(Physics) 24, Mean or Average Value of A.C. [3 marks, CBSE 2017, 18, 21,22] Let I = Ipsin wt is current in any circuit R Va OD Ww Let the small amount of charge that will pass through the circuit in time dt is given by dq = Idt or dq = fosinwtdt ‘The amount of charge that will pass through the circuit in time T/2 (half time period of a.c) is the total integral value of above equation from t = 0 to t=T/2ie, 0 { sinestat If jy is mean value of ac, then by definition q=ln 4 From the equations (i) and (ii), we have In = - 636lp| 278 25, Root Mean Square (rms) or Virtual Value of A.C. (3 marks, CBSE 2017, 18, 19,21] Let I = Ipsin wt is current in any circuit ‘The current through the resistance remains constant for an infinitesimally small time dt so the ALTERNATING CURRENT small amount of heat produced in the resistance R in time dts given by R Vy=V Ve dH = [Rat = (Ipsinwt)*Rdt = 1ZRsin? wtdt The amount of heat produced in the resistance in time T/2 (half time period) can be obtained by integrating the above equation between the limits t=Otot=T/2Zie. T T ? z a={ IgRsin? wtdt = oR sin? wtdt 3 a 1, =4 “a La c0s20t 4 2 a 1/2 1/2 = ([ at- [ cos 2oxat) oO f lo In the equation (i), substituting the values of the ‘two integrals obtained above, we have Ip @R/T. 2 (-°) If ly is virtual or rms. value of ac, then by definition, .- (ii) From the equations (ii) and (iii), we have T W?RT Ip? ah ee ao RR p= gor y= 7071(Physics) 26. A.C. Through LCR-Series Circuit [3 marks, CBSE 2017, 18, 19, 20,21] R Let E and I be the instantaneous values of emf. and current in the LCRcircuit; and V,,Ve and Vg be the instantaneous values of the voltages across, inductor L, capacitor Cand resistor R respectively. Then, V, = IX,;Ve = IXe and Vg = IR Here, X,, = wl and X¢ = 1/w0€ are reactances due to inductor and capacitor respectively. Where w is, the angular frequency of given supply. OE = VOA? + AE? = VOA? + OD? (Pythagoras) orE = /Va? + —Ve® Substituting the values of Viv, Vand Vo, we have E = YOR? + OK — Ke)? =WVRPF XL Ke* E Ieee co @ Is; ai) 1 From the equations (i) and (ii), we have Z= JR? + (KX, —X¢)? = JRF (OL Tot? (il) ‘The equation (iii) gives impedance of LCR-circuit. ALTERNATING CURRENT Also phase angle @ From right angledA OAE, we have AE_VW-Vo_ tang = 95 = 1 Xi Xe _ OL ae] RR 27. Power of an A.C. Circuit or |tang (iv) ‘The small amount of electrical energy consumed in circuit is given by the work done by battery. So, dW = Eldt = (Ep sin wt)lp sinot +) dt = Bolosin wt(sin wtcos + cos wtsin p)dt = Eplo(sin? wtcos p + sinwtcoswtsin)dt —.. (i) Now, cos 2wt =1—2sin?wt Or 1=cos2wt ae Also, sin 2wt = 2 sin ast cost or sin? wt sin 2wt 2 In the equation (i), substituting for sin? wt and sin wtcos wt, we have 1 cos 20t sin2et aw = Bol (co = sinwtcos wt = sing) dt Eglo a = 32 (cose — cos eos 2ut + sindpsin Zut)de The electrical energy consumed in the circuit in time T (period of ac.) can be obtained by integrating the above equation between t= 0 to Tie. Eolo w= | Feo — cosqpeos 2at a + sin gsin 2ot)dt [cos (T) — cos (0) + sin (0)] Eqlo T 210 Tos ‘The average power of the ac. circuit is given by Eolo(Physics) ALTERNATING CURRENT Here cos = Sis called the power factor of circuit. & By & ly are RMS value of voltage and current Special cases: (0 circuit having R only. For such a circuit, = Pay = Eylycos 0 = Eyly(1) = Eyly i) circuit having L only. For such a circuit, b=n/2. Pay = Ey lycosm/2 = Eyly(0) = 0 (iii) cireuit containing C only. For such a circuit, o=—n/2 Pay = Eylycos(—/2) = Eyly(0) = 0