UNIT-I:

1. What is meant by Internet addressing 5 marks

Or Internet Protocol (IP) address

An Internet Protocol (IP) address is the unique identifying number assigned to every device
connected to the internet. An IP address definition is a numeric label assigned to devices
that use the internet to communicate. Computers that communicate over the internet or
via local networks share information to a specific location using IP addresses.

• Every device with an internet connection has an IP address, whether it’s a computer,
laptop, IoT device, or even toys.
• The IP addresses allow for the efficient transfer of data between two connected
devices, allowing machines on different networks to talk to each other.

Types of internet address:

Public IP address

A public IP address, or external-facing IP address, applies to the main device people use to
connect their business or home internet network to their internet service provider (ISP). In
most cases, this will be the router. All devices that connect to a router communicate with
other IP addresses using the router’s IP address.
Private IP address

A private IP address is a type of IP address assigned by a network router for use within a
private network, such as a home or office LAN. These addresses are not visible to the
outside world and are used exclusively for local communication between devices within
the same network.

2. Explain different applications of internet or advantages or fundamentals of

internet

Applications of internet:

1. Communication: The speed of communication becomes faster through internet.

Families and friends can use the internet easily. The platform for products like SKYPE,
ZOOM, Teams, etc. allows for holding a video conference with anyone in the world.
2. E-mail: Internet is used for sending and receiving messages. Your messages are
delivered instantly to people anywhere in the world unlike traditional mail.
3. Access information: The search engine on the internet can help you to find
information on any subject that you need.
4. Shopping: Along with getting information on the internet, you can also shop online.
There are many online stores and sites that can be used to buy products. With the
help of the Internet, you can do shopping from the home.
5. Chatting: Chatting on the internet is a popular way for individuals, families, and
business to stay connected.
6. Social networking: Social networking websites are another way to connect your
family and friends online. Facebook is the world’s largest social networking site with
more than 1 billion users.
7. E-Commerce: Electronic commerce (ecommerce) refers to a business model that
allows companies and individuals to buy and sell goods and services over the Internet.
8. Downloading software: You can download innumerable games, music, videos, movies
and softwares from the Internet, most of which are free.
9. Online education: Online education is the most popular form of distance education.
Students can attend classes from the comfort of your home. It’s also known as e-
learning.
 3. Define browser or web browser and Explain the Types of browsers with
example

A web browser is a software program that gives you access to the internet. It displays
websites on your screen and lets you interact with them by entering texts and clicking links.
A few of the different types of web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Apple
Safari, and Microsoft Edge.

How do web browsers work?

Web browsers work by rendering HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and XML (Extensible
Markup Language) code into a visible web page. The browser downloads the code for the
web page from a web server, then interprets and displays it to create that web page.

1. Google Chrome

Chrome was launched by Google in 2008 and quickly became popular due to its speed
and simplicity. It expanded to other platforms and became the most widely used browser
worldwide.

- Advantages:

1. Fast and efficient.

2. Large library of extensions.

- Disadvantages:

1. High memory usage.

2. Privacy concerns.

2. Mozilla Firefox

Firefox, created by the Mozilla Foundation, was first released in 2002. It grew popular as a
fast, secure alternative to Internet Explorer, with a focus on privacy and customization.

- Advantages:

1. Highly customizable.

2. Focuses on privacy.
 - Disadvantages:

1. Slower than Chrome.

2. Compatibility issues with some websites.

3. Apple Safari

Safari was launched by Apple in 2003 as the default browser for Mac. It became known for
its speed and integration with Apple’s ecosystem and later became the default on iOS
devices too.

- Advantages:

1. Works seamlessly on Apple devices.

2. Energy-efficient.

- Disadvantages:

1. Limited extensions.

2. Only available on Apple devices.

4. Microsoft Edge

Edge was introduced by Microsoft in 2015 to replace Internet Explorer. It came pre-
installed on Windows 10 and was later rebuilt in 2020 using Chromium, the same engine as
Chrome, improving its speed and compatibility.

- Advantages:

1. Faster and uses less memory.

2. Integrates well with Microsoft services.

- Disadvantages:

1. Fewer extensions than Chrome.

2. Privacy concerns.
5. Tor Browser

Tor Browser was developed in 2008 by The Tor Project to help users browse anonymously.
Based on Firefox, it routes traffic through a secure network, making it popular for privacy-
focused users.

- Advantages:

1. Provides anonymity.

2. Access to blocked content.

- Disadvantages:

1. Slower browsing speeds.

2. Compatibility issues with some websites.

6. Opera

Opera was first released in 1995 by Opera Software. Known for introducing features like
tabbed browsing, it’s been a solid choice for users who want speed and unique built-in
tools like VPN and ad blocking.

- Advantages:

1. Built-in VPN and ad blocker.

2. Highly customizable.

- Disadvantages:

1. Smaller user base.

2. Privacy concerns due to ownership.

4. What is URL and Explain the Features or components of URL

 Or Write about Entering a Web Site Address

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the web address used to find something on the
internet. It tells your browser where to go to access a specific page, file, or resource.

A typical website has at least 3 parts in its URL like www.google.com but some complex
URLs might also have 8 to 9 parts namely scheme, subdomain, domain name, top-level
domain, port number, path, query, parameters, and fragment.

Example URL:

Components of a URL

1. Scheme:

The protocol used to access the resource. It specifies how the data is transferred between
your browser and the server.

- Example: `https` (Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol)

2. Subdomain:
 A sub-section of the main domain, often used to organize different parts of a website (like
a blog or store).

- Example: `www` (World Wide Web, the most common subdomain)

3. Domain Name:

The unique address that identifies the website on the internet.

- Example: `example` (The main name of the website)

4. Top-Level Domain (TLD):

The last part of the domain name, usually indicating the type of website or its country of
origin.

- Example: `.co.uk` (Country-code TLD for the UK)

5. Port Number:

Specifies the server port used for communication. Commonly used for non-default ports.

- Example: `443` (The default port for HTTPS, secure web traffic)

6. Path:

The specific location of a resource on the website or server, often pointing to a particular
page or directory.

- Example: `/blog/article/search` (Path leading to a blog article or search

page)

7. Query:

Begins with a `?` and contains parameters that provide additional information or filtering
options for the resource.

- Example: `?docid=720&hI=en` (Parameters used to specify a document ID

and language)
 8. Parameters:

Key-value pairs in the query string that define specific details or requests (separated by
`&`).

- Example: `docid=720` and `hI=en` (Document ID and language preference)

9. Fragment:

Specifies a section or anchor within a webpage. It helps the browser jump to a specific
part of the page, often indicated by ``.

- Example: `dayone` (This would take you to the “dayone” section of the page)

5. What is social networking and Explain social networking applications (Twitter,

Tumblr, LinkedIn, Facebook, flickr, Skype, yahoo, YouTube, WhatsApp)

Social Networking refers to the use of internet-based platforms and services that allow
people to create profiles, connect with others, and share content. These platforms
facilitate communication, collaboration, and sharing among users, often forming virtual
communities or networks.

some popular social networking applications:

1. Twitter

Meaning: A microblogging platform that allows users to post short messages (tweets) up
to 280 characters.

History: Launched in 2006, Twitter quickly became popular for real-time updates, news,
and discussions.

Advantages:
 1. Fast information sharing.

2. Great for following news and trends.

3. Real-time updates during events.

4. Platform for public figures to connect with the audience.

5. Short and concise content.

Disadvantages:

1. Limited character count.

2. Information overload.

3. Can be a source of misinformation.

4. Toxicity and harassment are common.

5. Privacy concerns with data sharing.

2. Tumblr

Meaning: A blogging and social networking platform for sharing multimedia content like
text, images, and videos.

History: Founded in 2007, it became popular among creative communities and

subcultures for its customizable blog designs.

Advantages:

1. Highly customizable blogs.

2. Easy sharing of multimedia content.

3. Active creative and niche communities.

4. Great for expressing individual interests.

5. Less strict censorship compared to other platforms.

Disadvantages:

1. Declining user base.

2. Difficult to find mainstream content.

3. Limited business use.

 4. Can be overwhelming with too many blogs.

5. Privacy concerns with personal data.

3. LinkedIn

Meaning: A professional networking platform for job seekers, recruiters, and businesses
to connect and share career-related content.

History: Launched in 2003, LinkedIn is the leading platform for professional networking
and career development.

Advantages:

1. Effective for job searching and recruitment.

2. Networking with professionals globally.

3. Business-oriented content sharing.

4. Skill endorsements and recommendations.

5. Learning opportunities through LinkedIn Learning.

Disadvantages:

1. Overly formal tone.

2. Too much promotional content.

3. Limited interaction compared to other social media.

4. Privacy concerns with sharing career details.

5. Some people misuse it for spamming or self-promotion.

4. Facebook

Meaning: A social networking site where users can post status updates, photos, videos,
and connect with friends and groups.

History: Created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook became the most widely used
social networking platform globally.

Advantages:
 1. Easy to stay in touch with friends and family.

2. Great for sharing life updates, photos, and videos.

3. Active marketplace for buying and selling items.

4. Diverse group interactions and communities.

5. Event management and invitations.

Disadvantages:

1. Privacy issues and data breaches.

2. Overuse of personal data for advertising.

3. Addictive nature, leading to wasted time.

4. Spread of fake news and misinformation.

5. Potential for cyberbullying and harassment.

5. Flickr

Meaning: A photo and video hosting service where users can upload and share their
images publicly or privately.

History: Launched in 2004, it was popular among photographers for sharing high-quality
images before Instagram gained traction.

Advantages:

1. High-quality photo storage.

2. Great for photographers and artists.

3. Allows for public or private sharing of images.

4. Easy to organize photos into albums.

5. Active community for photo critiques and feedback.

Disadvantages:

1. Limited social interaction compared to other platforms.

2. Requires a subscription for full features.

3. Photos can be misused or shared without permission.

 4. Lacking strong privacy settings.

5. Declining user engagement over time.

6. Skype

Meaning: A communication platform used for voice and video calls, instant messaging,
and file sharing.

History: Created in 2003, Skype revolutionized online communication before being

acquired by Microsoft in 2011.

Advantages:

1. Free voice and video calls.

2. Great for international communication.

3. File sharing and screen sharing.

4. Business meetings and online conferences.

5. Supports group chats and calls.

Disadvantages:

1. Quality issues with calls.

2. Needs an internet connection to work.

3. Prone to lag during high-traffic usage.

4. Limited social networking features.

5. Privacy concerns with Microsoft owning the platform.

7. Yahoo

Meaning: A web portal and search engine, providing news, email, finance, and more.

History: Founded in 1994, Yahoo was a pioneer of the early web but gradually lost
popularity to Google.

Advantages:

1. Comprehensive news and finance services.

 2. Email and search functions.

3. Strong historical brand recognition.

4. Offers user-specific content like weather and sports.

5. Includes a Yahoo Answers community for Q&A.

Disadvantages:

1. Outdated design and interface.

2. Slower than newer search engines.

3. Fewer innovative features compared to competitors.

4. Declining user engagement.

5. Privacy concerns with user data collection.

8. YouTube

Meaning: A video-sharing platform where users can upload, view, and share videos.

History: Launched in 2005, YouTube was acquired by Google in 2006 and became the
leading video platform worldwide.

Advantages:

1. Massive video library with diverse content.

2. Free access to a wealth of educational videos.

3. Opportunity for creators to earn revenue.

4. Excellent for entertainment and tutorials.

5. Easy video sharing and embedding.

Disadvantages:

1. Ads interrupting video content.

2. Content moderation issues, including inappropriate videos.

3. Copyright infringement and removal of videos.

4. Privacy concerns with Google’s ownership.

 5. Can be a source of misinformation.

9. WhatsApp

Meaning: A messaging app that allows users to send text messages, make voice/video
calls, and share media.

History: Founded in 2009 by Jan Koum and Brian Acton, WhatsApp was acquired by
Facebook in 2014.

Advantages:

1. Free text, voice, and video messages.

2. End-to-end encryption for privacy.

3. Group chats for easy communication.

4. Easy to share media like photos and videos.

5. Available on multiple devices (mobile and desktop).

Disadvantages:

1. Limited to phone numbers for accounts.

2. Can consume a lot of mobile data.

3. Privacy concerns due to Facebook’s ownership.

4. Overwhelming notifications with large group chats.

5. Potential for spam and scams through messaging.

Each social network has its unique features, advantages, and challenges, but they all aim
to connect people, share information, and create online communities.

6. What are domain names

A domain name is a human-readable address used for identifying and accessing websites
on the internet.
It serves as a unique identifier for a specific web location, allowing users to easily navigate
the web by typing or clicking on familiar names (e.g.,www.example.com.) rather than
remembering complex numerical IP addresses. Domain names are essential for online
branding, marketing, and navigation, making the internet more user-friendly and
accessible. They are typically registered through domain registrars and require periodic
renewal to maintain ownership.

Domain name in a URL:

The domain name in a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is typically found immediately after
the protocol (e.g., http:// or https://) and the double slashes (“://”). It appears before any
additional path or resource identifiers. For example, in the URL
https://www.example.com/page, the domain name is www.example.com.

7. Explain Searching the Internet

Searching the Internet refers to the process of using search engines to find information,
websites, or resources on the web. The search is typically done by typing keywords or
phrases into a search engine’s search box, which then returns a list of relevant web pages
and resources.

How It Works:
Search Engines: These are specialized websites or platforms that index content from
across the internet. Examples include Google, Bing, Yahoo, and DuckDuckGo.

Keywords: Users enter specific words or phrases related to what they are looking for. These
keywords help the search engine understand and identify the most relevant results.

Search Algorithms: Search engines use algorithms to rank the results based on relevance,
quality, and other factors (e.g., authority, freshness, and user engagement).

Results: After processing the search, the search engine provides a list of links (known as
Search Engine Results Pages, or SERPs) that users can click on to view the most relevant
content.

Steps to Search:

Open a search engine (like Google).

Enter a search term or question.

Browse through the search results and click on the link(s) that seem to provide the
information you need.

8. What is Internet and it’s history

The Internet is a short form for an interconnected network. It has become a vital part of our lives,
helping us connect with people worldwide. The Internet is known as the global network of
networks. It is the world's largest network of computers. With the Internet, it’s possible to access
almost any information and we can communicate with anyone in the world.
The internet is a vast network that connects computers across the world via more than
750,000 miles (1,200,000 kilometres) of cable running under land and sea. Every server has a
unique protocol address or an IP address. IP addresses are essential for computers to find each
other.

History and Evolution of internet:

The Internet was developed by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s. It was the result of another
research experiment which was called ARPANET, which stands for Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network. This was initially supposed to be a communications system for the Defence
Team of the United States of America.

• 1969- ARPA goes online in December, connecting 4 major US universities.

• 1972- Electronic Mail was introduced by Ray Tomlinson.
• 1973- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol was designed.
• 1976- Queen Elizabeth II sent the first email.
• 1982- The word Internet was used for the first time.
• 1984- The Domain Name System (DNS) was established. Ex: .edu, .gov, .com, .org, .net etc
for naming websites.
• 1991- CERN introduced the World Wide Web to the public.
• 1992- The first audio and video are distributed over the Internet. The phrase “surfing the
Internet” is popularised.
• 1998- The Google search engine is born, changing the way users engage with the Internet.
• 2002- World wide there are 544.2 million Internet users.
• 2004- Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins.
• 2005- YouTube.com was launched.
• 2006- There are more than 92 million online websites
• 2009- 40th anniversary of Internet.
• 2010- Facebook reached 400 million active users.
• Present - The Internet is growing by leaps and bounds. We don’t know what technologies
the near future will bring, or what applications of the Internet of Things will surprise us.