Document No: 577

PRN No:213813 March 2023

A.P.A.C. Ltd.

Archaeological Perspectives Analysis Consultancy

ARCHAEOLOGICAL WATCHING BRIEF

St. Cynog’s Church, Boughrood, Powys

On behalf of:
Boughrood Parochial Church Council

Prepared by Dr N Phillips 08/03/2023

 A.P.A.C. Ltd St. Cynog’s Church, Boughrood WB/BC/23

ARCHIVE COVER SHEET

APAC. Ltd., Site Name: St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

APAC. Ltd., Site Code: WB BC 23

LB: Cadw GII 17183

PRN: CPAT 213813

NPRN : -

SAM: -

Other Ref No: CPAT 16005, 17716

HER Search Ref

NGR: SO 1279039290

Site Type: Religious, Ritual and Funerary

Project Type: Archaeological Watching Brief

Project Officer: Dr N. Phillips

Project Dates: February 2023

Categories Present: None

Location of Original Archive: APAC. Ltd

Location duplicate Archive: RCAHMW

Location reports + associated data: CPAT, Scribd

Physical Archive if applicable -

Museum Reference: -

Number of Finds Boxes: -

Location of Finds: -

Copyright: APAC. Ltd

Restrictions to access: None

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 A.P.A.C. Ltd St. Cynog’s Church, Boughrood WB/BC/23

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

This document comprises a report on an Archaeological Watching Brief undertaken

during drainage works at St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood.

The church which is a Grade II listed building is located within a historically

important area, with possible early origins, and as such required archaeological
mitigation. The watching brief was requested by the client Boughrood (PCC) and
concerned the excavation of a drainage trench across the churchyard, in addition, to
a small access excavation within the floor of the tower.

The ground disturbance work at the site disturbed no archaeological resources, and
with the exception of the small tower access trench, was contained entirely within
natural, sterile deposits.

In this instance, the lack of disturbance draws attention to the sites proposed early
use as a place of burial.

Mae’r ddogfen hon yn cynnwys adroddiad ar Orchwyl Gwylio Archeolegol a

wnaed yn ystod gwaith draenio ger eglwys Cynog Sant, Bochrwyd.

Lleolir yr eglwys, sydd yn adeilad rhestredig graddfa II, o fewn ardal hanesyddol
bwysig gyda’r posibilrwydd o ddechreuadau cynnar. Bu’n rhaid felly wrth waith
lliniaru archeolegol. Ar gais y cleient, Cyngor Plwyfol Bochrwyd, y gwnaed y
gorchwyl gwylio a oedd yn ymdrin â gwaith cloddio ar gyfer ffos ddraenio ar draws
y fynwent, yn ogystal â chloddiad bychan er hwyluso mynediad yn llawr y tŵr.

Nid effeithiodd y gwaith torri tir ar unrhyw adnoddau archeolegol ac fe’i

cyfyngwyd, ac eithrio’r ffos fechan er hwyluso mynediad yn y tŵr, i ddyddodion
naturiol a chwbl wag o ran archeoleg.

Yn yr achos yma, mae diffyg tystiolaeth o unrhyw waith torri tir blaenorol yn tynnu
sylw at yr awgrym i’r safle gael ei ddefnyddio ar gyfer claddedigaethau yn gynnar
iawn.

Copyright Notice: ©: A.P.A.C. Ltd. retains copyright of this report under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.

The Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100046577) to reproduce map information; the Copyright remains otherwise
with the Ordnance Survey.

Frontispiece: DSN 2016. Completed north-south main trench.

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Contents

Contents..............................................................................................................................................................4
List of Plates .......................................................................................................................................................5
Appendices .........................................................................................................................................................5
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................6
1.1 Planning Condition .............................................................................................................................6
1.2 Location ..............................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Geology ..............................................................................................................................................6
1.4 Topography ........................................................................................................................................6
2 Brief Historical and Archaeological Background ......................................................................................6
2.1 General ...............................................................................................................................................6
2.2 The church ..........................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Historic Asset Search .........................................................................................................................7
2.4 Cartographic search ............................................................................................................................8
3 Aims and Objectives ..................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Aim .....................................................................................................................................................9
4 Scope of the work .......................................................................................................................................9
5 Methodology ..............................................................................................................................................9
5.1 General .............................................................................................................................................10
5.2 Ground Disturbance .........................................................................................................................10
5.3 Recording .........................................................................................................................................10
6 Results ......................................................................................................................................................10
6.1 Main trench.......................................................................................................................................10
6.2 Main trench discussion .....................................................................................................................11
6.3 Internal trench...................................................................................................................................11
6.4 Internal trench discussion .................................................................................................................11
6.5 Environmental ..................................................................................................................................11
6.6 Finds .................................................................................................................................................12
7 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................................12
8 Archive .....................................................................................................................................................12
9 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................12
10 Bibliography and references .................................................................................................................13

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List of Figures

Figure 01 Site location map

Figure 02 Historic Asset Map
Figure 03 Map progressions

List of Plates

Plate 01 Full section, representative view of eastern trench wall <100> 100mm, over (101) 300mm, over (103),
beyond 500mm
Plate 02 Trench at north tower, Depth 120mm exposing {102} & {107} infill (101), under <100>
Plate 03 Trench at north tower, Depth 400mm exposing two courses of {102} & 4 courses {107} infill (101),
under <100>
Plate 04 Final 15m of trench 1 narrowed to 300mm. (104) (105) {106} at the gate. Trench was too narrow to
photograph
Plate 05 Location of inner excavation at the SW corner of the tower
Plate 06 Detail of northern foundation. Random coursed construction using faced stone below ground. The west
wall stepped inwards at depth of 200mm below the tile surface. Edging stones (203) not mortared and
on the north wall only
Plate 07 Floor excavation: <200> over (201) over (202) Edging stones (203) are not mortared. Tower
foundations are faced inside and out.

Appendices

I Context record and matrix

II Digital photographic record and contact sheets

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1 Introduction
1.1 Planning Condition

This report has been prepared by APAC Ltd and presents the results of an archaeological watching brief undertaken
during works to install toilet facilities at the church.

Boughrood (PCC); the client, had ascertained a need for archaeological mitigation to be undertaken during the ground
disturbance work. They instructed their agent: A. Cook, to contract APAC. Ltd to undertake the work as it was basically
associated with earlier works under planning condition (P/2018/0552), that were completed by APAC. Ltd: EX/BDH/18
& WB/BDH/19.

Once contracted, APAC. Ltd, as part of the archaeological protocol, prepared a written scheme of investigation, (WSI),
detailing the program for the proposed works, (WSI: EV/CFC/22). The WSI was approved, and arrangements were made
for the works to begin on 27/02/2023. The ground disturbance was completed the next day allowing the written report
work to begin.

1.2 Location

Boughrood itself can be easily reached from the A470 just northwest of Llyswen; when travelling northwest, a right turn
onto the B4530 crosses the river and gives access to a left turn onto Station Rd, itself leading to the site, (NGR 312787
239333), Fig 01.

The proposed location for the trench was across the northern section of the churchyard of St Cynog’s Church; running
between the north of the church tower and the northern perimeter gate, inset Fig 01. A further small access point was cut
into the inside floor at the northwest corner of the church tower.

1.3 Geology

The site is on glaciofluvial deposits of sands and gravels which overlay the solid geology of undifferentiated sandstone
of the Ludlow Rocks: (BGS 2018).

1.4 Topography

Boughrood is located some 200m west of the River Wye, on an eastern terrace, at the confluence of a small stream. The
village lies about 14km to the northeast of Brecon and just over 10km southwest of Hay-on-Wye. The church itself lies
within an oval churchyard and is surrounded by well-ordered fields with occasional, detached housing along the road.

2 Brief Historical and Archaeological Background

2.1 General

Below is an extract taken from CPAT’s, Radnorshire Historic Settlements Survey, which more than adequately presents
the historical background of the area and church:

The name is also given as Bochrwyd, and it is acknowledged by experts that it is a difficult appellation to
understand. A possibility is that it combines the elements boch and rhwyd which could mean a ‘jaw-shaped
net’ and allude to a fish trap in the Wye. The earliest documentation is as Bouret in 1205 and as Bocred in
1242/3. Antiquarian speculation favoured bach-rhyd meaning ‘little ford’, referring to a crossing of the
Wye, but this does not seem to be favoured in modern thinking. The dedication, the shape of the churchyard
and the location beside the river suggest that the church a’ Boughrood was an early medieval foundation.
Boughrood is mentioned in a list of places granted fair and/or market rights to Thomas, Bishop of St Davids,
at the end of the 13th century. This does not necessarily signify that there was a nucleated settlement here,
rather than the manor had been given the rights. The village core has changed little in the last century and
a half with no more than a handful of dwellings around the church. Modern development has focussed on

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Station Road towards the bridge across the Wye, where a mill, toll house and a row of cottages attest
activity in the 19th century that presumably developed as a result of the construction of the bridge. The
17th-century development, however, was around the church and this pattern may extend back into the late
medieval era.

The small church of St Cynog (16005) was rebuilt in 1854. Nothing of its predecessor
remains, but earlier 19th-century reports, particularly that by Sir Stephen Glynne suggest a
simple building with nothing remarkable about it.

The churchyard (16082), irregularly circular, is raised up to one metre internally in its south-
east quadrant. The northern two-thirds of the interior is raised above the rest but this could be
due to the natural ground slope or past burial practice rather than being the relic of an earlier
smaller 'llan'. The Tithe survey shows that in the mid-19th century a lane or track
encompassed the entire churchyard but by the end of the century those parts of the track on
the west and south had been incorporated into the churchyard.
CPAT. 2023

The next extract is the Cadw listing description of the current church:

2.2 The church

The circular graveyard suggests an early site, but the present church was built in 1870 by C.H.Howell, in
the manner of H.Woodyer, to replace an earlier building. The bold broach spire which completed the
composition was reduced in height c. 1988 to reduce maintenance costs.

Grey snecked and squared sandstone rubble with limestone dressings, tiled roof the crested ridge between
coped gables. Decorated Gothic style with late C13 style tracery. Nave with N aisle and S porch, large
square tower on the N side, and chancel with a N vestry. Porch has sharply pointed outer arch set in steep
coped gable, the roof extending down to approximately 1m above ground. Nook shafts and naturalistic
vineleaf capitals. The nave has 2-light cusped windows with quatrefoil heads and a cusped lancet at the E
end. The chancel has a S priest's door with foils in the arch. Two-light and lancet windows, similar to Nave.
Three-light E window with cusped quatrefoil in wheel head. Two-light window to lean-to aisle and trefoiled
lights to the vestry. The tower has western buttress, and an external door to the stair tower to the E the
part-octagonal stair terminating in a low conical stone cap. In the churchyard, approximately 27m S of S
door, a sundial with octagonal shaft on a square base, and moulded capital of late C13 type, perhaps
original, raised on 3 steps. Dial plate missing.

Cadw. 2023

2.3 Historic Asset Search

To glean further information about the site, a Historic Asset Search, (HAM) was conducted which has been adapted into
a figure for use in this report, Fig 02. The search was centred on the National Grid Reference for the building. NGR SO
312789 239311 comprises a 500m radius and a more immediate 100m radius around the site.

The 500m search showed the site's proximity to seven listed buildings and a listed Historic Park and Garden to the west.
Three of the seven listed buildings are noted within the 100m search: and are identified in the following table as bold text.

Name Grade ID Period Reason for listing

Barn and II 17186 Probably late C17 Included as a well-preserved group
cowhouse range early C18 of farm buildings associated with the
formerly with Grade II listed house, and of group
Village Farm value at the centre of the hamlet of
Boughrood.
Village farmhouse II 17185 C17 Included as; one of a good group of
early buildings around the
churchyard, and for the interior, it
retains high-quality sub-medieval
timber-framed construction.

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Boughrood II* 17188 C16 Listed Grade II* on account of the

cottage evidence of sub-medieval
construction and for the unusually
high quality of the C17 work
retained internally
Boughrood Court II* 17187 C16 or earlier Listed Grade II* on account of the
evidence of sub-medieval
construction and for the unusually
high quality of the C17 work
retained internally.
Bier House at II 876557 1854 Included for its special
Church of St architectural interest as a rare
Cynog surviving example of an unusual
building type and for displaying
good use of materials and design.
Group value with the church.
The Forge II 17184 C16-C17 Included as one of the best-
surviving examples of the sub-
medieval cruck-built houses
placed around the churchyard at
Boughrood.
Church of St II 17183 1870 Included, despite the loss of the
Cynog spire, is a good example of a small
Victorian village church.
Llangoed Hall II PGW(Po)12(POW) Historic park and garden

*All listed records information obtained online from Cof Cymru. For full listings https://cadw.gov.wales/advice-
support/cof-cymru

2.4 Cartographic search

Further to the Historic Asset Search, Cartographic data was consulted and then reproduced for documentation within this
report.

The earliest source consulted for the area was the 1841 parish tithe map, Fig 03a. The map shows a small hamlet of
buildings and arable fields, around the churchyard. Interestingly, the church itself is presented as a crucifix rather than
an existing building, and it is worth considering the CPAT report above, which cites a contemporary description of a
‘simple building with nothing remarkable about it’, describing the predecessor to the 1854 rebuild.

Also of note is the shape of the churchyard, which suggests a medieval origin, and its size in comparison to the reported
‘simple building with nothing remarkable about it’, which seems a little incongruous. The apparently, raised churchyard
was also completely encircled by trackways in 1841. The north/south link passes both east and west but with an eastern
linking track, from Boughrood Castle (RD072) at the mid-point. It is possible that an original crossway at this point may
have led to the placement of the church.

The two right-angle turns to the trackways, north and south of the churchyard are distinctive but the western section
seems the most logical path. The current eastern road may be a later adaptation. The western track has gone by the latter
half of the century.

The apportionment of the church is No: 229, noted as occupied by a Richards John and owned by Watkins, The Revd
Walter. An apportionment to the east No: 231 is noted to be owned and occupied by Smith William. All other plots: 456,
255, 254, 261, 233, 253, 252 and 234 are noted as buildings, orchards, arable land, cottages, and gardens, all occupied
by Evans Thomas and owned by De Winton, Walter Esquire.

By the publication of the 1898 map; Fig 03b, the church has been identified as a building and has an associated
benchmark. A small building to the north of the churchyard has also been erected; the former ‘Bier house’ (Deadhouse),
as mentioned in the listings above. The plan of the church also now features many footpaths, and the church graveyard
is denoted.

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Other changes to the map at this point is the removal of the building directly to the west, expansion of the buildings to
the southeast and northwest, and works undergone to the northwest to create a weir.

Over the course of the next two maps Fig 03c; 1905 and Fig 03d, 1952, there appears to be little if anything of subsequent
change.

By modern mapping Fig 03e, apart from some expansion of buildings to the south, and the notable removal of the
footpaths, little has changed.

3 Aims and Objectives

3.1 Aim

The watching brief aims to establish the presence/absence of archaeological structures or other significant features within
the works area. Should any archaeological resources be revealed their presence will be recorded and a decision made as
to any mitigation measures.

The archaeological watching brief was carried out to the standards laid down in the Chartered Institute of Field
Archaeologists, Guideline for Watching Briefs 2020.

An archaeological watching brief:

The definition of an archaeological watching brief is a formal programme of observation and investigation
conducted during any operation carried out for non-archaeological reasons. This will be within a specified
area or site on land, inter-tidal zone or underwater, where there is a possibility that archaeological deposits
may be disturbed or destroyed. The programme will result in the preparation of a report and ordered
archive.
This definition and Standard do not cover chance observations, which should lead to an appropriate
archaeological project being designed and implemented, nor do they apply to monitor the preservation of
remains in situ. A watching brief will preserve by the record, within the resources available, any
archaeological deposits uncovered during groundwork.
The watching brief will ensure that: in the event of archaeological resources of significance, being
discovered and requiring treatment beyond the remit of the watching brief; then steps would be
implemented to ensure that their treatment would be undertaken within the standards recommended by the
CIFA.
Resulting of the watching brief, a report on the results will be produced, which will include a detailed
summary of the methodology, site history, deposits/features/ structures/artefacts uncovered and
interpretation of the results.
CIFA2020

4 Scope of the work

The archaeology of the application site, both in the whole, as well as its wider local or regional context, was considered,
although, the watching brief was confined to those areas which had been directly affected by the development or some
aspect of it.

No remains of potential interest were impacted upon.

5 Methodology
To make the text descriptions more accessible:

All structures are denoted with brackets { }, deposits with curved brackets ( ) surfaces with angled brackets < > and a
cut with square brackets [ ]. The complete context index is given in Appendix I. Photographs referred to in the text are
denoted PL; a complete list is given in Appendix II, including a contact sheet of all photographs taken during the work.

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There were no finds, no environmental samples and no drawings made.

5.1 General

All work was carried out in accordance with the Health and Safety at Work act 1974 and the Management of Health and
Safety Regulations 1992. Health and Safety considerations were of paramount importance in conducting all fieldwork.
Safe working practices always overrode archaeological considerations.

The timetable for the programme was determined with contingency plans in place to address potential delays such as poor
weather or unexpected discoveries.

The agent was responsible for securing the information on any services within the ground disturbance areas and took all
reasonable precautions to avoid damage to such services. Potential disturbance to Human remains was covered under a
faculty of the client.

5.2 Ground Disturbance

Under constant archaeological supervision, the trench was excavated using a 1.5-ton tracked mechanical digger fitted
with a 1m toothless grading bucket. The location of the main trench was set out as in (WSI: WB/BC/23) and shown on
the plan view, fig 04. The image on the frontispiece shows the completed, main section of the trench, looking toward the
north, from the church tower base.

After the trench was set out; initial clearance involved turf removal, which was set aside, followed by further scrapes of
around 100m until the required depth was reached. As the trench width of 1m, was greater than the track width of the
mechanical digger, it was necessary to excavate to a final depth at one end of a trench before proceeding along its length.

As stated above, the main trench was 1m wide, 32m long and around 750mm deep; however, the western base of the
trench was excavated further, to accommodate a secondary downfall pipe. The further excavation produced a ditch
300mm wide by 180mm deep for the 31m of the main trench; the 1m against the tower had a gradient fall. The main
trench was then reduced to 300mm wide and 950mm deep at its northern end but continued to the western edge of the
northern gateway. At that point, a recent water service installation was encountered, as planned.

5.3 Recording

A unique site code (WB/BC/23) was allocated for all aspects of the project archive produced including the on-site works.
All encountered contexts were recorded on pro-forma APAC Ltd context sheets and an ordered site archive was
maintained. All photographs were taken with a recognised scale, where practical and recorded in Jpeg format with a
resolution of 16MP. A site archive for the photographs was also kept including relevant descriptions.

A lack of significant features meant no on-site illustrations were necessary, no small finds were retrieved and no
environmental samples were necessary.

6 Results
6.1 Main trench

The stratigraphic sequence in the main trench is shown in PL01: <100> 100mm, over (101) 300mm, over (103),
appendix 1. It was as follows:

A surface layer of grass on a mat of soft brown sandy soil, <100>, with roots, to a depth/thickness of 100mm. Context
<100> overlaid a 300mm depth/thickness of brown sandy clay with occasional, small angular stone, (101). The above
two layers were over a varied; deposit of orange/brown clay (102), to a depth beyond the trench bottom, which was
950mm below the surface.

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At the southern end of the trench, was the tower base for the church, which was of coursed, dressed stone blocks, {120},
PL02, over an external plinth of less well-faced, rouge-coursed, foundation, {107}, bonded with grey lime mortar cement,
PL03.
No cut [111] for the foundation was visible.

At the southern end of the trench, the depth was still 950mm, but the width was only 300mm, so it was not possible to
photograph the sections. The stratigraphy remained constant until close to the endpoint, where recent excavation for new
gate posts, {105} and a water supply, {106} had been installed. No cuts [108], [109] & [110] were discernible, due to
lack of access, PL04, nor was the change to fill (104).

6.2 Main trench discussion

The main sequence within the trench, across the entire width of the graveyard, was an undisturbed, sterile, natural fill.
The groundworkers who have worked at the site, on and off for years, confirmed that towards the west of the graveyard,
the ground eventually gave way to small river gravels, but this was at slightly greater depth. At the tower, there was no
visible evidence of a foundation cut or fill for the foundation trench.

At the northern perimeter wall, the trench was too narrow and deep to observe the change between natural and recent cuts
for the installation of the gate posts and water supply. However, no finds of any sort were exposed in the spoil or in the
active dig bucket.

6.3 Internal trench

The small excavation, by hand, was undertaken within the tower floor to accommodate the pipes from the outer trench,
allowing for a connection to the facilities that will be installed at a later date. The placement was in the northwest corner,
PL05, and required the removal of a 1m section to a depth of 400mm.

The stratigraphic contexts disturbed were: a surface of 6-inch ceramic tiles in a black and red checker pattern. <200> set
on a 100mm lime cement base (201), over a backfill deposit of soft black soil with a large percentage of lime granules
and at least two broken fragments of limestone ashlar blocks, (202), PL06.

At the north edge of the excavation, the inner foundation encountered in the main external trench {107} was exposed to
a depth of 400mm. Note the construction is randomly coursed with both rubble-faced and dressed stone blocks. There is
no plinth as seen on the outside. Against the wall and un-mortared, were two placed slabs (203) of unknown purpose,
PL07.

The adjacent and adjoining west wall foundation, however, does have a narrow plinth and the stone is dressed and coursed.
It is possible that the northern foundation is butt jointed with the western one but it was not possible to confirm within
the area exposed.

6.4 Internal trench discussion

Some of the Black tiles <200> were embossed with Haywood Burslem BrownHills Tileries which was a manufacturer in
Tunstall, PL08. The Haywood name was associated with the 1818-1837 period and certainly replaced by ‘The Brownhills
Pottery Co by 1851. BPW 2023.

The difference in the construction of the foundation trenches of the west and northern tower walls would suggest that they
are not contemporary and the account of a rebuild in 1854, CPAT, and possibly 1870, Cadw, may shed some light on
this. This can also be inferred from the inclusion of dressed stone within the foundation and the fragments of ashlar within
the floor sub-base.
6.5 Environmental

No material suitable for environmental analysis was retrieved during the evaluation.

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6.6 Finds

No finds or finds assemblages were collected as nothing of significance was encountered.

7 Conclusions
The watching brief was able to confirm that no archaeological resources were disturbed during the external excavation
across the graveyard but the internal trench did encounter some evidence of re-used building materials within the fabric
of the church.

Of interest was also the total lack of ground disturbance within the northern part of the graveyard, which was surprising
as this religious site is presumed to have medieval origins. Not only that but even as a rebuilt church in 1854, with a
purpose-built ‘Deadhouse’ there is a surprising lack of burials.

8 Archive
The archives will be prepared in accordance with MoRPHE, Management of Research Projects in the Historic
Environment (Historic England v1.2, 2015) and the CIfA Standard and Guidance for the Creation, Compilation, Transfer
and Deposition of Archaeological Archives (2014) upd 2020.

The original archive will be retained by APAC Ltd with a copy of the archive uploaded to RCAHMW

Copies of the report and associated documentation will be deposited with CPAT HER.

The project has been designated a unique project code WB/BC/23 and all significant documents and packaging will carry
this code number.

The digital and physical archives will be deposited within twelve months of the completion of the evaluation and with the
agreement of the landowner.

A synopsis of the project will be published online through Scribd.

9 Acknowledgements
Thanks to the groundworkers and Boughrood(PCC) for allowing APAC Ltd to undertake the required work as efficiently
as possible.

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10 Bibliography and references

APAC Ltd. WBEX/BDH/18. Deadhouse, St. Cynog’s Church, Boughrood, Powys. Archaeological Watching
Brief and Excavation.

APAC Ltd. WB/BDH/19. Deadhouse, St. Cynog’s Church, Boughrood, Powys. Photographic Survey and
Archaeological Watching Brief. APAC Ltd Report No. 192

APAC Ltd. WSI: WB/BC/23. Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Watching Brief. St.
Cynog’s Church, Boughrood.

Cifa. 2014,
upd 2020. Standard and Guidance for an Archaeological Watching Brief

Standard and Guidance for the Creation, Compilation, Transfer and Deposition of Archaeological
Archives

FAME. 2002. The Standing Conference of Archaeology Unit Managers Health and Safety Manual

HSE. 1974. Health and Safety at Work Act.

HSE. 2015. Construction (Design and Management) Regulations

Historic England.
2015. Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (v1.2)

RCAHMW.
2017. National Standard and Guidance to Best Practice for Collecting and Depositing Archaeological
Archives in Wales

Online Sources:

BPW http://www.thepotteries.org/works/tunstall/brownhills.htm

Cadw. https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=&id=17183
CPAT. https://cpat.org.uk/ycom/radnor/boughrood.pdf
Google maps http://www.google.com/maps
Magic Maps http://magic.defra.gov.uk/
Vision of Britain https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/maps/
National Library
of Scotland https://maps.nls.uk/
British Geological
Survey 2023 https://www.bgs.ac.uk/map-viewers/geology-of-britain-viewer

A.P.A.C. Registered Address: Wyastone Estate, Wyastone Leys, Monmouth, NP25 3SR.
Tel: 07734962919. Mobile: 07734962919 Email: [email protected]
Company Registration No 05041541 VAT Reg No 826 3628 19
Director: Dr. N. Phillips.

13
 St. Cynog's Church, Boughrood

Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd Copyright Licence (No. 100046577)
0 1km supplied by A. Cook 2023

Fig 1: OS map showing general location of Boughrood

A.P.A.C. WB/BC/23
 St. Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

N N

Legend

NGR SO 312789 239311

Listed Buildings
Historic Park and Garden

Fig 02: Historic Asset Map A.P.A.C. Ltd. WB/BC/23

 St. Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

The Ordnance Survey has granted A.P.A.C. Ltd a Copyright Licence (No. 100046577)
N N

50m
200ft

Fig 03a: Tithe map - 1841 Fig 03b: Brecknockshire sheet XXII.NE
Surveyed - 1887
Pulished - 1898
Scale: six inch

N N

Fig 03c: Brecknockshire sheet XXII.NE Fig 03d: Brecknockshire sheet XXII.NE
Revised - 1903 Revised - 1948
Pulished - 1905 Published - 1952
Scale: six inch Scale: six-inch

A.P.A.C. Ltd WB/BC/23

Fig 03e: Modern mapping.

 St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

Photo ID: DSCN2017

Full section, representative view of eastern trench

wall

<100> 100mm, over (101) 300mm, over (103), beyond 500mm

A.P.A.C. Ltd:WB/BC/23
PLATE 01
 St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

Photo ID: DSCN2013

Trench at north tower, Depth 120mm exposing {102} & {107} in fill
(101), under <100>

A.P.A.C. Ltd:WB/BC/23
PLATE 02
 St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

Photo ID: DSCN2014

Trench at north tower, Depth 400mm exposing two courses of {102} & 4
courses {107} in fill (101), under <100>

A.P.A.C. Ltd:WB/BC/23
PLATE 03
 St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

Photo ID: DSCN2024

Trench at north tower, Depth 400mm exposing two courses of {102} & 4
courses {107} in fill (101), under <100>

A.P.A.C. Ltd:WB/BC/23
PLATE 04
 St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

Photo ID: DSCN2023

Location of inner excavation at SW corner of tower

A.P.A.C. Ltd:WB/BC/23
PLATE 05
 St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

Photo ID: DSCN2022

Location of inner excavation at SW corner of tower

A.P.A.C. Ltd:WB/BC/23
PLATE 06
 St Cynog’s Church, Boughrood

Photo ID: DSCN2021

Location of inner excavation at SW corner of tower

A.P.A.C. Ltd:WB/BC/23
PLATE 07
St. Cynog's Church, Boughrood Appendix I A.P.A.C. Ltd
WB/BC/23. PG 577
HER: 213813 Contexts Contexts: <Surface> (Deposit) {Structure} [Cut]

Context Description Recorder Date Signature Digitised

TRENCH 1
<100> Mown grass on 100mm Dark brown, sandy soil NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
(101) Light brown sandy clay to 300mm with occasional small stone and various bits of recently discarded scaffold fixings at upper surface. NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
{102} Tower foundation, dressed stone NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
(103) Orange riverine clay below (101) NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
(104) Disturbed black soil and gravel infill around gate post NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
{105} Gate post NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
{106} Water fitting and blue hose NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
{107} Tower foundation, smaller less well dressed stone in random courses. NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
[108] Cut for (104) not visible NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
[109] Cut for {105} not visible NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
[110] Cut for {106}not visible NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
[111] Cut for {102}not visible NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
Internal trench
<200> Ceramic tile in checker pattern, black and red. Haywood Burslem mid 19th century NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
(201) Lime cement base NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
(202) Angular stone in soft black soil with lime granules. Two fragments of limestone ashlar. NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
(203) Two cut stone slabs NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023
(204) Faced block foundation wall. NP 27/02/2023 NP 28/02/2023

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St. Cynog's Church, Boughrood Appendix II A.P.A.C. Ltd
WB/BC/23. PG 567
HER:213813 Digital Photographic Record Contexts: <Surface> (Deposit) {Structure} [Cut]

Photo ID View Description Photographer Date of Compiled Date

Plate
facing photograph by compiled
DSCN2012 S Pre excavation. Northern face of tower and section of churchyard, proposed path of trench NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023
DSCN2013 V Trench at north tower, Depth 120mm exposing {102} & {107} in fill (101), under <100> NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023 PL02
DSCN2014 S Trench at north tower, Depth 400mm exposing two courses of {102} & 4 courses {107} in fill (101), under <100> NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023 PL03
DSCN2015 S Trench 1, final depth 950mm in (103). Trench divided into two widths 300mm & 70omm. The former being 200mm NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023
DSCN2016 N Trench 1, Fully excavated for 32m at 950mm depth. The deeper 30omm wide division is to the right. NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023
DSCN2017 E Full section, representative view of eastern trench wall <100> 100mm, over (101) 300mm, over (103), beyond NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023 PL01
DSCN2018 N Full view of completed trench section 32m x 1m x 900mm. Division of 300mm and shallower 700mm shown NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023
DSCN2019 S Floor inside tower. Ceramic tile in checker pattern, black and red. Example of stamp on 'Haywood Burslem' tile NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023 PL08
DSCN2021 V Floor excavation: <200> over (201) over (202) Edging stones (203) are not mortared. Tower foundations are faced NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023 PL07
inside and out.
DSCN2022 S Detail of northern foundation. Random coursed construction using faced stone below ground. West wall stepped NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023 PL06
inwards at depth of 200mm below tile surface. Edging stones (203) not mortared and on north wall only
DSCN2023 SSW Location of inner excavation at SW corner of tower NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023 PL05
DSCN2024 N Final 15m of trench 1 narrowed to 300mm. (104) (105) {106} at gate. Trench too narrow to photograph NP 20/02/2023 NP 21/02/2023 PL04

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