Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science

BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

CONCEPT: LABORATORY MATERIALS 1

The laboratory portion of your chemistry course puts into practice some of the concepts you’ll gradually be learning. In this
section we will familiarize ourselves with some of the basic apparatuses you’ll be using.

Apparatus Use Apparatus Use

__________________ __________________

___________________
___________________

___________________ ___________________

______________________ ______________________

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

CONCEPT: LABORATORY MATERIALS 2

Our previous review of laboratory apparatuses dealt with the measuring and transferring of liquids and aqueous solutions.
Now we take a look at apparatuses dealing with solids.

Apparatus Use Apparatus Use

__________________ __________________

___________________ ___________________

___________________

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

PRACTICE: LABORATORY MATERIALS

EXAMPLE 1: If a scientist wishes to measure out exactly 25.0 mL of a 0.100 M HCl solution and add it to a 0.200 M NaOH
solution, which instrument would be most useful?
a. Transfer pipet
b. Soxlet extractor
c. Graduated cylinder
d. Volumetric flask
e. Buret

Extractor

EXAMPLE 2: What is the molarity of a solution made by mixing 200 mL pure water with 100 mL of 0.75 M KCl (aq)?

a. 0.10 M KCl (aq)

b. 0.25 M KCl (aq)
c. 0.50 M KCl (aq)
d. 1.50 M KCl (aq)
e. 2.25 M KCl (aq)

EXAMPLE 3: How can a 100-fold dilution be achieved?

a. 1 part solvent to 99 parts solution.
b. 90 parts solvent to 10 parts solution.
c. 99 parts solvent to 1 part solution.
d. 100 parts solvent to 1 part solution.
e. 10 parts solvent to 1 part solution.

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

CONCEPT: EXPERIMENTAL ERROR

When any calculation is done there is a level of error involved.
• Error can be grouped into 2 categories: random (lack of ______________) and systematic (lack of
______________).
• Random errors are unpredictable and can lead to results that are either too high or too low.
• Systematic errors are more predictable and can lead to results that are always too high or always
too low, but not both.
• In most cases, a percent error of less than __________ will be acceptable.

Experimental value − Theoretical value

% error = ×100
Theoretical value

The percent error formula is a useful tool for determining the __________________ of your calculations.
• The _________________ value is your calculated value, and the _________________ value is
your known value.

EXAMPLE 1: Which of the following features are indicative of random errors?

i. Doing numerous measurements and taking the average in order to minimize any errors.
ii. The results of an experiment are consistently greater than expected or less than expected.
iii. Refining the parameters of the experiment help to eliminate any errors.
iv. The exist of the error is hard to determine.

EXAMPLE 2: Which of the following represent a systematic error when measuring the mass of an anhydrous object?
i. You weigh the object before all the water has evaporated.
ii. The scale used has not been properly calibrated.
iii. Airflow near the balance causes the precise mass to vary.
iv. You write down the incorrect mass of the anhydrous object.

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

CONCEPT: MIXTURE SEPARATION – DISTILLATION & FLOATATION 1

In order to separate the different components of a mixture it must be ______________________.
• In this form each component maintains its individual ________________ properties.
• Chemical reactions rarely produce a single, pure product so these types of mixtures are common.

Distillation

This technique involves the separation of liquids and or gases based on a difference in their boiling points. There are many
types of distillation methods, but the two most common forms are simple and fractional distillation.

_________________________ Distillation _________________________Distillation

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

CONCEPT: MIXTURE SEPARATION – CHROMATOGRAPHY

Chromatography

This technique involves the separation of components within a mixture because of a difference in molecular attractions.

• In the procedure a mixture is spotted on a silica plate and the progression of the components on that plate is based
on their affinity to the solvent or the plate itself.
• Phase – represents the silica plate, which holds the mixture.
• Phase – represents the solvent, which moves up the silica plate. Moves up by capillary
action.

The distance traveled by the components is a method we can use to an Rf value, which helps in the identification of the
compound.

dis tan ce traveled by compound

Rf =
dis tan ce traveled by solvent

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

CONCEPT: MIXTURE SEPARATION – FILTRATION & EVAPORATION

Filtration
This technique involves the separation of a(n) from a by its movement through a filter.

• The is left behind on the filter paper and is termed the .

• The solvent passes through the filter paper and is termed the .

residue

filter paper

Buchner funnel

to pump

Example: Use a coffee filter to separate the coffee flavor from the coffee beans.

Evaporation

This technique involves the separation of a from a based on the boiling point
ofthe solvent.

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

CONCEPT: MIXTURE SEPARATION – EXTRACTION

Under extraction we have the separation of a ______________ and a ______________ .

• Removal of a component from a mixture by selective __________________ in a new solvent.

_________________ extraction is the most commonly used form.

• pH of the system is selectively varied by adding strong/weak base

• Depending on the pKa of the component, its solubility in the aqueous and organic solvent will change (i.e. creation

or removal of a charge by protonation/deprot.)

• Formation of an ion = increased solubility in the _______________ solvent layer.

• Non-ionic form = increased solubility in the _________________ solvent layer.

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

PRACTICE: MIXTURE SEPARATION – EXTRACTION

Whenever you do an acid-base extraction typically it is better to add a __________ base before a __________ base.

• This allows you to only isolate the ____________ acid (by ↑ aq. solubility)

CH3CH2CH3 CH3NH2 HC6H5O CH3COOH

pKa = 60 pKa = 10.64 pKa = 9.88 pKa = 4.74

Organic Layer 0.25 M NaHCO3

Organic Layer 0.25 M NaOH

H3O+

Organic Layer 0.25 M HCl

H3O+

OH–

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Brown - Chemistry:The Central Science
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures

CONCEPT: TEST FOR ANIONS

A chemical reaction occurs when a solid, liquid or gas is formed. Besides these phases being formed ions will also exist
within solution. Below are the useful tests that can be employed to identify them.

Anion Application Observation(s)

Chloride ion (Cl –) To a solution mixture add HNO3 followed

by AgNO3.

Bromide ion (Br –) To a solution mixture add HNO3 followed

by AgNO3.

Iodide ion (l –) To a solution mixture add HNO3 followed

by AgNO3.

Carbonate ion (CO32-) Adding hydrochloric acid, HCl.

and Bicarbonate ion
(HCO3–)

Sulfate (SO42-) and Adding hydrochloric acid followed by

bisulfate (HSO4–) barium chloride, BaCl2.

Sulfite ion (SO32-) Add hydrochloric acid

Nitrate ion (NO3–) Add cold iron (II) sulfate, FeSO4 followed
by sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

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