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Relation and Functions - Short Notes (Maths)

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Relation and Functions - Short Notes (Maths)

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yashaskengeri
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER

3 Relations and Functions

� Ordered pair: Pair formed by two elements that are separated ™ Algebra of functions For functions f: X→R and g: X→R, we
by a comma and written as (x, y). have
� Cartesian product: A × B of two sets A and B is given by (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x), x ∈ X
A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A , b ∈ B} (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x), x ∈ X
In particular R × R = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ R} (f.g)(x) = f(x) ⋅ g(x), x ∈ X)
and R × R × R = {(x, y, z): x, y, z ∈ R} (kf) (x) = k(f(x)), x ∈ X, where k is a real number.
™ If (a, b) = (x, y), then a = x and b = y.  f f ( x)
™ If n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.  g  ( x) = g ( x) , x ∈ X , g ( x) ≠ 0
™A×f=f
™ In general, A × B ≠ B × A.
™ Relation: A relation R from a set A to a set B is a subset of the
cartesian product A × B obtained by describing a relationship
between the first element x and the second element y of the
ordered pairs in A × B.
™ The image of an element x under a relation R is given by y,
where (x,y) ∈ R,
™ The domain of R is the set of all first elements of the ordered
pairs in a relation R.
™ The range of the relation R is the set of all second elements
of the ordered pairs in a relation R.
™ Function: A function f from a set A to a set B is a specific type
of relation in which every element x of set A has one and only
one image y in set B.
We write f: A→B, where f(x) = y.
™ A is the domain and B is the codomain of f.
™ The range of the function is the set of images.
S.No. Transformation How to transform
1. (a) y = f (x) → y = f (x + a) Shift the graph of y = f (x) through ‘a’ units towards left.
(b) y = f (x) → y = f (x − a) Shift the graph of y = f (x) through ‘a’ units towards right.
2. (a) y = f (x) → y + a = f (x) Shift graph of y = f (x) by ‘a’ units downward.
(b) y = f (x) → y − a = f (x) Shift graph of y = f (x) by ‘a’ units upward.
3. y = f (x) → y = f (−x) Take the mirror image of y = f (x) in the y-axis.
4. y = f (x) → y = −f (x) Take the mirror image of y = f (x) in the x-axis.
5. y = f (x) → y = f (|x|) Remove the left portion of the graph after that take the mirror image of the right portion of
the curve in the Y-axis. Also include the right portion of the graph of y = f (x).
6. y = f (x) → y = |f (x)| Take the mirror image of the lower portion of the curve (the curve below x-axis) in x-axis
and reject the lower part (or flip lower part into upper).
7. y = f (x) → |y| = f (x) Remove the lower portion of the curve then take the mirror image of upper portion of the
curve in the x-axis. Also include the upper portion of the graph of y = f (x).
8. y = f (x) → y = af (x) Stretch (a > 1) or squeeze (a < 1) the graph of the given function vertically.
9. y = f (x) → y = f (ax) Stretch (a > 1) or squeeze (a < 1) the graph of the given function horizontally.

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