CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TO STUDY THE VARIOUS EFFECTS

OF DYE ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FABRICS
 LIST OF CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 AIM
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
 THEORY
 PROCEDURE
 OBSERVATIONS
 PRECAUTIONS
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Dyes are colored substances which can adhere to the
surface of materials and are used to give color to paper,
food- stuffs, and various textiles such as cotton, wool,
synthetic fibres, silk etc. For example, alizarin, indigo,
congo red, etc. Chemically a dye contains:
1) Some group (such as azo, indigoid , triphenylmethyl,
anthraquinone ,etc.) which is responsible for the
color of the dye.
2) Some groups (such as–NH2 , -SO3H , -COOH ,etc.)
which makes the dye stick to the fabric by formation
of some salt.
Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile products
like fibres, yarn and fabrics. The temperature and time
controlling are two key factors in dyeing.
The primary source of dye, historically has been nature,
with the dyes being extracted from plants and animals.
Since the 18th century, humans produced artificial dyes to
achieve a broader range of colors and to render the dyes
more stable to resist washing and general use.
METHODS TO APPLY DYE
Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing from dye
solutions and by printing from dye paste. Methods to
apply dye are:
1) Direct application
2) Yarn dyeing

CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE
1) It must have a suitable colour.
2) It must be capable of being fixed to the material.
3) When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps,
water, dry-cleaning solvents, light and dilute acids.

TYPES OF DYE
The dyes are classified by dye manufacturers for
marketing into the following types:
1) Acid dyes: These are azo dyes and are characterized
by the presence of acidic groups. They are chiefly
used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For example,
Orange I and Orange II.
2) Basic dyes: These dyes contain NH2 , NR2 . In acidic
solutions, these form water soluble cations and use
the anionic sites on the fabric to get used for dyeing
wool, silk and nylon. For example, aniline yellow,
butter yellow.

3) Direct dyes: These are also azo dyes and are used to
dye fabrics directly by placing in aqueous solution of
the dye. These dyes attach to the fabrics by means of
hydrogen bonding.

4) Disperse dyes: These dyes are applied in the form of

dispersion of minute particles of the dye in a soap
solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic acid.
These dyes are used to dye rayons, dacron, nylon,
polyesters etc. For example, celliton fast pink B and
celliton fast blue B.

5) Vat dyes: These dyes are water- insoluble and before

dyeing these are reduced to colorless compounds in
wooden vats by alkaline reducing agents.
AIM
To dye wool and cotton with malachite green.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
500ml beakers, tripod stand, wire gauze, glass rod,
spatula, wood cloth and cotton cloth.
Chemicals required: Sodium carbonate, tannic acid,
tartaremetic acid, and malachite green dye.

THEORY
Cotton fibres show good durability and utility. It is a
stable material; it stays undamaged even in the conditions
of high exposure of weak acids and alkalis. It has high
water absorbing capacity. Cotton fabrics are easy to dye,
they have very low elasticity characters. They are easy
washable and can be ironed even at very high
temperatures.
Woolen fibres are high moisture absorbers too. They take
up moisture in vapour form.
It generates heat when it absorbs moisture. Each wool
fibre is a molecular coil-spring, making the fibre
remarkably elastic. They have highly durability and
resilience.
Nature has folded the chemical polypeptide chains back
upon themselves in such a way that they act like a coiled
spring which elongates when it is extended and retracts
when it is released.
Malachite Green is an organic compound that is used as a
dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in
aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye
for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Although
called malachite green, this dye is not prepared from the
mineral malachite - the name just comes from the
similarity of colour.
Chemical formula: [C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2]Cl
Common Name: Triarylmethane dye

Structure:
Fabric Reactive: These are the dyeing of fabrics which
contain a reactive group which combines directly with
thehydroxyl or the amino group of the fiber. Because of
thechemical reaction the colour is fast and has a very long
life. Cotton, wool or silk can be dyed with this type of
dyeing of fabrics. Fastness is a measure of how strongly a
dye is attached to a fabric and is an important indication
as to whether the dye will move into water when the
material is washed. During the 1950’s, a group of
chemists working for ICI embarked on their search for a
better dye for wool. William Stephen, a member of that
group, decided to modify the structure of azo dyes by
adding reactive groups in the hope that they would
combine with the amino groups of proteins in wool.One
of his ideas was to modify an azo dye containing an
amino group by reacting it with trichlorotriazane:
It was hoped that the new dye would react with wool.
However, the results were very poor and so more work
needed to be done on the dyes. the reaction would be
more likely to happen in alkaline conditions; however,
this caused a problem, as alkaline conditions would
damage the wool.

Instead, they used the dyes with cotton, which would not
be damaged by the alkaline conditions. This was a
success; the dye molecules reacted with both the amine
and hydroxyl groups on the cotton fibers. The first fibre
reactive dyes had been produced.
DYEING OF WOOL
PROCEDURE
1) Preparation of sodium carbonate solution: Take
about 0.5g of solid sodium carbonate and dissolve it in
250ml of water.

2) Preparation of tartaremetic solution: Take about

0.2g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100ml of water
by stirring with the help of glass rod.

3) Preparation of tannic acid solution: Take 100ml of

water in a beaker and add about 1.0g of tannic acid to
it. Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of
tannic acid is obtained.

4) Preparation of dye solution: Take about 0.1g of

malachite green dye and add to it 400ml of water. On
warming a clear solution of the dye results.

5) Dyeing of wool: Take about 200ml of dye solution

and dip it in the woolen cloth to be dyed. Boil the
solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove the
cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze
and keep it for drying.
6) Dyeing of cotton: Cotton doesn’t absorb malachite
green readily, therefore it requires the use of a mordant
For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in sodium carbonate
solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse with
water. Then put the cloth in hot tannic acid solution
for about 5 minutes. Now take out the cloth from
tannic acid solution and keep it in tartaremetic solution
for about 5 minutes. Remove the cloth and squeeze it
with spatula to remove most of the solution. Now
place the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for about
2 minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth
thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.

7) Dyeing of cotton directly: Dyeing of cotton directly:

Take another piece of cotton cloth and pit it directly
into boiling solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for
about2 minutes. Remove the cloth, wash with water,
squeeze and keep it for drying. Compare the color of
this cloth with that dyed by using mordant.
OBSERVATIONS
1) The color of wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in
hot solution of malachite green dye is fast.
2) The color of cotton dyed cloth directly (without using
mordant) by dipping in hot solution of malachite green
is not so fast to washing and is of low intensity.
3) The color of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is fast to washing and is of high
intensity.

PRECAUTIONS
1) Let the Malachite Green solution boil properly for
about 8-10 minutes to get better results.
2) While drying cotton directly, let the cotton cloth be
present in the dye for more than or equal to 2 minutes
but not less.
3) Using of solutions such as tartaremetic solution,
tannic acid solution be eminent.
4) Usage of gloves is preferable to ensure tidiness.
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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