 Purpose:

LOKMANYA TILAK INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SUBMITTED BY : ADITYA SHARMA

STANDARD / CLASS : XII BOARD ROLL NO :
3

CERTIFICATE
  Purpose:

This is to certify that the work depicted in this project work is the work of

ADITYA SHARMA of Class XII having CBSCE Roll

No…………3…… has satisfactorily completed the

Physical Education Project for All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) for

the academic year 2024-2025.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  Purpose:

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Chemistry teacher Mr. Bhagwan Sapte

as well as our Principal Madam Ms. Ritu Kapoor who gave me the golden opportunity to do this

project on Physical Education which also helped me to gain a deeper understanding of the

importance of fitness and health in life. I am sincerely grateful for the support and guidance

provided by my teachers. Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped

me a lot in finalising this project in given time frame.

Flamingo Balance Test

Ability to balance successfully on a single leg. This single leg balance test assesses the
strength of the leg, pelvic, and trunk muscle as well as Static balance.

 Equipment: Non Slippery even surface, Stopwatch, can be done on just standing on beam.
 Procedure:
1. Stand on the beam. Keep balance by holding the
instructor's hand (if required to start).
2. While balancing on the preferred leg, the free leg is flexed
at the knee and the foot of this leg held close to the
buttocks.
 Purpose:

3. Start the watch as the instructor lets go of the participant/subject.

4. Pause the stopwatch each time the subject loses balance (either by falling off the beam or letting goes of
the foot being held).
5. Resume over, again timing until they lose balance. Count the number of falls in 60 seconds of balancing.
6. If there are more than 15 falls in the first 30 seconds, the test is terminated.  Scoring:
1. The total number of falls or loss of balance in 60 seconds of balancing is recorded.
2. If there are more than 15 falls in the first 30 seconds, the test is terminated.
 Administrative Suggestion: Participants should be encouraged to eyes focused on stationary object
straight ahead.

AGE GROUP: 9-18+ YEARS (CLASS 4 to 12)

Partial Curl Up
The curl up test measures abdominal muscular strength and endurance of the
abdominals and hipFlexors, important in back support and core stability.

 Equipments: Flat clean cushioned surface with two parallel strips (6 inches apart), Stopwatch, Recording
sheets, Pen  Procedure:
1. The subject lies on a cushioned, flat, clean surface with knees flexed,
usually at 90 degrees, with hands straight on the sides (palms facing
downwards) closer to the ground, parallel to the body.
2. The subject raises the trunk in a smooth motion, keeping the arms in
position, curling up the desired amount (at least 6 inches
above/along the ground towards the parallel strip).
3. The trunk is lowered back to the floor so that the shoulder blades or upper back touch the floor.
 Purpose:

 Scoring: Record the maximum number of Curl ups in a certain time period 30 seconds. The completion of
one complete curl-up counts as one. Make sure that the subject does not "bounce" off the floor – only
correctly performed curl ups should be counted.
 Advantages: This test is simple and quick to perform requiring minimal equipment, and large groups may be
tested at once.
 Disadvantages: The partial curl-up test in which the feet are not supported measure of abdominal strength
and endurance.
 Administrative Suggestion: Participants should be encouraged to keep normal breathing rate. Results are
usually better if the participant can maintain constant pace during the activity.

8
 Push Ups (Boys)/Modified Push Ups (Girls)
 Purpose: Upper body strength endurance, and trunk stability.  Equipment’s: Flat clean cushioned
surface/Gym mat  Procedure:
1. A standard push up begins with the hands and toes touching the floor, the body and legs in a straight
line, feet slightly apart, the arms at shoulder width apart,
extended and at a right angles to the body.
2. Keeping the back and knees straight, the subject lowers the
body to a predetermined point, to touch some other object, or
until there is a 90-degree angle at the elbows, then returns back
to the starting position with the arms extended.
3. This action is repeated, and test continues until exhaustion, or
until they can do no more in rhythm or have reached the target
number of push-ups.

4. For Girls: push-up technique is with the knees resting on the ground.
 Scoring: Record the number of correctly completed pushups.
 Administrative Suggestion: Participants should be encouraged to emphasis to keep the back straight.
Results are usually better if the participant can maintain constant pace during the activity.

10
 Sit and Reach Test
 Purpose: Common measure of flexibility, and specifically measures the flexibility of the lower back and
hamstring muscles. This test is important as because tightness in this area is implicated in lumbar lordosis,
forward pelvic tilt and lower back pain
 Equipment’s: Sit and Reach box with the following dimensions: 12" x 12" (sides) 12" x 10"
(front and back) 12" x 21" (top) Inscribe the top panel with
centimeter/mm gradations. It is crucial that the vertical plane against
which the subject's feet will be placed is exactly at the 23 cm mark.
Flat clean cushioned surface/Gym Mats  Procedure:
1. This test involves sitting on the floor with legs stretched out
straight ahead. Shoes should be removed. The soles of the
feet are placed flat against the Sit and Reach box. Both knees should be locked and pressed flat to the floor
- the tester may assist by holding them down.
2. With the palms facing downwards, and the hands on top of each other, the subject reaches forward along
the measuring line as far as possible.
3. Ensure that the hands remain at the same level, not one reaching further forward than the other. After
some practice reaches, the subject reaches out and holds that position for at onetwo seconds while the
distance is recorded. Make sure there are no jerky movements.
 Scoring: The score is recorded (difference between initial position and final position), in cm and mm, as the
distance reached by the hand.
 Advantages: It is a simple test to know the flexibility. It is an easy test to perform.
 Disadvantages: This test is good for flexibility of joints of lower back and hamstrings and not related to the
flexibility of other joints of the body.
 Administrative Suggestion: Proper warm-up and static stretching of the lower back and posterior thighs is
very important for this test. A partner placing his/her hands lightly across knees can prevent the flexing of
knees. Keep the hands over each other (fish pose). Besides in order to prevent the test apparatus from sliding
away from the participants during the test, it should be placed against a wall or a similar immovable object.
The test trial is repeated if: (i) The hands reach out unevenly or (ii) The knees are flexed at the time of doing
the test.
 12

600 M Run/Walk
 Purpose: Cardiovascular Fitness/Cardiovascular Endurance
 Equipment’s: Stopwatch, whistle, marker cone, lime powder, measuring tape, 200 or 400 mts with 1.22 mt
(minimum 1 mt) width preferably on a flat and even playground with a
marking of starting and finish line.
 Procedure:
Participants are instructed to run 600 mts. in the fastest possible pace.
The participants begin on signal, “ready, start” as they cross the finish
line elapsed time should be announced to the participants.
Walking is permitted but the objective is to cover the distance in the
shortest possible time.
 Scoring: Time taken for completion (Run or Walk) in min, sec, mm
 Administrative Suggestion: Participants should be encouraged to practice running with emphasis placed
on the concept of pace. Results are usually better if the participant can maintain constant pace during most of
the run and perhaps using a strong closing effort.

14

50 M Dash (Standing Start)

 Purpose: Determines acceleration and speed
 Equipment: Measuring tape or marked track, stopwatch, cone markers, flat and clear surface of at least 60
meters.
 Procedure:
 1. A thorough warm up should be given, including some practice starts and
accelerations.
2. Start from a stationary position, with one foot in front of the other. The
front foot must be on or behind the starting line. This starting position
should be static (dead start).
3. The tester should provide hints for maximizing speed (such as keeping
low, driving hard with the arms and legs) and encouraged to continue
running hard through the finish line.
 Scoring: Time taken for completion
 Administrative Suggestion: Participants should be encouraged to practice running with emphasis placed
on the concept of pace. Results are usually better if the participant can maintain constant pace during most of
the run and perhaps using a strong closing effort.

16
Practical-2: Procedure for Asana, Benefits & Contraindication for any
two Asana for each lifestyle disease.

Obesity
 Obesity is that condition of the body in which the amount of fat increases to extreme
levels. In other words, obesity can be defined as „the condition when an individual
weight 20 percent more than the ideal weight‟.

Diabetes
 It is really a very dangerous condition. If diabetes is not controlled, it can lead to renal
failure, loss of vision, amputation of limbs and cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes is such
a disorder that is caused sugar to build up in our stream instead of being used by the
cells in our bodies. In fact, our body uses a hormone (insulin) to control the level of
sugar in our blood. When our body does not produce sufficient amount of insulin or
when insulin does not work properly, diabetes occurs. It is of two types.
 Type I: in this type, the pancreatic gland does not produce insulin. Hence injection of
insulin is required daily for its treatment.
 Type II: in this type, the body does not produce sufficient amount of insulin or the
insulin is produced sufficiently but it is not used properly by the body.

Bhujangasana
 Procedure:
1. In this asana, the shape of the body remains like a snake that is why it is called
bhujangasana.
2. In order to perform this asana, lie down on the belly
on the ground.
3. Keep your hands near the shoulders. Keep your legs
close together.
4. Now, straighten up your arms slowly, raise the
chest. Your head should turn backwards.
 5. Keep this position for some time. Then get back to the former position.
6. For good result, perform this asana 3 to 5 times.
 Benefits:
1. It alleviates obesity.
2. It provides strength and agility.
3. It cures the disorders of urinary bladder.
4. It cures the diseases of liver.
5. It improves blood circulation.
6. It makes the vertebral column flexible and thin.
7. It cures gas disorders, constipation and indigestion.
8. It strengthens the muscles of hands.
 Contradictions:
1. This asana should be avoided by individuals who suffer from hernia, back injuries,
headaches and recent abdominal surgeries.
2. Pregnant women should not perform this asana.

Paschimottanasana
 Procedure:
1. Sit on the ground with legs forward.
2. Then hold the toes of your feet with the
fingers of both hands.
3. Then breathe out slowly and try to touch the
knees with your forehead.
4. After that breathe in slowly, raise your head
upwards and come to the prior position.
5. Perform this asana at least 10 to 12 times.
 Benefits:
1. It takes care of gas trouble.
2. It prevents the early ossification of bones.
3. It is a good remedy for constipation.
4. It helps to overcome several menstrual disorders.
5. It gives relief in sciatica, backache and asthma.
6. It reduces obesity.
7. It is helpful in treating abdominal diseases.
8. It is helpful in curing skin diseases.
9. Vertebra becomes flexible and healthy.
 Contradictions:
 1. If you are suffering from enlarged liver of spleen or acute appendicitis, you should
never do this asana.
2. Avoid practicing this asana if you suffer from asthma of any respiratory diseases. If
you have any back or spinal problem, make sure that you perform this asana only
under expert guidance.

Asthma
 Asthma is a disease of lungs in which the airways become blocked or narrowed causing
difficulty in breathing. In asthma, the airways also swell up and produce extra mucus. It
usually triggers coughing, wheezing or whistling and shortness of breath.

Sukhasana
 Procedure:
1. Sit down with the legs straight in front of the body.
2. After that, bend the right leg and place the foot under the left thigh.
3. Then bend the left leg and keep the foot under the right.
4. Place the hands on the knees. Chin should be in.
5. Keep the head, neck and back straight, close the eyes.
6. Relax your body.
 Benefits:
1. It facilitates mental and physical balance without
causing strain or pain.
2. It stretches and lengthens spine.
3. It calms your mind.
4. It enhances your condition of peace.
5. It reduces anxiety, stress and mental fatigue.
6. It helps in improving body posture.
7. It provides gentle massage to knees, calf muscles and
thighs.
8. It spreads a sense of calmness throughout your body and mind.
 Contradictions:
 1. If your knees and hips are injured or inflamed, you should avoid practicing this
asana.
2. If you have a slip disc problem, you should take proper care while performing this
asana.

Chakrasana
 Procedure:
In this asana, the figure of the body becomes like a chakra, therefore, this asana is called
chakarasana.

1. First of all, lie down on your back.

2. Fix your hands firmly on the ground.
3. Then raise the middle portion of your body
upwards. Raise it as high as possible, so that your
body is in semi-circle position.
4. Then keep your head downwards between your
hands.
5. In the beginning, keep this position for one minute and then after some days of
practice, do it for 3 to 5 minutes.  Benefits:
1. It cures back pain.
2. It cures any pain in kidneys.
3. It is helpful in removing obesity.
4. It prevents the problem of hernia.
5. It stimulates pituitary and thyroid gland.
6. It cures infertility, asthma and osteoporosis.
7. It gives relief from stress and reduce depression.
8. The semi-circular position makes the dorsal side of the body to stretch making the
chest to expand. Thus more fresh oxygen is made available.
 Contradictions:
1. If you suffer from headache or high blood pressure you should not perform this
asana.
2. Don’t perform this asana in case of shoulder impingement.
3. Do not perform this asana if you have tendonitis in the wrists.
4. Individuals who suffer serious spinal column ailments such as cervical and lumber
spondylitis should avoid the practice of this asana.
 Hypertension
 It means increased blood pressure. It has become a worldwide health problem because a
great number of people are facing the problem of hypertension throughout the world.
Though, it is a fact that blood pressure increases with the advancement of age. In
yesteryears, hypertension used to be considered a middle-age problem but nowadays,
youngsters also suffer from this problem due to their faulty lifestyles.

Tadasana
 Procedure:
1. Stand up in attention position.
2. Lift your arms upwards and also stretch your
hands upwards.
3. Raise your heels, and come on your toes.
4. Also pull up your body upwards.
5. After some time breathe out slowly and
come to the previous position.
6. Repeat the same exercise 10/15 times.
 Benefits:
 1. It is helpful in developing physical and mental balance.
2. It reduces obesity.
3. It cures constipation.
4. It cures digestive problems.
5. It improves body posture.
6. It alleviates sciatica.
7. It is an excellent asana for those who want to enhance their height.
8. It is beneficial in treating hypertension.
 Contradictions:
1. If you have low blood pressure you should not practice this asana.
2. In case of headache or insomnia you should avoid the practice of this asana.
3. Individuals, who suffer from blood circulation problems such as faulty valves, should
not perform this asana.

Ardha Chakrasana
 Procedure:
1. Stand straight with both feet together.
2. Hold your hips with your hands.
3. Bend backward without bending your knees with slow
inhalation.
4. Remain in this pose for some time. Do it two to three
times.  Benefits:
1. It helps to make ankles, thigh, shoulders, chest, spine
and abdomen strong.
2. It relieves stress and tension.
3. It improves digestion.
4. It cures menstrual disorders.
5. It cures pain in legs.
6. It reduces fat in the waist and thigh.
7. It helps to alleviate upper back pain.
8. It relieves stress in the neck and shoulders.  Contradictions:
1. Avoid this asana in case of hip or spinal problems.
2. Avoid practicing this asana if you have peptic ulcer and hernia.
3. Avoid performing this asana if you have migraine, headache, low blood pressure,
diarrhoea and insomnia.
4. Pregnant women should avoid doing this asana.
 Practical-3: Any one game of your choice out of the list below. Labelled
diagram of field & equipment (Rules, Terminologies & Skills)
(Basketball, Football, Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Volleyball, Handball, Hockey,
Cricket)

Valorant Esports

The Valorant Esports wiki is a comprehensive online resource that provides in-depth
information about the competitive scene of Valorant, a popular tactical first-person shooter
game developed by Riot Games. The wiki covers various aspects of Valorant esports, including
team and player profiles, tournament results, match statistics, and ranking systems. It also
features news, updates, and analysis on the latest developments in the Valorant esports world,
making it an essential tool for fans, players, and teams alike who want to stay up-to-date on
the competitive Valorant scene.

Valorant is a 2020 first-person tactical hero shooter video game developed and published
by Riot Games.[3] A free-to-play game, Valorant takes inspiration from the Counter-Strike series,
borrowing several mechanics such as the buy menu, spray patterns, and inaccuracy while
moving. Development started in 2014 and was teased under the codename Project A in 2019;
the game was released on June 2, 2020 for Windows. It was ported to the Xbox Series
X/S and PlayStation 5 in June 2024, albeit without crossplay between PC and console clients.

More about Valorant

Valorant is a team-based first-person tactical hero shooter set in the near future.[4][5][6][7] Players
play as one of a set of Agents, characters based on several countries and cultures around the
world.[7] In the main game mode, players are assigned to either the attacking or defending
team with each team having five players on it. Agents have unique abilities, each requiring
charges, as well as a unique ultimate ability that requires charging through kills, deaths, orbs,
or objectives. Every player starts each round with a "classic" pistol and one or more "signature
ability" charges.[5] Other weapons and ability charges can be purchased using an in-game
economic system that awards money based on the outcome of the previous round, any kills
the player is responsible for, and any objectives completed. The game has an assortment of
weapons including secondary guns like sidearms and primary guns like submachine
guns, shotguns, machine guns, assault rifles and sniper rifles.[8][9] There
are automatic and semi-automatic weapons that each have a unique shooting pattern that has
to be controlled by the player to be able to shoot accurately.[9] It currently offers 24 agents to
choose from.[3][10][11] The player will get 5 unlocked agents when they create their account, and
will have to unlock the rest of the agents by collecting an in-game currency called Kingdom
Credits. Kingdom Credits can be acquired by playing games or completing daily and weekly
tasks, and can be spent on unlocking new agents or cosmetic items. However, within the first
28 days of release, new Agents can only be unlocked with Valorant Points (VP), Agent
Recruitment Events, or by having a linked and active Xbox Game Pass subscription. VP is an in-
game currency that can only obtained by purchasing it with real money,[12][better source needed] and it
can be spent on cosmetic items or new agents.

Modes To Play

Unrated
In the standard non-ranked mode, the match is played as best of 25 - the first team to win 13
rounds wins the match. The attacking team has a bomb-type device called the Spike. They
must deliver and activate the Spike on one of the multiple specified locations (bomb sites). If
the attacking team successfully protects the activated Spike for 45 seconds it detonates,
destroying everything in a specific area, and they receive a point.[5] If the defending team can
deactivate the spike, or the 100-second round timer expires without the attacking team
activating the spike, the defending team receives a point.[13] If all the members of a team are
eliminated before the spike is activated, or if all members of the defending team are
eliminated after the spike is activated, the opposing team earns a point.[5] If both teams win 12
rounds, sudden death occurs, in which the winning team of that round wins the match,
differing from overtime for competitive matches. Additionally, if after 4 rounds, a team wishes
to forfeit that match, they may request a vote to surrender. If the vote reaches 4 (in contrast to
5 for competitive), the winning team gets all the victory credit for every round needed to bring
them to 13, with the forfeiting team receiving losing credit.[14] A team gets only three chances
to surrender: once in the first half, once in the pistol round of the second half, and once more
in the second half.
Spike Rush
In the Spike Rush mode, the match is played as best of 7 rounds - the first team to win 4
rounds wins the match. Players begin the round with all abilities fully charged except their
ultimate, which charges twice as fast as in standard games. All players on the attacking team
carry a spike, but only one spike may be activated per round. Guns are randomized in every
round and every player begins with the same gun. Ultimate point orbs in the standard game
are present, as well as multiple different power-up orbs.[15]
Swiftplay
Swiftplay matches are simply a shortened version of the Unrated game mode. 10 players are
split into 2 teams, attackers and defenders. Attackers must plant the spike while the Defenders
must stop them. What differs Swiftplay to Unrated is that it is best to 9 rounds - the first team
to win 5 rounds wins the match. On round 4, the team's players switch, as they would do in
round 7 in the Unrated game mode. The game's currency system has no changes from
Unrated. Swiftplay is meant as a quick game mode, averaging around 15 minutes per game, as
opposed to around 40 minutes for Unrated.[16]
Competitive
Competitive matches are the same as unranked matches with the addition of a win-based
ranking system that assigns a rank to each player after 5 games are played. Players are required
to reach level 20 before playing this mode.[17][better source needed] In July 2020, Riot introduced a "win
by two" condition for competitive matches, where instead of playing a single sudden death
round at 12-12, teams will alternate playing rounds on attack and defense in overtime until a
team claims victory by securing a two-match lead. Each overtime round gives players the same
amount of money to purchase guns and abilities, as well as approximately half of their ultimate
ability charge. After each group of two rounds, players may vote to end the game in a draw,
requiring 6 players after the first set, 3 after the second, and thereafter only 1 player to agree
to a draw. The competitive ranking system ranges from Iron to Radiant. Every rank except for
Radiant has 3 tiers.[18][better source needed] Radiant is reserved for the top 500 players of a region, and
both Immortal and Radiant have a number associated to their rank allowing players to have a
metric in which they can compare how they rank up to others at their level.[19]
Premier
Premier is a 5v5 gamemode that allows players a path-to-pro competitive game mode that is
aimed towards players that wish to be a professional player. Premier was first introduced in
alpha testing in Brazil before being rolled out worldwide by 2024. Players will need to create a
team of five to compete against other teams in divisions. Each season will last a few weeks and
the top teams will be invited to compete in the Division Championship, with winning teams
able to be promoted to their region's Challengers league and therefore be part of the VCT
ecosystem. This gamemode includes a pick-and-ban system for maps unlike all the other
gamemodes where the players have to play the map selected by the system.[20]
Deathmatch
The Deathmatch mode was introduced on August 5, 2020.[21][better source needed] 14 players enter a 9-
minute free-for-all match and the first person to reach 40 kills or the player who has the most
kills when time is up wins the match. Players spawn in with a random agent as well as full
shields, and all abilities are disabled during the match which indulges pure gunplay. Green
health packs drop on every kill, which reset the player to maximum health, armor, and give an
additional 30 bullets to each of their guns.[22]
Team Deathmatch
The Team Deathmatch gamemode was announced on June 15, 2023, and went live on June 27
with patch 7.0. This gamemode combines and borrows elements from the standard unrated
mode as well as the regular deathmatch mode. It is a free-for-all gamemode where players are
split into two teams with five players each. Each match lasts for 9 minutes and 30 seconds, and
the first team that reaches 100 kills win. If neither team has reached 100 kills at the end of the
9.5 minutes, then the team with the most kills wins. Each match is split into four stages, with
the weapon selection becoming progressively more powerful as players advance through the
stages. Players are respawned in a spawn room after being killed. where they will be able to
select and adjust their weapons loadout if needed. Unlike the regular deathmatch mode,
players need to select their agents before the match begins, as agent abilities are allowed in
this gamemode. Players can charge their agents' ultimate abilities either by acquiring Ultimate
Orbs spawned randomly throughout the map, or by getting kills. Their ultimate abilities will be
available for use after their ult percentages reach 100%. Unlike all other gamemodes, this
mode is not played on the standard maps, but rather on its own set of three maps that are
specifically designed for team deathmatch: Piazza, District, and Kasbah.[23]
Escalation
The Escalation gamemode was introduced on February 17, 2021[24][better source needed] and is similar
to the "gungame" concept found in Counter-Strike and Call of Duty: Black Ops, though it is
team-based rather than free-for-all with 5 players on each team. The game will pick a random
selection of 12 weapons to move through. As with other gungame versions, a team needs to
get a certain number of kills to advance to the next weapon and the weapons get progressively
worse as the team moves through them.[25] There are two winning conditions, if one team
successfully goes through all 12 levels, or if one team is on a higher level than the opposing
team within 10 minutes. Just like Deathmatch, players spawn in as a random agent, unable to
use abilities, as the gamemode is set for pure gun fights. Though, abilities like Sova's shock
darts, Raze's boom bot, and rocket launcher, are abilities that everyone gets to use as a
weapon. After a kill, green health packs drop, which replenishes the player's health, armor, and
ammo to its maximum. The gamemode also has auto respawns on, respawning players in
random locations around the map.[26][better source needed]
Replication
The Replication gamemode went live on May 11, 2021.[27][better source needed] During the agent select,
players vote on which agent they would want to play as. At the end of the time, or after
everyone has voted, the game randomly selects one of the player's votes. The entire team will
then play as that agent, even if one of the players has not unlocked that agent. It is a best of
nine, with the players switching sides after the fourth round. Players can buy guns and shields
with a pre-set number of credits. Abilities are pre-bought. Weapons and shields are reset every
round. This gamemode was removed in patch 7.0.[28][better source needed][29]
Snowball Fight
Snowball Fight was a limited-time gamemode that was released on December 15, 2020, and is
only available during Christmas season.[30] It is a Team Deathmatch game mode, with 50 kills to
win. Abilities are not allowed to be used, and players spawn in as a random agent. The only
weapon available is the snowball launcher, which is an instant kill, but slow, and uses a
projectile-based arc. There is infinite ammo. Throughout the game a "portal" will spawn,
delivering gifts, which each contain a random power up.

Agents
There are a large variety of playable agents available in the game. Agents are divided into 4
roles: Duelists, Sentinels, Initiators, and Controllers. Each agent has a different role which
indicates how the agent is usually played.
Duelists specialize in attacking and entering a bomb site for the team. Riot's official definition
for duelists is "self-sufficient fraggers."[32] Duelists mainly create space for their team while
entering onto a site, giving their teammates information, and making entering a site easier.
Their abilities tend to consist of flashes which blind enemies, and movement-based abilities
that allow for them to cover large distances faster than other agents. This type of ability kit
allows for duelists to shine best when they are able to catch players off guard and get impact
frags. On attack, duelists are most often expected to play forward, leading the attack. They are
expected to be in front of everyone to get opening picks on enemies since their abilities often
give them a competitive advantage when gunfighting an enemy. On defense, duelists will be
holding choke points where enemies try to enter sites. Due to the mobility in their kits, they
are able to get a pick and reposition, giving their team a numbers advantage.[33][better source needed]
Sentinels are the defensive line, which specializes in locking down sites and protecting
teammates from enemies. Their abilities mainly consist of static 'objects' that are obstacles to
the enemies. These objects can give the team valuable information and/or deal damage. On
attack, sentinels can use their abilities to cut off certain parts of the map or set up 'objects'
that can ensure the enemy cannot flank without being noticed. On defense, sentinels can use
their abilities to slow enemies from entering a site. This provides valuable time for the
sentinels' team members to come and provide defensive support.[33][better source needed][11]
Initiators plan out the offensive pushes. Initiators specialize in breaking through defensive
enemy positions. Initiators' abilities can consist of flashes but also abilities that can reveal the
location of enemies. This information allows for attackers to know where enemies are and
make taking a site easier. On defense, initiators can use their abilities to provide information on
where the attackers are going, as well as helping their teammates retake a lost site.[33]
[better source needed]
Controllers specialize in "slicing up dangerous territory to set their team up for
success."[32] They use their abilities to create coverage or clear out areas of space with crowd
control. To help their team enter into enemy territory, their abilities consist of some kind of
smoke, as well as molotovs, stuns, or flashes. With their smokes, controllers can
control sightlines on the map, making it safer to move through the map without getting seen.
On offense, controllers can smoke off certain sightlines and use their crowd control on
common defensive spots to force enemies into the open. On defense, controllers can smoke
and/or use crowd control on entryways to delay or discourage the enemy team from moving
forward.[33][better source needed]
Development
Valorant was developed and published by Riot Games, the studio behind League of Legends.[34]
[7]
Development started in 2014, within their research and development division.[4] Game
director Joe Ziegler is credited with the initial idea of Valorant while formulating potential
games with other Riot developers.[4] David Nottingham is the creative director for Valorant.
[4]
Trevor Romleski, former League of Legends's designer and Salvatore Garozzo,
former professional player and map designer for Counter-Strike: Global Offensive are its game
designers.[35] Moby Francke, former Valve developer, who has been art and character designer
for Half-Life 2 and Team Fortress 2, is the art director.[36][37]
Valorant was developed with two main focuses: making tactical shooters and e-sports more
accessible to new players, and creating a game that would attract a large competitive scene,
while solving many of the points of criticism voiced by professional players from games in the
genre.[38][39][40] Games aimed at large, active communities and player bases, typically free-to-
play games like Fortnite or Riot's own League of Legends, tend to put an emphasis on a wider
array of system performance improvements and game stability rather than newer technologies
or graphics as a way of making sure they're as accessible as possible. In interviews leading up
to the game's launch, game director Joe Ziegler and producer Anna Donlon said
that Valorant was made for people playing their first tactical shooter just as much as it was for
professional players, and that accessibility of the game was a large priority.[39]
Riot chose to develop Valorant using Unreal Engine 4, which the development team said would
allow it to focus on gameplay and optimizations rather than spending time on core systems.[41]
[42]
To meet the goal of a lower performance barrier so more people could play Valorant, the
team set notably low minimum and recommended hardware requirements for the game. To
reach 30 frames per second on these small requirements, the game's engineering team, led by
Marcus Reid, who previously worked on Gears of War 4, had to make several modifications to
the engine. These modifications included editing the renderer using the engine's mobile
rendering path as base, or reworking the game's lighting systems to fit the static lighting that
tactical shooters often require, as to not interfere with gameplay.[41] Unreal's modern
underpinnings also helped to solve many of the issues that Riot set out to solve from other
games in the genre, and additional modifications helped to meet the game's other goal of
creating a suitable competitive environment, including optimizing server performance by
disabling character animations in non-combat situations and removing unnecessary
evaluations in the hit registration process.[43][39][41] During development, Riot Games made
promises to work towards a ping of less than 35 milliseconds for at least 70% of the game's
players.[44] To accomplish this, Riot promised 128-tick servers in or near most major cities in the
world, as well as working with internet service providers to set up dedicated connections to
those servers.[44] Due to the increase in internet traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic, Riot has
had trouble optimizing connections and ping to their promised levels.[45]