1.

Science,Technology and Society in Ancient Times

Small groups wandered,struggling to maintain resources and

cohesiveness.For
thousands of years,humans were content to pursue a nomadic
existence.Eventually there was a shift towards a sedentary.

This trend paralleled the rising utilization of agriculture.Suddenly,groups that

couldn't exceed a handful of families before began incorporating each other
and creating larger societies.

In this period,people were concerned with transportation and

navigation, communication,security and
protection,health,aesthetics and architecture.
Transportation:

-it was significant during the ancient times because people were curious
which led them to discover new places.

-they also travel to find food and shelter.

Communication:

-people in this time needed a way to communicate with other natives of the
areas they visited to prevent possible conflicts.

-record-keeping was used since they needed to remember the places they had
visited and document the trades they make.

Security;
-weapons and armours were important in the ancient times.The development
of these were already considered a major achievement.

Architecture:

-architecture was seen as mere style but during ancient times,elaborated

architectural designs were signs of technological advancement.

Sumerian Civilization:
Mesopotamia:a place in the Western which is where the first Ancient Times
civilization started
Sumerians: they are known for their high degree of cooperation with one
another and their big desires for great things.
Contributions of Sumerians:
Cuneiform: this serves as their personal diary,which is used by carving on
clay using wedge instruments and after carving it is left to dry.

Uruk City: building stones and lumber were limited or not present to be able
to build or construct which made it challenging.But,the Sumerians were able
to build this city by using mud or clay from the river mixed with reeds.

Ziggurat: were made of stone,specifically sandstone.This served as the sacred

place of their chief god.Only the high priests were allowed to access the
ziggurat temples and it's shrines.
lrrigation &Dikes:Sumerians has created these to bring water to the
farmlands and to also avoid floods.
Sailboats: these were essential for the Sumerians because this
served as their transportation and trading.

Wheel: the improvement of the tools in Ancient Times had Sumerians create a
wheel for better transportation.

The Plow:this was used by farmers so that they could cultivate larger
parcels faster. Roads: they developed roads for it to be easier and faster to
travel.

Babylonian Civilization:
Babylonians: were known as great builders,engineers and architect.
 Contributions of Babylonians:
Advance Geometry:Babylonians knew the common rules for measuring
area and volume.

Advance Astronomy: Babylonians used the sexagesimal system to trace

the planet transits.

Innovation in Irrigations:Babylonian,not only,had to maintain the water

flowing in the canal networks they inherited from the Sumerians,but also
excelled in extending them. Ingenious engineers devised a chain pump that
brought water from the nearby
Euphrates River to irrigate the gardens.
Code of Hammurabi:it is important because it influenced other rulers like the
Roman ruler Justinian.The statutes defined legal obligations and reparations
in civil,family,and criminal law.

Egyptian Civilization:

-originated in Egypt and are known for being agriculturally inclined and are
good craftsmen.Ancient Egyptians were also known for their engaging
sense of humor.

3 Periods:
1.The Old Kingdom(about 2,700-2,200 B.C.E.)-also known as
the'Age of the Pyramids'or'Age of the Pyramid Builders'as it includes
the great 4th Dynasty.

2.The Middle Kingdom(2,050-1,800 B.C.E.)-was known as the golden age

for Egypt because it was a stable and relatively peaceful period,upper and
lower Egypt were
unified which allowed for the development of the arts,architecture,and literature.

3.The New Kingdom (about 1,550-1,100 B.C.E.)-also referred to as the Egyptian

Empire,known especially for monumental architecture and statuary honoring the
gr
and pharaohs

Contributions of Egyptians:
Paper: plants that are for making papers grew abundantly in the Nile
River,which was a big help to the people to be able to send or correspond within
writing letters.

Ink:they combined soots and different chemicals to produce inks with different
colors.

Hieroglyphics:this was used to record important events like wars or stories

about their many gods and Pharaohs,and were usually used to decorate
temples and tombs.

Cosmetics:Egyptians invented the use of cosmetics and their function was

for both health and aesthetics reason.
 Kohl:it was made by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena and this was
used by
Egyptians around the eyes to prevent and to even cure eye disease.

Wig: this was invented to enhance the appearance of bald people and
this is to also protect the shaved heads of wealthy Egyptians from the
sun rays.

Water Clock/Clepsydra:this device utilizes gravity that affects the flow

of the water from one vessel to the other,This was used as a
timekeeping device.
Greek Civilization:

Greece: where the Greek Civilization originated is also known as the

birthplace of Western philosophy.

Greek's Wise Men:

Thales: reasoned that matter was convertible to water.

Socrates: renowned for his contributions in the field of ethics.

Hippocrates:pioneered regarding medicine as a science apart from religion.

Aristotle: scientific work forgathering information on the structure and

behavior of
plants and animals to their identification,description and classification,

Archimedes: discovery of principles of lever and pulley.

Phytogoras:Greek mathematician that perfected geometry as a single

logical process system.

Ptolemy: greatest astronomer in ancient time.

Contributions of Greeks:

Alarm Clock:it was a hydraulic alarm clock which was invented by

Plato.Plato,was known to use an alarm clock to wake him up for his
lectures at dawn.
 Water Mill: commonly used in agricultural processes like milling which was
a necessary form of food processing.

Roman Civilization:

Roman Empire: was said to be the strongest political and social entity in the West.

Contributions of Romans:

Newspaper; they were known as gazettes and they were made before the
invention of paper,they were engraved in metal or stone tablets and was publicly
displayed.

Bound Books or Codex: papyrus pages bound together and covered with animal
skin, which then the Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or codex.
Roman Architecture: they had elaborated architectural designs because they
could produce strong infrastructure,

Roman Numerals: they devised their own number system specially to address the
need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing
communication and trade concerns.

Chinese Civilization:
-considered as the oldest civilization and known as the Middle Kingdom.

Contributions of the Chinese:

Silk: naturally produced by silkworms,the Chinese were the ones who
developed technology to harvest silk and process it to produce paper and
clothing.

Tea Production:was developed by an unknown Chinese inventor that

invented a machine that could shred tea leaves into strips.

Gun Powder:developed by a Chinese alchemist who aimed to achieve

immortality.

During the Ancient World,the following can easily be seen:When people come together,
cities are formed.Where cities are formed,trade occurs.Where trade occurs,society
flourishes.Technology allowed for the reallocation of labor,enabling inventors like Plato to
exert his effort solely on his studies,In sum,urbanization was a vital development of the
Ancient time that fostered an environment in which thinkers revolutionized their societies
and effected changes upon the course of history.