MOW 2024-25 S1 Tut 13 Ans Key

Tutorial 13 Ans Key Damped and Forced Oscillations Date: 29 October 2024

P1. (APF 3-14)

Ans:
d2 x p
(a) (a) 2 + ω02 x = 0, where, ω0 = k/m = 20 sec−1 .
dt
√
3
(b) ω = ω0 .
2 r
γ2
Using the relations ω = ω02 − and γ = b/m, solve. b = 4
4
ω0
(c) Q = =1
γ
P2. (APF 4.5)
(a) x : Displacement of the bob;

ξ: displacement of the point of suspension.

The net displacement of the bob: x − ξ

The EOM for damped oscillation: ẍ = −bẋ − mg sinθ

(x − ξ)
Using, sinθ = and ξ = A cos(Ωt) in the above equation
l
and rearranging,
g g
ẍ + γ ẋ + x = A cos(Ωt)
l l

(b) The steady state motion of the pendulum is,

x(t) = A′ (Ω)cos(Ωt + δ),

Aω0
where, A′ (Ω) = p 2 and ω02 = g/l
2 2 2
(ω0 − Ω ) + γ Ω 2

(c) At resonance, Ω = ω0 .
ω0
A′ (ω0 ) = A
γ
ω0
(d) Amplitude maxima occurs close to resonance. Assuming, A′max ≃ A′ (ω0 ) = A,
γ
Aω0 1 ω0
A′ (Ω) = p 2 = A′ (ω0 ) = A and solving,
(ω0 − Ω2 )2 + γ 2 Ω2 2 2γ
r
γ2 1
q
2
Ω = ω0 − ± γ 4 + 12γ 2 ω02
2 2
P3. (a) For 0 ≤ t ≤ T1 the equation of motion has the form

ẍ + γ ẋ = g (1)

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MOW 2024-25 S1 Tut 13 Ans Key

One can easily guess the two solutions of the homogeneous part of this differential equation,

x1 (t) = c1 (2)
−γt
x2 (t) = c2 e (3)

To obtain the solution of the inhomogeneous differential equation (eqn (1)) we note that as
the oil drop accelerates from rest under the influence of gravity the resistive force (−bv) keeps
increasing monotonically in magnitude and would eventually nullify the effect of gravity
when
mg = bv◦ ⇒ v◦ = g/γ .
That is, at very long times the drop must be falling with the constant velocity v◦ (note that
x1 (t) and x2 (t) cannot account for this), and therefore,

xP (t) = (g/γ)t (4)

must be included in the general solution (xg (t)) of eqn (1).

xg (t) = (g/γ)t + c2 e−γt + c1 (5)

where c1 and c2 are determined from the initial conditions to be

c1 = −c2 and c2 = g/γ 2 .

(b) and (c)

The differential equation that we now need to solve is
qE◦
ẍ + γ ẋ = g + cos(Ωt) (6)
m
It is easy to see that the solution of eqn (6) has the form

x̃g (t) = xg (t) + x̃P (t) (7)

where xg (t) is given in eqn (5) and x̃P (t) is a particular solution of the inhomogeneous
differential equation
qE◦
ẍ + γ ẋ = cos(Ωt) (8)
m
Eqn (8) can be solved, like we have seen several times in the main lectures, by the complex-
ifying the equation (x(t) → z(t) and cos(Ωt) → exp(iΩt)) and then using an exponential
function A exp{i(ωt + ϕ)} as an ansatz for its solution. The real part of this solution is a
particular solution of eqn (8),
qE
x̃P (t) = − p ◦ cos(Ωt + ϕ) (9)
mΩ Ω2 + γ 2
p
with sin(ϕ) = γ/ Ω2 + γ 2 .
P4. p
Rmax = R(Ω = ω◦2 − γ 2 /2) = F◦ /mγω1 (10)

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MOW 2024-25 S1 Tut 13 Ans Key

where, p
ω1 = ω◦ 1 − γ 2 /4ω◦2 .
R◦ = R(Ω → 0) = F◦ /mω◦2 . (11)
Therefore,
Rmax /R◦ = ω◦2 /γω1 .
When γ ≪ 2ω◦ ,
Rmax /R◦ = ω◦ /γ = Q
P5.
V◦
q̈ + γ q̇ + ω◦2 q = cos(Ωt)
L
where, γ = R/L and ω◦ = 1/LC. At t ≫ 1/γ
  
V◦ Ωγ
q(t) = p cos Ωt + arctan
L (Ω2 − ω◦2 )2 + γ 2 Ω2 Ω2 − ω◦2
  
V◦ Ω Ωγ
⇒ I(t) = q̇(t) = − p sin Ωt + arctan
L (Ω2 − ω◦2 )2 + γ 2 Ω2 Ω2 − ω◦2
The average power spent by the external voltage source is equal to the average power lost at
the resistor.
Ω 2π/Ω V◦2 Ω2 R V◦2 Ω2 γ
Z  
2
⟨P (t)⟩ = dtI (t)R = =
2π 0 2L2 {(Ω2 − ω◦2 )2 + γ 2 Ω2 } 2L {(Ω2 − ω◦2 )2 + γ 2 Ω2 }
From the power resonance curve one can figure out that ω◦ = 106 Hz (forcing frequency at peak
power) and γ = 104 Hz (full width at half maximum). Moreover, the average power at resonance
gives V◦2 /2Lγ = 10Watts, implying V◦2 /L = 2 × 105 Js−2 .
(a) The work done by the oscillator against the resistive force in one cycle = ⟨P ⟩(Ω = ω◦ )2π/ω◦ =
2π × 10−5 J
(b)
1 2 1
Er (t) = q (t) + Lq̇ 2 (t) (12)
2C 2
2 2
Ω2
 
V◦ ω◦ 2 2
= cos (Ωt + ϕ) + 2 sin (Ωt + ϕ) (13)
2L((Ω2 − ω◦2 )2 + γ 2 Ω2 ) ω◦
Ωγ
where tan(ϕ) = 2 .
Ω − ω◦2
(c) At power resonance (Ω = ω◦ )
V2
Er (t) = ◦ 2
2Lγ
is constant in time. Similarly, when Ω → 0,
V◦2
Er (t) =
2Lω◦2
is also constant in time.
(d) If the forcing is switched off then both q(t) and q̇(t) decay with a factor of exp(−γt/2).
Therefore, Er (t) would decay by a factor exp(−γt), and it reduces to 1/e of its initial value
in 1/γ seconds.