–––––––––––– Extra Vocabulary ––––––––––––

Ban (verb)= prohibit, forbid ≠ allow, permit Overshadow= to make something seem less
Fine= penalty (def. money that we are obliged to important
pay to authorities when we have broken the law) Sympathy= concern ≠ indifference
Perhaps= maybe Down-to-earth= sensible ≠ stiff
Mayor: person who runs a town or city; head of the Seem= appear
government of a town or city; elected leader of a Landfill= rubbish dump (def. place where the
town/city garbage is thrown away)
Tough= hard, heavy, harsh Lay down= put down
Lack (noun)=inexistence, absence Weapon= arm
Lack (verb)= not have Punishment= penalty
Close (adj)= near, next, proximate Turnoff=something repellent
Take up= adopt, start to do something (specially To flood= to cover with water, inundate
a hobby) Firmly= hard, with firmness, severely, steadfastly
Conquer= overcome, defeat, control, hold Blind (def): a blind person is a person who can’t
Overseas= abroad, in a foreign country see
Heights= elevation, altitude Foster= promote, support, encourage
Frightening= spooky, scary Peer=equal, people with the same condition
Odd=strange, rare, bizarre, weird, awkward Odd-looking= having a strange appearance
To cope= to manage, to get by Ideal= perfect, fantastic, wonderful
Yet= however, nevertheless (depending on Soft drink= non-alcoholic drink
context) Spirit= alcoholic drink, liquours ≠ Soft drink
Air-hostess= stewardess, flight-attendant Spirit= ghost
Lecture= conference Invent= make up, discover, create, devise
To approach= to get closer Account for= explain, give reasons
To achieve= to get, to attain Memorable= unforgettable, worth remembering,
Achievement= attainment remarkable
To regard= to consider, to view Turn into= become
Sepulchre= tomb, grave, burial chamber, crypt,… Survey= study, analysis of a subject
Often= frequently, regularly ≠ seldom Reduce= diminish, decrease ≠ increase,
Hardly= scarcely augment, rise
Hardly ever= very rarely Properly= adequately, appropriately
Merely= purely, solely, simply, just, only Laziness= idleness, inactive ≠ hard work
To display= to show, exhibit, present Apply= request, ask for
Location= site, place To own= possess, have
Kid= boy, child Plenty of= many, a lot of, a great deal
Kind= type, sort Give up= abandon, leave, resign, quit
Resource= facility, amenity, aid, help, support Can’t help= Can’t avoid (+ing)
Giant= enormous, huge, very big, massive ≠ tiny, Appeal(noun)= charm, interest, temptation,
minuscule attraction
To stick= to adhere, to cling, to attach Amount= quantity
Ground= floor, land, terrain To engage= to become involved
Make up= invent, fabricate, think up Engaged= if you are engaged to a person, you are
Make up= to apply cosmetics, specially on one’s going to marry him/her.
face. Link= connect, relate
Make up ≠ break up= split up Shift= change
Different= distinct ≠ equal, the same Currently= at present, nowadays, today
Unlike≠ same, similar, like To measure= to calculate
Peril= danger, hazard ≠ safety Assistance= help, aid disposed
Challenge= a demanding situation, difficulty
Chance= probability Trouble= problem
Likely= probable Succeed=achieve
Behaviour= attitude To please= to delight
Look after= take care of Awake ≠ asleep
Encouraging (adjective)= motivating Research= investigation
Whole= entire Healthy≠ unhealthy
Wage= salary, pay Founded: set up, created
Dropout= abandonment Batter= hit, beat, def; to injure by striking
A dropout is also a person who has stopped To get away from= to escape
studying A target= aim, goal, objective
Frivolity= senselessness ≠ seriousness Power=control
Throughout= all over, for the duration of, for the Prone (adj)= inclined
whole of, until the end of Rush hour= the time in the moring and evening
Gather= get together, meet, assemble, when streets, trains and buses are crowded
congregate because people are going to or from work.
Especially= mainly, mostly, principally, Tip= advice
particularly Tip= extra money that is given to someone for a
Rubbish= waste, litter, garbage, trash service for him/her to keep it.
Pick out= select, choose Pace= speed at which something or someone
Back= support moves
Split apart= separate Intricate= complex, detailed
Chop= cut in small pieces Worth= having a certain value
Tinned= canned Sold out= a ticket is sold out when there are no
Rising= increasing more tickets available.
Rise= go up, increase, augment, ≠ decrease, fall Pilgrim= people who travel to a holy place as a
down, diminish religious act of devotion.
Success= triumph ≠ failure AD= Anno Domini, in the year of the Lord, since the
To become acquainted with= to become familiar birth of Christ
with Pay attention= you pay attention to something
Goods= merchandise, stock, materials when you carefully listen to, look at or think about
Mess= chaos, disorder someone or something
Purchase= buy Storm= a period of bad weather, usually with
Afford= to be able to have within financial mean heavy rains, lightning and strong winds.
Trend= tendency, fashion Spokesman= a man who speak on behalf of other
Explosion= blast people (sent: Bill, as the spokesman of his band,
Tragedy= disaster talked to the journalist after the concert).
Exposure= contact Mass media= the means of communication
Ongoing= continuing (radio, TV, internet, newspapers,…)
Choke= lack of air supply Pollution= undesirable state of the environment
Beauty= loveliness, attractiveness ≠ ugliness being contaminated with harmful substances as a
To target at= to aim at consequence of human activities = defilement,
Greatly= enormously, a lot contamination
Either= or Homeless= having no home
Affordable= economical, low-priced Excessive=too much, exaggerated
Due to= because of Vet= veterinarian
Poverty= scarcity , shortage ≠ wealth, Vet= investigate
abundance, richness Imbalance=lack of balance, asymmetry; ≠
To believe= think, consider, reckon balance
To hope= desire; expect (similar) Loss= deprivation ≠ achievement
To Tease= pull one’s leg, have someone on lose≠ find
To Tease= to annoy loosen (desatar, soltar) ≠ tie
loose (suelto) ≠ tied founded: established, set up, built, started,
Pill= capsule created, made, ≠ destroyed
Starving= very hungry ≠ sated (saciado) occasional= irregular, infrequent, rare, sporadic
Starvation= hunger (hambre) strange= rare, unusual, weird, unlikely, ≠ normal,
Award= prize, reward ordinary
Harmful≠ harmless quantities= sum, amount
Witness= observer, testimony; def: person who avoid= leave out, omit, skip, ≠ try
observes something whether= if
Health= state of physical and mental wellness deceased= dead, not living, corpse, passed away,
Way= method, manner, technique died, opposite: alive, born
Way= path (meanings depending on context) absence ≠ presence, failure to be present, lack
To pass= to approve≠ disapprove Local= belonging or pertaining to a place. Native
To pass≠ fail (meanings depending on context) of a community. Villager. Citizen. Civilian ≠
To pass away= to die= to kick the bucket foreigner, immigrant; regional, stranger
Eventually= finally However - Still, nevertheless, nonetheless,
Undoubtedly= certainly, beyond question though, yet notwithstanding,
Seek out= discover; def: you seek something out Harass - Disturb continually. Annoy, attack,
when you look for it and find it persecute, torment, bully, trouble, bother,
Adverse= unfavourable, contrary intimidate,
Be aware of= be conscious of humiliate, hurt ≠: help
Downturn= a fall, a decrease Currently - At the present time, now, right now, at
available= obtainable, accessible, offered present, at the moment.
novelty=innovation, originality, newness Recess - temporary cessation from the usual
improve = get better, get well, make better, to work or activity. Break, stop action, temporary
better inactivity or suspension, postponement, free time
crucial= vital, central, decisive, essential, in the class.
fundamental To deal with - Handle, manage, control, treat, take
aware= conscious, concerned, informed, care of, attend to, approach, direct, to cope with,
sensitive to resolve,
neglect= abandonment, carelessness, threat= Warning, danger, menace, risk
inattention, attention / care (antonym) prospect = Look for, seek, explore, search, to work
to neglect= to abandon to discover, drill.
loyal: faithful, reliable, devoted, trusty, dedicated mounted - Prepare, plan, organise, initiate,
sensitivity=understanding, sympathy, launch, set up, undertake, establish, created,
consciousness, indifference (antonym) made, did, started, built .
busy: Actively or fully engaged or occupied, ≠ idle, particularly - Specifically, specially, principally,
not bored mainly, chiefly≠ generally
acknowledged: recognised, admitted, accepted, voice - Express, announce, say, declare,
known as emphasise, proclaim, speak, tell, show,
decade: def. a period of ten years, decennium, ten communicate, show .
years considerable - Big, great, large, huge, substantial,
eligible= acceptable, suitable, applicable, fit, enormous, massive, extensive, important, very
possible, candidates, choose, “chosable”, important, serious, notable.≠ IRRELEVANT
qualified, worthy, evolved = Developed gradually, progressed,
appropriate =suitable, adequate≠ inappropriate, matured, expanded, turned, changed,
unsuitable, inadequate transformed into.
during: in the time of, in the course of, while, (in, habitat = Place where someone lives or resides,
within), a period of time = from the beginning to home, residence, dwelling, house, ecosystem,
the end place, zone.
= throughout = through trained: taught, instructed, coached, guided
engaged= involved, taking part, participating
waste= excess, too much of something, misuse labour = Physical work, productive activity, work,
branded= labelled, named, called, considered employment, job, things you have to do.
figures= numbers, statistics, analysis, results, data to thrive - Progress, prosper, develop, improve,
break away from= escape, run away from, get succeed, do well.
free, get away from, break free, move away from, settlement = Permanent base, colony, camp,
leave, community, settling, place.
aid=help, support, relief, protection, assistance, Profile: Biographical sketch, description , personal
cooperation information, main details or features.
to harm= to hurt, threaten, kill, injure, danger, Tool: Instrument, a thing that helps you to do your
damage, abuse job; A useful thing= Way, method =
hard= difficult, almost impossible, not easy, To provide= give, supply, cater, offer
complicated, touch, laborious, problematic, Moreover: Furthermore, what is more,
arduous beneath = below, underneath≠ above, higher,
often: many times, frequently, in many cases, over; Def: in a lower place
generally, repeatedly, usually, sometimes, strict = disciplinary, draconian, exacting, firm,
normally, comon ≠ never forbidding, hard, harsh, punctilious, rigid, rigorous,
brief: short, concise, succint, using few words scrupulous, severe, straight ≠ easy-going, flexible,
pondering: considering, meditating, reflecting, tolerant. Def: authoritarian
cogitating, deliberating, thinking about, to release = give out, publish
seen: considered, regarded, understood, to decline = refuse, reject≠: accept, say yes
perceived, viewed, discerned, asumed, believed Def: say no
simply: just, merely, only, To complete = finish, accomplish, conclude, end.
hard: a lot, with vigor, strenously, arduously, several= various, a lot of, different, diverse.
laboriously, (very much) dirty= filthy, disgusting, horrible, unpleasant,
evoke= suggest, remind, bring to mind disagreeable
extent= point, level, degree, amount arguments= verbal fightings, disagreements,
cautious= careful, watchful, alert, vigilant fightings,
appropriate= suitable, proper, correct, right promptly= straight away, immediately, very soon,
release= let go, free, liberate, let loose quickly
nightmare= bad dreams, hallucination receive= get, perceive, be given, be paid
describe= define, characterize, portray, explain noted= said, stated, remarked, affirmed, added
neologism= new word, new expression noted (adj)= famous
particular= specific, distinct, certain, special earthquake= quake, tremor, shock, seism,
conflict= controversy, clash, disagreement, temblor, earth, vibration.
hostility, difference, dispute, struggle Get through= communicate, contact, reach on
to place= put, set, locate, situate the phone,
frequently= commonly, repeatedly, customarily, Shocked= affected, blown, disturbed, very
often, usually, regularly, generally, … worried, paralysed
Prominent= Remarkable, outstanding, important, To trust= to rely, to strongly believe, to confide,
significant, serious, powerful, clear Heartbreaking= distressful, afflictive, tragic, very
Disturbance= Annoyance, perturbation, bother, sad, painful, horrible,
agitation, harm, damage, impact, ≠ calm. To allow: permit, let, tolerate= Accept, give
lighthouse = A tower with a very bright light for the permission, ≠ forbidden, ≠ banned
guidance of ships. Risky: dangerous, hazardous, bad, unsafe, ≠not
several = Some, various, different, a few, many. secure= safety
staggering= Amazing, surprising, astonishing, common = average, normal, ordinary / ≠
impressive, alarming, extraordinary, big. abnormal /
Proper= Appropriate, suitable, right, decent, extraordinary /infrequent / rare / weird
correct, convenient, clean, good . to belong: def. to be part of something
daily = Occurring everyday, everyday, ordinary, gangs = group / band / circle / club≠ individual
regular quotidian, day-by-day. def: group with common interest or pursuit