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Introduction To Computer - Chapter 4

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31 views

Introduction To Computer - Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Omar Refay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Computer System Organization and


Memory Unit
Computer Systems

A computer system is a particular


type of system that its primary A computer system is composed
purpose is that of performing of a Central Processing Unit
computations. Before the time of (Control Unit and Arithmetic &
the electronic computers, a Logic Unit), Memory and
computer was a person that Input/Output subsystems.
performed computations.
Computer components
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU): is composed of a Control Unit and an
Arithmetic & Logic Unit.
• The Control Unit (CU): controls the different components of the system and
it is responsible for fetching, decoding and executing the instructions of a
program.
• The Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU): is performs arithmetic and logical
operations such as addition, division, comparison, etc.

Control Unit (CU)


• The Control Unit is the part of the CPU that fetches (reads) instructions
from memory.
• Each instruction is decoded to determine what exactly it is supposed to
do.

• Once decoded, each instruction is executed.


Arithmetic & Logic Unit(ALU)
The Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU) performs
the arithmetic operations as well as the
logical operations.

The arithmetic operations include addition,


subtraction, multiplication and division.

The logical operations are commonly used to


compare values and determine whether they
are greater, lesser or equal to one another.

These operations are normally carried out


with registers that are part of the CPU.
Input Devices
• Keyboard

Laptop keyboard Virtualkeyboard Thumb keyboard

• Pointing Devices:

Optical mouse Touch pad Multitouch screen Game controller

29
Input Devices

Stylus Microphone Digital camera

Scanner Barcodereader
30
Input Devices

RFIDreader (OCR)Wand reader

Optical-mark recognition (OMR)


31
Output Devices

Monitor Speakers Headphones

Digital projector
Printer 32
Components of Computer:
•Central Processing Unit
•Buses
•Memory Unit
 Central Processing Unit
The part of the Computer that performs the bulk of data
processing operations is called the Central Processing Unit
and is referred to as the CPU.
 Memory or Storage Unit:
Memory unit stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results.
Main Memory Devices
1. Random-Access Memory (RAM)
• Usually called the main memory
• It can be read and written to
• It does not store information permanently (Volatile , when it is powered off, the
stored information are gone)
• Information stored in it can be accessed in any order at equal time periods
(hence the name random access)
• Information is accessed by an address that specifies the exact location of the
piece of information in the RAM.
Primary storage Devices
2. ROM (Read-Only-Memory)
A read-only-memory, non-volatile i.e. stores information permanently
Has random access of stored information
Used to store the information required to startup the computer
3. Cache memory
A very fast type of RAM that is used to store information that is most frequently
or recently used by the computer
Recent computers have 2-levels of cache; the first level is faster but smaller in size
(usually called internal cache), and the second level is slower but larger in size
(external cache).
Secondary storage Devices
Secondary memory is also called secondary storage, external memory or non-
volatile. Secondary storage is a non-volatile memory which holds data and programs even
after electric power to the computer system has been turned off.. Data/Information is
stored permanently.
• The kinds of secondary media are hard disks, solid-state storage, eMMC, USB, cloud
storage etc.

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)


Hard disks are typically used to store programs and very large data files. Using rigid metallic platters
and read/write heads that move across the platters

2. Solid-state drive (SSD)


solid-state storage does not have any moving parts, is more reliable, and requires less power. It saves
data and information electronically instead of magnetically or optical. SSD is faster than HDD.
Secondary Memory Devices

3. embedded Multi-Media Card (eMMC)

4. External hard disk

5. Flash memory/USB

6. Cloud storage: Data or files are said to be stored in cloud when

they are stored in a remote server which is easily accessible from

anywhere with internet access.


Exercises
(A)
1) Write down at least four input devices.
2) Write down a few examples of output devices.
3) Write down the types of primary storage devices.
4) Write down the types of secondary storage devices.
5) How many types of primary storage devices are there?
6) Which memory is also called as volatile memory?
7) What is the main function of Random Access Memory?
8) Write down any three secondary storage devices.

(B) Give the full forms for the following.


1) CU 2) ALU 3) RAM 4) ROM 5) HDD 6) SSD 7) eMMC
Exercises
(C) Define the following:
1) RAM (Random access memory)
2) ROM (Read-only memory)
3) Cache memory
4) Secondary memory
5) HDD (Hard disk drive)
6) SSD (Solid-state drive)
7) Cloud storage
Exercises
(D) Choose the best option from the following.
1. Printer is an device .
a) output b) input
c) Both
2. Keyboard is an example of device.
a) output b) input
c) network
3. One of the following is an output device .
a) RFID b) Printer
c) Mouse
4. RAM is a memory.
a) volatile b) Non-volatile
c) both
5. Hard disk memory.
a) volatile b) Non-volatile
c) both

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