Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

Chapters 5-8

Section 5.1
(answers to Problems 1-7 may vary) 1. 3.
11π 19 π 5 π 5 π 17 π 19 π
, ,− , ,−
5. 360 ° ,720 ° ,−360 ° 7. 300 ° ,660 ° ,−420 ° 9. 105 ° 11. 108 ° 13.
4 4 4 6 6 6

−150 °
15. π 17. 19. 21. 63 ° 22' 30 ' ' 23. 49.603 ° 25. IV 27.
3π −π

II 29. III
5 5

31. II 33. m 35. 90 π rad/min; 315 π in/min 37. 42000 π in/min

200 π
3
39. rad/hr; in/hr 41A. ; 41B. 11.25° ; 41C.
π 4π π 11π
6 3 16 16

Section 5.2
1. 60 ° 3. 60 ° 5. 60 ° 7. 9. 11. 1 13. 1 15. 17.
π π 1
6 4 2
19.
−√ 3 −√ 3
2 2
21. 23. 25.
√3 −7 2 √2
2 25 3

Section 5.3
1. amplitude: 4; period: 2 π ;phase shift: 0 3. amplitude: ; period: 2 π ;
1

phase shift: 0
2
5. amplitude: 1; period: 3 π ;phase shift: 0 7. amplitude:1; period:
2π
;
phase shift: 0
3

9. amplitude: 1; period: 2 π ;phase shift: −2 π 11. amplitude:1; period: 2 π ;

phase shift:
π
3
13. amplitude: 1; period: 2 π ;phase shift: 0 15. amplitude:1; period: 2 π ;

phase shift: 0

17. amplitude: 3; period: π ;phase shift: π 19. amplitude:4; period: 3 π ;

phase shift:
−π
2
21. amplitude: 3; period: π ;phase shift: 23. amplitude:2; period: 2 π ;
−π

phase shift: −π
2

25. ampitude: 1; period: 2;phase shift: 1 27. amplitude:2; period:

2
;
3
phase shift:
2
3

29. amplitude: 2; period: ; frequency: ; phase shift: 0

2 3
3 2
31. amplitude: 2; period: 2; frequency: ; phase shift: 33.
1 1
2 2
y=5 sin [2 ( x + π ) ]

35. h ( t )=−10 cos t +13

( ) π
9

Section 5.4
1. θ is in Quadrant III; θ' =30 ° ; tan210 ° =tan 30 °=
√3
3
3. θ is in Quadrant IV; θ' =45 °; cot 315 °=−cot 45 °=−1
5. θ is in Quadrant III; θ' =60 ° ; sec 240 °=−sec 60 °=−2
7. θ is in Quadrant II; θ' =30 ° ; csc 150 °=csc 30 °=2
9. θ is in Quadrant II; θ = ; tan
' π 3π π
=−tan =−1
4 4 4
11. θ is in Quadrant IV; θ = ; cot
' π 11π π −√ 3
=−cot =
3 3 3 3
13. θ is in Quadrant IV; θ = ; sec (
π −π π
)=sec =√ 2
'
4 4 4
15. θ is in Quadrant III; θ = ; csc ¿
' π
4
17. 3 π 19.
π
2

21. π 23. π
25.
π
2

Section 5.5
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 1 17.
−π 3π π π π −1 4
2 4 4 6 2 2 5
19. 21.
−7
12 √3 √2
23. 25. 27. 29. 31. 33. 35. π 37.
−π −π π −π −π −π
6 3 4 4 3 6
39. 41.
π 7 4
6 25 5
43. 45. csc x=sin
4 −1 −1 1
3 x

Section 5.6
1. sin θ=
12 12 5 13 13
, tan θ= ,cot θ= , sec θ= , cscθ=
13 5 12 5 12
3. cos θ= , tan θ= , cot θ= , sec θ= , csc θ=
4 3 4 5 5
5 4 3 4 3
5. sin θ= , cos θ= , cot θ= , secθ= , cscθ= 7. β=30 ° , a ≈ 6.93 , c=8
9 40 40 41 41

9. α =70 ° , a ≈16.48 ,c ≈ 17.54 11. c=41 , α ≈ 12.68° , β ≈ 77.32 °

41 41 9 40 9

13. 15. a=24 , α ≈73.74 ° , β ≈16.26 ° 17. 26.5

meters
b=4 , α ≈ 36.87 ° , β ≈ 53.13°

19. 36.87 ° 21. He is approximately 90.88 ft from home plate and 12.65 ft
from 1st base.

Section 6.1
1. cos θ=
−24 −7 −24 −25 25
, tan θ= , cot θ= , sec θ= , csc θ=
25 24 7 24 7
3. sin θ=
−5 12 −12 13 −13
, cos θ= , cotθ= , sec θ= , csc θ=
13 13 5 12 5
5. sin θ=
√ 15 ,cos θ= −1 , tanθ=−√ 15 , cot θ= −√ 15 , csc θ= 4 √ 15
4 4 15 15
7. θ= : sin + cos = √ 2 ≠1 9. θ= : sin cos = ≠ cot =1
π π π π π π 1 π
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4
11. θ= : cos(
π −π √ 2
¿ )= ≠−cos =
π − √ ¿ (other counterexamples are possible
2

for #7-11)
4 4 2 4 2

13. sin θ ∙ cot θ=sin θ ∙

cos θ
=cos θ
sinθ

15. csc θ−sin θ sin θ

1
−sin θ
1−sin ² θ cos ²θ
= = = =cot ² θ
17. sin2 θ ( 1+cot2 θ ) =sin2 θ ∙ csc ² θ=1
sin θ sin θ sin ²θ sin ² θ

19. tan θ−sin θ=

sin θ sin θ cos θ sin θ−sin θ cos θ sin θ ( 1−cos θ )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 sin θ 2
2
−sin θ= 2
− 2
= 2
= 2
cos θ cos θ cos θ cos θ cos θ
=
2 2 4
sin θ ∙ sin θ sin θ
2
= 2
cos θ cos θ
21. tan x ∙ cos x+ csc x ∙ sin x=
sin x
2 1 2
∙ cos x + ∙sin x=¿ sin x +sin x=¿ 2 sin x ¿ ¿
cos x sin x
23.
1 1 sec x +tan x sec x+ tan x sec x + tan x
= ∙ = = =sec x+ tan x
sec x−tan x sec x−tan x sec x +tan x sec 2 x−tan 2 x 1
1
25.
csc x sin x 1 1
= = = =sec 2 x
csc x−sin x 1 2
cos ² x
−sin x 1−sin x
sin x
27.
2 2
sin x cos x sin x ∙sin x cos x ∙ cos x sin x +cos x 1
tan x +cot x= + = + = =
= sec x ∙ csc x
cos x sin x cos x ∙sin x cos x ∙ sin x cos x ∙sin x cos x ∙ sin x

29. 2 sec x−sec x=sec x ( 2−sec x )=sec x ( 2−( 1+tan x ) )

2 4 2 2 2 2

= sec 2 x (1−tan2 x)=(1+ tan2 x )(1−tan2 x )=1−tan4 x

Section 6.2
1. 2− √ 3 3. 5. 7. 2− √ 3
√2−√ 6 √6−√ 2
4 4
9. sin ( α + β )= ; Quadrant IV
−44 117 −44
, cos ( α + β )= , tan ( α + β )=
125 125 117
11. ( )
π π π
cos −α =cos cos α + sin sin α =0 ∙ cos α +1 ∙sin α=¿ sin α ¿
2 2 2
π
13. 15. ( )
cos( −α ) π 1 1
( π
cot −α =
2 ) sin( −α)
2
π
=
sin α
cos α
=tan α
csc −α =
2 π
sin( −α )
2
=
cos α
=sec α

2
17.
tan α + tan(−β ) tan α −tan β
tan ( α −β )=tan ( α + (−β ) )= =
19.
1−tan α tan(−β ) 1+ tan α tan β
cos ( α + β ) cos ( α −β )=¿ ¿ ¿
2 2 2 2
¿ cos α cos β−sin α sin β
¿ ( 1−sin2 α ) co s2 β−sin2 α ( 1−cos 2 β )

= cos ² β−sin ² α
2 2 2 2 2
¿ cos ² β −sin α co s β−sin α + sin α co s β

Section 6.3
1. √2−√ 3 3. 5. 7. 2− √ 3 9. 11.
−√ 2−√ 3 √2+ √3 √2+ √2 √2−√ 3
2 2 2 2 2
13. √
2+ √2
2
15. √ 17. √2−√ 3 19. 21. −√ 2−1 23. −2− √3
2−√ 2
2 2
√ 2−1
25. sin 2 θ=
−120 119 −120
,cos 2θ= , tan 2 θ=
169 169 119
27. sin 2 θ=
8 √ 33 −17 −8 √ 33
, cos 2 θ= , tan 2 θ=
49 49 17
29. sin = 31. sin = ,cos =
α 2 √13 α 3 √13 α 2 α 3 α −4 α −3
, tan =
, cos = , tan =
33. cos 2 θ=cos ( θ+θ )=cos θ cos θ−sin θ sin θ=¿ cos ² θ−sin ² θ ¿
2 13 2 13 2 3 2 5 2 5 2 4

35. cos 2 θ=cos ² θ−sin ² θ=¿ ¿

α α α
37. Let θ= in the equation in Problem 35. Then cos α=1−2 sin ² ; 2 sin ² =1−cos α ;
2 2 2
α 1−cos α
sin ² =
2 2

α 1−cos α 1+cos x 1−cos 2 x

39. tan ² = ∙ = . Taking the square root of both sides gives
2 1+ cos α 1+cos x ¿¿
α sin α
¿ tan ∨¿∨ ∨¿ .
2 1+cos α
π α α sin α
If 0< α < , is in Quadrant I and both tan and are positive.
2 2 2 1+ cos α
π α α sin α
If <α < π , is in Quadrant I and both tan and are positive.
2 2 2 1+ cos α
3π α α sin α
If π <α < , is in Quadrant II and both tan and are negative.
2 2 2 1+ cos α
3π α α sin α
If <α <2 π , is in Quadrant II and both tan and are negative.
2 2 2 1+ cos α
For any angle α , it can be shown that tan and have the same
α sin α

sign. Hence,
2 1+ cos α

.
α sin α
tan =
2 1+cos α

Section 6.4
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11. 0
1 √2 −√ 2 √6 √6
4 4 4 2 2
13. 15.

17.
1 1
[cos ( α −β )−cos ( α + β ) ]= ¿
2 2
1
¿ ¿
2
19.
1 1
2
[ cos ( α−β ) +cos ( α + β ) ] = ¿
2
1
¿ ¿
2
21. 2 cos ( ) ( )
x+ y x− y x y x y
cos =2 cos + cos −
2 2 2 2 2 2
¿2¿
= 2(cos ² cos ² +sin ² sin ² ¿ ¿ = 2(
x y x y 1+ cos x
2 2 2 2 2
1+cos y 1−cos x 1−cos y
∙ − ∙ ¿
2 2 2
=2(
1+ cos y +cos x +cos x cos y 1−cos x−cos y +cos x cos y
− ¿
4 4
=2(
2cos x+2 cos y
¿=cos x+ cos y
4

Section 6.5
1. {90° c +180 ° n∨n is an integer } 3. { { 4 n+2 1 π|n is an integer} 5. {30 ° , 330° }
7. {30 ° , 150 ,270 ° } 9. { 45 ° , 135 ° , 225 ° ,315 ° } 11. {10 ° , 50° , 130
° ,170 ° , 250 ° , 290 ° }
13. No solution 15. { 17. { 19. { ,
5π 7 π 2π 4π π 3π 5π 7 π
, } ,π , } , , }
4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4
21. {0 , , π , }
π 3π

23. {π } 25. β ≈11.92° 27. β ≈22.08 °

2 2

Section 7.1
1. γ =75 ° , a ≈ 5.38 , b ≈ 4.39 3. γ =60 ° , b=8 , c=8 5. α =75 ° , a ≈ 6.69 , c ≈ 4.90
7. 9.
11. a ≈ 8.72 , β ≈ 23.41 ° , γ ≈ 36.59 ° 13. α ≈ 45.57 ° , β ≈ 45.57 ° , γ ≈ 88.86 °
a ≈ 5.89 , β ≈ 28.67 ° , γ ≈ 106.33 ° a ≈ 3.90 , β ≈ 41.21° , γ ≈ 98.79

15. α ≈36.87 ° , β=90 ° , γ ≈ 53.13 ° 17. α ≈14.63 ° , β ≈ 130.75 ° , γ ≈ 34.62°

19. no triangle 21. β ≈22.02 ° , γ ≈ 127.98 ° ,c ≈ 12.61
23. β ≈38.68 ° , γ ≈ 111.32 ° , c ≈ 14.91 or β ≈141.32 ° , γ ≈ 8.68 ° , c ≈ 2.42 (two triangles)
25. approximately 63.72 feet

Section 7.2
1. ¿ 1 , √ 3> ¿ 3. ←1 ,−1>¿ 5. |u⃗|=3 √ 2 ,θ=135 ° 7. |u⃗|=2 , θ=300 °
9. |u⃗|=6 , θ=270° 11i. ¿ 6 , 6>¿ ii. ←2 , 0>¿ iii. ¿ 6 , 9>¿ iv. ¿ 8 , 6>¿ v.

13i. ¿ 2 , 2> ¿ ii. ←4 ,−4>¿ iii. ←3 ,−3> ¿ iv. ¿ 6 , 6>¿ v. ¿ 3 , 3>¿ 15. −11
¿ 14 , 15>¿

17. 5
19. 90 ° 21. 180 ° 23. 40 √ 2 ft−lbs 25. speed≈ 5.27 knots, drift angle

27. speed≈ 550.83 mph, drift angle≈ .90 ° 29. Approximately 12.52 mph
≈ 10.77 °

Section 7.3
1. 2 ¿ 3. 6 √ 2 ¿ 5. 4(cos 7.
3π 3π
+i sin ¿¿ √ 3−i
9. −2 √ 2+ 2 √ 2 i 11. z 1 z 2=2 ¿
2 2

13. z 1 z 2=4 ¿
15. z 1 z 2=6 ¿ 17. −2−2 √ 3 i 19.
−27 √ 2 27 √ 2
+ i
21. 23. −64 25. −2 i, 2 i 27. 1.10+.46 i ,−1.10−.46 i
2 2

29.
−4
√ 2+ √ 2i ,−√ 2+ √ 2i ,− √2−√2 i , √2− √2 i
31.
π π 3π 3π 5π 5π 7π 7π
cos +i sin , cos + isin , cos + isin ,cos +isin
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
33. ( ) ( ) ( )
1 π π 1 11 π 11 π 1 19 π 19 π
cos +isin , cos +i sin , cos + isin
2 4 4 2 12 12 2 12 12

35.
z1
=r ¿ ¿
z2 1
¿ r1 ¿ ¿
¿ r1 ¿ ¿
 r 1 cos ( θ1−θ2 ) +i sin ( θ1−θ 2)
¿ ∙
r2 1
¿ (cos ( θ1−θ2 ) +i sin ( θ1−θ 2) )
r1

Section 7.4
r2

1. (4 √ 2, 3. (3 , 0) 5. (4 , 7. (0,3) 9. (2, 0) 11. θ= 13.

3π 4π π
) )
4 3 3
r =2 cscθ
15. r =4 cos θ 17. y= 19. x 2+ y 2−x=0
−√ 3
x
21. 23.
3

25. 27.

29.
Section 8.1
1.

√ ( x−h ) +( y −( k + p ) ) =√( x−x ) +( y −( k −p ) )

2 2 2 2

¿
( x−h )2+ y2 + k 2+ p 2−2 py +2 kp= y 2 +k 2 + p2 +2 py −2 kp
( x−h )2−2 py +2 kp=2 py −2 kp
( x−h )2+ 4 kp=4 py
1
( x−h )2 +k = y
4p
3. y=
−1 7 7
( x−2 )2+ ; axis : x=2; vertex :(2 , )
2 2 2
5. y= ( x+2 ) +6 ; axis: x=−2; vertex :(−2 , 6)
1 2

7. axis: x=1; vertex: (1,2) focus:(1, 3); directrix: y=1

8

9. axis: x=−3 ; vertex: (−3 ,−2) focus:(−3 ,− ); directrix: y=

9 −7
4 4
11. axis: x=−2; vertex: (−2 ,−9) focus:(−2 ,− ); directrix: y=
35 −37
4 4

13. axis: x=1; vertex: (1 , 11) focus:(1, ) ; directrix: y=

87 89
8 8

Section 8.2
1. 3.
5. x 2+ y 2−169=0 7. x 2+ y 2+ 2 x +2 y−167=0

9. center: (0 , 0); vertices: (−3 , 0 ) ,(3 , 0); co-vertices: ( 0 ,−2 ) ,(0 , 2); foci:
(−√ 5 , 0 ) ,( √ 5 , 0); major axis: y=0; minor axis: x=0

11. center: (0 , 0); vertices: ( 0 ,−5 ) ,(0 , 5) ; co-vertices: (−4 , 0 ) ,(4 , 0); foci:
( 0 ,−3 ) ,(0 , 3); major axis: x=0 ;minor axis: y=0
13. center: (−2 , 2) ; vertices: (−5 , 2),(1 , 2); co-vertices: (−2 , 0 ) ,(−2 , 4) ;
foci: (−2−√ 5 , 2 ) ,(−2+ √ 5 , 2) ; major axis: y=2;minor axis: x=−2

15. center: (3 , 0); vertices: (3 ,−5),(3 , 5); co-vertices: (−1 , 0 ) ,(7 , 0);
foci: ( 3 ,−3 ) ,(3 ,3); major axis: x=3 ;minor axis: y=0
Section 8.3
1. center: ( 0 , 0 ) ; vertices: (−3 , 0 ) ,(3 , 0); foci: (−5 , 0 ) ,(5 , 0); asymptotes:
−4 4
y= x , y= x
3 3

3. center: ( 0 , 0 ) ; vertices: (−1 , 0 ) ,(1 , 0) ; foci: (−√ 2 , 0 ) ,( √ 2 ,0) ; asymptotes:

y=− x , y=x

5. center: ( 0 , 0 ) ; vertices: ( 0 ,−3 ) ,(0 , 3); foci: ( 0 ,−5 ) ,(0 , 5) ; asymptotes:

−3 3
y= x , y= x
4 4
7. center: ( 0 , 0 ) ; vertices: ( 0 ,−1 ) , (0 ,1); foci: ( 0 ,−√ 2 ) , (0 , √ 2); asymptotes:
y=− x , y=x

9. center: ( 3 ,−2 ) ; vertices: ( 0 ,−2 ) ,(6 ,−2); foci: (−2 ,−2 ) ,( 8 ,−2);
asymptotes: y +2=
−4 4
( x −3 ) , y +2= (x−3)
3 3

11. center: ( 1 , 3 ) ; vertices: ( 0 , 3 ) ,(2 , 3); foci: ( 1− √ 2 , 3 ) ,(1+ √ 2 ,3);

asymptotes: y−3=−( x−1 ) , y−3=( x−1)
13. center: ( 3 , 2 ) ; vertices: ( 3 ,−1 ) ,(3 ,5); foci: ( 3 ,−3 ) ,(3 ,7) ;
asymptotes: y−2=
−3 3
( x−3 ) , y−2= (x−3)
4 4

15. center: (−2 , 2 ) ; vertices: (−2 , 1 ) ,(−2 ,3); foci: (−2 , 2−√ 2 ) ,(−2 , 2+ √ 2);
asymptotes: y−2=−( x +2 ) , y −2=( x+ 2)

17. 19. 21.

2 2 2 2 2
x y y 4x ( y −5)² ( x−1 )
− =1 − =1 − =1
9 16 9 9 9 16