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Lecture 4 - CHE303

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Lecture 4 - CHE303

note

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Abdullah Altwirqi
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Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics (CHE 303)


Lecture 4: Ideal Gas Process Calculations
Dr. Wael A. Fouad
Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Chapter 3:

Volumetric Properties of Pure


Fluids

2
Ideal gas process calculations

Equations for ideal gas process calculations


Isothermal process
 V2   p2 
Q = −W = RT ln  = − RT ln  at constant T
 V1   p1 
Isobaric process

Q = H =  CP dT W = − R(T2 − T1 ) at constant p

Isochoric process
Q = U =  CV dT W =0 at constant V

Adiabatic process
Q=0 W =  CV dT
TV  −1 = constant; Tp (1− ) /  = constant; pV  = constant;  = C P / CV3
Example 1

• An ideal gas is expanded from V1 = 1.0 m3 to V2 = 10.0 m3


• The starting conditions are p1 = 2000 kPa and T1 = 500 K
• Given: CP = 21.0 J/(mol.K) and R = 8.314 J/(mol.K)
• Calculate W, Q, ΔU and ΔH for:
• adiabatic reversible process
• adiabatic irreversible process (pext = 1 bar)

Answer:
• For ideal gas, constant CP, reversible, adiabatic (Q = 0 J) process:
TV  −1 = constant pV  = constant

CP CP 21.0
• With:  = = = = 1.6554
CV C P − R 21.0 − 8.3145
4
Example 1

TV  −1 = constant pV  = constant  = 1.6554


• Conditions at exit:
 −1
 V1 
0.6554
 1.0 
T2 = T1    = 500    = 110.55 K
 V2   10.0 

 V1 
1.6554
 1 .0 
p2 = p1    = 2000    = 44.22 kPa
 V2   10.0 
• First law: U t = Q + W = W U t = nCV (T2 − T1 )
 U   U 
dU =   dT +   dV = C V dT
 T V  V T
pV 2000 103 1.0
n= = = 481.1 mol 5
RT 8.3145  500
Example 1
U t = nCV (T2 − T1 ) = 481.1  (21.0 − 8.3145)  (110.55 − 500 ) = −2377 kJ
Q = 0 kJ
W = −2377 kJ

 H   H 
dH =   dT +   dp = C P dT
 T  p  p T
H t = nC P (T2 − T1 ) = 481.1  21.0  (110.55 − 500 ) = −3935 kJ

6
Example 1
• For ideal gas, constant CP, irreversible, adiabatic (Q = 0 J) process:
dW = − pext dV W = − pext (V2 − V1 )

 U   U 
dU =   dT +   dV = C V dT
 T V  V T

U t = nCV (T2 − T1 ) = Q + W = W

− pext (V2 − V1 ) = nCV (T2 − T1 )

T2 = T1
(V −V ) p
− 2 1 ext = 500 −
(10.0 − 1.0 ) 105
= 352.5 K
nCV 481.1  (21.0 − 8.3145)

7
Example 1
U t = nCV (T2 − T1 ) = 481.1  (21.0 − 8.3145)  (352.5 − 500 ) = −900 kJ
Q = 0 kJ
− 900
W = −900 kJ = 100% = 38%
− 2377

 H   H 
dH =   dT +   dp = C P dT
 T  p  p T
H t = nC P (T2 − T1 ) = 481.1  21.0  (352.54 − 500 ) = −1490 kJ

8
Example 2

• An ideal gas undergoes the following sequence of


reversible processes in a closed system:
• Adiabatic compression from initial state (70 oC, 1 bar) to 150 oC
• Isobaric cooling from 150 to 70 oC
• Isothermal expansion back to the original state
• Calculate W, Q, ΔU and ΔH for each of the processes and for
the entire cycle
• Given: CV = 3/2.R and CP = 5/2.R

9
Example 2

• Adiabatic compression step (1 → 2): Q = 0


U = W =  CV dT = CV (T2 − T1 )
U = W = 3 / 2  8.3145  (150 − 70 ) = 998 J

H =  C P dT = C P (T2 − T1 )
H = 5 / 2  8.3145  (150 − 70 ) = 1663 J

Tp (1− ) /  = constant;  = 5/3



− 2 .5
 T1 1−  150 + 273.15 
p2 = p1   = 1    = 1.689 bar
 T2   70 + 273.15 
10
Example 2

• Isobaric cooling step (2 → 3): Δp = 0


Q = H =  C P dT = C P (T2 − T1 )
Q = H = 5 / 2  8.3145  (70 − 150) = −1663 J

U =  CV dT = CV (T2 − T1 )

U = 3 / 2  8.3145  (70 − 150) = −998 J

W = U − Q = −998 − (− 1663) = 665 J

11
Example 2

• Isothermal expansion step (3 → 1): ΔT = 0


U = 0

H = 0
 p1 
Q = −W = − RT ln 
 p3 
 1 
Q = −W = −8.3145  343.15  ln  = 1495 J
 1.689 

12
Example 2

• Total process (step 1 → 2 → 3 → 1):


Q = 0 − 1663 + 1495 = −168 J

W = 998 + 665 − 1495 = 168 J

U = 998 − 998 + 0 = 0 J

H = 1663 − 1663 + 0 = 0 J

13
Example 3

• An ideal gas undergoes the following sequence of


irreversible processes in a closed system:
• Compression from initial state (70 oC, 1 bar) to 150 oC
• Isobaric cooling from 150 to 70 oC
• Isothermal expansion back to the original state
• Assume that exactly the same changes of state (p, T, U and
H) are achieved as in example 2
• Calculate W and Q for each of the processes if they are
carried out with an efficiency of 80%
• Given: CV = 3/2.R and CP = 5/2.R

14
Example 3

• Irreversible compression step (1 → 2): cannot be adiabatic


Wreversible = U =  CV dT = CV (T2 − T1 )

Wreversible = U = 3 / 2  8.3145  (150 − 70 ) = 998 J

Wreversible 998
Wirreversible = = = 1248 J
 0.80
Qirreversible = U − Wirreversible = 998 − 1248 = −250 J

15
Example 3

• Isobaric cooling step (2 → 3): Δp = 0


U =  CV dT = CV (T2 − T1 )
U = 3 / 2  8.3145  (70 − 150) = −998 J

Qreversible = H =  C P dT = C P (T2 − T1 )
Qreversible = H = 5 / 2  8.3145  (70 − 150) = −1663 J

Wreversible = U − Qreversible = −998 − (−1663) = 665 J


Wreversible 665
Wirreversible = = = 831 J
 0.80
Qirreversible = U − Wirreversible = −998 − 831 = −1829 J
16
Example 3

• Isothermal expansion step (3 → 1): ΔT = 0


U = 0
 p1 
Qreversible = −Wreversible = − RT ln 
 p3 
 1 
Qreversible = −Wreversible = −8.3145  343.15  ln  = 1495 J
 1.689 

Wirreversible =   Wreversible = 0.80  −1495 = −1196 J

Qirreversible = U − Wirreversible = 0 − (−1196) = 1196 J

17
Example 3

• Total process (step 1 → 2 → 3 → 1):


Qirreversible = −250 − 1829 + 1196 = −883 J

Wirreversible = 1248 + 831 − 1196 = 883 J

18

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