YOUNGS MODULUS BY UNIFORM &

NON‐UNIFORM BENDING OF A BEAM

RECTANGULAR BEAM PLACED OVER TWO KNIFE EDGES & DISTANCE BETWEEN
KNIFE EDGES IS KEPT CONSTANT AS l= 50cm

UNIFORM NON UNIFORM

WEIGHT HANGERS ARE SUSPENDED WITH DEAD A DEAD LOAD (WEIGHT HANGER) IS PLACED ON
LOAD, AND IS SUSPENDED AWAY FROM THE BEAM THE MIDDLE OF THE BEAM. A PIN FIXED AT THE
AT EQUAL DISTANCE OF x=10cm. A PIN FIXED AT MIDPOINT OF THE BEAM.
THE MIDPOINT OF THE BEAM

THE MICROSCOPE IS ADJUSTED IN SUCH THAT THE TIP OF THE PIN IS

COINCIDING WITH HORIZONTAL CROSS WIRE. THE VERTICAL SCALE READINGS
ARE NOTED FOR THE DEAD LOAD.

FOR THE SEQUENTIAL INCREASE IN THE LOAD OF 50gm, THE MICROSCOPE

HEIGHT IS ADJUSTED IN ORDER TO COINCIDE THE PIN WITH HORIZONTAL
CROSS WIRE. THE CORRESPONDING READINGS ARE NOTED ON LOADING TILL
W+200gm.

THE CORRESPONDING READING OF W+200gm IS NOTED FOR UNLOADING BY

REMOVING 50gm, THE TIP OF THE PIN IS COINCIDED WITH THE HORIZONTAL
CROSS WIRE OF THE MICROSCOPE. SIMILARLY BY UNLOADING IN STEPS OF
50gm, THE READINGS ARE TABULATED.
 RIGIDITY MODULUS OF THE MATERIAL ‐
TORSIONAL PENDULUM

ONE END OF THE UNIFORM LONG WIRE IS CLAMPED BY VERTICAL CHUCK,

ANOTHER END TO A CIRCULAR METALLIC DISC. THE LENGTH OF THE
SUSPENDED WIRE IS FIXED TO BE 60cm.

GIVE A SMALL ANGLE TWIST TO

THE CIRCULAR DISC, SO THAT THE
DISC EXECUTES TORSIONAL
OSCILLATIONS. TILL THE CIRCULAR
DISC EXECUTES HARMONIC
TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS IS NOT
TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.

TO DETERMINE T0 TO DETERMINE T1 TO DETERMINE T2

THE TIME TAKEN FOR 10 TWO EQUAL MASSES TWO EQUAL MASSES
COMPLETE OSCILLATIONS (m=100gm) PLACED CLOSE (m=100gm) PLACED AT
(TO AND FRO) IS NOTED TO THE SUSPENDED WIRE FARTHEST DISTANCE d2 IS
FOR A REGULAR CIRCULAR ON THE DISC. THE NOTED BETWEEN MIDDLE
DISC IS OBSERVED AS T0. DISTANCE d1 IS NOTED OF THE WIRE TO THE
BETWEEN MIDDLE OF THE CENTRE OF MASS.
WIRE TO THE CENTRE OF SIMILARLY TIME TAKEN
MASS. SIMILARLY TIME FOR 10 OSCILLATIONS IS
TAKEN FOR 10 NOTED UNDER THE
OSCILLATIONS IS NOTED COLUMN T2.
UNDER THE COLUMN T1.

REPEAT THE PROCEDURE FOR DIFFERENT LENGTH (70cm & 80cm) AND FIND
THE RADIUS OF THE WIRE USING SCREW GAUGE.
 DISPERSIVE POWER OF A PRISM USING
SPECTROMETER

THE INITIAL ADJUSTMENTS OF THE SPECTROMETER ARE MADE AS USUAL

AND THE SLIT OF THE COLLIMATOR IS ILLUMINATED BY MERCURYVAPOUR
LAMP.

PLACE THE PRISM IN SUCH A WAY THAT ANY ONE OF REFRACTING FACE IS
NORMAL TO THE TELESCOPE

LOOKING THROUGH THE TELESCOPE THE PRISM TABLE IS ROTATED SUCH

THAT THE ENTIRE SPECTRUM MOVES TOWARDS THE DIRECT RAY, AND AT
ONE PARTICULAR POSITION IT RETRACES ITS PATH. THIS POSITION IS THE
MINIMUM DEVIATION POSITION

MINIMUM DEVIATION OF ONE PARTICULAR LINE, SAY VIOLET LINE IS

OBTAINED. THE READINGS OF BOTH THE VERNIERS ARE TAKEN

SIMILARLY THE TELESCOPE IS MOVED AWAY TO CATCH THE RED LINE OF THE
SPECTRUM AND READINGS OF BOTH THE VERNIERS ARE TAKEN

THE PRISM IS REMOVED THE DIRECT RAY FROM THE COLLIMATOR IS TO BE

SEEN IN THE TELESCOPE AND COINCIDE WITH THE VERTICAL CROSS WIRE,
CORRESPONDING VERNIER SCALE READINGS IS TO BE TAKEN.
 DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH AND
PARTICLE SIZE –LASER SOURCE

DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE

AND ANGLE OF DIVERGENCE

LYCOPODIUM PARTICLE SLIDE IS

A PLANE TRANSMISSION GRATING IS PLACED
INSERTED IN THE PATH OF LASER BEAM.
NORMAL TO THE LASER BEAM SUCH THAT
REFLECTED BEAM COINCIDES WITH THE
INCIDENT BEAM OF THE LASER SOURCE.
POSITION OF THE GLASS PLATE IS ADJUSTED TO
GET MAXIMUM CONTRAST RINGS ON THE
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GRATING AND SCREEN WHICH IS AT A DISTANCE.
SCREEN IS FIXED TO BE D = 30CM

THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE GRATING

THE DISTANCE OF DIFFERENT ORDERS FROM AND SCREEN IS FIXED TO BE D = 30CM
THE CENTRAL SPOT IS NOTED. MINIMUM 5
ORDERS HAS TO BE TAKEN.
A WHITE PAPER IS PLACED ON THE SCREEN
AND THE POSITIONS OF THE DARK RINGS
ARE MARKED. THE RADII OF TWO
DETERMINATION OF ANGLE OF DIVERGENCE DIFFERENT ORDER DARK RINGS (RN) ARE

A SCREEN IS PLACED AT A DISTANCE d1 FROM

THE SOURCE AND THE DIAMETER OF THE SPOT THE EXPERIMENT IS REPEATED FOR
(a1) IS MEASURED AND SIMILARLY FOR OTHER DIFFERENT DISTANCES.
DISTANCE d2.
 STUDY OF ATTENUATION AND
PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS-
OPTICAL FIBER

DETERMINATION OF ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL

APERTURE AND ACCEPTANCE ANGLE

ONE END OF THE ONE METRE FIBER

CABLE IS CONNECTED TO SOURCE ONE END OF THE 1 METRE FIBER CABLE IS
AND OTHER END TO THE OPTICAL CONNECTED TO THE SOURCE AND THE
POWER METRE. OTHER END TO THE NA JIG.

THE FIBER PATCH CORD KNOB IN THE KNOB IN SOURCE IS TURNED

THE SOURCE IS SET AT ONE LEVEL CLOCKWISE TO SET TO A MAXIMUM
AFTER SWITCHED ON THE OPTICAL OUTPUT.
SOURCE.

THE SCREEN WITH FOUR CONCENTRIC

CIRCLES IS HELD VERTICALLY AT A SUITABLE
THE DIGITAL POWER METER READING IS DISTANCE TO MAKE THE RED SPOT FROM
NOTED (PI). THE PROCEDURE IS
EMITTING FIBER.
REPEATED FOR 5M CABLE (PF).

THE EXPERIMENT IS REPEATED FOR

DIFFERENT SOURCE LEVELS. THE DISTANCE OF THE SCREEN FROM THE
FIBER END L IS RECORDED AND THE
DIAMETER OF THE SPOT W IS NOTED.

THE PROCEDURE IS REPEATED FOR 15MM,

20MM AND 25MM DISTANCES.
 CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER & AMMETER
USING POTENTIOMETER

POTENTIAL DROP ACROSS ONE METER LENGTH OF THE

POTENTIOMETER IS DETERMINED BY PRIMARY CIRCUIT. THE POSITIVE
TERMINAL OF A BATTERY AND DANIEL CELL IS CONNECTED TO THE END
A OF THE POTENTIOMETER

THE NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF BATTERY IS CONNECTED TO THE END

B OF THE POTENTIOMETER VIA RHEOSTAT. THE NEGATIVE OF
DANIEL CELL IS CONNECTED TO GALVANOMETER AND TO A
JOCKEY.

TO CHECK THE CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS, THE JOCKEY IS PRESSED

OVER THE FIRST WIRE AND TENTH WIRE OF POTENTIOMETER.
THE GALVANOMETER DEFLECTS OPPOSITE SIDE.

TO OBSERVE NULL DEFLECTION IN GALVANOMETER, THE JOCKEY IS

MOVED OVER THE POTENTIOMETER WIRE AND CORRESPONDING
LENGTH IS NOTED AS l0.

CALIBRATION OF VOLTMETER CALIBRATION OFAMMETER

TO CALIBRATE AMMETER, DANIEL CELL AND GALVANOMETER IS

TO CALIBRATE VOLTMETER, DANIEL CELL AND DISCONNECTED WITHOUT DISTURBING THE PRIMARY CIRCUIT.
GALVANOMETER IS DISCONNECTED REPLACED BY A
VOLTMETER.

A STANDARD 1Ω RESISTANCE IS CONNECTED TO TERMINAL A OF

POTENTIOMETER AND TO POSITIVE TERMINAL OF A 6V BATTERY
AND OTHER END.
NOW THE JOCKEY IS MOVED OVER 1ST WIRE OF
POTENTIOMETER TO OBSERVE 0.1V IN VOLTMETER AND
CORRESPONDING LENGTH IS NOTED. THE NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF BATTERY IS CONNECTED TO A
RHEOSTAT AND HENCE CONNECTED TO THE AMMETER OTHER
END.
SIMILARLY IN STEPS OF 0.1V MINIMUM SEVEN READINGS ARE
NOTED.
NOW THE RHEOSTAT IN SECONDARY CIRCUIT IS ADJUSTED SUCH
THAT AMMETER READS 0.1A

THE JOCKEY CONNECTED TO GALVANOMETER WHEN MOVED

OVER POTENTIOMETER WIRE, THE NULL DEFLECTION IS NOTED
IN GALVANOMETER AND CORRESPONDING LENGTH OF THE
WIRE IS NOTED. IN STEPS OF 0.1A THE LENGTHS ARE NOTED.
 STUDY OF IC REGULATION PROPERTIES
OF A GIVEN POWER SUPPLY

AN UNREGULATED POWER SUPPLY IS CONNECTED TO THE IC

REGULATOR CHIP

THE CAPACITOR C1 AND C2 HELPS IN KEEPING THE INPUT AND

OUTPUT RESISTANCE OF THE CIRCUIT LOW AT HIGH FREQUENCY

STUDY OF REGULATION PROPERTIES WHEN STUDY OF REGULATION PROPERTIES WITH LOAD

INPUT VOLTAGE IS VARIED: CURRENT:

THE INPUT VOLTAGE IS VARIED OVER THE LIKE IN THE ZENER REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
ALLOWED RANGE FOR THE GIVEN IC CHIP AND EXPERIMENT, THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS
THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS MEASURED. MEASURED FOR VARIOUS VALUES OF LOAD
CURRENT.

A GRAPH MAY BE DRAWN WITH INPUT VOLTAGE

ALONG X‐AXIS AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE THE INDEPENDENCE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE
ALONG Y‐AXIS. OVER AN ALLOWED RANGE OF LOAD CURRENT
MAY BE SEEN.
 STUDY OF V‐I AND V‐R CHARACTERISTICS
OF A SOLAR CELL

A SOLAR CELL (PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL) ESSENTIALLY

CONSISTS OF A P‐N JUNCTION DIODE

THE p‐n JUNCTION DEVICE GENERATES POWER

WHEN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IS
INCIDENT ON IT.

THE VOLTMETER IS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AND

AN AMMETER AND VARIABLE RESISTORS ARE
CONNECTED IN SERIES TO THE SOLAR CELL
THROUGH A PLUG KEY.

THE SOLAR CELL CAN BE IRRADIATED BY SUN’S

RADIATION. INSTEAD, IT CAN ALSO BE
IRRADIATED BY A FILAMENT BULB
( 60 W OR 100 W ).

THE RESISTANCE VALUE IS ADJUSTED BY A

RESSITANCE BOX AND THE VARIATION OF V‐I AND
V‐R ARE PLOTTED.