LESSON 2:

WRITING BIBLIOGRAPHY/
REFERENCES

1
What I Need to Know 2

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to…
1.identify a citation and its basic elements.
2.explain the purpose and benefits of citations.
3.apply the proper in-text citation in writing the
related literature.
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CITE
WHO
 CITE WHO? 4

“Life is like riding a bicycle.

To keep your balance, you
must keep moving.”
LAEBRT IENSTEI
 CITE WHO? 5

"I can accept failure;

everyone fails at something.
But I can't accept not
trying."
MAECHIL ROJNAD
 CITE WHO? 6

“Nothing is certain except

for death and taxes.”
BNJEMAIN
RAFNLINK
 CITE WHO? 7

“To be or not to be, that

is the question.”
WLILIAM
SAKESHEAPRE
 CITE WHO? 8

"Your time is limited, don't

waste it living someone
else's life."
TEVES BOJS
REVIEW 9

Ways to Use Other People’s Ideas

Ethical vs Unethical
Quoting Plagiarism
Paraphrasing act of presenting someone else's

Summarizing
work or ideas as your own
intentional or unintentional;
Citing both are wrong
A citation is a way of giving
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credit to individuals for their

creative and intellectual
works that you utilized to
support your research. It can
also be used to locate
particular sources and
combat plagiarism.
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A citation style dictates the

information necessary for a
citation and how the
information is ordered, as well
as punctuation and other
formatting.
 Different Standard Format
How do I choose a citation style?
12

There are many different ways of citing resources from your

research. The citation style sometimes depends on the
academic discipline involved. For example:
1. APA (American Psychological Association) style
-used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences
2. MLA (Modern Language Association) style
-used by the Humanities
3. CMOS (Chicago Manual of Style)
-generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts

Guides: Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, IEEE: Overview. (n.d.-b). https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp
English 8 13

Quarter 1 Module 2
Lesson 1: Using Conventions in Citing Sources
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CMOS 15
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LESSON 2.1
APA IN-TEXT
CITATIONS (7TH
EDITION)
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APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS (7TH EDITION)

In-text citations briefly identify

the source of information in the
body text. They correspond to a
full reference entry at the end
of your paper.
APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS (7TH EDITION) 18

APA in-text citations consist

of the author’s last name and
publication year (also known
as the author-date system).
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CREATING IN-TEXT CITATIONS

There are two main ways

to cite a source as you
write: parenthetical
and narrative.
Parenthetical vs. Narrative citations 20

•Parenthetical: There is a correlation between

social media usage and anxiety symptoms in
teenagers (Parker, 2019).

•Narrative: Parker (2019) found a correlation

between social media usage and anxiety
symptoms in teenagers.
APA in-text citations with multiple authors 21

1.two authors -separate their names with an

ampersand (&) in a parenthetical
citation or “and” in a narrative citation

2. three or more authors- only include the first

author’s last name followed by “et al.”, meaning
“and others”.
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Group authors known by their

abbreviations (e.g., DOH) are
written in full the first time and
are abbreviated in subsequent
citations.
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First narrative citation

•The Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2002)
investigated the risks inherent in drinking tap
water.
Subsequent narrative citations
•The CDC (2002) investigated the risks
inherent in drinking tap water.
Presentation title 27

Parenthetical first citation

•There are risks inherent in drinking tap
water (Centers for Disease Control [CDC],
2002).
Subsequent citations
•There are risks inherent in drinking tap
water (CDC, 2002).
Groups (without well-known abbreviations) as authors
28

First narrative citation

•The University of Minnesota (2007) investigated the
risks inherent in drinking tap water.

Subsequent narrative citations

•The University of Minnesota (2007) investigated the
risks inherent in drinking tap water.
Groups (without well-known abbreviations) as authors
29

Parenthetical first citation

•There are risks inherent in drinking tap water
(University of Minnesota, 2007).

Parenthetical subsequent citations

•There are risks inherent in drinking tap water
(University of Minnesota, 2007).
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IN-TEXT
QUICK GUIDE
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MISSING INFORMATION IN APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
32

(No author, date or page number)

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TO LEARN MORE..YOU CAN WATCH THIS VIDEO 37

Scribbr. (2020, November 3). APA 7th Edition: The Basics of APA In-text Citations | Scribbr [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opp259YvaoE
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Reflection:
How can understanding the importance
of proper in-text citation practices help
us become more responsible and
ethical researchers?
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2.2 How to Create or Generate

APA Reference Entries (7th edition)
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The four components of an APA reference

Although the reference format differs depending on the
type of source (e.g., a book, webpage, or video), they’re
built from the same four components:
1.Author: who is responsible for creating the work?
2.Date: when was the work published?
3.Title: what is the work called?
4.Source: where can the work be retrieved?
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Author
The author is responsible for creating the work. This can be an
individual, multiple people, an organization (such as a company,
government agency, or workgroup), or a combination of them. The
author can be the writer of a text, but also the host of a podcast or the
director of a movie.
Basic format
In an APA reference, the author’s name is inverted:
start with the last name, followed by a comma and the initials,
separated by a period and space.
Don’t include personal titles such as Ph.D. or Dr.,
but do include suffixes.
Multiple authors 48

Separate the names of multiple authors with commas. Before the

last author’s name, you should also insert an ampersand (&).
A reference entry may contain up to 20 authors. If there are more
than 20, list the first 19 authors, followed by an ellipsis (. . .) and the
last author’s name.
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Organizations or groups as author

When an organization or group is listed as the author of a

source (e.g., a report or brochure), list the name in full—
don’t use abbreviations. If multiple organizations or groups
are responsible for creating the work, include them all in
the reference entry. Do not use a comma to separate two
group authors.
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INDICATION OF
ROLES
If contributors have a
different role than “author”,
a description of their role is
sometimes (but not always)
included in parentheses.
Check the table at the right
to learn when to provide a
role description.
Date
51

The “date” component appears after the “author” component. Use the following
guidelines to determine the publication date:
• For books, always take the copyright date.
• For journal articles, take the year in which the volume was published.
• For web pages, you may use the “Last updated” date if it applies to the
content you’re citing. Don’t take the copyright date from the footer of a
website.

Basic format
The date of publication appears in parentheses and can take the following forms:
• (2020)
• (2020, January)
• (2020, January 15)
• (1997–1999)
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In most cases, you only include the year of publication in

the reference entry. Sources published more frequently
(e.g., newspapers, blogs, YouTube videos) or events taking
place on specific dates (e.g., conferences, speeches)
usually include the full date.
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Retrieval date

Only provide the retrieval date (i.e., the date you consulted the
information) if a work is designed to change over time. Examples
include:
• Online dictionary entries
• Social media profiles (not posts)
• Dashboards with statistics (like this world population counter)

The retrieval date appears after the source title and before the URL.
Write the word “Retrieved” followed by the month, day, and year.
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*You do not need to include a retrieval date for an online newspaper article or blog post
*It is also not needed if versions are archived
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Title

In the “title” component, you write the name of the work that you’re
citing. This can be the title of a journal or a book (i.e., a stand-alone
work) or a specific article or chapter from that journal or book (i.e., a
work that is part of a greater whole). In the latter case, you need to
include two titles.
Basic format 56

When citing a stand-alone work, its title appears in the “title”

component, in italics and sentence case.
When citing a work that is part of a larger whole, the title of the 57

work appears in the “title” component (sentence case, no styling)

and the title of the larger whole appears in the “source” component
(italicized).
Bracketed source descriptions 58

Descriptions help identify sources. You include them for pretty much
every source type, except for books, journal articles, reports, websites
and newspaper articles.

Place the description in square brackets after the source title but before
the period. Capitalize the first letter of the description, but don’t italicize
it. Try to keep the descriptions short and consistent.
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Unknown title

If a work does not have a title, provide a description of it in

square brackets in the place of the title.

Painting
Van Gogh, V. (1878–1882). [Portrait of a woman] [Painting].
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Source

In the “source” component, you include information about

where the work can be retrieved.

When citing a stand-alone work (e.g., a book or

webpage), you include the name of the publisher, database,
platform, or website (whichever is relevant to your source),
and a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) or URL.
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When citing a work that is part of a greater whole

(e.g., an article in a journal), you include information about
this greater whole, like its title, relevant edition, volume or
issue information, relevant contributors (like editors), the
page range and the publisher, as well as a DOI or URL of
the work.
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DOI or URL
Works that can be accessed online usually have a URL or DOI
(digital object identifier). A DOI is often used for scientific
publications and books, while a URL is more common for other
online publications.

Use the following guidelines:

• If available, always add a DOI

• A DOI is preferred over a URL (because it never changes)
• Include the protocol (http:// or https://) for both DOIs and URLs
• Do not add a period after the DOI or URL