Sreedhar’s CCE

INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
 Raw materials
 Lime + Silica + Clay
 Cement is a complex material centaining the silicates of calcium and aluminium.
Paste of cement in water sets into a hard rocky mass this is called as the setting
of cement
 A paste of sand + cement + water called mortar
 A mixture of
 stone chips + sand + cement + water (gravel)
 concrete, sets harder than ordinary mortar
 It is used for folloring and making roads
 Concrete with steel bars and wires called reinfornced concrete (RC)
 Cement was discovered byy Joseph Aspidin
Portland cemenet means cement containing high percentage of line with silica,
iron oxide, alumina etc.
 Gypsum is added to cement to delay the setting of cement
Cement factory workers suffer from (or) prone to “Cytosilicosis”
 Glass
 “Glass is an amorphous, transparent or translucent “super cooled liquid”.
Glass is primarily made up of
 sand (Sio2)
 sod ash (Na2co3)
 Lime (Caco3)
 Glass is allowed to cool by the process of “annealing”
Soda glass - Na2o.cao.5Sio2
Sodium calcium silicate
 used for making window panes and bottles
 Potash glass : potassium in place of “Na” used for chemical appartus, beakers,
flasks, funnels etc.
 optical glass : for making lenses, prisms and optical insturments like telescopes
and microscopes. it cantains Boric Oxide (B2o3) and silica (Sio2).
Types : 1. Crown glass: contains K2o and Bao as the basic oxide
2. Flint glass : contians “pbo” as the basic oxide
 Borosilicate glass: centains less alkali (k2o) or (cao) and more Sio2 than potash
glass and some B2o3
Coloured glass
Substance added Colour imparted
1) Selenium (or) Cuprous Oxide (Cu 2o) Red
2) Chromium (III) oxide(Cr2o 3) Green
3) Manganese (IV) (oxide) (Mno2 ) Violet
4) Copper II oxide (cuo) (or) Blue
Cobalt II oxide (COo)
5) Iron oxide(Fe2 O3 ) Brown

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 Glass lamintes : fixing polymer sheets between layers of glass, called reinforced
glass
 used to make window & screen of cars, trains, used as bullet prooft material.
 Crookes glass can cut of ultyraviolet rays.
 Pyrex glass - Labouratory appartus
 Quart & glass - electric Bulbs
 Flint glass - optical instruments
 Soda glass - window panes, Glass bottles
 Simple molecules which combine to form a macro macromolecule is called
polymer
 Repetition of monomers is called polymerisation
n CH2=CH2  (- CH2- CH2-)n
Ethne Polyethene
 Natural polymers are proteins, Nucleic acids, cellulose, starch etc
Plastics are cross. linked polymers and are very tough.
Note : Lac is a natural plastic
 Plastics are of two types
 1. Thermo Plastics 2. Thermosetting Palstics
Ex: polyethylene polystyrene Ex: Bakelite, Glyptal
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Terrylene, Melamine
Teflon

 Bakelite - Condensaton polymer of

Phenol + Formaldehyde in the presence of NaoH
 Melamine used in plastic crackery it is made from
Melamine + Formaldelyde
 Polyesters
Terepthalic acid + dimethy/ether+Dihydric alcohol
 Bakelite used in - switch Boards, making combs, fountain pens.
 Rubber : which is capable of returning to its original, length, shape or size after
being stretched or deformed.

 1. Natural Rubbers 2. Synthetic Rubbers

Ex : Ex : 1. Neoprene
Polymerisation
Isoprene  (Isoprene) n Ex : 2. Chloroprene
Polymerisation
Chloroprene  (Neoprene) n
Ex : 3. Thiokoi
made by polymerisation of etheylene
chloride and sodium polysulphide.
 Thiokol is chemically resistant polymer. used in the manufacture of hoses and
tank linings, engine gaskets and rocket fuel.
 Vulcanisation of rubber
Natural rubber is soft and sticky, in order to give strength and elasticity natural
rubber is vulcanised
Vulcanization is done with sulphur or sulphur compounds(SF6)

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 Fibres
Sugare cane

Crushed to extract juice
_____________________________________________________________
  
1.“Bagasse” 2. “Sugar” 3. “Molasses”
 
The dry pulpy residue Viscous liquid obtined
Left after the extraction of after refining sugar cane
Juice from sugar cane is for sugar
known as “Bagasse”

Bagasse is used as Malasses is used for the production

Biomass fuel for the production of “Alcohols” by adding “Yeast”
of heat, energy and electricity for fermentation process
and carboard manufacture Yeast contains two entymes
1) Invertase
2) Zymase
  Invertase : catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into fructose and glucose.
  Zymase : is an enzyme complex it catalyzes the fermentation of sugar into
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Invertase
Sucrose  Glucose +Fructose
Zymase
Glucose  Ethyl alcohol +Co2
 Sugar procesing (or) Refining
It involves 3 steps
 Defecation : Juice is purified by addition of heat, lime and floculation aides
slaked lime ca (OH)2 kills enzymes in the juice and increases pH from a natural
acid level of 5.0-6.5 to a neutra PH
Note : Control of p H is important because sucrose inverts or hydrolyses to its
compounts glucose and frutose at acid pH (less than 7.0)
  Carbonation : To remove excess lime “Co2” enriched gas is introduced to form
insoluble calcium carbonate
Ca(oH)2 + Co2  CaCo3 + H2O
 Sulphitation : addition of “SO2”
Some beverages Alcohol %
a) Vodka - from potatoes(starch) 40%
b) Brandy - from Grapes 40-50%
c) Cidar - from Apples 1.2 to 8.5%
d) Whisky - from Barley 40% - 60%
e) Beer - from Barley 4 to 6%
f) Rum - from sugarcane by products 40%-80%
Alcohols
1) Wood spirit  Methyl Alcohol
2) Absolute Alcohol  100% ethyl alcohol is known as Absolute alcohol
3) Rectified spirit  95% ethyl alcohol +
5% water

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4) Denatured alcohol also called methylated spirit or denatured rectified spirit


Ethyl alcohol made undrinkable by the addition of denaturants such as
“Methanol” or “pyridine”
Note: If denatured spirit is consumed it causes “blindness” due to the methanol
5) Absolute alcohol is prepared from rectified spirit by
(1) azeotropic distillation
(2) addition of “cao” quick lime.
(6) Tincture Iodine

Mixture of Alcohol + Iodine
7) Excess consumption of alcohol causes “Liver Cirrhosis”
 Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Parts
Both soap and detergent molecules have two parts.
One part of the molecule is polar (ionic) in nature. Polar nature is due to the
presence of groups like carboxylate (–COO–) or sulphonate (–SO3–).
The polar group is a hydrophilic group.
The hydrophilic group makes soaps and detergents soluble in water.
The other part of the soap or detergent molecule is non polar (nonionic) that is
lipophilic.
The lipophilic part (a long chain alkyl or a long chain substituted aryl group)
makes the molecule oil soluble.
Depending on the nature of the hydrophilic (polar) part in the soap or detergent
molecule these are classified as anionic, cationic or non-ionic type.
For example, soap has a carboxylate anion therefore soap is anionic type.
Synthetic detergents have sulphonate anion thus they are also classified as an-
ionic type.
Anionic types are the most common. However, cationic and non-ionic detergents
are also known.
 Soaps
Soaps are the sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
These fatty acids are present in oils and fats in the form of glycerides.
The glycerides present in oils and fats are the esters of glycerol and long chain
carboxylic acids for example palmitic acid and stearic acid.
 Saponification
Saponification is the process of making soap.
Saponification is done by hydrolysis of oils or fats (of vegetable or animal origin)
with the help of alkali like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide
(KOH).

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 Synthetic Detergents
Synthetic detergents are used as cleaning agents much like soaps.
Chemically, detergents are sodium salts of long-chain alkyl hydrogen sulphate or
sodium salts of long-chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids. (Remember that soap is
a sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acid.)

 Cleansing action of soap and detergents

Soap and detergents dissociate in ions when dissolve in water being electrolyte
in nature.
C17H35COONa  C17H35COO– + Na+
 Soap
The long chain of hydrocarbon, which is hydrophobic is nature (insoluble in wa-
ter) directed towards the centre while the head (hydrophylic water soluble part)
is on the surface in control of water.

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 The initial concentration at which micellization begins is called critical

micellization concentration (CMC). The formation of micelles starts above a defi-
nite temp, that is called kraft temperature (TK).