CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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Blood
Heart
Blood vessels

Functions
 The primary function of circulatory system is to
transport nutrients and respiratory gases
to and from all tissues of the body.
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Additional functions of circulatory systems:
o It moves hormones from the glands that produce them to target organs where they
assist the nervous system to integrate organismal function.
o For the distribution of water, electrolytes, and the many other constituents of body
fluids and exchanged between different organs and tissues.
o An effective response to disease and injury is vastly accelerated by an efficient
circulatory system.
o For the maintenance of constant body temperature.

A. Vertebrate and Invertebrate Circulatory System

Invertebrate Circulatory System

 Single-celled organisms
o They obtain nutrients and oxygen and release wastes directly across the cell
surface.
o These organisms as so small that no special internal system of transport, beyond
normal streaming movements of cytoplasm, is required.

 Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms

o Invertebrates that do not have circulatory systems
o They use simple diffusion as means for the transport of materials between
various parts of their bodies

Blood of Invertebrates that lack a circulatory system

 Example: flatworms and cnidarians
 It is not possible to distinguish a true “blood.”
 These forms possess a clear, watery tissue fluid containing some phagocytic
cells, a little protein, and a mixture of salts similar to seawater.

Open and closed circulatory system

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Blood of invertebrates with open circulatory systems

 It is more complex and is often called hemolymph (Gr. haimo, blood, L. lympha,
water).

Blood of Invertebrates with closed circulatory systems

 They maintain a clear separation between blood contained within blood vessels
and tissue (interstitial) fluid surrounding blood vessels.

Types of circulatory system/ circulation

1. Closed circulation
 The vessels convey blood from the heart in various blood vessels and capillary
beds among the tissues and back to the heart.
 Found in: Nemerteans, holothurians, cephalods, annelids, and vertebrates.

2. Open circulation
 The blood is being pumped from the heart through blood vessels through various
organs but returning partly or entirely through body spaces (hemocoel) to the
heart.
 There are no small blood vessels or capillaries connecting arteries with veins.
 Found in most mollusk and arthropods.
VERTEBRATE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Essential parts of the circulatory system of vertebrates

 Blood
 Heart
 Blood vessels

A. BLOOD
 It is a complex liquid tissue
composed of plasma and
formed elements, mostly red
cells (also called corpuscles),
suspended in plasma.
 Blood is approximately 55%
plasma
 45% formed elements
 Separation of red blood
corpuscles and other formed elements from the fluid
components is done thru the process of centrifugation.
Blood Serum
 It is the plasma without the proteins involved in clot formation.

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
 To carry oxygen and carbon dioxide between respiratory organs and tissues.
 To carry water and digested foods from the digestive tract to other organs.
 To carry stored foods from one organ or tissue to another as needed.
 To carry organic wastes, excess minerals in solution and water to the excretory organs.
 To carry Hormones from the glands where produced to the places of use.
 To carry antibodies for immune defense.
 Nitrogen

PLASMA PROTEINS
Albumins
 The most abundant group, constituting 60% of the total.
 It help to keep plasma in osmotic equilibrium with the cells of the body.
Globulins
 A diverse group of high-molecular weight proteins (35% of total) that includes
immunoglobulins and various metal-binding proteins.

Fibrinogen
 A very large protein that functions in blood coagulation.

Formed elements
1. Red blood cells = Erythrocytes
2. White blood cells = Leukocytes
3. Cell fragments = Platelets in mammals or thrombocytes in
other vertebrates

FORMED ELEMENTS

1. Red blood cell (erythrocyte)

 In mammals and birds, red cells form
continuously from large nucleated
erythroblasts in red bone marrow,
 In other vertebrates kidneys and
spleen are the principal sites of red
blood cell production.
 The mammalian RBC is biconcave
shape which provides a larger surface
for gas diffusion.
  Other vertebrates like birds and reptiles have nucleated erythrocytes that are usually
ellipsoidal in shape.
 An erythrocyte enters the circulation for an average life span of approximately 4 months.
 The old RBC is engulfed by the macrophages in the liver, bone marrow and spleen.
 Iron from hemoglobin is salvaged to be used again; the rest of the heme is converted to
bilirubin, which is a bile pigment.
 It is estimated that a human body produces 10 million erythrocytes and destroys another
10 million every second.

White blood cells

2. White blood cells (Leukocytes)

 They form a wandering system of protection for the body

Granulocytes are white blood cells that have small granules inside them.
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Agranulocytes are white blood cells that do not have visible granules inside them.
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
 The most abundant WBC
 They provide the first line of phagocytic defense in an infection.
Eosinophils
 They often important in response to allergic diseases and parasitic infections.
Basophils
 They are important cellular components of the defense system and usually releases
enzymes during allergic reactions.
Mast cells
 These are basophil-like cells found in the dermis and other tissues.
Monocytes
 They are the cells capable of phagocytosis.
 They are called macrophage if they enters the tissue.

Other macrophages
Kupfer cells
 Found in the sinusoids of the liver

Microglial cells
 Found in the central nervous system
Lymphocytes
 This WBC is concerned with cellular immunity, hypersensitivity, and production of
antibodies.

Platelets
 They are important in blood coagulation.

HEMOSTASIS: PREVENTION OF BLOOD LOSS

 It is essential that animals have ways of
preventing rapid loss of body fluids after an injury.
 Invertebrates and other vertebrates uses a
simple but highly effective means of preventing blood loss.
 If there is a cut on blood vessel the smooth
muscles surrounding the blood vessels contract
which causes the lumen of the vessel to narrow
in order to stop the bleeding.
 Other animals have in their blood some special
cellular elements and proteins that are capable
of forming plugs, or clots, at the injury site.
 In vertebrates blood coagulation is the dominant hemostatic defense.
BLOOD CLOTTING/ blood coagulation
 When a blood vessel is
cut the issuing blood will
soon be stopped by a
protective clot.
 Platelets stick to the
edges of the cut and form
a plug.
 Thromboplastin forms
from factors present in the
tissues and blood plasma.
 In combination with
calcium ions it acts upon
prothrombin (produced
from liver) and vit. K is
required to produce thrombin.
 Thrombin converts a soluble blood protein fibrinogen into fibrin.
 Fibrin becomes a mass of fine fibers entangling corpuscles to form a clot.

Clotting factors are proteins that are important in the formation of clot thru the process of blood
coagulation.

The blood clotting factors

ANTICOAGULANT
 It is a substance that serves to prevent the coagulation of blood.
 Examples: Heparin, Sodium citrate, EDTA

Some anticoagulants are secreted by:

 Leeches
 Blood sucking arthropods
 Cyclostomes
 Vampire bats

Vertebrate heart

Heart of fish
 Has two chambers
 One atrium and one ventricle
 All blood passing the heart is unoxygenated

Amphibians and most reptiles

 Has three chambers
 The right atrium receives venous blood from the body.
 The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the
lungs.
 The ventricle is undivided, but venous and arterial
blood remain mostly separate by the arrangement of
vessels leaving the heart.

Double circulation
Pulmonary circuit
 The right side pumping only from the body to the lungs.

Systemic circuit
  It provides oxygenated blood to the capillary beds of body organs.
 Left side from lungs to the body

Avian and Mammalian heart

 Has four chambered heart
 Two atria
 Two ventricles

B. Heart
 It is a muscular organ located in the thorax and covered
by a tough, fibrous sac, the pericardium. These organ
pumps blood to the blood vessels of the animals body.

Chambers of the heart

Left atrium
o Receives blood from the lungs
o It passes blood to the left ventricle
Left ventricle
o Receives blood from the left atrium
o It pumps blood to the body circulation
 Right atrium
o It receives blood from the systemic circulation
o It passes blood into right ventricle
Right ventricle
o It receives blood from the right atrium
o It pumps blood into the lungs

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Parts of mammalian heart

Valves of the heart

1. Mitral valve/ bicuspid valves

 The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
2. Tricuspid valves
 The valve between right atrium and right ventricle
 3. Semilunar valves
 It prevents the backflow of the blood to the ventricles
 Found in between the pulmonary artery or aorta and the ventricles.

Systole and Diastole

Systole
 Contraction of atrium or ventricles

Diastole
 Relaxation of atrium or ventricles

Excitation and control of the heart

 Heart is compose of cardiac muscle
 The cardiac muscle cells are striated
however, the cells are branched and
joined end-to-end by junctional
complexes to form a complex branching
network.

Two types of heart muscle cells

 The muscle cells that makes up the bulk
of the heart and
 The pacemaker cells that generates the
rythmic heart beat

Specialized Cardiac Cells

Sinoatrial (Sinus) node
o The pacemaker of the heart
o Found in the wall of right atrium
o It initiates contraction from the atria

Atrioventricular node
 Found in the septum between atria
 This is the second center that is stimulated by the SA node after a brief delay.
 The AV node will then stimulate the band of fibers which is called the bundle of
his.
 The bundle of his will affect the specialized fibers “Purkinje fibers” on the walls of
the ventricles to start simultaneous contractions.
Myogenic Heart
 Heartbeat is initiated by specialized muscle cells.
 Even the heart is removed from the body the heart will still beat for a minute or even for
hours if place in salt solution.
 Found in vertebrates and Molluscs

Neurogenic Heart
 The heartbeat is nerve origin
 A cardiac ganglion is located in the heart and serves as pacemaker.
 Found in decopod crustaceans and some arthropods

C. Blood vessels
Arteries
 These are all the vessels
leaving the heart
 They carries oxygenated
and unoxygenated blood
 With elastic and tough
inelastic connective fibers
 They carry blood away
from the heart.

Arterioles
 Small branches of the
arteries
 With smooth muscles
on their walls
 They control the blood https://quizlet.com/224749447/dog-cardiovascular-system-diagram/
flow to body organs
 Artery
Capillaries
 The Italian Marcello Malpighi
was the first to describe
capillaries in 1661.
 Minute blood vessels found
between the aterial and
venous system.
 Their walls are formed by a
single layer of thin endothelial
cells, held together by a
delicate basement membrane
and connective tissue fibers.
  This vessels are narrow slightly wider than RBC for them to be able to pass.

Veins and venules

 Receives the blood from the capillaries
 They have thinner walls
 Returns blood to the heart.

Lymphatic system
 It is an extensive network of thin-walled vessels that arise as blind-ended lymph
capillaries in most tissues of the body.
 A principal function of the lymphatic system is to return to the blood the excess fluid
(lymph) filtered across capillary walls into interstitial spaces.
 Similar to plasma but with much lower protein content.
 They passes absorb fats from the gut to the circulatory system.
 Play an important role in body defences by having lymp nodes.
 This system serves for the production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes that
produces antibodies.
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Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of dogs

Internal Fluid Environment

 The body fluid of a single-celled organism is cellular cytoplasm.
 The cytoplasm is a liquid-gel substance in which the various membrane systems and
organelles are suspended.

In multicellular animals body fluids are divided into two mainphases:

 Intracellular
 Extracellular

The intracellular phase/ fluid

 It is the collective fluid inside all the body’s cells.

The extracellular phase/ fluid

 It is the fluid outside and surrounding the cells.
 Extracellular fluid in higher forms of animals is further subdivided into blood plasma and
interstitial (intercellular) fluid.

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS

 The plasma, interstitial, and intracellular fluids differ from each other in solute
composition.
 However, all have one common feature, they are mostly water.
  Animals are 70%-90% water
 Humans are approximately 70% water by weight.
 50% is cell water
 15% is interstitial fluid water
 It is the remaining 5% is in blood plasma.

Chief extracellular electrolytes

 Sodium
 Chloride, and
 Bicarbonate ions

Major intracellular electrolytes

 Potassium
 Magnesium
 Phosphate ions and
 Proteins (it is more in plasma than interstitial fluid)