of Modulation
• Phase Modulation
It is the process of changing the phase of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in
proportion with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal (information)
 Summary
• Signals vary with respect to time

• Broadly classified as Continuous time and Discrete time

signals.

• Communications systems are classified into two types.

• Analog communication used to convey analog signals

• Digital communication used to convey digital signals

• Types of modulation.
 Test Your Understanding
• Differentiate CT and DT signals.
• Give an example for a CT and DT signal.
• Give an example for an analog communication system and
digital communication system.
 Introduction to Analog
communication
- Amplitude Modulation
 Outline

 Introduction – Amplitude modulation

 Mathematical representation of AM
 Time domain and frequency domain concepts
 Modulation index
 AM modulators and demodulators
 Modulation

• Modulation: This involves changing the characteristic

of the carrier in accordance with the amplitude of the
message signal.
• Types: Amplitude modulation (AM),
Frequency modulation (FM) and
Phase modulation (PM)
 Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude modulation is defined as a process in which

the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the amplitude of the message signal.
AM Modulator and Demodulator

AM Modulator

AM Demodulator
Time Domain Representation of AM
 Mathematical Analysis
• Modulating signal is given as
em  Em cos 2f mt (1.1)
where em represents message signal. Em represents
amplitude of the message signal. f m is frequency of the
modulating signal.
• Similarly, the carrier signal is denoted by,
ec  Ec cos 2f ct (1.2)
where ec represents the carrier signal. Ec represents the
amplitude of carrier signal. f c is carrier frequency.
 Mathematical Analysis
• Then the modulated signal is given by
eAM  Ec  Em cos 2f mt cos 2f ct (1.3)

 Em 
= Ec 1  E cos 2f mt  cos 2f ct (1.4)
 c 

• Modulation index (m): It is the ratio of the

amplitude of the message signal to the amplitude of
the carrier signal.
Em (1.5)
m
Ec
 Mathematical Analysis
• Equation (1.4) becomes,
eAM  EC 1 m cos 2f mt cos 2f ct
• Now multiply Ec cos 2f ct with the contents inside the
bracket.
eAM  Ec cos 2f ct  mEc cos 2f ct cos 2f mt (1.6)
1
• Apply, Cos A Cos B  2 Cos  A  B   Cos  A  B  formula to
the second term in the summation.
mEc
e AM  Ec cos 2f c t 
2
cos 2  f c  f m t  cos 2  f c  f m t
(1.7)
 Mathematical Analysis
• This is a signal made up of three signal components
i) A carrier at frequency fc Hz
ii) Upper side frequency at f c  f m Hz and
iii) Lower side frequency at f c  f m Hz
• The bandwidth of AM (the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequency) is
Bandwidth   f c  f m    f c  f m   2 f m Hz (1.8)
where fm is the maximum frequency of the
modulating signal.
Frequency domain representation of AM

Source : Electronic Communication Systems, Wayne Tomasi

Frequency domain representation of AM
Frequency spectrum consists of
i) Ec cos 2f ct - carrier frequency f c with the
amplitude of Ec

ii) Side band at  fc  f m  and  fc  f m  with the

amplitude of mE c
2
.
 Importance of Modulation Index
Modulation index (m): It is the ratio of the amplitude
of the message signal to the amplitude of the carrier
signal.
Em
m
Ec

Depth of modulation or % Modulation = m x 100

 Importance of Modulation Index
Modulation index should be in the range of 0  m  1.
Based on the values of m, the AM modulation can be
classified into two types.
• Linear modulation:
The type of modulation is linear modulation when m  1 .For
proper signal reception linear modulation is preferred
• Over modulation:
The type of modulation is over modulation when m  1. Upper
and lower envelopes are combined with each other and it may
lead to phase reversal in the modulated signal. Perfect
reconstruction is therefore not possible in over modulation
 so it is
recomended that
the amplitude of
modulating
wave should be
less than or
equal to carrier
wave
Introduction to Analog
communication
- Angle modulation
 Frequency and Phase Modulation

Phase modulation is defined as a process in which the

Phase of the carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
amplitude of the message signal

Frequency modulation is defined as a process in which

the frequency of the carrier wave is varied in accordance
with the amplitude of the message signal.
Time domain representation of FM & PM
Frequency spectrum of PM signal
 Relation between FM and PM
The integrated signal is then fed into a
phase modulator to produce an FM signal

Input: The original

message signal m(t)

The differentiated signal is then fed into a

frequency modulator to produce a PM signal
a) Generation of FM using Phase Modulator
b) Generation of PM using Frequency Modulator
 Bandwidth of FM
Theoretically the bandwidth occupied by FM is infinite,
since, it has infinite number of side bands. But there is a
thumb rule available for finding bandwidth of FM, it is
Bandwidth (BW)
 2  f m  number of significant sidebands (2.16)

i.e. only the finite number of sidebands carry the useful

information.
 Types of FM
When  is less than 1,it is a narrow band FM and when
 >>1, it is wideband FM.
S. No Parameter Narrowband Wideband
1 Modulation index   Less than one Greater than One
2 Maximum f  frequency 5 kHz 75 kHz
deviation
3 Range of modulating 30 Hz to 3 kHz 30 Hz to 15 kHz
signal frequency
4 Maximum modulation 1 Greater than 1
index
5 Bandwidth Small, Large, it is around
approximately 15 times higher
same as AM than narrowband
FM.
 Summary
• Concepts of Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Mathematical analysis of AM
• Frequency and Time domain representation of AM
• Importance of modulation index
• Concepts of PM and FM
• Frequency spectra of PM and FM
• Narrowband and wideband FM
 Test your understanding
• Define Amplitude Modulation
• State the importance of modulation index
• Elaborate the mathematical representation of AM
wave
• Define Phase Modulation
• Define Frequency Modulation
Sampling Theorem
 Session objectives
 To introduce the concepts of pulse modulation
 To discuss about different types of pulse modulation
Techniques
 To introduce the concept of sampling
 To learn about „Aliasing‟ effect
 Session outcomes
At the end of the session, students will be able to

 Understand the concepts of pulse modulation

 Understand sampling theorem

 Importance of „Aliasing‟ effect

 Outline
 Pulse Modulation - Introduction
 Sampling theorem - Introduction
 Sampling process
 Aliasing effect
 Pulse Modulation

• The process of changing the characteristics of

pulse carrier in accordance with the modulating
signal is called pulse modulation.
• The major points of difference between Analog
modulation and Pulse modulation are;
--In Analog modulation technique simple or complex
sinusoidal signal is considered as a carrier
Signal.
--whereas in pulse modulation, carrier
signals are periodic rectangular trains of pulse
signals.
 Digital Communication:

Digital Modulation: In digital communication, digital modulation techniques are

used. These techniques involve modulating a digital signal (a sequence of 0s and
1s) onto a carrier wave. Common digital modulation schemes include Amplitude
Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK),
and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).

Analog Communication:

Analog Modulation: In analog communication, analog modulation techniques are

used. These involve modulating an analog signal (which can vary continuously)
onto a carrier wave. Common analog modulation techniques include Amplitude
Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), and Phase Modulation (PM).

Pulse Modulation

Pulse modulation can be used in both analog and digital communication. For
example, Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM),
and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) are used in analog systems. In digital
systems, techniques like Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) are used, which involves
converting an analog signal into a digital one before transmission.
• Fig Carrier signal format in pulse modulation
 Types of Pulse modulation

• The various types of analog pulse modulation techniques

based on these characteristics are:
1. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
2. Pulse width modulation (PWM)
3. Pulse position modulation (PPM)

• Types of Digital Pulse modulation:

1. Pulse code modulation (PCM)
2. Delta modulation
3. Adaptive delta modulation
 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)

• The process of changing the amplitude of the pulse

carrier signal in accordance with the modulating signal is
called “Pulse Amplitude Modulation” (PAM) which is also
referred to as "sampling process".

Fig: Model of a sampler

 Sampling operation
Input or
x (t)
message signal = x (t)
t

g(t)

Carrier signal = g(t)

t
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T 7T 8T 9T

xs (t)

Sampled signal = xs (t)

t
 Sampling Theorem

• A band-limited signal can be reconstructed exactly if

it is sampled at a rate at least twice the maximum
frequency component in it.
• The maximum frequency component of g(t) is fm. To
recover the signal g(t) exactly from its samples it has
to be sampled at a rate fs >2fm.
• The minimum required sampling rate fs = 2fm is
called Nyquist rate.
Sampling Process
Sampling Process

not recomended..
sampling rate less than
max frequency
 Aliasing
•Aliasing is a phenomenon where the high frequency
components of the sampled signal interfere with each other
because of inadequate sampling fs < 2fm.
 Aliasing
• Aliasing leads to distortion in recovered signal. This is
the reason why sampling frequency should be at-least
twice the bandwidth of the signal.
• In practice signal are oversampled, where fs is
significantly higher than Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing.
 Summary
 Sampling theorem
 Sampling process
 Aliasing effect
 Test Your Understanding
1. What is known as aliasing ?
2. State sampling theorem
3. Write short note on sampling process
Quantization
 Session objectives
 To study about quantization
 Session outcomes
At the end of the session, students will be able to

 Understand the concept of quantization

 Learn midtread and midrise quantizer characteristics

 Outline

 Concept of quantization

 Midtread quantizer characteristic

 Midrise quantizer characteristic

 Quantization
• Amplitude quantization is defined as the process of
transforming the sample amplitude m(nTs) of a message
signal m(t) at time t=nTs into a discrete amplitude v(nTs)
taken from a finite set of possible amplitudes.
• Quantizers can be of uniform or non uniform type.
• In a uniform quantizer, the representation levels are
uniformly spaced: otherwise, the quantizer is non
uniform.
• The quantizer characteristics can also be of midtread or
midrise type based on decision thresholds and
representation level locations.
 Quantization

Midtread type Midrise type

Source : Communication Systems, Simon Haykin
Quantization

Source : Google Images

 Quantiser
It converts a discrete-time, continuous-amplitude signal into an discrete time
and discrete amplitude signal. Quantization is a process in which the
amplitude of each sample is round off to the nearest permissible level. The
process of quantization introduces a quantization error.
Quantization error:
The difference between the original amplitude level to round off amplitude
value.
For example in the figure, at time instant T, the original amplitude of signal is
9.8, but this value is round off to the nearest level in the quantization
process as 10.
Now the quantization error=10-9.8=0.2.
Sampling interval is to be higher for reducing the error in quantization.
• Encoder: It represents each permissible level
into an equivalent digital word. For example in
the figure, at time instant 2T, output of quantiser
is 3V. Now the equivalent digital word for 3V is
0011. This type of conversion is referred to as
an encoder encoderquantiser - approximates the time instants
- converts output to equivalent digital signal

• The number of bits per encoder output is based

on the number of quantization level. total
number of quantization levels is 16. Hence the
number of bits to represent the level is four.
 Summary
 Quantization

 Midtread and midrise quantizer

 Test Your Understanding
 Write short note on quantization.

 With a neat sketch explain midtread and midrise

quantizer characteristics.
Pulse Code Modulation
 Session objectives
 To introduce the concept of pulse code modulation
 To learn the concept of line coding schemes
 To understand differential pulse code modulation
 Session outcomes
At the end of the session, students will be able to

 Understand the concept pulse code modulation

 To learn the concept of line coding schemes
 To understand differential pulse code modulation
 Outline
 Pulse code modulation
 Concept of line coding schemes
 Advantages of PCM
 Differential pulse code modulation
 Pulse code modulation (PCM)
• Having sampled an analog message signal, the next
step in its digital transmission is the generation of a
coded version (digital representation) of the signal.

• Pulse code modulation (PCM) provides one method for

accomplishing such a requirement.

• In this method, the message signal is sampled and the

amplitude of each sample is rounded off
(approximated) to the nearest discrete level and is
transmitted by means of a digital (coded) waveform.
 PCM system

amplifies and reconstructs such a badly

distorted digital signal and develops a nearly
perfect replica of the original at its output

Source : Communication Systems, Simon Haykin

 Understanding PCM

Source : Principles of Communication Systems, Taub & Schilling

 Encoding
• To translate the discrete set of sample values to a more
appropriate form signal encoding is used.
• A particular arrangement of symbols used in a code to
represent a single value of the discrete set is called a
code word or character.
• In a binary code, each symbol may be either of two
distinct values or kinds, such as the presence or
absence of pulse.
• Two symbols of a binary code are customarily denoted
as 0 and 1.
Encoding – Line Codes

Source : Communication Systems, Simon Haykin

 Encoding – Line Codes
refer

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_line_codes.htm
Source : Communication Systems, Simon Haykin
PCM System
 PCM - Advantages
1. ruggedness to transmission noise and interference

2. efficient regeneration of the coded signal along the

transmission path

3. the potential for communication privacy and security

through use of encryption

4. the possibility of a uniform format for different kinds

of baseband signals.
 Summary

 Pulse code modulation

 Concept of line coding schemes
 Advantages of PCM
 Test Your Understanding
 With a neat block diagram explain the operation of
pulse code modulation.
Companding
 Session objectives
 To study about companding
 Session outcomes
At the end of the session, students will be able to

 Understand the concept of companding

 Understand Analog and Digital companding

 Outline

 Concept of Companding

 Analog Companding

 Digital Companding
 Companding
• Companding = Compressing + Expanding
• Companding refers to a technique for compressing and then
expanding (or decompressing) an analog or digital signal. It is a
combination of the words "compressing" and "expanding"
• In other words, companding is the process in which the signal is
coded using unequal quantization levels.
• In this technique, a large number of small levels are used to code the
low amplitude signals while the higher amplitude signals are coded
using the small number of large levels.
This means that the signal is represented with greater detail and accuracy,
allowing small differences in the signal to be captured precisely.

This means that the signal is represented with less detail, but this is acceptable
because the signal is strong and less likely to be affected by noise.
 Compression and expansion are two complementary
processes used in companding to manage the dynamic
range of a signal. Let's break them down:

Compression

Definition: Compression is the process of reducing

the dynamic range of a signal. This means making
the quiet parts of the signal louder and the loud
parts quieter.
Purpose:
Reduce Dynamic Range: By compressing the
signal, you reduce the difference between the
weakest and strongest parts of the signal. This
is useful because it makes the signal more
consistent and easier to transmit or store.
Noise Reduction: Compression helps to
protect the signal from noise and interference
during transmission. Since weaker signals are
more susceptible to noise, making them
stronger (through compression) can improve
their clarity.
How It Works:
Weak Signals: In the compression stage, the
amplitude of weak (low amplitude) signals is
increased.
Strong Signals: The amplitude of strong (high
amplitude) signals is reduced.

Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 8/10
 Expansion

Definition: Expansion is the process of restoring the

compressed signal back to its original dynamic
range. This is done after the signal has been
transmitted or stored.
Purpose:
Restore Dynamic Range: After the signal has
been transmitted or stored in its compressed
form, expansion restores it to its original state,
bringing back the original contrast between the
quiet and loud parts of the signal.
Improve Signal Quality: Expansion helps to
ensure that the signal heard or seen by the end
user is as close as possible to the original,
preserving the quality of the transmission.
How It Works:
Weak Signals: In the expansion stage, the
amplitude of the weak signals (which were
previously boosted) is returned to its original
level.
Strong Signals: The amplitude of the strong
signals (which were previously reduced) is also
returned to its original level.

Summary

Compression reduces the dynamic range of the

signal, making it more uniform and less prone to
Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 9/10
 noise during transmission.
Expansion then restores the signal to its original
dynamic range after transmission, ensuring that the
original signal quality is maintained.

These processes are critical in both analog and digital

communication systems, where maintaining signal
integrity while minimizing the effects of noise is essential.

ChatGPT can make mistakes. Check important info.

Printed using Save ChatGPT as PDF, powered by PDFCrowd HTML to PDF API. 10/10
 Companding
• Companding is used as a complement to the process of modulation
and demodulation.
• In this process a voice signal is compressed, then changed from
analog to digital, transmitted and converted back from digital to
analog before it is expanded again.
 Compression: Before transmission, the amplitude of weak signals is increased, and the amplitude
of strong signals is decreased. This modification compresses the signal's dynamic range.

Companding (Analog)
• For audio analog signals, the amplitude of weak signals is raised and
the amplitude of strong signals is decreased, thereby altering
(compressing and expanding) the dynamic range of the signals.
• The technique is used in AM, FM and single-sideband modulation
radio and is helpful in improving the quality of amplified voice and
musical instrument sounds.
• Dolby and dbx noise reduction also employ companding.
• Concert audio systems and noise reduction technologies such as dbx
and Dolby use a triplet of amplifiers to accomplish this process,
meaning a logarithmic amplifier, a variable-gain linear amplifier and
an exponential amplifier.
 Companding (Digital)
Compression: Before transmission, the digital signal is compressed by using fewer
bits to represent higher amplitude signals and more bits for lower amplitude signals.

• For digital audio signals, companding is used in pulse code

modulation (PCM).
• This is a non-linear technique used in PCM which compresses the
data at the transmitter and expands the same data at the receiver. The
effects of noise and crosstalk are reduced by using this technique.
• The process involves decreasing the number of bits used to record
the strongest (loudest) signals.
• In the digital file format, companding improves the signal-to-noise
ratio at reduced bit rates.
• For example, a 16-bit PCM signal may be converted to an eight-bit
".wav" or ".au" file.
 Companding
• Another application of companding involves professional wireless
microphones, which have a larger dynamic range than is possible
through radio transmission.
• By decreasing the amplitude of signals, the signals may be
transmitted and then expanded at the receiver, where the original
signals are reproduced by the receiving electronic equipment.
Companding
Companding
Companding (Analog)
Companding (Digital)
A linear curve means that every input signal is mapped directly to an output
signal without any scaling or compression.
µ-law Compression Characteristics
µ-255 Compression Characteristics
 A-law Companding Technique

• Uniform quantization is achieved at A = 1, where the characteristic

curve is linear and there is no compression.

• A-law has mid-rise at the origin. Hence, it contains a non-zero

value.

• A-law companding is used for PCM telephone systems.

• A-law is used in many parts of the world.

 µ-law Companding Technique

• Uniform quantization is achieved at µ = 0, where the characteristic

curve is linear and there is no compression.

• µ-law has mid-tread at the origin. Hence, it contains a zero value.

• µ-law companding is used for speech and music signals.

• µ-law is used in North America and Japan.

A-law & µ-law
Companding
 Summary
 Companding

 Analog and Digital Companding

 Test Your Understanding
 Interpret the purpose of companding
Solved Problems in AM
 Session objective
• To solve problems related to amplitude modulation
 Session outcomes
At the end of the session, students will be able to

 Solve problems related to amplitude modulation

 Interpret the significance of various metrics in

amplitude modulation using AM spectra

 Calculate the bandwidth, modulation index of AM

wave
Q1. A 1 MHz carrier with an amplitude of 1 volt
peak is modulated by a 1 kHz signal with
modulation index 0.5. Sketch the frequency
spectrum.
Given:
Carrier frequency f c  1MHz
Carrier amplitude Ec  1V
Message signal frequency f m  1kHz
Answer:
Upper side band component: f c  f m  1000kHz  1kHz  1001kHz
mEC
Upper sideband amplitude : 2  0.52 1  0.25V
Lower sideband component: fc  f m  1000kHz  1kHz  999kHz
0.5  1
Lower sideband amplitude : mE  2  0.25V
C
2
Frequency spectrum
Q2. AM radio channel bandwidth is 10 kHz. What is the
maximum modulation frequency?
Answer:
Bandwidth of AM signal  2 f m
Bandwidth
fm 
2

 10kHz  5kHz
2
Q3. A Modulating signal 20 sin2 10 t  is used to modulate
3

a carrier signal 40sin2 10 t. Find out,

4

i) Modulation index
ii) Percentage modulation
iii) Frequencies of sideband and their amplitudes
iv) Bandwidth of modulating signal
v) Draw the spectrum of AM wave.
Given: Modulating signal : 
20 sin 2 103 t 
Carrier signal : 40 sin2 104 t 
Comparing with generalized expression for modulating and carrier
em  Em cos 2f mt Em  20 f m  103
ec  Ec cos 2f ct Ec  40 f c  104

Em 20 1
Modulation index m     0.5
40 2
Ec
Percentage of modulation  m 100  0.5  100  50%
Frequencies of sidebands
f 
Upper sideband c m f  104
 103
 10kHz  1kHz  11kHz
Lower sideband fc  f m  10kHz  1kHz  9kHz
mEC  0.5  40  10V
Sideband amplitudes 2
2
Bandwidth  2 f m  2 1kHz  2kHz
Comparing with generalized expression for modulating and carrier
em  Em cos 2f mt Em  10 f m  2X 103
ec  Ec cos 2f ct Ec  40 f c  20X 103
E m 10 1
(i) Modulation index m     0.25
4
E c 40
(ii) Percentage of modulation m 100  0.25100  25%
(iii) Frequencies of sidebands
Upper sideband f c  f m  20kHz  2kHz  22kHz
Lower sideband f c  f m  20kHz  2kHz  18kHz
mEC  0.25  40  5V
Sideband amplitudes 2
2
(iv) Bandwidth  2 f m  2  2kHz  4kHz
Frequency spectrum
Limitations of Analog Communication
Analog communication has several limitations compared to digital communication.
These limitations arise due to the inherent characteristics of analog signals and the
challenges they present in transmitting information accurately. Here are some key
limitations of analog communication:
1. Signal Degradation: Analog signals are susceptible to noise, interference, and
distortion during transmission. Any external factors such as electromagnetic
interference, environmental conditions, or signal attenuation can degrade the quality of
the signal, leading to errors in communication.
2. Limited Noise Immunity: Analog signals are less immune to noise than digital
signals. Noise can introduce errors and reduce the signal-to-noise ratio, making it
challenging to distinguish the original signal from the unwanted noise.
3. Signal Loss Over Distance: Analog signals tend to attenuate or weaken as they
travel over long distances through transmission mediums like cables or airwaves. This
attenuation can result in a significant loss of signal strength, making it necessary to use
amplifiers or repeaters.
Limitations of Analog Communication
4. Bandwidth Constraints: Analog signals require a wider bandwidth to transmit information
accurately. This limits the number of analog signals that can be transmitted simultaneously within
a given frequency spectrum. In contrast, digital signals can be compressed and multiplexed more
efficiently.
5. Limited Signal Processing: Analog signals are more challenging to process, manipulate, and
store compared to digital signals. Digital signals can be easily processed using digital signal
processing techniques, making them more adaptable for various applications.
6. Error Propagation: In analog communication, errors in the received signal can propagate
throughout the system. This means that if there's an error at any point in the communication chain,
it can affect the entire signal, making error correction more complex.
7. Lack of Error Correction: Digital communication systems can employ sophisticated error
correction techniques to detect and correct errors in transmitted data. In contrast, analog signals
lack built-in error correction mechanisms, making them less robust against errors.
8. Limited Security: Analog signals are generally less secure than digital signals. They can be
intercepted, tapped, or eavesdropped on more easily since they are broadcast as continuous
waveforms that can be intercepted without complex decryption methods.
Limitations of Analog Communication
9. Inefficient Data Storage: Storing analog data is less efficient than storing digital data. Digital
data can be encoded in binary format, which allows for precise and efficient storage, retrieval,
and replication. Analog data storage requires analog media, which can degrade over time.

10. Limited Compatibility: Analog devices and systems are often less compatible with modern
digital technology. Integrating analog and digital systems can be challenging, requiring
additional conversion and adaptation processes.

Despite these limitations, analog communication is still used in various applications where its
characteristics, such as continuous signal representation and real-time processing, are
advantageous. However, digital communication has largely supplanted analog communication in
many domains due to its superior robustness, flexibility, and error correction capabilities.