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Physics Investigatory Project

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9 views

Physics Investigatory Project

Uploaded by

ahmadshaheerbilal2016
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

INDIAN SCHOOL IBRI


PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
TOPIC: “TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF
WATER AND OIL (TRANSPARENT USING A
PLANE MIRROR, AN EQUICONVEX LENS (MADE
FROM GLASS, OF KNOWN REFRACTIVE INDEX)
AND ON ADJUSTABLE OBJECT NEEDLE.”

Name: Uns Ahmed


Class: XII
Roll no.:
INDIAN SCHOOL IBRI

Certificate
This is to certify that
Master/Miss
______________________________________of class
XII
has carried out the project work in

Physics
as per the syllabus prescribed by the
Central Board of Secondary Education
in the year 2024-25.
Date: _________
[SEAL]
_____________ _____________
Internal Examiner External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am deeply thankful to all those who have supported me
throughout the completion of this project. Firstly, I express my gratitude
to God for enabling me to successfully finish this project. I want to
acknowledge my physics teacher, Mr. Sam Mathews, for his constant
guidance and encouragement, which were instrumental in bringing this
project to fruition. His advice and directions significantly contributed to
its completion.
I extend my thanks to our principal, Mr. VS Suresh, for granting me
the opportunity to work on the investigatory project titled
"Investigation of the factors influencing the internal resistance and
electromotive force of a cell."
I am grateful to my parents for their continuous inspiration and
support, which motivated me to persevere. Their wisdom greatly
influenced the successful completion of my project.
Finally, I appreciate all my teachers, classmates, and supporters
who believed in me and wished for my success. Their belief in me has
been a driving force throughout this journey.

INDEX
Sno. Title
1. Objective
2. Introduction
3. Internal Resistance of a Cell
4. Factors Affecting Internal Resistance
5. Potentiometer
6. Primary Batteries
7. Experiment-Aim
8. Apparatus
9. Theory
10. Procedure
11. Observations
12. Results and Inferences
13. Precautions
14. Bibliography
OBJECTIVE
To find the refractive indices of water and oil (transparent using a plane
mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from glass, of known refractive index)
and on adjustable object needle.

INTRODUCTION
In optics, the refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical
medium is a dimensionless number that gives the indication of
the light bending ability of that medium.
The refractive index determines how much the path of light is bent,
or refracted, when entering a material. This is described by Snell's
law of refraction, n1 sin ϴ1 = n2 sin ϴ2, where ϴ1and ϴ2 are the angle of
incidence and angle of refraction, respectively, of a ray crossing the
interface between two media with refractive indices n1 and n2. The
refractive indices also determine the amount of light that
is reflected when reaching the interface, as well as the critical angle
for total internal reflection, their intensity (Fresnel equations)
and Brewster's angle.

The relative refractive index of an optical medium 2 with respect to


another reference medium 1 (n21) is given by the ratio of speed of light
in medium 1 to that in medium 2. This can be expressed as follows:
n=v1/v2
If the reference medium 1 is vacuum, then the refractive index of
medium 2 is considered with respect to vacuum. It is simply
represented as n2 and is called the absolute refractive index of medium
2.
n = c/v
The absolute refractive index n of an optical medium is defined as the
ratio of the speed of light in vacuum, c = 299792458 m/s, and the phase
velocity v of light in the medium,Since c is constant, n is inversely
proportional to v:The phase velocity is the speed at which the crests or
the phase of the wave moves, which may be different from the group
velocity, the speed at which the pulse of light or the envelope of the
wave moves. Historically air at a
standardized pressure and temperature has been common as a
reference medium.
EXPERIMENT
AIM: “To find the refractive indices of water and oil (transparent using
a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from glass, of known
refractive index) and on adjustable object needle.”
APPARATUS
 Convex lens
 Plane mirror
 Water
 Oil
 Clamp stand
 An optical needle
 Plumb line
 Knitting needle
 Half meter scale
 Glass slab
 Spherometer
DIAGRAM
THEORY
If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex lens and liquid lens
and f be the focal length of their combination then:

Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with R1=R and R2=∞ then by
using lens formula

Where n = Refractive index of the liquid


R = the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.
The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is given by:

Here, l is the average distance between the legs of the spherometer and
h is the difference in the reading of the spherometer when placed first
on the convex lens and then on plane mirror.

PROCEDURE
OBSERVATIONS
RESULTS
The refractive index of water is µ1= 1.0831
The refractive index of oil is µ2= 1.2886
PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.
4. The eye should be at a distance about 30 cm from the needle
while removing the parallax.
5. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer should be
thick.
6. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
7. The centre leg of the spherometer should turn in one direction
only.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Practical Physics Class XII
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.google.com

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