SYSTEMATIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SALT

AIM: To identify the given salt.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Solubility: Add a small amount of Dissolves in water --
salt to the test tube containing water
2.Physical state: Crystalline/ Amorphous --

3.Test with dil.H2SO4:-- GROUP-I

Brisk effervescence is observed Presence of Group-I Anion
To a little salt taken in a test tube May be carbonate
dilH2SO4 is added. No Brisk effervescence is Absence of Group-I Anion
observed

4.Test with conc H2SO4 GROUP-II

To little of the salt taken in a test Colourless, pungent gas gives Presence of Group-II Anion
tube conc.sulphuric acid is added. white dense fumes, when a glass May be Cl-
rod dipped in dil. NH3 is brought
near the mouth of the test tube..
Yellow brown gas Presence of Group-II Anion
May be Br -
Violet vapours Presence of Group-II Anion
May be I -
Reddish brown vapours on Presence of Group-II Anion
adding Cu turnings May be NO3 -

Colourless vapours with Vinegar Presence of Group-II Anion

smell. May be Acetate

No characteristic observation Absence of Group- II Anion

5. Test with Oxalic acid:--
To the given salt taken in a watch Vinegar like smell is observed May be CH3COO-[Acetate]
glass, oxalic acid and few drops of
water is added and rubbed with
finger.
6.Test with BaCl2:-- GROUP-III
To the given salt solution, BaCl2 White ppt is formed, which is Presence of Group-III anion
solution is added. insoluble in dil. HCl. May be Sulphate.

7.Test with Amm. Molybdate:

To the salt few drops of conc. HNO3 Yellow ppt is formed Presence of Group-III anion.
and Ammonium molybdate are May be Phosphate.
added and heated. If no white OR yellow ppt. Absence of Group-III anion.

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 CONFIRMATION TESTS

Confirmation test for CO32-:-- Brisk effervescence with CO2 CO32-is confirmed
To the salt solution, dil.HCl is gas which turns lime water
added. milky.

Test with AgNO3:--

To a little of the salt solution taken A curdy white ppt is formed, Cl- is confirmed
in a dry test tube add conc. HNO3 which dissolves in NH4OH.
and AgNO3 solution.
A pale yellow ppt is formed,
which is sparingly soluble in Br- is confirmed
NH4OH.
Yellow ppt formed, which is I- is confirmed
insoluble in NH4OH.

Chromyl Chloride Test : A yellow ppt is formed

To a little salt add little amount of Cl- is confirmed.
solid potassium dichromate and
Conc.H2SO4 in a test tube. Heat the
mixture and pass the red vapours
evolved to NaOH solution. To the
yellow solution thus obtained add
dil. CH3COOH and lead acetate
solution.

Brown ring test:--

To the salt solution add freshly Brown ring is formed at the NO3- is confirmed
prepared FeSO4 solution. Then add junction of two layers
conc.H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

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Esterification Test:--To the salt add A pleasant fruity odour is Acetate is confirmed
Conc. H2SO4 and heat. Now add observed
ethyl alcohol, shake and pour the
contents of the test tube in a beaker
full of water. Stir.
Ferric chloride test:
To the salt solution add neutral ferric
chloride solution. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions.
i) To Part-I add dil. HCl Reddish colour disappears.
ii) To the part-II add water Reddish brown ppt. is formed Acetate is confirmed
and boil.

Lead acetate test: To the salt A white ppt is formed which is Sulphate is confirmed
solution add lead acetate solution. soluble in excess of hot
ammonium acetate solution.

Magnesia mixture test: To the salt A white ppt is formed Phosphate is confirmed.
solution add magnesia mixture
( solid NH4Cl + MgCl2 solution boil
and cool and add NH4OH) and allow
to stand.

DETECTION OF THE CATION (Basic radical)

To little of the salt solution, NaOH Colourless, pungent gas gives Presence of group zero cation.
is added and boiled. white dense fumes, when a glass [ NH4+]
rod dipped in dil. HCl is brought
near the mouth of the test tube.
Salt solution + dil.HCl (a) If ppt forms. Presence of group I cation.
[Ag2+/ Pb2+]

(b) If ppt is not formed I group cation is absent

To the salt solution, dil.HCl and H2S (a) If ppt forms. Presence of group II cation.
solution is added [Pb2+ / Cu2+]
(b)If ppt is not formed Absence of group II cation

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To Salt solution, NH4Cl and (a) If ppt. forms Presence of group III cation.
NH4OH are added. [Al3+]
(b) If ppt is not formed Absence of group III cation
To Salt solution, add NH4Cl, excess (a) buff/ white color ppt. Presence of group IV cation
of NH4OH and Hydrogen sulphide [ Mn2+, Zn2+]
solution is added (b) If ppt is not formed Absence of group IV cation

To Salt solution add NH4Cl and (a)If white ppt forms Presence of group V cation.
excess of NH4OH and ammonium [Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ ]
carbonate solution is added and
shaken. (b) If no white ppt Absence of group V cation

To Salt solution add NH4Cl, NH4OH (a) If ppt forms. Presence of group VI cation
and excess of ammonium phosphate [Mg2+]
solution.
(b) If ppt is not formed Absence of group VI cation

CONFIRMATION TESTS FOR CATIONS

1. Confirmation test for Ammonium NH4+

To the salt solution add NaOH A brown ppt or colouration is Ammonium is confirmed
solution and heat. Add few drops of observed.
Nessler’s reagent or pass NH3 gas
into Nessler’s reagent.

2. Confirmation test for Pb2+

Boil white ppt with distilled water
and divide it into two parts.
To part-I add KI solution. Yellow ppt is formed Pb2+ is confirmed
To part–II add K2CrO4 solution Yellow ppt is formed Pb2+ is confirmed

3. Confirmation test for Al3+

To the white ppt add dil.HCl and A blue ppt suspended in a Al3+ is confirmed
few drops of blue litmus solution colourless medium is observed
and excess of ammonium hydroxide
solution.

4. Confirmation test for Zn2+

Dissolve white ppt in dil HCl and
divide it into two parts.

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To part-I add Potassium. Bluish white ppt is formed Zn2+ is confirmed
ferrocyanide solution.
To part-II add NaOH solution White ppt soluble in excess of Zn2+ is confirmed
NaOH solution.

5. Confirmation test for Mn2+

Dissolve flesh colored ppt in dil. White ppt turns grey Mn2+ is confirmed
HCl , boil off H2S, add NaOH and OR
Br2 water brown / black

To the grey ppt formed in the above Pink coloured solution is formed Mn2+ is confirmed
test add conc. HNO3 and lead
peroxide. Boil, cool, and allow to
settle.

Confirmation test for Ba2+ , Sr2+ and Ca2+

Dissolve white ppt in dil. Acetic
acid and boil off CO2 and divide
solution into 3 parts.
6.To the part-I add K2CrO4 solution Yellow ppt is formed Ba2+ is confirmed
Flame test: Salt + Conc. HCl Light green flame. Ba2+ is confirmed

7.To the part-II add Ammonium White ppt is formed Sr2+ is confirmed
sulphate solution.
Flame Test: Salt + Conc. HCl Crimson red flame Sr2+ is confirmed

8.To the part-III add Ammonium White ppt is formed. Ca2+ is confirmed
oxalate solution.
Flame Test : Salt + Conc. HCl Brick red flame Ca2+ is confirmed

9. Confirmation test for Mg2+

To the salt solution add a pinch of White ppt is formed. Mg2+ is confirmed
Ammonium chloride, few drops of
Ammonium hydroxide and excess of
Ammonium phosphate solution.
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RESULT: The given salt contains Acid radical………………, basic radical…………………

The given salt is……………………….. . (WITH FORMULA)