Name: __________________________

Period: ___________

Unit 2 Packet – Energy and States of Matter

Unit 2 Packet Contents Sheet (This Paper!)

Unit 2 Objectives
Notes: Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases- 3 pgs
(with Behavior of Gases Reading, and Notes completed)
Pressure Conversions (DA Practice)
Unit 2 w/s # 2- Measuring Pressure
Unit 2 Worksheet # 1
Gas Laws- Graphing to Determine Relationships
Boyle’s Law Notes
Boyle’s Law Practice Problems
Diver’s Law Notes
Diver’s Law Practice Problems
Charles’ Law Notes
Charles’ Law Practice Problems
Gay-Lussac Law Notes
Gay-Lussac Law Practice Problems
Unit 2 w/s #3- PVTn Problems- 2 pgs
Unit 2 Review Guide- this isn’t all questions to answer- more of an
outline. You need to personally make sure you understand all the parts!

DO NOT, under any circumstances, throw this away!

This packet MUST be saved for the final exam.

1
 Unit 2: Learning Goal:
Students understand how gasses behave and the relationship between
pressure, volume, number of particles, and temperature (P, V, n, & T).
Students are able to solve quantitative P, V, n, T problems.

Scale
Score Comment
Score 4 Students show mastery of score 3 without any errors plus:
 Apply quantitative problem solving to real-world
situations
Score 3 Without any major errors, students can:
 Understand how gasses behave and the relationship
between pressure, volume, number of particles, and
temperature (P, V, n, & T). Students are able to solve
quantitative P, V, n, T problems.
Score 2 Without any major errors, students can:
 Recognize how gasses behave and the relationship
between pressure, volume, number of particles, and
temperature (P, V, n, & T). Students are able to solve
quantitative P, V, n, T problems.
Score 1 With help from the teacher, students can:
 Understand how gasses behave and the relationship
between pressure, volume, number of particles, and
temperature (P, V, n, & T). Students are able to solve
quantitative P, V, n, T problems.
Score 0 Even with the teachers help, students show no understanding of
how gasses behave and the relationship between P, V, n, & T.
Students are not able to solve quantitative P, V, n, T problems.

2
 Behavior of Gases and a few words about Pressure
Ideally, nearly all substances exhibit similar behavior in the gas phase due to the large relative
distances and negligible interaction between the particles. This results in predictable
relationships between the variables that describe gas behavior: pressure (P), volume (V),
temperature (T), and quantity of gas (n).

Pressure:
Pressure is defined as force/unit area. In a filled balloon pressure is created by the collisions of
molecules with the walls of the balloon. The more air there is in the balloon, the more
collisions against the walls of the balloon, and the higher the pressure inside. Atmospheric
pressure or air pressure is caused by the collision of atmospheric gas particles with the earth.

There are many ways to measure pressure and it is often necessary to convert from one way to
another (using dimensional analysis). Examples of different pressure measurements are:

Equivalence
Pressure Unit Abbreviation Definition
to 1 atm
Atmosphere atm 1 atm is the pressure
of the atmosphere
at sea level at 0ºC
Millimeters of mmHg 1 mmHg (1 torr) is 760 mmHg = 1 atm
mercury (Hg) the pressure that
supports a column
Torr torr of mercury 1mm 760 torr = 1 atm
high at 0ºC
Pascals Pa 1 Pa is the force of 1 101325 Pa = 1 atm
Newton/m2
Pascals use metric 101.325 kPa = 1 atm
prefixes
Pounds per square psi 1 psi is the force of 14.7 psi = 1 atm
inch 1 pound (lb)/in2

1atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa = 14.7 psi

It is important that you recognize that when you see the above abbreviations pressure (P) is what
is being discussed.

Remember: to convert from one pressure unit to another use dimensional analysis.

3
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases (KMT- Gas Behavior) and Pressure
Kinetic Molecular Theory 
of Gases (KMT)

(Pg 383 in the Zumdahl 

textbook)

Variables that describe Variable Abbreviation Unit(s)

gas behavior….  Pressure

(Behavior of Gases  V
Reading)


 Particles, atoms,
etc.

The variable…. Pressure!

Definition: 

Ways to measure pressure: Pressure Unit: Abbreviation:

 Atmosphere

 mmHg

1 atm = _____ mmHg = ______torr = ______ Pa = ______ psi

Sample Problem: How many atm are in 950 mmHg? Use Dimensional Analysis,
Show work!!

4
Pressure Conversions
Use dimensional analysis to solve the following pressure conversions:

1. 1 atm to mmHg

2. 795 mmHg to torr

3. 795 mmHg to atm

4. 795 mmHg to Pa

5. 795 mmHg to psi

6. 105600 Pa to kPa

7. 105600 Pa to atm

8. 105800 Pa to mmHg

9. 105800 Pa to torr

10. 105800 Pa to psi

11. 25.2 psi to atm

12. 730 mmHg to atm

13. 800 torr to atm

14. 101700 Pa to atm

5
 Name

Date Pd

Unit 2 Worksheet 2 - Measuring Pressure

Problems 1 and 2. Calculate the pressure of the gas in the flask connected to the
manometer.

3. What do we mean by atmospheric pressure? What causes this pressure?

4. How do we measure atmospheric pressure? Is atmospheric pressure the same

everywhere on the surface of the earth?

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5. Why is the fluid in a barometer mercury, rather than water or another liquid?

6. Explain why you cannot use a pump like the

one at the right to lift water up to the 3rd
floor of an apartment complex.

7. One standard atmosphere of pressure (SP) is equivalent to mmHg.

8. Convert pressure measurements from one system of units to another in the

following problems.

1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg = 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)

a. 320 mmHg x = atm

b. 30.0 psi x = mmHg

c. The barometric pressure in Breckenridge, Colorado (elevation 9600 feet) is

580 mm Hg. How many atmospheres is this?

7
 Name

Date Pd
Unit 2 Worksheet 1
1. You decide to boil water to cook noodles. You place the pan of water on the stove
and turn on the burner.
a. How does the behavior of the water molecules change as the pan of water is
heated?

b. What about your answer to (a) would change if there were more water in the
pan?

2. What property of matter best describes the way a typical alcohol thermometer
works? Explain (in terms of energy transfer) why the alcohol level in the
thermometer rises (or falls) when you place the thermometer in contact with
both warmer (or colder) objects.

3. Does the concept of temperature apply to a single molecule? Explain.

4. If you feel feverish, why can't you take your own temperature with your hand?

8
5. Your older brother announces that the lid to a jar of pickles from the refrigerator
is “impossible” to loosen. You take the jar, hold the lid under the hot water from
your sink’s faucet for a few seconds, and calmly open the jar. Your brother,
when faced with this blow to his pride, claims that he loosened it for you. What
knowledge of materials have you applied in this situation that really explains
how you were able to open the lid?

6. Describe how Anders Celsius devised the temperature scale that bears his name.

7. Which would feel warmer to the touch - a bucket of water at 50˚C or a bathtub
filled with water at 25˚C? Which of these contains more energy? Account for
any differences in your answers to these questions.

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Gas Laws- Graphing to Determine Relationship between
Variables

Independent Variable 

Axis on Graph 

Dependent Variable 

Axis on Graph 

 As x increases, y ______________

 As x increases, y ______________

 As x increases, y ______________

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 Graphical Methods- Summary

A graph is one of the most effective representations of the relationship between two variables.
The independent variable (one controlled by the experimenter) is usually placed on the x-axis.
The dependent variable (one that responds to changes in the interpret a graphical relationship
and express it in a written statement and by means of an algebraic expression.

Modification
Written Algebraic
Graph Shape required to
Relationship representation
linearize graph
As x . There is no None y = b, or
relationship between y is constant
the variables

As x increases, y None y = mx + b
increases
proportionally. Y is
directly proportional
to x.

As x increases, y Graph y vs 1/x, or y = m(1/x) + b

decreases. Y is y vs x-1
inversely proportional
to x.

Y is proportional to Graph y vs x2 y = mx2 + b

the square of x

The square of y is Graph y2 vs x y2 = mx + b

proportional to x

When you state the relationship, tell how y depends on x (e.g., as x increases, y …)

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Boyles’ Law: The relationship between _________
and ______________.

Variables / Units 


Held Constant 


Relationship (direct 
or inverse)  P  _________

Relationship in  As ________________goes ______,

words ____________goes __________.
Pressure Units
Reminder…
Graph of
Relationship

Particle Diagram

Boyles’ Law  A sample of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 250. mL

Practice Problem at 740 torr pressure. What volume will it occupy at
800torr pressure?
P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

12
 Boyle’s Law Practice Problems Name:______________________________
Date:_________________ Period: _______

Solve each of the following problems using Boyle’s Law. Show all work and put a box around
your answer to receive full credit.

1. If 9.5 atms of pressure were increased to 25 atms of pressure, what would be the final volume
of a gas that originally occupied a space of 95 L?

2. If 760. mmHg of pressure were decreased to 458 mmHg, what would be the original volume
of a gas that ended up occupying a space of 1072 mL?

3. If the volume of a gas expanded from 958 mL to 1548 mL, what was the initial pressure
applied to it if the final pressure is 96.5 pounds per square inch?

4. If the volume of a gas contracted from 648 mL to 0.15 L, what was its final pressure if it
started at a pressure of 485 kPa?

5. If 95 lbs/in2 of pressure changed to 958.7 kPa, what would b the final volume of a gas that
originally occupied a space of 736.45 mL?

13
Diver’s Law: The relationship between _________
and ______________.

Variables / Units 


Held Constant 


Relationship (direct 
or inverse)
 P  ________
Relationship in
words  As ________________goes ______,
____________goes __________.
1 mole is…

Graph of
Relationship

Particle Diagram

Diver’s Practice If .105 moles of helium gas exerts a pressure of 1.5 atm,
Problem what pressure would 0.337 moles
exert.

P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

14
 Diver’s Law Practice Problems Name:______________________________
Date:_________________ Period: _______

Solve each of the following problems using Diver’s Law. Show all work and put a box around
your answer to receive full credit.

1. If 3.94 atms of pressure were increased to 11.62 atms, what would be the final quantity of a
gas that originally had 1.92 x 1020 molecules?

2. If 820. mmHg of pressure were decreased to 692.5 mmHg, what would be the initial quantity
of a gas that measured 2.2 moles after the change?

3. If 938 torr of pressure changed to 213060 Pa, what would be the final quantity of a gas that
was originally .56 moles?

4. If the amount of a gas lowered from 2.00 moles to 3.91 x 1023 atoms, what was its final
pressure if it started at STP?

5. If the amount of a gas rose from 4.16 x 1023 molecules to 1.6 moles, what was the initial
pressure applied to it if the final pressure is 792.3 torr?

15
Charles’ Law: The relationship between _________
and ______________.

Variables / Units 

Held Constant 

Relationship (direct 
or inverse)
 V  ________
Relationship in
words  As ________________goes ______,
____________goes __________.
Kelvin is…

Graph of
Relationship

Particle Diagram

Charles’ Law The volume of a sample of gas is 2.50L at 45K. What is

Practice Problem the volume when it is heated to 125K at a constant
pressure?
P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

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 Charles’ Law Practice Problems Name:______________________________
Date:_________________ Period: _______

Solve each of the following problems using Charles’ Law. Show all work and put a box around
your answer to receive full credit.

6. If 135 mL of a gas were expanded to take up 258 mL, what would be the final temperature of
a gas that originally measured a 300. K?

7. If 359 mL of a gas were contracted to only 268 mL, what would be the initial temperature of
a gas that measured 422 K after the change?

8. If a gas occupying a space of 526 mL changed to 1.1 L, what would be the final temperature
of a gas that was originally at standard temperature?

9. If the temperature of a gas lowered from 526 K to 98.25 °C, what was its final volume if it
started at 16.3 mL?

10. If the temperature of a gas rose from standard temperature to 48.1 °C, what was the initial
volume occupied if the final space was 0.680 mL?

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Gay-Lussac’s Law: The relationship between
_________ and ______________.

Variables / Units 


Held Constant 


Relationship (direct 
or inverse)
 P  ________
Relationship in
words  As ________________goes ______,
____________goes __________.

Graph of
Relationship

Particle Diagram

Gay-Lussac Practice A collapsible cylinder contains a gas at 765mmHg

Problem pressure. As external force causes the cylinder to
collapse, the pressure reaches 966mmHg. The final
temperature in the cylinder is 86.2o C. What was the
original temperature of the gas in the cylinder before it
collapsed?

P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

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 Gay-Lussac’s Law Practice Problems Name:______________________________
Date:_________________ Period: _______

Solve each of the following problems using Gay-Lussac’s Law. Show all work and put a box
around your answer to receive full credit.

11. If 6.24 atms of pressure were increased to 23 atms of pressure, what would be the final
temperature of a gas that originally measured a comfortable 295 K?

12. If 780. mmHg of pressure were decreased to 528 mmHg, what would be the initial
temperature of a gas that measured 456 K after the change?

13. If 36 lbs/in2 of pressure changed to 861.6 kPa, what would be the final temperature of a gas
that was originally -113 °C?

14. If the temperature of a gas increased to 50 °C, what was its final pressure if it started at STP
(standard temperature and pressure)?

15. If the temperature of a gas rose from standard temperature to 35 °C, what was the initial
pressure applied to it if the final pressure is 72.5 pounds per square inch?

19
 Name

Date Pd

Unit 2 Worksheet 3 – PVTn Problems

On each of the problems below, start with the given P, V, T, or n; then make a
decision as to how a change in P, V, T, or n will affect the starting quantity, and
then multiply by the appropriate factor. Draw particle diagrams of the initial and
final conditions.

1. A sample of gas occupies 150 mL at 25 ˚C. What is its volume when the
temperature is increased to 50˚C? (P and n = constant)
P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

2. The pressure in a bicycle tire is 105 psi at 25˚C in Fresno. You take the bicycle
up to Huntington, where the temperature is – 5˚C. What is the pressure in the
tire?
(V and n = constant)
P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

3. What would be the new pressure if 250 cm3 of gas at standard pressure is
compressed to a volume of 150 cm3 ? ( = constant)
P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

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4. What would be the new volume if 250 cm3 of gas at 25˚C and 730 mm pressure
were changed to standard conditions of temperature and pressure? ( =
constant)

P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

5. Sam’s bike tire contains 15 units of air particles and has a volume of 160mL.
Under these conditions the pressure reads 13 psi. The tire develops a leak.
Now it contains 10 units of air and has contracted to a volume of 150mL). What
would the tire pressure be now?

P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

6. A closed flask of air (0.250L) contains 5.0 “puffs” of particles. The pressure probe
on the flask reads 93 kPa. A student uses a syringe to add an additional 3.0
“puffs” of air through the stopper. Find the new pressure inside the flask.

P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

7. A 350 mL sample of gas has a temperature of 30˚C and a pressure of 1.20 atm.
What temperature would needed for the same amount of gas to fit into a 250 mL
flask at standard pressure?

P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

21
8. A 475 cm3 sample of gas at standard temperature and pressure is allowed to
expand until it occupies a volume of 600. cm3. What temperature would be
needed to return the gas to standard pressure?

P T V n
Initial
Final
Effect

9. The diagram below left shows a box containing gas molecules at 25˚C and 1 atm
pressure. The piston is free to move.

In the box at right, sketch the arrangement of molecules and the position of the
piston at standard temperature and pressure. Does the volume decrease
significantly? Why or why not?

22
 Chemistry – Unit 2 Review

To prepare to do well on the Unit 2 test, you should assemble your packet to
review, as well as your lab book, preferably in a small group where you can draw
from each other’s understanding. Here are the key points you should know.
These are not a set of questions to work out, more of an outline- make sure you
understand all aspects!

Energy
Think of energy as a quantity that is always involved when there is a change in
the state of matter. When a substance gets hotter or colder or changes phase,
energy is either transferred into or out of the system. One way energy is stored
in a system is kinetic energy (due to the motion of the particles). As particles
move faster, their kinetic energy increases. As the particles move faster, they
tend to move farther apart from one another. Temperature is a measure of the
kinetic energy of the system.

1. Explain why the alcohol level in a thermometer rises when it is placed in a

warmer fluid. (4-step process)

2. Explain why the alcohol level in a thermometer falls when it is placed in a cooler
fluid. (4-step process)

3. Explain how the Celsius scale was devised and why it is not appropriate to use it
when describing the behavior of gases. (review ws 1, PVTn lab)

Kinetic Molecular Theory

This theory describes all matter as being composed of tiny particles in endless
random motion. In a solid, the particles vibrate, but are locked into an orderly
array. In a liquid, the particles are still touching but are free to move around
past one another. In a gas, the particles are moving very rapidly and are widely
separated. Using a series of particle diagrams, represent samples of a solid,
liquid, cold gas and hot gas.

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Gas behavior
Gas pressure is a measure of the collisions of the molecules with the sides of the
container. A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure; a manometer
is used to measure the pressure in a container. (review ws 3)

The 4 variables P, V, n, and T are interrelated. Any factor that affects the
number of collisions has effect on the pressure. You should be able to:
4. Predict the effect of changing P, V, n, or T on all of the other variables.
Remember: P α1/ V P αn T αV P αT

5. Explain (in terms of the collisions of particles) why the change has the effect you
predicted.

6. Explain why one must use the absolute temperature scale to solve gas problems.

7. Use factors to calculate the new P, V, n, or T (review ws 3). Make a decision as

to how the change affects the variable you are looking for.

8. Suppose that you lowered the temperature of a gas from 100˚C to 50 ˚C. By
what factor do you change the volume of the gas?

9. Suppose that 25.0 mL of a gas at 725 mm Hg and 20˚C is converted to standard

pressure and temperature. What would be the new volume?

24