STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER IN

HYDERABAD, TELANGANA.

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
BHUMARAJU SAI VISHNU (11189K006)
NEELAM SURENDRA (11189K015)

Guided by
Mrs. R. Sumathi (Assistant Professor – II)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING

SRI CHANDRASEKHARENDRA SARASWATHI VISWA

MAHAVIDYALAYA
(Deemed to be university U/s 3 of UGC Act, 1956) Accredited with ‘A’
grade by NAAC
Enathur, Kanchipuram – 631561
APRIL – 2022
 SRI CHANDRASEKHARENDRA SARASWATHI VISWA
MAHAVIDHYALAYA
Enathur, Kanchipuram – 631 561
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project entitled “STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF GROUND

WATER IN HYDERABAD, TELANGANA” is the bonafide work carried out by
“BHUMARAJU SAI VISHNU (11189K006) & NEELAM SURENDRA
(11189K015)” during the academic year 2021-2022. It is certified that all the
corrections and suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated.
This work is not submitted earlier for attaining any degree.

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE OF HEAD OF THE

DEPARTMENT
Mrs. R. Sumathi M. E., Ph.D. Mrs. R. Sumathi M. E., Ph.D.

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR – II ASSISTANT PROFESSOR – II

Department of Civil and Structural Department of Civil and Structural
Engineering Engineering
SCSVMV SCSVMV

Submitted for the project viva voce examination held on ……………………….

Place:
Date:

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people for the success and final outcome of this
project and we are extremely fortune to have got this all along the completion of the project work.

I would first like to thank “Dr. S. V. Raghavan”, Vice-Chancellor, Dr. Gullapalli Srinivasu,
Registrar and Dr. G. Sriram, Dean (E & T), Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Maha
Vidyalaya for giving me an opportunity to pursue bachelor’s degree in Civil Engineering.

I am extremely thankful to “Mrs. R. Sumathi”, Assistant Professor – II, Head of the Department,
Civil and Structural Engineering, SCSVMV for the support and guidance for doing the project.

My thanks also goes to “Dr. N. Seshadri Sekhar”, Associate Professor, Department of Civil and
Structural Engineering, SCSVMV for giving me an opportunity to perform the project.

I express my gratitude to my guide “Mrs. R. Sumathi”, Assistant Professor – II, Department of

Civil and Structural Engineering, SCSVMV for her guidance and care taken by her in helping me
to complete the project successfully.

I am very much thankful to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to all the
professors for their encouragement and co-operation in carrying out the project.
 CONTENTS
Page No.

Abstract 5

Chapter 1 Introduction 6
1.1 Need of Ground Water Analysis 6
1.2 Requirements of Ground Water Analysis 6
1.3 Importance of Ground Water Analysis 6
1.4 Tests Performed 6
Permissible limits of the desired parameters as per IS
1.5 10
10500:2012
1.6 Objectives 10

Chapter 2 Literature Review 11

2.1 Background Theory 11
2.2 Literature Survey 11

Chapter 3 Study Area 15

3.1 Location 15

Chapter 4 Methodology 16
4.1 Sample Collection 16
4.2 Testing process of the required parameters 16
4.3 Water Quality Analysis 20
4.4 Procedure to find Water Quality Index (WQI) 20

Chapter 5 Results and Analysis 22

5.1 Results 22
5.2 Analysis 24
5.3 Water Quality Index (WQI) 31
5.4 WQI values for the samples collected 32

1
 5.5 Statistical Analysis of Ground Water 33

Chapter 6 Conclusion 34
6.1 Conclusion 34

Chapter 7 Pictures 35

Chapter 8 References 37
8.1 References 37

2
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Title Page No.

I Permissible limits as per IS 10500:2012 10

II Location of the samples collected 15
III Test results for samples collected 22
IV Ratings of water quality 32
V Water quality index of the collected samples 32
VI Statistical analysis of ground water 33

3
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Title Page No.

3.1 Sample location 15

5.1 Chloride level in water sample 24
5.2 Total hardness in water sample 24
5.3 Turbidity in water sample 25
5.4 Electrical conductivity in water sample 25
5.5 Total alkalinity in water sample 26
5.6 Total dissolved solids in water sample 26
5.7 Suspended solids in water sample 27
5.8 pH in water sample 27
5.9 Sulphate in water sample 28
5.10 Nitrate in water sample 28
5.11 Fluoride in water sample 29
5.12 Calcium in water sample 29
5.13 Magnesium in water sample 30
5.14 Sodium in water sample 30
5.15 Iron in water sample 31
5.16 Water quality index (WQI) 32

4
 ABSTRACT

Availability of clean drinking water is of utmost importance. Owing to the shortage of clean drinking
water in recent years, identifying groundwater quality with required parameters for drinking purpose
is of great importance. This realization has been the reason for the study of groundwater quality.

Day by day in the world population is getting increased. This increase of population is increasing the
stress on water demand. When the surface water is not an available option, an alternative would be
ground water. Neglecting the need to conserve our sources can lead to a drastic situation that can render
us with not a drop of clean water for drinking. Thus, the need arises for evaluating the present quality
of groundwater to create awareness about the situation and to take necessary measures for the same.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the water quality level by collecting samples from selected areas
in Hyderabad near the industrial area. The water quality for drinking purposes shall be determined by
assessing some of the important quality parameters, making it possible to identify problems which may
need immediate intervention.

This project report deals with conduction of the experiments to test the parameters which are required
for the drinking water. Though, the experiments are conducted and proved that the ground water can
be used for drinking, there are some other studies need to be done before and after taking the ground
water, which includes the ground water management, increasing of ground water etc., Thus, there is
need for lot more research in field of ground water analysis.

5
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Need of Ground Water Analysis:

Distribution of fresh water resources is uneven throughout the world and the fresh water availability
is becoming scarce day by day owing to population growth and diverse human activities. In the absence
of fresh surface water resources, groundwater is exploited to meet the demand exerted by various
sectors. Assessment of the water quality for drinking purpose involves the determination of the
chemical composition of groundwater and the remedial measures for the restoration of the quality of
water in case of its deterioration demand the identification of possible sources for the contamination
of groundwater. This project presents findings on the chemical composition of the groundwater. Many
researchers across the globe have carried out studies and interpreted the quality of groundwater. The
project also provides an assessment on the suitability of the groundwater for drinking purposes.

1.2 Requirements of Ground Water Analysis:

Ground Water Analysis, to make itself at most useful the following are the primary requirements:

 The experiments should be done in a highly cleaned laboratory.

 The experiments require advanced equipment which should be highly accurate in the results.
 To get better idea about the quality of ground water, a minimum of 10 samples should be
collected.

1.3 Importance of Ground Water Analysis:

 Groundwater quality plays an important role in its protection and quality conservation.
 Hence, it is very important to assess the groundwater quality not only for its present use, but
also from the viewpoint of a potential source of water for future consumption (Kori et al. 2006).
 In India, most of the population is dependent on groundwater as the only source of drinking
water supply.
 The quality of groundwater is as important as its quantity, owing to the suitability of water for
various purposes.

1.4 Tests performed:

The samples were tested for the following chemical parameters:

6
1.4.1 Chlorides

In potable water the salty taste is produced by chlorides. High chloride content is harmful to
metallic pipes and agriculture crops. It is an important consideration in selection of supplies for
human use, where brackish water must be used for domestic purpose for determining the type of
desalting apparatus to be used. Chloride is measured volumetrically by titration with silver nitrate
solution. It is expressed in mg/L.

1.4.2 Total Hardness

Hardness is induced by compounds of calcium and magnesium, and by a variety of other metals.
Hard water is formed when water oozes through deposits of limestone and chalk which are largely
made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates. General instruction for categorizing water is: 0 to
60 mg/L (milligrams per litre) as calcium carbonate is classified as soft; 61 to 120 mg/L as
reasonably hard; 121 to 180 mg/L as hard; and more than 180 mg/L as very hard.

1.4.3 Turbidity

Turbidity is the measure of relative transparency of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water

and is an expression of the amount of light that is diffused by material in the water when a light is
shined through the water sample. The higher the magnitude of scattered light, the higher the
turbidity. Material that causes water to be turbid includes clay, silt, lightly divided inorganic and
organic matter, algae, soluble coloured organic compounds, and plankton and other atomic
organisms. Excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, in drinking water is aesthetically unappealing, and
may also represent a health concern. Therefore, it is essential to determine the turbidity of water.

1.4.4 Electrical Conductivity

Salinity and conductivity measure the water’s ability to conduct electricity, which provides a
measure of what is dissolved in water. In the SWMP data, a higher conductivity value indicates
that there are more chemicals dissolved in the water.

1.4.5 Total Alkalinity

It is a measure of capacity to neutralize acids. It is primarily due to the salts of weak acids although
weak or strong bases may also contribute. Alkalinity is an important parameter involved in
corrosion control and in determining the soda ash requirements in softening water by precipitation
method. Alkalinity is measured volumetrically by titration with 0.02N H2SO4 or HCl. It is
expressed in terms of total alkalinity as CaCO3.

7
1.4.6 Total Dissolved Solids

High Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) level alters the taste of water and makes it salty, bitter, or
metallic. High TDS levels also indicate the presence of toxic minerals which is hazardous for
health.

1.4.7 Suspended Solids

The more solids present in the water, the less clear the water will be. Some suspended solids can
settle out into sediment at the bottom of a body of water over a period of time.

1.4.8 pH

pH is the degree of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pH
of less than 7 denote acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 denotes a base. pH is really a measure
of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. As pH can be affected by
chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing chemically.

1.4.9 Residual Chlorine

The higher the residual chlorine levels in the supply, the better and longer the chemical will be able
to protect the system from contamination. However, high levels of chlorine make the water smell
and give it a bad taste, which will discourage people from drinking it.

1.4.10 Sulphate

Sulphate levels above 250 mg/L may make the water taste bitter or like medicine. High sulphate
levels may also corrode plumbing, particularly copper piping. In areas with high sulphate levels,
plumbing materials more resistant to corrosion, such as plastic pipe, are commonly used.

1.4.11 Nitrate

Nitrate is a compound that naturally occurs and has many human-made sources. Nitrate is in some
lakes, rivers, and groundwater in Minnesota. You cannot taste, smell, or see nitrate in water.
Consuming too much nitrate can be harmful—especially for babies.

1.4.12 Fluoride

Ingestion of excess fluoride, most commonly in drinking-water, can cause fluorosis which affects
the teeth and bones. Moderate amounts lead to dental effects, but long-term ingestion of large
amounts can lead to potentially severe skeletal problems. Paradoxically, low levels of fluoride
intake help to prevent dental caries. The control of drinking-water quality is therefore critical in

8
 preventing fluorosis. The condition and its effect on people Fluorosis are caused by excessive
intake of fluoride.

1.4.13 Calcium

Hypercalcemia is a condition in which calcium levels in the blood are too high. Hypercalcemia is
especially dangerous for kidneys. Having too much calcium in blood, the kidneys have to work
harder in order to eliminate waste. It is also an increased risk of developing kidney stones. That’s
because excess calcium can leave crystal-like deposits that eventually harden and turn into stones.

1.4.14 Magnesium

Universal drinking water and beverages containing moderate to high levels of magnesium (10–
100 ppm) could potentially prevent 4.5 million heart disease and stroke deaths per year, worldwide.
This potential is calculated with 2010 global mortality figures combined with a recent
quantification of water-magnesium’s inverse association with heart disease and stroke mortality.

1.4.15 Sodium

In general, sodium salts are not acutely toxic because of the efficiency with which mature kidneys
excrete sodium. However, acute effects and death have been reported following accidental
overdoses of sodium chloride. Acute effects may include nausea, vomiting, convulsions, muscular
twitching and rigidity, and cerebral and pulmonary oedema. Excessive salt intake seriously
aggravates chronic congestive heart failure, and ill effects due to high levels of sodium in drinking-
water have been documented.

1.4.16 Iron

Iron is one of the most important parameters of groundwater quality. Excessive concentration of
iron in water leads to bitter and astringent taste of water. Also causes scaling of boilers and bacterial
promotion in service mains.

According to Bureau of Indian standards the desirable limit of iron in drinking water is 0.3mg/litre.

1.4.17 Total Ammonia

If extremely high levels of ammonia are present in the water, it can lead to ammonia poisoning if
ingested. Long-term ingestion of water with a high ammonia concentration can cause damage to
the human body, including damage to organ systems.

9
1.4.18 Free Ammonia
The presence of elevated free ammonia levels in raw water may interfere with the operation of
manganese-removal filters because too much oxygen is consumed by nitrification, resulting in
mouldy, earthy-tasting water.
1.5 Permissible limits of the desired parameters as per IS 10500:2012
TABLE – I: PERMISSIBLE LIMITS AS PER IS 10500:2012
PARAMETRES UNITS PERMISSIBLE LIMITS

Chlorides mg/l 250

Total Hardness mg/l 200
Turbidity NTU 1
Electrical Conductivity μmhos/cm 1500
Total Alkalinity mg/l 200
Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 500
Suspended Solids mg/l 500
pH 6.5 - 8.5
Residual Chlorine mg/l 0.2 – 0.5
Sulphate mg/l 200
Nitrite mg/l 45
Fluoride mg/l 1
Calcium mg/l 75
Magnesium mg/l 30
Sodium mg/l 60
Iron mg/l 0.3
Total Ammonia mg/l 0.5
Free Ammonia mg/l 0.15
1.6 Objectives:

The main objective is:

 To test the required parameters of the ground water and to analyse weather the ground water
in the particular area is safe for drinking.
 To determine the Water Quality Index.
 To perform the Statistical Analysis.

10
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Background theory:

This chapter emphasises the importance of ground water analysis. It also discusses on various research
papers referred for literature survey and the gist of all those papers.

2.1.1 Ground Water Analysis

Ground water sampling and analysis is an activity with in projects dealing with carbon capture and
storage, mineral exploration, geothermal and energy resources, as well as for ground water resource
assessment and management.

The main purpose of this project is to check whether the samples collected in the particular area are
suitable for drinking. The experiments to be performed are short listed by going through various
research papers. The basic procedure for testing any ground water sample consists of the following
steps:

 Sample collection
 Performing experiments
 Results and conclusion

2.2 Literature Survey:

K. Yogendra, et al. have studied on, ‘Determination of Water Quality Index and Suitability of an
Urban Water body in Shimoga town, Karnataka.’ In the year 2008. They determined WQI of an urban
water body on the basis of different physico-chemical parameters in this study. The analysis revealed
that water bodies have low DO, high COD and high nitrate concentration. And it shows that, it is
unsuitable for domestic purpose.

C.R. Ramakrishnaiah, et al., studied on, ‘Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater
in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State (India).’ In the year 2009. They were calculated WQI for 12
parameters and WQI for those 269 sample ranges from 89.21 to 660.56 in this study. Many water
samples were poor in quality; the analysis shows that the area’s groundwater required some treatment
before utility.

Patil, et al., studied completely different physical, chemical and trace metal parameters for testing of
water quality in the year 2012. The supply of excellent water quality is crucial. The standard of potable

11
water ought to be checked at regular interval, as a result of use of contaminated potable water, human
population suffers from varied of water borne diseases.

P. Shroff, et al., studied on, ‘Assessment of Water Quality Index for Groundwater of Valsad District
of South Gujarat (India).’ In the year 2013. They were used WQI created by CCME (Canadian Council
of Minister of the Environment) in that study. 17 physico-chemical parameters were considered for
calculating the WQI. The overall WQI was 59.6 in Valsad. And WQI of few locations lie under fair
category and some of them lie under excellent while rest of them falls under good category. The
analysis shows that the groundwater of Valsad required some treatment before utility.

Udit Mohan, et al., studied on, ‘Water quality assessment and physio-chemical parameters of
groundwater in district Hapur, Uttar Pradesh, India.’ In the year 2013. 28 groundwater samples
collected from hand pumps marks II which was situated at different locations in Hapur district in this
study. For analysis, various physico-chemical and biological parameters were used and the water
quality index of Hapur reveals that the quality of water is not suitable for drinking purpose, and
therefore it must to be guarded from pollution.

Devendra Dohare, et al., studied on, ‘Analysis of Ground Water Quality parameters.’ In the year
2014. They were used statistical evaluation and WQI for calculating status of water quality of Indore.
Twenty-seven parameters were considered like pH, Colour, TDS, EC, TH, Calcium, Total Alkalinity.
And obtained results are compared with IS: 10500-2012. They suggest that the periodic monitoring of
water quality should be done.

S. Selvakumar, et al., studied on, ‘Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigational
use in the Southern Tiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu, India.’ In the year 2014. There were 20
groundwater samples were taken from dug and bore wells taken in this study. The following parameters
were analysed: pH, EC, TDS, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Carbonate,
Sulphate, Chloride, Nitrate, and Fluoride. Chemical analysis indicates that the groundwater was
slightly alkaline and some samples were suitable and some of them unsuitable for drinking. According
to their study they found that by evaporation dominance and rock water interaction dominance, the
water quality of study area has been changed.

Dr. C. Nagamani, studied on, ‛Physio-Chemical Analysis of Water Samples.’ In the year 2015. In this
study. He was carried out the quality of water in five blocks of Bangalore (urban and rural location)
with the help of various physico-chemical parameters. And after analysis obtained results were
compared with WHO standards. Results showed that all parameters were under the permissible limit.

12
Sajitha V., et al., studied on, ‛ Study of Physio chemical parameters and pond water quality assessment
by using water quality index at Athiyannoor panchayath, Kerala, India.’ In the year 2016. The pond
water quality was checked by physico-chemical parameters and WQI in this study. And then results
were compared with different water quality standards of WHO and BIS. It was found that, WQI results
of collected samples comes under excellent category. Therefore, water is applicable for domestic
activities.

Dhanji Kanase G, et al., studied on, ‛physio chemical analysis of drinking water samples of different
places in Kadegaon Tahsil, Maharashtra (India).’ In 2016. In this study he compared with two different
ways like bore well water and well water. Different parameters are used for this. Obtained result
indicates that the water was not suitable for drinking purpose.

S.S. Kolekar studied on, ‛physio chemical analysis of groundwater quality parameters- A review.’ In
the year 2017. He focused on reviews of different research papers which are related to physico-
chemical analysis of groundwater (for drinking purpose) in this study. After study, he concludes that,
when results are not obtained within the permissible limit then that type of drinking water need simple
pre-treatment before use.

V.Jena, et al., studied on, ‛physio chemical analysis of ground water of selected area of Raipur city.’
In the year 2017. In this study, during 2015-2016 assessment of physico-chemical parameters is done
for 20 groundwater samples of Raipur city. Standard methods and procedures were used for
assessment. They conclude regular chemical analysis must be done.

Namita, et al., studied on, ‘Evaluation of Water quality index for drinking purpose in and around
Tekanpur area M.P.(India).’ In the year 2017. They carried out experimental work on physico-
chemical parameters of groundwater samples taken from in and around Tekanpur, Gwalior (M.P.).
Five water samples are collected from selected locations. After analysis results were compared with
WHO and ISI standards. Most of the parameters satisfy the guidelines. WQI ranges from 58.66 to
93.75 are obtained for those samples. And they suggest that the pre-treatment required before
consumption.

Jebastina, et al., in the year 2017 studied on, “GIS based assessment of groundwater quality in
Coimbatore district (India).” In this study they were checked the quality of groundwater. By hydro
chemical parameters, quality of groundwater assessed for its suitability for different purposes. 78
samples were collected during post monsoon season. For sample analysis different physical and
chemical parameters were considered. To find out the quality, for drinking and irrigation purposes, the
quality of groundwater has been carried out by an analysis which is based on Geographic Information

13
System (GIS). Results show that, seventy three percent of samples are lie within the permissible limit
for drinking. And for irrigation all the groundwater samples of study area are suitable.

14
 CHAPTER 3

STUDY AREA

3.1 Location

Hyderabad is one of the rapidly growing metropolitan cities in Telangana. There are many numbers of
industries in and around Hyderabad. The study area selected is around an industry (about 5km radius).
It is an Energy production related industry. The reason for testing the water in that area is because the
area has a huge dump yard known as GHMC Dump Yard. Major wastage from the city goes to that
dump yard. A total of 10 samples have been collected around the industry area and the dump yard and
tested for the required parameters that are required for the drinking water purpose. The sample location
details are given below in Fig 3.1.

Fig 3.1

TABLE – II: LOCATIONS OF THE SAMPLES COLLECTED.

Sample No. Latitude Longitude
1 17.430057 78.323394
2 17.42521 78.37807
3 17.4022 78.35056
4 17.47158 78.36514
5 17.49986 78.36158
6 17.39674 78.42157
7 17.36302 78.42853
8 17.39662 78.30617
9 17.47052 78.31176
10 17.424281 78.38753

15
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

4.1 Sample collection:

10 samples have been collected from bore wells in the selected locations around the area during the
month of February. The samples have been collected in 1 litre of polyethylene cans and for the
bacteriological tests the sample was collected in pre-sterilized glass bottles.

4.2 Testing process of the required parameters

4.2.1 Chlorides

It uses the argentometric method of titration.

10ml of sample is taken and to this potassium chromate is added as a pinch. It is then titrated
against silver nitrate of 0.0141 N.

End point: Appearance of yellowish red colour.

4.2.2 Total Hardness

Dilute 25 mL of sample (V) to about 50 mL with distilled water in an Erlenmeyer flask.

Add 1 mL of buffer solution and add two drops of indicator solution. The solution turns wine red
in colour.

Add the standard EDTA titrant slowly with continuous stirring until the last reddish tinge
disappears from the solution. The colour of the solution at the end point is blue under normal
conditions.

Note down the volume of EDTA added (V1).

×
Formula used: Hardness as CaCO3 =

4.2.3 Turbidity

Turbidity is measured using Nephelometric Turbidity Metre.

4.2.4 Electrical Conductivity

Conductivity is measured with a probe and a meter.

Voltage is applied between two electrodes in a probe immersed in the sample water.

16
 The drop in voltage caused by the resistance of the water is used to calculate the conductivity per
centimetre.

4.2.5 Total Alkalinity

Perform pH calibration using pH standard solution before measurement.

Collect 100ml tap water using a whole pipette and add it into a 200ml beaker.

Titrate with 0.01mol/L-sulfuric acid solution.

Total alkalinity (CaCO3 mg/L) = A1  (1000 / S)  1

A1: Titration volume of 0.01mol/L-sulfuric acid solution until the end point (pH4.8) (ml)

1000: Unit conversion factor (ml/L)

S: Sample volume (ml)

1: Calcium carbonate content equivalent to 1ml of 0.01mol/L-sulfuric acid solution (mg)

4.2.6 Total Dissolved Solids

100ml sample is weighed and is dried completely in hot air oven at 105oC preferably. It is then
filtered and the filtrate is taken in an evaporating dish.

It is then cooled in desiccators.

Formula Used: Total Dissolved Solids = .

4.2.7 Suspended Solids

TSS of a water sample is determined by pouring a carefully measured volume of water (typically
one litre; but less if the particulate density is high, or as much as two or three litres for very clean
water) through a pre-weighed filter of a specified pore size, then weighing the filter again after the
drying process that removes all water on the filter.

Formula used:

(Dry weight of residue and filter - dry weight of filter alone, in grams)/ mL of sample * 1,000,000

4.2.8 pH

Take the pH standard solution and the water that is to be tested. Take the colorimetric paper. Dip
this paper on the water sample. The obtained colour is computed from the standard table and the

17
 respective pH value is recorded. This pH Value will conclude whether the sample of water is acidic
or alkaline.

4.2.9 Residual Chlorine

In Nessler tube 5 ml of chlorotex indicator and 45 ml of sample is taken.

The resultant colour is compared against a standard colour set and FRS is determined.

4.2.10 Sulphate

20ml of sample is taken and is made to 100 ml. To this 20 ml of sulphate buffer is added.

To this a pinch of BaCl2 is added. Colour changes to white due to formation of BaSO4 ppt.

4.2.11 Nitrate

It is performed by Brucine Sulphate method.

Procedure:

5ml of standard sample is taken and to it 10 ml of concentrated H2SO4 and 1 ml of Brucine

solution is added. It is kept in a dark room for 10 minutes.

End point: colour change from yellow initially to pink.

4.2.12 Fluoride

SPANDS method is used. It Uses UV Spectrometer.

Procedure:

10ml of sample is taken in a beaker and is made up to 50 ml. To this 5 ml of zirconium oxy
chloride reagent and 5 ml of SPANDS reagent are added.

End Point: Appearance of Red colour.

F graph is a reverse graph so fewer colour indicates more fluoride presence.

4.2.13 Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium is found out through flame Photometric method. They are
expressed in mg/l.
4.2.14 Iron

It employs the 1, 10 Phenanthroline Method.

18
 Procedure:

10ml of sample is taken and is made to 50 ml. To this 1 ml of Hydroxyl amine Hydrochloride,
10ml of ammonium acetate buffer and 4 ml of 1, 10 Phenanthroline are added.

End Point: Light pink (Indicating less Fe) or Red (Indicating more Fe).

4.2.15 Total Ammonia

Procedure:

Distillation of ammonia from the sample is followed by spectrophotometric analysis.

Concentration range: 0.4 – 4 mg/l. If the concentration of nitrogen in ammonia is more than 4mg/L,
it’s necessary to dilute the sample to 200 ml with distilled water to obtain as max concentration of
4 mg/L.

Distil the samples with the following parameters (Set a customizable method):

Distillation time: 10min

NaOH: 0ml

As receiving solution, 50 ml of Boric acid (2 % p/v) has been used in a flask marked at 200ml.

Push START to begin the distillation. Stop the analysis manually when the volume of distillate is
a little bit less than 200 mL (it is important not to overcome 200 ml).

Add deionized water to dilute the distillation solution to 200 ml.

For spectrophotometric measurement, take 50 ml of distillate and add 5 drops of stabilizing

solution of Seignette salt and mix well. Add 2 ml of Nessler reactive, mix well and wait for 15 min
before the absorbance reading in 10 mm cuvette at 420 nm. Compare the results with a calibration
curve in the range of 0.4 - 4.0 mg /l N-NH4+.

4.2.16 Free Ammonia

Procedure:

The amount of free ammonia present in waste water can be easily measured by simply boiling the
waste water, and measuring the ammonia gas which is consequently liberate. The amount of
albuminoid nitrogen can be measured by adding strong alkaline solution of potassium
permanganate (KMnO4) to the already boiled waste water sample and again boil the same, when

19
 ammonia gas is liberated, which is measured, so as to indicate the amount of albuminoid nitrogen
present in waste water. If, however an un-boiled sample is used to add KMnO4 before boiling, the
evolved ammonia gas will measure the sum total of ammonia nitrogen as well as organic nitrogen;
known as Kjedahl nitrogen.

4.3 Water Quality Index

Water Quality Index (WQI) provides a single number that expresses the overall water quality, at a
certain location and time, based on several water quality parameters. The objective of WQI is to turn
complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. A
number of indices have been developed to summarize water quality data in an easily expressible and
easily understood format. The WQI is basically a mathematical means of calculating a single value
from multiple test results.

4.3.1 OWQI (Oregon Water Quality Index)

It is used to describe the quality of surface waters bodies from Oregon, as well as from other
geographical areas.

4.3.2 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method

It provides information regarding the quality evaluation of a body of water. This method uses
the most commonly measured water quality parameters like pH, DO, Turbidity, BOD, etc.,

4.3.3 The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Index (CCME-WQI)

utilizes the following parameters for determining the water quality in a stream: temperature,
conductivity, colour, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (OD), pH, alkalinity, Ca, Na, Mg, K.

4.4 Procedure to find Water Quality Index (WQI)

Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index method is used in the project to determine the Water
Quality Index.

4.4.1 Steps involved

 Parameter Selection
 Determination of sub-index
 Determination of weightage
Step – 1: The required parameter is selected and the steps are followed as given below.

20
 Step – 2: The sub-index quality parameter (qn) is calculated by using the formula given
below:
V − V
q = × 100
S −V
Here, Vn = Observed value of the parameter of the sample
Sn = Standard value of the parameter as per IS 10500:2012
Vi = Ideal value of the parameter
 Step – 3: The Weightage Factor (Wn) is calculated by using the formula given below:
K 1
W = , where K =
S 1
∑( )
S
Here, K = Proportionality constant
 Step – 4: The Water Quality Index (WQI) is calculated by using the formula given below
∑(q W )
WQI =
∑W

21
 CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Results
TABLE – III: TEST RESULTS FOR SAMPLES ANALYSED

Parameters Permissible Limits Units Samples

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Chlorides as Cl 250 mg/l 560 83 265 118 27 782 547 377 412 56

Total Hardness as CaCO3 200 mg/l 760 938 543 875 739 413 673 921 764 583

Turbidity 1 NTU 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2

Electrical Conductivity 1500 μmhos/cm 2660 2832 2169 1982 2561 2663 2537 1856 1797 2457

Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 200 mg/l 530 533 549 482 511 564 499 443 408 384

Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/l 1835 1541 1912 1890 1756 1629 1739 1593 1851 1975

Suspended Solids 500 mg/l 22 98 38 57 61 23 87 33 46 29

pH 6.5 – 8.5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Residual Chlorine 0.2 – 0.5 ppm Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Sulphate as SO4 200 mg/l 18 26 19 53 94 16 29 58 36 49

Nitrate as NO3
45 mg/l 1.8 2.6 1.34 3.8 1.7 2.9 2.4 3.2 1.8 4.9

22
Fluoride as F 1 mg/l 0.3 0.7 0.38 0.24 0.4 0.9 0.45 0.18 0.376 1.24

Calcium as Ca 75 mg/l 144 193 128 92 116 189 192 153 82 142

Magnesium as Mg 30 mg/l 97 88 75 45 85 98 91 62 73 42

Sodium as Na 60 mg/l 264 182 206 238 173 109 159 296 308 127

Iron as Fe 0.3 mg/l 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.64 1.6

Total Ammonia 0.5 mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Free Ammonia 0.15 mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

23
5.2 Analysis
5.2.1 Chlorides
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 250mg/l. As per the
sample results for Samples 2, 4, 5, 10 are in the permissible limits. Samples 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 are
exceeding the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the Chloride parameter samples 2,
4, 5, 10 are safe for drinking.

782
800
700
560 547
600
500 412
377
400
265
300
200 118
83 56
100 27
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Chloride Level in Water Sample

Fig 5.1
5.2.2 Total Hardness as CaCO3
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 200mg/l. As per the
sample results no samples are in the permissible limits. All samples are exceeding the permissible
limits. Therefore, considering only the Hardness parameter no water sample should be used for
drinking purpose.

1000 938 921

875
900
760 739 764
800
673
700
583
600 543
500 413
400
300
200
100
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Total Hardness in Water Sample

Fig 5.2

24
5.2.3 Turbidity
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 1 NTU. As per the
sample results no samples are in the permissible limits. All samples are exceeding the permissible
limits. Therefore, considering only the Turbidity parameter no water sample should be used for
drinking purpose.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3

2.5
2 2 2
2

1.5

0.5

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Turbidity in Water Sample

Fig 5.3
5.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 1500 μmhos/cm. As
per the sample results no samples are in the permissible limits. All samples are exceeding the
permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the Electrical Conductivity parameter no water
sample should be used for drinking purpose.

3000 2832
2660 2663
2561 2537
2457
2500
2169
1982
2000 1856 1797

1500

1000

500

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Electrical Conductivity in Water Sample

Fig 5.4

25
5.2.5 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 200mg/l. As per the
sample results no samples are in the permissible limits. All samples are exceeding the permissible
limits. Therefore, considering only the Alkalinity parameter no water sample should be used for
drinking purpose.

600 549 564

530 533 511
482 499
500 443
408
384
400

300

200

100

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Total Alkalinity in Water Sample

Fig 5.5
5.2.6 Total Dissolved Solids
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 500mg/l. As per the
sample results no samples are in the permissible limits. All samples are exceeding the permissible
limits. Therefore, considering only the Total Dissolved Solids parameter no water sample should
be used for drinking purpose.
1975
2000 1912 1890
1835 1851
1756 1739
1800 1629
1541 1593
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Total Dissolved Solids in Water Sample

Fig 5.6

26
5.2.7 Suspended Solids

As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 500mg/l. As per the
sample results all samples are in the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the Suspended
Solids parameter the water can be used for drinking purpose.

98
100
87
90
80
70 61
57
60
46
50
38
40 33
29
30 22 23
20
10
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Suspended Solids in Water Sample

Fig 5.7
5.2.8 pH

As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is between 6.5 – 8.5.
As per the sample results all samples are in the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the
pH parameter the water can be used for drinking purpose.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

pH in Water Sample

Fig 5.8

27
5.2.9 Residual Chlorine
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is between 0.2 – 0.5
mg/l. As per the sample results Residual Chlorine in the water samples are Nil. Therefore,
considering only the Residual Chlorine parameter water sample can be used for drinking purpose.
5.2.10 Sulphate as SO4
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 200mg/l. As per the
sample results all samples are under the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the
Sulphate parameter the water can be used for drinking purpose.

100 94
90
80
70 58
60 53
49
50
36
40 29
26
30 18 19 16
20
10
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Sulphate in Water Sample

Fig 5.9
5.2.11 Nitrate as NO3
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 45mg/l. As per the
sample results all samples are under the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the Nitrate
parameter the water can be used for drinking purpose.

4.9
5
4.5
3.8
4
3.5 3.2
2.9
3 2.6
2.4
2.5
1.8 1.7 1.8
2
1.34
1.5
1
0.5
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Nitrate in Water Sample

Fig 5.10

28
5.2.12 Fluoride as F

As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 1 mg/l. As per the
sample results all samples except sample 10 are under the permissible limits. Therefore,
considering only the Fluoride parameter the water samples from 1 to 9 can be used for drinking
purpose.

1.4
1.24
1.2

1 0.9

0.8 0.7

0.6
0.45
0.38 0.4 0.376
0.4 0.3
0.24
0.18
0.2

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Fluoride in Water Sample

Fig 5.11

5.2.13 Calcium as Ca

As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 75mg/l. As per the
sample results no samples are under the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the
Calcium parameter the water cannot be used for drinking purpose.

193 189 192

200
180
153
160 144 142
140 128
116
120
92
100 82
80
60
40
20
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Calcium in Water Sample

Fig 5.12

29
5.2.14 Magnesium as Mg

As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 30mg/l. As per the
sample results no samples are under the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the
Magnesium parameter the water cannot be used for drinking purpose.

97 98
100 91
88 85
90
80 75 73
70 62
60
50 45 42
40
30
20
10
0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Magnesium in Water Sample

Fig 5.13

5.2.15 Sodium as Na

As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 60mg/l. As per the
sample results no samples are under the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the Sodium
parameter the water cannot be used for drinking purpose.

350
308
296
300 264
238
250
206
200 182 173
159
150 127
109
100

50

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Sodium in Water Sample

Fig 5.14

30
5.2.16 Iron as Fe
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is 0.3mg/l. As per the
sample results no samples are under the permissible limits. Therefore, considering only the Iron
parameter the water cannot be used for drinking purpose.

1.8
1.8

1.75

1.7 1.7
1.7

1.65 1.64

1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

1.6

1.55

1.5
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Iron in Water Sample

Fig 5.15

5.2.17 Total Ammonia

As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is between 0.5mg/l.
As per the sample results Total Ammonia in the water samples are Nil. Therefore, considering only
the Total Ammonia parameter water sample can be used for drinking purpose.
5.2.18 Free Ammonia
As per the ISI standards the permissible limit of chlorides in drinking water is between 0.15 mg/l.
As per the sample results Free Ammonia in the water samples are Nil. Therefore, considering only
the Free Ammonia parameter water sample can be used for drinking purpose.
5.3 Water Quality Index

The Water Quality Index (WQI) is calculated for all the ten samples and including all the
parameters. The rating of water quality indices are as follows:

31
 TABLE – IV: RATINGS OF WATER QUALITY

WQI Value Ratings of Water Quality

0-25 Excellent
26-50 Good
51-75 Poor
76-100 Very Poor
100 and above Unsuitable for Drinking

5.4 WQI values for the samples collected are mentioned in the table below:

TABLE – V: WATER QUALITY INDEX OF THE COLLECTED SAMPLES

Samples WQI Value Remarks

1 132.08 Unsuitable for Drinking
2 141.22 Unsuitable for Drinking
3 132.25 Unsuitable for Drinking
4 125.07 Unsuitable for Drinking
5 139.91 Unsuitable for Drinking
6 135.54 Unsuitable for Drinking
7 139.67 Unsuitable for Drinking
8 131.16 Unsuitable for Drinking
9 135.09 Unsuitable for Drinking
10 131.81 Unsuitable for Drinking

Water Quality Index

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6 Sample 7 Sample 8 Sample 9 Sample 10

Fig 5.16

32
5.5 Statistical Analysis of Ground Water

TABLE – VI: STATISTIAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER

Sl.No Parameters Maximum Minimum Mean Standard Deviation

1 Chlorides as Cl 782 27 322.7 255.98
2 Total Hardness as CaCO3 938 413 720.9 170.75
3 Turbidity 3 2 72.7 0.48
4 Electrical Conductivity 2832 1737 2351.4 370.49
5 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 564 384 490.3 60.69
6 Total Dissolved Solids 1975 1541 1772.1 146.11
7 Suspended Solids 98 22 49.4 26.34
8 pH 7 7 7 0
9 Residual Chlorine - - - -
10 Sulphate as SO4 58 16 39.8 24.32
11 Nitrate as NO3 4.9 1.34 2.644 1.01
12 Fluoride as F 1.24 0.18 0.5166 0.33
13 Calcium as Ca 193 82 143.1 39.99
14 Magnesium as Mg 98 42 75.6 20.27
15 Sodium as Na 308 109 206.2 68.65
16 Iron as Fe 1.8 1.6 1.644 0.07
17 Total Ammonia - - - -
18 Free Ammonia - - - -

33
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion

Considering all the 10 samples collected and their results it was found that the most of the parameters
are exceeding the permissible limits that were mentioned by the ISI, and, from the Water Quality Index
which is greater than 100, it can be observed that the water quality is very poor and is not at all suitable
for drinking at any cost. Therefore, we can analyse that the water collected from that area and from
those particular locations is not fit for drinking purposes. The source of contamination may be of
drainages that are too close to the well and the continuous disposal of industrial effluents. However, if
the pollution continues, it could cause serious problems in the future. Since, in the future the
groundwater will have the major share of water supply schemes, plans for the protection of
groundwater quality is needed. Hence, our project plays an experimental work on ground water quality
assessment in the nearby industrial area in Hyderabad, Telangana.

34
CHAPTER 7
PICTURES

35
Gowlidoddy Telecom Nagar

Raidurg Khajaguda

Kondapur Gachibowli

Serlingampally Nanakaramguda

36
 CHAPTER 8

REFERENCES

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38