Aesthetic Lighting

MODULE 6
1 Aesthetic Lighting
Introduction

preservation of
proportion moderation relevance,
usefulness and harmony
• Daylight and
weathercasting used
for settings during
daytime
• Artificial Lighting that
can create moods of
eeriness or
celebration!!
Light significantly affects the aesthetic experience.
Creates the mood, stimulates, motivates and calms.
Cause positive experiences by
their appearance and a
characteristic distribution of
luminance
Minimum lighting, use of shadows to create dark and sharp features
Abundance or apt angle of lighting,
apt colour rendering, uplifts the features
Eiffel Tower
 http://lovenestdesign.ca/function-aesthetics-light/
This kitchen by Becki Owens has great use of general lighting with recessed fixtures throughout the kitchen, and
task lighting placed over working areas like the island and sink

• Natural and artificial light flood or darken our homes.

• The quality, intensity, color, and direction of light in a
home has a direct effect on how that room will feel.
 Utilitarian lighting is used for activity
spaces that need a specified amount of
light, such as fitness rooms,
gymnasiums and natatoriums.
https://www.athleticbusiness.com/carefully-planned-aesthetic-lighting-techniques-becoming-top-priority.html

According to Fabiano - who has implemented some of the most

cutting-edge lighting techniques in health clubs to date - an ideal
facility would feature three different types of lighting: utilitarian,
dramatic and aesthetic.
 Dramatic lighting
is typically
created by
concealing the
source of the
light. Darkness is
essential for this
lighting effect.

conceal a series of lights within coves

in ceilings and walls, or in column
Aesthetic lighting, a somewhat less subtle
option, is when the light fixture itself is used as
an attractive element. This type of lighting is
used to mark a specific area or destination point.

Lighting diversity will

give users diverse
experiences, and
that will make for a
successful facility."
 Questions
1. What is benefitted from Aesthetic lighting?
2. To control how you want your home to feel, what are the
factors that a lighting designer has to look into?
3. Using as much Natural lighting possible also enhances
Aesthetics. Skylights and windows contribute this. How
can this also nighttime aesthetics of the facility?
4. Though considering aesthetics, the lighting designer
should also look into other factors while choosing the
right lights and fixtures. What all would the designer
would have look into?
 References and Reading

https://www.athleticbusiness.com/carefully-planned-aesthetic-lighting-techniques-becoming-top-priority.html

http://lovenestdesign.ca/function-aesthetics-light/

For further reading

http://pe.org.pl/articles/2017/7/32.pdf
HOSPITAL LIGHTING
Aesthetic Lighting
 ILLUMINATION LEVEL FOR
HOSPITAL LIGHTING
• National Lighting Code 2010 (SP 72:2010) – {pages 133 – 140} :
HOSPITAL LIGHTING in detail
The complex nature of a hospital layout and its requirement introduces
conflicting considerations that have to be reconciled. For convenience,
the accommodation can be divided into four main groups:
• a) Rooms occupied by the patients, for example, wards, day spaces for
the sick and visiting rooms;
• b) Special rooms, for example, operation theatres, recovery rooms,
diagnostic centers, laboratories, and examination rooms;
• c) Service areas, for example, kitchen and dining rooms, sterilizing
rooms, laundry and maintenance rooms; and
• d) Administration rooms, for example, offices.
 LIGHTING IN PATIENTS’ ROOM

• The patients' rooms in a hospital often account for more than

half of the useful floor space. The lighting of patients' rooms is
of great importance and has to satisfy the needs of the patients
as well as those of the medical and nursing staff. Moreover, the
total lighting effect should be such as to contribute to the
general decor and should be free of glare to the recumbent
patient.

• Lighting for Wards

By Mornings/Evening

The lighting installation in a ward, calls for:

a) general lighting;
b) reading lamps;
c) examination lighting; and
d) night lighting.
By Night

Night Watch lighting

 LIGHTING IN SPECIAL ROOMS
• The main visual problems are the detailed
examination of human tissue and organs
and the manipulation of surgical instruments
at the site of the operation.

• For the general lighting of the operation

theatre suite, tubular fluorescent lamps that
have the colour temperature about 4000 K
and CRI over 90 are recommended. The lux
ranges from 300-500-750 lux. One
advantage in the use of tubular fluorescent
lamps is that they radiate appreciably less
heat than tungsten filament lamps.

• For lighting the operation table, however,

tungsten filament lamps are generally
preferred because of their suitability for
optical control. Colour rendering of skin and tissue is a critical aspect of
hospital lighting and primary light sources should have
• The size of critical detail can be exceedingly
an emission spectrum that provides clinically
small and the contrast very low. The
acceptable colour rendering.
required illuminance ranges between 10000
lux and 50000 lux.
OTHER SERVICE ROOMS, CORRIDORS

100-150-200 lux 150-200-300 lux

200-300-500 lux
100-150-200 lux
GROWING TREND FOR CIRCADIAN LIGHTING

https://www.inquirer.com/philly/health/the-era-of-circadian-lighting-in-health-care-is-dawning-20180627.html
AUDITORIUM LIGHTING
Aesthetic Lighting
 GENERAL
• The auditorium serves as an assembly
and lecture hall, study room, theatre,
concert hall and for many other
activities. Because of this, it should be
well planned and properly equipped to
satisfy the requirements of all the
functions. From general lighting to
supplementary illumination, care should
be taken to provide good lighting which
should blend well with the architecture
and at the same time avoid veiling
reflections.

• Usual range is 50-100-150 for

auditoriums

NLC Code: pg 130 - 147

 SPECIFIC AREAS IN AN
AUDITORIUM
Foyer
• Usually a restful, subdued
atmosphere is desirable in the
foyer. Illumination from large, low
luminance elements, such as
coves, is one good method. Wall
lighting and accents on paintings,
posters and plants are important
in developing atmosphere. Care
must be taken so that light does
not spill into the auditorium.
 SPECIFIC AREAS IN AN
AUDITORIUM
Seating Area

• The seating areas should be provided

with well diffused comfortable
illumination. Luminaires for the basic
illumination may include general
downlights, coves, curtain and mural
lights. Supplementary illumination,
preferably by a downlighting system
should be provided evenly over the
seats since the seating area is also
used for visual tasks and this should
be controlled separately. All these
lights should be under dimmer
control.
 SPECIFIC AREAS IN AN AUDITORIUM

Stage Area

• Proper lighting for dramatic presentation extends beyond visibility to the achievement of
artistic composition, production of mood effects, and the revelation of forms as three
dimensional. These functions of stage lighting result from the manipulation of various
qualities, quantities, colours and directions of lights and these vary from one performance to
the next and even continually throughout a single performance. The layout is affected by the
amount and kind ofuse planned for the theatre.
 CONTROL SYSTEM
• Dimming facilities should be made available
for an auditorium even if it houses a small
stage. Wherever dimming facilities are
required, the illumination should preferably be
designed incorporating GLS (General
Lighting Source) light sources.

• Emergency lighting is essential in any

auditorium be it small or big. It should be
ensured that all aisle lights, lights for steps
and lights provided at the rear of the seating
area are connected to the emergency circuit.
Besides, exit lights should be provided at
every access to guide the audience towards
the exits in the event of a power failure.
 MULTIPURPOSE IN UNIVERSITIES

• The aspect that makes the auditorium so unique in its design is that the space is essentially
a multipurpose space. Design implications call for the space to be utilized as a classroom
and as a presentation space both for class related functions and for larger university
presentations. Because of these implications, it requires the lighting design to be adaptive
to the requirements of the occupants of the space. Finishes became very important in the
design of the auditorium, as it is more important than the design of a typical classroom. The
auditorium will not be used solely by students, but by administration, and possibly groups
outside of the university as well.
 Make Notes on:

1. Different types of lighting systems used in Hospital and Auditorium

Lighting.
2. The control features essential for the lighting system in general, and
emergency.
3. The lux levels in different regions of a Hospital and Auditorium
 Questions
1. What are different types of emergency lighting used in a hospital?
2. Explain general requirement for illumination of Health care centers and hospitals.
3. List out and explain at least five features of auditorium lighting.
4. List out any five features of hospital lighting.
5. What are the types of medical lamps and light fittings used in Hospital Lighting?
6. State the reason for preferring tungsten filament lamp on operation table in Hospital.
7. Explain how lighting scheme should be designed for each of the following operation
theatre in hospital, general ward in hospital.
8. What are the functions of stage lighting? What are the features or qualities that has to
be taken into account when selecting lighting for stage?
9. State the recommended illumination level required for any four areas of Hospital
lighting.
10. What is Circadian Lighting? How is it beneficial in terms of health and well being of
humans?
 Reading Material

Patient Rooms as a Space for Recovery: A Review on Healthcare Lighting

https://www.ledinside.com/lighting/2013/11/patient_rooms_as_a_space_for_recovery_a_review_on_healt
hcare_lighting

What is Circadian Lighting?

https://www.thelightingpractice.com/what-is-circadian-lighting/

NLC Code
Aesthetic Lighting
M O N U M E N T & S TAT U E L I G H T I N G
1 Monument & Statue Lighting
Introduction

When looking for a way to bring certain outdoor elements into sharper focus,
lighting can help add dramatic appeal and heightened visibility.

When it comes to statue and monument lighting, there are a few tips you need to
keep in mind to master this aspect of a landscape setting
 1. Decide the focus
• The most important aspect of statue and monument lighting is to decide where
you want the eye to focus to in regard to light fall. Light naturally directs the
eye where to look and can be used to highlight select aspects on purpose to
achieve the desired result.
For eg, lighting can be placed to help create shadows behind the statue or
monument itself for a moody, dramatic ambiance,
or a mix of lighting directions can be used to eliminate shadows to create a friendly
appearance.
 1. Decide the focus
• Use of uplight or downlight focus:
With downlight, you cast the light from fixtures placed overhead which can create gentle
shadows on the ground.
Uplight can help reduce shadows on the ground, but it can make certain statues look
too harsh. The type of directional light spread that is best for your statue will depend on
the lines of the statue itself.
For instance, a statue with mostly rounded or softer lines can use both types of lighting
direction, but a statue with stark or sharp lines throughout may appear too harsh or
foreboding with the wrong directional lighting choice.
 2. Check ratings
• For any type of outdoor lighting solution, you need to check to make sure they are
durable enough to withstand the elements of the outdoors such as rain, snow, wind,
and extreme temperatures. Lights should chosen according to the damp/wet
locations to ensure they stay protected against water damage, as well as carrying a
standard voltage and frequency. This will protect the light fixture and prevent any
electrical dangers.
 3. Consider light pollution
• Light pollution can be a big concern for prolonged exposure to the public and
neighbourhood. 83% of the world live under light polluted skies. Light pollution,
obscures our view of the stars and blocks the inspiration that it gives to humanity.

There are, in fact, four principle types of light

pollution defined below (IDA, 2012).
1. Urban Skyglow – The dome of light that
extends above and around urban areas,
characterized by an increase in sky
brightness. It is caused by unshielded,
skyward directed light.
2. Glare – Bright lights that shine directly into
people’s eyes, reducing vision, and
rendering depth perception impossible.
3. Clutter – Groups of glare-producing lights
that further confuse people and even
animals.
4. Light Trespass – Light directed into areas
or regions where it is unwarranted and
unwanted.
4.

DALI – Digital Addressable Lighting Interface

5.
 6. Choice of Illuminance level

• A fractionally higher illuminance level

will often serve for giving significant
buildings or monuments an intensive
effect from a far distance. However, as
the structure is approached, the focus
shifts from the overall image to details
such as reliefs of engravings or
lettering etc. A brightness level that is
too intensive would dazzle a viewer
and be recognized as annoying. The
possibilities for lighting design for
monuments range from ultra-fine,
uniform illumination to meaningful,
temporary lighting concepts for
celebratory occasions.
 Needs in Monumental Lighting

• Each monument needs an artificial light render to be

identified, to have legibility in meaning and to have a
common aesthetic appeal.
historic/celebration/aesthetic wonder...
• Therefore, monument lighting is thought to incorporate
three components : functional, psychological and
aesthetical factors.

• Read THE NEED FOR MONUMENT LIGHTING.pdf

 Questions
1. Describe the features of monument lighting and statue lighting.

2. LED lit luminaires are encouraged by the supply provider for various good
reasons. What are the design modifications needed when LED luminaires
are used for outdoor flood lighting purpose?

3. What are the harmful effects of light on statues, monuments? Which types of
lightings can minimize the damage and why?

4. How can light pollution be decreased?

5. During the Onam week celebration organized by the Dept. of Tourism, it is a

customary to illuminate the Kerala Secretariat Building and the arterial road
in the capital city in different colours. As an illumination engineer what are
the different factors which must be considered for i) Illuminating the
Secretariat building ii) The roads way aesthetic lighting iii) A Statue in front
of Secretariat building (10 marks)
 References and Reading

Statue & Monument Lighting.pdf

THE NEED FOR MONUMENT LIGHTING.pdf
A Case Study on Light Polluting Effects.pdf
https://www.warehouse-lighting.com/blogs/lighting-application-suggestions/statue-monument-lighting
https://www.lightingindia.in/lighting-design-for-monuments/

For further reading

https://www.sylvania-lighting.com/documents/documents/Museums%20and%20Galleries%20-
%20Brochure%20-%20English.PDF
SPORTS LIGHTING
Aesthetic Lighting
SPORTS HALL
CRICKET/FOOTBALL STADIUM
FOOTBALL FIELD
BASKETBALL
SWIMMING POOL
ICE SKATING, ICE HOCKEY
BOXING RINGS
1 Sports Lighting
Introduction

Good design needs to be based on a

sound understanding of issues such
as current trends and practices within
individual sports, developments in the
sport and leisure industry, technical
developments in architecture and
construction and the lessons to be learnt
from previously built schemes.

The creation of an appropriate visual

environment is a fundamental
requirement in sports design and the
effective integration of the artificial
lighting system should be considered as
a standard part of a modern sports
facility.
 General benefits of Artificial Lighting in Sports

The purpose of sports lighting is to provide lighting that allows a sport to take
place safely (i.e. designed to suit the speed of play and size of any objects used in
the sport) and provide good viewing conditions, both in visibility of the sports action
and comfort of the audience.
• Indoors, artificial lighting helps designers to
provide consistent, uniform, adequate lighting
levels, sometimes using artificial lighting alone
and sometimes with supplementation by daylight
• In facilities such as swimming pools, artificial
lighting is essential for the maintenance of safe
conditions
• Outdoors, providing artificial lighting on a sports
facility greatly extends the hours of play,
particularly in winter
• The high, uniform levels of light necessary for
many televised sports events can only be
ensured through artificial lighting.
 Design Considerations

• General requirements: It is important that the lighting requirements of each sport are fully
understood at the outset of a project. This requires an understanding of the nature of the
sporting activity and key characteristics. Many sports involve swift player actions and
reactions and involve relatively small objects such as shuttlecocks and balls travelling within
three dimensions at very high speed.
Reach of Volume for Lighting
Uniformity in Illumination
 Levels in Illumination, Glare

• Levels of illumination The level of illumination

that is appropriate for a particular sport should
be checked with the requirements of the
National Governing Body (NGB) or the
organization that is promoting a particular
event. This can vary with the level of play and
competition. In India the National Lighting Code
2010 (IS SP 72:2010) is referred.

• Glare The complete elimination of glare in sport

is difficult to achieve due to the ever-changing
directions of view of participants. Nevertheless,
measures should be taken to minimize glare
that may affect the visual performance of
participants.
DALI – Digital Addressable Lighting Interface
 Glare

When attempting to minimise the likelihood of glare,

the factors over which a designer has control are;
• Selection of luminaires designed with attention
to the avoidance of glare. In designing a
luminaire, there are two main methods of
avoiding causing glare, which are;
o to make any direct view of the light source
impossible by placing it deep within the
luminaire, behind baffles
o to use low-intensity light sources, such as
fluorescent tubes.

• The locations of the luminaires. Where

possible, luminaires should be located in
positions which mean that players will not need
to look towards them or in their general direction
in the course of a game, for example behind the
badminton baseline.
For all sports a good level of modelling is required.
Modelling is the effect of light and shadow produced when light flows from one
main direction (known as key light) and additional lower levels of lighting flow
from other directions (known as fill light), producing a coherent three-
dimensional image of a scene. If there is insufficient key light and all the lighting
is fill light objects become flat with little discernible detail. If there is insufficient fill
light harsh shadowing will occur, obscuring areas in the field of view. Both cases
will cause a reduction in the ability of sports participants to correctly see and
react to events on the field of play, and will also cause problems for spectators
and television cameras.

For high-speed sports the elimination of any stroboscopic effects from high
intensity discharge sources is important. Stroboscopic effects may make a
moving object appear stationary, or make the object seem to jump from one
position to another. For these sports the use of high frequency control gear is
recommended.
Key Light, Fill Light & Back light
 Viewing Angles

Lighting levels for sports are normally defined in terms of the minimum average
horizontal illuminance on a reference plane, and a uniformity of illuminance. In
some instances the plane of illuminance will be relevant to the sport and the spectator
viewing distance, or TV camera-viewing plane. Here the normal to camera
illuminance and vertical illuminance will be relevant.
Colour Temperature & Colour
Rendering
 Other points to note

• As some sporting areas are large, have the need for high levels of illuminance
or are used for a long period in the day, highly efficient lighting systems are
required to keep energy consumption low. Maintenance is also important to
ensure system efficiency and functionality and therefore all lighting equipment
should be safely accessible and maintainable throughout life.
• When lighting exterior sports facilities to achieve good uniformity lighting
equipment must be mounted on masts of sufficient height to ensure floodlight
aiming angles are no greater than 70°. This will ensure a high utilization of
lamp flux, minimum electrical load, and lower installed costs.
• When designing lighting for sports facilities it is important to minimise obtrusive
and spill light.
 Make Notes on:

1. The lightings and Illumination required for each sport -For further
understanding read sports lighting.pdf. Observe the difference in lighting
required in terms of reflectance, lux levels in the Principal area and Total
are for each type of sport.
2. Read about Sports lighting in the National Lighting Code and note down the
main points and lux levels required for each sport : NLC - is.sp.72.2010.pdf
3. Make notes on the different types of lightings used for Sport Lighting, and its
comparison.
 Questions
1. List out the requirements of a good Sport lighting.

2. Describe the following fundamental lighting criteria that have to be

considered when designing sports lighting installations. (i) Types of lamps
(ii) Type of Luminaire

3. What you do mean by flood lighting? List out the requirements of a good
flood lighting scheme used for a football stadium..

4. List out the design consideration while illuminating a sports area such as a
tennis court.

5. What is the reason for using Metal Halide Lamp in sport lighting? Why is it
now being replaced by LED Lamps?

6. State general illumination level in lux as per Indian Standard for following
places at sports unit (i) Badminton (ii) Table Tennis (iii) Volley Ball (iv)
Basket Ball (v) Boxing (vi) MotorCar racing (vii) Swimming
 Reading Material

NLC - is.sp.72.2010.pdf (pgs 195-205)

Sports lighting.pdf
artificial-sports-lighting-design-guide-2012-051112.pdf
https://www.ledsmaster.com/swimming-pool-lighting-lux-levels-regulations-and-designer-guide.html
http://www.totallightingandcontrols.co.uk/lighting-solutions/sports-hall-lighting/
 MOULE V
SPECIAL FEATURES OF AESTHETIC LIGHTING
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Today, electric lightning has either practical and aesthetic function at the same time or only
one of them. It has a practical function, if it properly illuminates the object, making it visible
at the appropriate level. When it comes to aesthetic function, it means that the lightning
serves only to create a particular effect or mood. The concept of aesthetic lighting can also
refer to the used lighting equipment such as luminaires, which when shone, can cause
positive experiences by their appearance and a characteristic distribution of luminance.
Bearing in mind the general definition of aesthetics and its importance in the sphere of the
electric lighting, it should be understood as the combination of certain characteristics
such as:
• the ratio of luminance (gentle and uniform luminance distribution)
• the harmony of colours, luminance distribution and the arrangement of lighting
fixtures,
• the moderation of the levels of lighting: the luminance, the number of luminaires and
the number of lighting accents
• the appropriateness (the relevance of the choice of different solutions and
characteristics)
• the utility (serving a specific function)

5.2 MONUMENT & STATUE LIGHTING

With small statues, it is possible to achieve an effective result with a single fitting, but this
should have a narrow-beam and preferably be located above and to one side of the object.
This will help to create strong, dramatic shadowing and avoid glare to passers-by.
Larger statues or monuments will invariably require more than one luminaire – these should
be used to reveal different parts of the object, but be careful not to cancel out the shadows
from one fitting by another. The impact of a carefully illuminated statue is often defined by
the creative use of shadows.
You must first decide what part of the statue or monument you would like to illuminate. For
instance, if it stands against a wall or tree line, you could use light to create a shadow in those
areas. If you would like to distribute equal light, then you would place the fixture in the
middle at the base of the statue and shine the light almost straight up. If you would like to
focus on illuminating just one element of the statue, then you would place the fixture directly
on that part of the statue.
i). Decide the highlight part
The most important aspect of statue and monument lighting is to decide where you want
the eye to focus to in regard to light fall. Light naturally directs the eye where to look and
can be used to highlight select aspects on purpose to achieve the desired result. For example,
lighting can be placed to help create shadows behind the statue itself for a moody, dramatic
ambiance, or a mix of lighting directions can be used to eliminate shadows to create a
friendly appearance. You also want to consider whether to use primarily uplight or
downlight. With downlight, you cast the light from fixtures placed overhead which can create
gentle shadows on the ground. 1
Up light can help reduce shadows on the ground, but it can make certain statues look too
harsh.
The type of directional light spread that is best for your statue will depend on the lines of the
statue itself. For instance, a statue with mostly rounded or softer lines can use both types of
lighting direction, but a statue with stark or sharp lines throughout may appear too harsh or
foreboding with the wrong directional lighting choice.
ii) Choose the direction of the lights

When apply light to shape these monuments during dark, it is not only the light’s angle of
incidence that is relevant but also its direction is important. A frontal light, by which the
direction of the light is the same as the observer’s viewing direction, will produce a low
modelling effect. A shadow will be barely noticeable and the three-dimensional objects will
appear flat.
Conversely, a light from the side of the sculpture will produce very strong contrasts between
light and shadow with an intensive three-dimensional effect for the viewer. Similarly, an
overhead light, whereby the light is incident on the object from directly overhead, greatly
highlights the upper surfaces of the object but often causes the sides disappear into the
darkness and casts a spotlight circle on the ground.
Backlighting with a light source behind the object casts a long shadow towards the observer,
leaving the object as a dark profile with just a thin border of light outlining the upper
contours. Floor lighting illuminates sculptures from underneath and often gives an uncommon
effect because the direction of light is the opposite to that of daylight. These effects not only
hold true for sculptures or monuments but are also relevant for object lighting in general way.
iii)Consider light pollution

Light pollution can be a big concern for prolonged exposure to the public and neighbourhood.
83% of the world live under light polluted skies. Light pollution, obscures our view of the
stars and blocks the inspiration that it gives to humanity. There are, in fact, four principle
types of light pollution defined below (IDA, 2012).

a. Urban Skyglow – The dome of light that extends above and around urban areas,
characterized
by an increase in sky brightness. It is caused by unshielded, skyward directed light.
b. Glare – Bright lights that shine directly into people’s eyes, reducing vision, and rendering
depth perception impossible.

c. Clutter – Groups of glare-producing lights that further confuse people and even animals.

d. Light Trespass – Light directed into areas or regions where it is unwarranted and unwanted

iv) Ratings

For any type of outdoor lighting solution, you need to check to make sure they are durable
enough to withstand the elements of the outdoors such as rain, snow, wind, and extreme
temperatures. Lights should chosen according to the damp/wet locations to ensure they stay

2
 UCE -THODUPUZHA

protected against water damage, as well as carrying a standard voltage and frequency. This
will
protect the light fixture and prevent any electrical dangers

V) Choice of Illuminance level

A fractionally higher illuminance level will often serve for giving significant buildings or
monuments an intensive effect from a far distance. However, as the structure is approached,
the focus shifts from the overall image to details such as reliefs of engravings or lettering etc.
A brightness level that is too intensive would dazzle a viewer and be recognized as annoying.
The possibilities for lighting design for monuments range from ultra-fine, uniform
illumination to meaningful, temporary lighting concepts for celebratory occasions.
5.2.1 ESSENTIALS FOR STATUE LIGHTING DESIGN

Lighting Design The best lighting design for landscape statues is front light. The orientation
of the front side light should generally be greater than 50 degrees, and less than 60 degrees is
most suitable. Landscape statue lighting design should avoid several situations:
i)Avoid strong pitching light, including direct light and direct light, especially strong direct
light with almost equal intensity. This strong light not only destroys the image, but also may
cause a sense of terror.
ii)Avoid light, which is also a kind of positive light, it will make the statue lose three-
dimensional sense.

iii)Avoid the side light of the rabbit, which leads to the bad visual effect of “yin and yang
face”.

3
5.2.2 STATUE LIGHTING DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Statue lighting is not simply the use of lights to illuminate objects, simple superposition of
different elements on top of each other, but the artistic re-creation of lights. It takes statues as
the main body, uses lighting technology to express the night space art of statues, and uses
high-
quality lighting. The artistic expressive force makes the landscape of the residential area reach
the ideal mood. The statue is perfect and artistic.
i)People oriented

All night scene environment design and reconstruction are for people, so people-oriented,
especially the residential community statues, should be from the perspective of residents’
comfort, and adapt to people’s daily habits. We must not blindly pursue aesthetics and artistic
modeling while ignoring the impact on people’s daily life. The focus is prominent. The
lighting
design of the primary and secondary statues should have a focus, that is, a theme. It can’t be
bright and bright everywhere, so it can not only beautify the environment, but also cause
problems such as light pollution. Therefore, the design plan of the statue should be divided
into
ii) Energy
primary andsaving and environmental
secondary. protection
To pass the virtual and solid contrast, the prominent parts need to be
reasonably brightened. Add it so that you can achieve the perfect night lighting effect.
In the design of statue lighting, green lighting should be used as the concept, reasonable
lighting
and lamp selection, and new energy-saving, low-carbon new light source products can be
used to effectively solve the problem of energy waste and light pollution, thereby improving
the living environment and the quality of lighting.
iii)Varying forms, highlighting art
The lighting design can enrich the night-time environment, and the design cannot be repeated
a thousand times, otherwise it will look tedious. Therefore, no matter in the colour or the
shape of the lamps, we must be original and creative. At the same time without affecting the
overall effect, multiple forms are combined with each other, complementing each other and
reflecting each other, perfectly combining function and art. Statue lighting includes park
square statue lighting, road statue lighting, ancient building statue lighting, residential
community statue lighting, and tourist area statue lighting.

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 UCE -THODUPUZHA

6.3 SPORTS LIGHTING

Sports lighting is a type of lighting that is used to illuminate large areas for sports events.
Artificial lighting is required when a game is being played after sunset, indoors or in an
enclosed environment. The purpose of sports lighting is to provide ample lighting on the
playing arena to ensure great visibility for both - the players as well as the audience. A good
artificial
media lighting
crews, andprovides comfortable
spectators, as well as viewing environment
those who to the
are enjoying the event
players, umpires, referees,
telecast.

6.3.1 Lighting classes according to CEN Standard

Level of activity Class I Class II Class III

×
Inter- and National

Competition
Regional Competition × ×
Local Competition × × ×
Training × ×
Recreational ×

5
5.3.2 FACTORS INVOLVED IN PROVIDING EXCELLENT LIGHTING AT A
UCE -THODUPUZHA
SPORTING VENUE

i)Horizontal illuminance
The illuminated playing surface takes up a major part of the field of view for anyone in a
sporting venue, whether players, officials or spectators. Horizontal illuminance (Eh)
represents the illuminance on this horizontal plane at ground level. It serves primarily to
create a stable visual background against which the eye can discern players and objects.

For non-televised lighting classes, an average horizontal illuminance of between 50-100 lux
and 750 lux is required, depending on the sport in question and on the lighting class. For
televised competitions, the vertical illuminance level is more important than the horizontal
illuminance level; to ensure that the television picture has a well-balanced brightness, the ratio
between the average vertical and horizontal illuminance should match as closely as possible,
but shouldn’t exceed a 0.5 to 2 ratio. The horizontal illuminance shouldn’t be less than half
the vertical illuminance or greater than twice the vertical illuminance.
ii) Vertical illuminance
The athletes in any particular sporting event, as well as the ball they’re using, can be
understood as vertical surfaces. This means that we need to keep vertical illuminance (Ev)
primarily in mind when we light them.
To guarantee an optimal view and make it possible for the human eye to identify players
from every direction, we should generally measure Ev at a height of 1.5 meters, which
corresponds approximately to the faces of the players.
Experience shows that there’s an intimate relationship between vertical and horizontal
illuminance. For sports with no specific vertical illuminance criteria, vertical illuminance will
be sufficient if the required horizontal illuminance is achieved, and if the lighting design rules
are followed.
Televised events involve exceptions to this rule of thumb; vertical illuminance has a major
influence on the quality of a final television or film picture. Television broadcasting generally
calls for an average Ev of between approximately 1000 lux and 2000 lux.

Fig 6.2 Illuminance of surface depends on angle of illumination.

iii)Uniformity
Ensuring uniformity is important in avoiding adaptation problems for both players and
spectators. If uniformity is inadequate, certain objects or player details might be difficult to
see from certain positions.
Uniformity is expressed as
• the ratio of the lowest to the highest illuminance (U1 = Emin/Emax)
• the ratio of the lowest to the average illuminance (U2 = Emin/Eaverage)

In non-televised situations, the uniformity of the horizontal illuminance is generally specified

as between 0.5 to 0.7 (Emin/Eaverage) depending on sport and lighting class.
6
In televised situations, high uniformity is necessary for smooth and natural-looking scenes,
especially in this era of HDTV; horizontal illuminance is generally 0.8, whereas vertical
illuminance in the direction of fixed cameras requires a uniformity value of 0.7
(Emin/Eaverage).
Even when the uniformity ratios as we’ve defined them are acceptable, changes in
illuminance can be disturbing if they happen too quickly. This problem is most likely to arise
when a television camera pans. The illuminance uniformity for TV/film coverage at a certain
grid point thus has to be expressed as a percentage change from the average adjacent grid
points. This is called the uniformity gradient.
The second uniformity metric is the coefficient of variation, designated CV. Without delving
into the mathematics of this statistical value, it can be likened to the point spread in sports
betting. (If you must know the details, the equation is:

The third metric is the uniformity gradient A common uniformity gradient value for both
horizontal and vertical illuminance in the direction of main cameras of ≤20% on a 4m
calculation grid might ensure smooth panning between one area to another.
iii) Glare restriction
Glare is a subjective factor for which CIE has, on the basis of extensive field research,
developed a practical evaluation system for use in outdoor sports applications (CIE 112 Glare
evaluation system for use within outdoor sports and area lighting).

CIE 112 defines a so-called glare rating factor (GR) ranging from 10 to 90 on the assessment
scale. The lower the glare value, the better the glare perception for the players in a sporting
event.
Central to these calculations are five parameters:
1. The luminance of the luminaires as seen by the observer;
2. The angular extent of the luminaires in the observer’s field of view;
3. The position of the luminaires in the observer’s field of view relative to the line of sight;
4. The number of luminaires in the observer’s field of view; and
5. The average luminance of the observer’s entire field of view.

A maximum GR value of 50 is generally specified for sports projects.

iv) Modelling and shadows
Modelling refers to lighting’s ability to reveal form and texture. Modelling ability is
particularly important in providing a pleasant overall impression of the athletes and objects in
the field of play, not to mention of the spectators in the stands. An installation where light
comes from only one direction will result in harsh shadows and poor modelling.

7
 v) Colour properties
Many sports organizations specify the allowable correlated colour temperature,
designated CCT, for sports field lighting. For example:
Organization CCT
FIFA = 4000K
FIH > 4000K
NCAA > 3600K
NFL 5600K (alternatively 5000K to 7000K)

The colour properties of luminaires have two important aspects:

• The colour appearance of the light. This is the colour impression of the total
environment that the light source creates.
• The colour rendering properties of the light source used, or the CIE Colour Rendering
Index (CRI). This describes how faithfully a light source can reproduce a range of
colours.
An indication of a lamp’s colour appearance can be obtained from its correlated colour
temperature as measured in degrees Kelvin (K), which vary mainly between 2000 and 6500K.
The lower the colour temperature, the "warmer" the colour impression of the light is; the
higher the colour temperature, the "cooler" or more bluish the impression of the light is.
Sports lighting generally requires a colour temperature of between 4000 and 6500 K.

The colour rendering properties of a light source can be indicated by its Colour Rendering
Index, expressed as a numerical value between 0-100. A light source with a CRI of 100 will
represent scene colours faithfully, with daylight as the standard of comparison. Colour
perception is highly relevant in most sports applications.

While some of the colour distortions that artificial lighting causes are acceptable for non-
televised activities, TV broadcasting requires highly accurate colour rendition.

The transition from conventional lighting to LED lighting gave rise to a discussion of whether
CRI remains the correct colour fidelity metric for television broadcasting. It was developed
based on the human eye response curve and for a set of pastel colours, and isn’t necessarily
appropriate for sports broadcast cameras that transmit images rich in saturated colours.
The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) has developed the Television Lighting Consistency
Index (TLCI), which is based on camera response. TLCI is gaining popularity among
broadcasters as a colour metric specifically designed for their needs. Discussion of this topic
is ongoing, but there’s a general consideration that it should be easy to get colours right with a
TLCI>80.
vi) Flicker
A particular problem for super slow-motion cameras is a 50Hz flicker, due to the phasing of
the light.
Cameras perceive light level changes due to the uneven ratio between the camera scanning
frequency and the alternating amplitude of artificial lights powered by mains frequency.
This effect, which is visible only during slow-motion replay, is called the flicker effect.
Sports federations have started to incorporate a so-called flicker factor into their lighting
recommendations. To avoid any visible slow-motion image flicker, a flicker factor of less
than
3 percent is recommended. 8
 UCE -THODUPUZHA
6.4 HOSPITAL LIGHTING

The occupancy of hospital is quite varied and very dynamic. Lighting need for every occupant
is very different from the other, and sometimes even conflicting. Physical and visual
environment of hospitals impacts the psychological senses of the patient, the staff and the
relatives. Efficiently designed lighting system satisfies the visual, biological and emotional
needs of the user, and caters to different dimensions of the human needs. Affects biological
activity of a person, influencing body functions, concentration and creating relaxed
environments.
• Certain 24 x7 areas of hospitals adds significance to the lighting design and lends criticality
to the illumination planning of hospitals.

EFFECTS OF LIGTHING

DOCTORS AND PATIENTS AND

OTHER RELATIVES
STAFF

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6.4.1 ILLUMINANCE (ILLUMINATION LEVEL):

Illuminance is the measure of illumination defined as the ‘ratio of luminous flux incident on
an
infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point under consideration to the area of the
element.

6.4.2 LIGHTING IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF HOSPITALS

I.ENTRANCE
First impressions count, so here’s the perfect opportunity to create a great first impression
with a welcoming ambience. Attractive lighting in the entrance area can make a hospital more
inviting. Entrance Hall Generally consist four zones
I. Entrance Area
II. Reception Desk.

III. Waiting Area.

IV. Area leads to the people in to the rest of the building.

LUMINAIRES USED

General lighting - Energy savings of up to 50% compared with conventional CFL down
lights. Latest LED technology for consistent light output, stable colour performance and good
colour rendering. Easy installation and a long lifetime
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Suspended above the counter- Graceful slim pendant with a shiny mirror coating to add a
stylish accent. Adjustable in height and available in 1, 2, or 3 tubular shuttles.
Energy-efficient
LED technology helps save energy
Accent lighting back wall-High-quality accent light due to dedicated LED reflector system.
Good color consistency and high colour rendering for extra sparkle. Low maintenance costs
thanks to long lifetime, and low energy consumption
Wall mounted-A family of wall, ceiling and suspension lamps of extremely reduced
thickness. Latest LED technology allows the thickness to be reduced to the minimum making
Strip particularly suitable for places requiring unobtrusive lighting. The opaline polycarbonate
diffuser screens allow modular lighting units of different dimensions and brightness.
II.WAITING ROOM
At entrances and in waiting areas, light has an important role to play in creating a welcoming
and friendly atmosphere. Lobbies and transition spaces must put the patient and the visitor
instantly at their ease. Pay special attention to grading the illuminances and reflectance's of
successive.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Layering of light can create a pleasant and relaxing environment. Task lighting and decorative
lighting can help provide a welcome entry. Energy efficient sources and glare-free appearance
are important factors to consider.
III.CORRIDORS
CORRIDORS (Hospitality Areas)
For a hospital, which is often open 24 hours a day, corridors and circulation areas are the
arteries of the building. They link the different areas together logistically. Patients and visitors
who are on their way to a doctor or specific department will naturally benefit from a brightly
illuminated corridor rather than a dark one and specific lighting can be used to optimize
guidance. In areas where patients and visitors circulate, factors of key importance are
guidance, safety and re-assurance, which can be supported by using diffused homogeneous
lighting and avoiding dark spots. For corridors where patients are wheeled along on trolleys, it
must be taken into consideration that sharp contrasts can be extremely uncomfortable when
they are looking upwards.
General lighting
• State-of-the-art LED lighting
• High luminaire efficiency
• Choice of optics
• Designed to fit in a wide Range of ceiling types
Accent lighting wall
• High-quality accent light due to dedicated LED reflector system
• Good colour consistency and high colour rendering; extra sparkle
• Low maintenance costs thanks to long lifetime, and low energy consumption
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Alcove
• Excellent output of white or solid colour light
• Multiple options for design flexibility
• LED system means energy-efficiency, easy installation, and a long lifetime
CORRIDORS (medical areas)
General lighting
• Soft and comfortable lighting, with full luminous surface
• Wide beam shape allows for high uniformity and high vertical illuminance
• Compliant with glare norms
• Appealing design
• State-of-the-art LED technology for higher energy efficiency compared to similar
conventional solutions
Accent lighting wall
• High-quality accent light due to dedicated LED reflector system
• Good colour consistency and high colour rendering; extra sparkle
• Low maintenance costs thanks to long lifetime, and low energy consumption
Cove lighting around wall panels
• Modular LED system for interior / outdoor use
• Aluminium profile
• Clear polycarbonate diffuser
• Transparent polycarbonate brackets for fixation
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Colour selection of finish material used in corridor ceilings, walls and floors in relation to
incident reflectance is critical in these areas.
• Minimize extremes of brightness within these spaces. Excessive brightness contrast can
disorient residents.
• Elimination of glare is one of the most important design criteria for corridors. Recessed
indirect or cove lighting are recommended. Properly shielded down lights can also work
effectively in these areas.
IV.EXAMINATION ROOMS
Patient evaluation and medical procedures begin in the examination room. Visibility, visual
comfort and visual appeal must all be addressed in the lighting design process.
Examination light
• Illuminance, Low Level: 25,000 lux (2323 fc) at 18″ (46 cm)

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• Illuminance, High Level: 50,000 lux (4645 fc) at 18″ (46 cm)
• 4600 K colour temperature

Examination light / dynamic panel

• Recessed unit consisting of general lighting needed for examination and treatment in
combination with a mood panel to show dynamic content
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Indirect lighting and the ability to switch the level of lighting intensity is critical.
• Consider a combination of recessed indirect/direct luminaires and specific task lighting.
• Proper placement of luminaires is critical to avoid veiling reflections in windows and
computer monitors.
• Additional lighting should be installed directly above work surfaces, along with
undercabinet
lights for counters and downlights over sinks.
• Skin and tissue tones are best rendered under light sources with a high colour rendering
index
(CRI) of 80 or above.
V.PATIENT ROOM
i. Dynamic white light: ceiling modules that provide daylight rhythm with varying light
• Soft and comfortable lighting, with full luminous surface
levels and warmer or cooler light, as well as simple examination light for staff.
ii. Ambient light: LED based coloured light line in cove opposite the bed, that can also
provide orientation light at night.
iii. Reading light.
iv. Patient control: providing choice for the patients of 3 pre-set light colours for the
cove, as well as reading light dimming control.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• System flexibility must allow for the patient to have individual control with additional
switching locations for the healthcare professional.
• Glare or excessive brightness must be eliminated in these spaces.
• Light trespass during sleep hours must be controlled to minimize exposure that can alter
circadian rhythms.
• Night-time monitoring and observation should be conducted with minimal disruptions
(subdued red-amber light sources appear to positively affect melatonin).
• For good rendition of skin and tissue, a CRI of 80 or higher is recommended

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VI.OPERATION ROOMS
The visual requirement in the theatre is the detailed examination of tissue, organs and
instruments at the site of the operation. It is recommended that the illumination level for
lighting the operating area should be between 2 000 and 10 000 lux. Each lighting fitting
should be capable of separate switching, to enable the individual requirements for special
operations to be met.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Switching and dimming controls should be considered for these areas.
• Luminaires recessed into the ceiling must be gasketed and UL listed for damp locations.
• Luminaires should meet the requirements for Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility
(EMI), Radio Frequency Interface (RIF) and also MIL-STD 463 E.
• Reflective glare can be compounded if inappropriate finishes are selected for these areas.
• High intensity recessed fluorescent luminaires can control ceiling surface glare and also
provide the recommended illuminance levels on various task planes and surfaces.
• High colour rendering lamps are recommended in the most critical care areas; 85 - 95 CRI
should be specified for general lighting.
VII.IMAGING
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), open MRI and Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT)
scanning presents unique lighting demands. MRI suites, due to the intense magnetic polarity
created by the diagnostic equipment, demand that luminaires be constructed of non-ferrous
materials such as aluminium, brass, certain types of stainless steel and polymers preventing
possible injury to the patient and healthcare technician
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS • Luminaire performance should be weighed against visual
comfort and low brightness (glare control is more tangible to patients than the amount of
light).
• Fixtures that incorporate non-ferrous materials must be considered when designing MRI
areas.
• Ambient light levels in these spaces can be relatively low during patient treatments, 30 to 35
FC.
• The lighting design should provide dimming and switching for adjusting light levels as
needed.
• The ability to switch fixtures on and off is necessary to control general light level for
activities such as patient transfer onto radiology tables.
• X-ray viewing and documentation requires dimming general room lighting during viewing
but also requires increased light levels for certain tasks

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VIII.PEDIATRICS & NICU
Design Considerations
• Nursery lighting design should include dimming and switching capabilities for maximum
flexibility.
• High colour rendering lamps should be specified, 85 CRI, for recognizing colour changes in
the skin.
• General lighting should include luminaires that deliver the appropriate glare-free light
distribution patterns for surfaces and task planes.
• Lighting examination areas from multiple angles helps in avoiding shadows.
• Lighting requirements for these areas can range from 3-5 FC to 75-100 FC depending on

the task.

5.5 AUDITORIUM
The auditorium serves as an assembly and lecture hall, study room, theatre, concert hall and
for many other activities. Because of this, it should be well planned and properly equipped to
satisfy the requirements of all the functions. From general lighting to supplementary
illumination, care should be taken to provide good lighting which should blend well with the
architecture and at the same time avoid veiling reflections.
Usual range is 50-100-150 for
auditoriums
5.5.1 SPECIFIC AREAS IN AN AUDITORIUM

I.FOYER
Usually a restful, subdued atmosphere is desirable in the foyer. Illumination from large, low
luminance elements, such as coves, is one good method. Wall lighting and accents on
paintings, posters and plants are important in developing atmosphere. Care must be taken so
that light does not spill into the auditorium
II.SEATING AREA
The seating areas should be provided with well diffused comfortable illumination.
Luminaires for the basic illumination may include general downlights, coves, curtain and
mural lights. Supplementary illumination, preferably by a downlighting system should be
provided evenly over the seats since the seating area is also used for visual tasks and this
should be controlled separately. All these lights should be under dimmer control.

15
III.STAGE AREA
Proper lighting for dramatic presentation extends beyond visibility to the achievement of
artistic composition, production of mood effects, and the revelation of forms as three
dimensional. These functions of stage lighting result from the manipulation of various
qualities, quantities, colours and directions of lights and these vary from one performance to
the next and even continually throughout a single performance. The layout is affected by the
amount and kind of use planned for the theatre
5.5.2 CONTROL SYSTEM
Dimming facilities should be made available for an auditorium even if it houses a small stage.
Wherever dimming facilities are required, the illumination should preferably be designed
incorporating GLS (General Lighting Source) light sources.
Emergency lighting is essential in any auditorium be it small or big. It should be ensured that
all aisle lights, lights for steps and lights provided at the rear of the seating area are connected
to the emergency circuit. Besides, exit lights should be provided at every access to guide the
audience towards the exits in the event of a power failure.

16