Q1. What are the components of Computer Based Information System?

A computer-based information system (CBIS) is an information system that uses computer

technology to perform some or all of its intended tasks. Although not all information systems are
computerized, today most are. For this reason the term “information system” is typically used
synonymously with “computer-based information system.” The basic components of computer based
information systems are listed below. The first four are called information technology components.
Figure 1.3 illustrates how these four components interact to form a CBIS.

• Hardware consists of devices such as the processor, monitor, keyboard, and printer. Together, these
devices accept, process, and display data and information.

• Software is a program or collection of programs that enable the hardware to process data.

• A database is a collection of related fi les or tables containing data.

• A network is a connecting system (wireline or wireless) that permits different computers to share
resources

• Procedures are the instructions for combining the above components to process information and
generate the desired output.

• People are those individuals who use the hardware and software, interface with it, or utilize its
output.

Q2. What are the different types of Information Systems. Explain each in short.

 Functional Area Information system(FAIS)

 Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Management Information Systems (MIS)
 Decision Support Systems (DSS)
 Executive’s Information Systems (EIS)
 Interorganizational information systems (IOSs).

Functional Area Information System (FAIS): Supports specific functions within an organization such
as accounting, marketing, human resources, or production.

Description: Each FAIS is designed to meet the specific needs of a particular department or functional
area. For instance, a marketing information system might handle customer relationship management
(CRM), while a human resources information system might manage employee records and payroll.

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): Manages and processes day-to-day business transactions.

Description: TPS records routine transactions like sales orders, payroll, and receipts. It ensures that
transactions are processed accurately and efficiently, often in real-time, providing data for other
systems.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP): Integrates various functions across an organization into a
unified system.

Description: ERP systems consolidate data and processes from multiple departments into a single
platform, enhancing coordination and decision-making. Examples include SAP and Oracle ERP
systems, which provide modules for finance, supply chain management, and more.

Management Information Systems (MIS): Provides managers with tools to organize, evaluate, and
efficiently manage departments within an organization.

Description: MIS processes data from TPS and other sources to produce routine reports, helping
managers with operational and tactical decisions. It’s designed for middle management and focuses
on internal sources of information.

Decision Support Systems (DSS): Helps with complex decision-making by analyzing large amounts of
data.

Description: DSS provides interactive tools for managers to use data, models, and analytics to solve
semi-structured or unstructured problems. These systems support decisions like resource allocation,
planning, and forecasting.

Executive Information Systems (EIS): Provides top executives with easy access to internal and
external information relevant to their strategic goals.

Description: EIS offers high-level summaries and analysis of critical data, often with user-friendly
interfaces like dashboards. It’s designed to assist in long-term decision-making and strategic
planning.

Interorganizational Information Systems (IOSs): Facilitates information flow between different

organizations.

Description: IOSs support processes that span organizational boundaries, such as supply chain
management, e-commerce, and business-to-business (B2B) transactions. These systems help in
coordinating activities like order processing and logistics between partners.

Q3. How does IT impact organizations.

IT Reduces the Number of Middle Managers: IT automates many of the routine tasks that were
traditionally managed by middle managers. Systems like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) streamline data processing and reporting, which reduces the
need for a large number of managers to oversee day-to-day operations. This leads to flatter
organizational structures where fewer middle managers are needed, allowing organizations to be
more agile and cost-effective.

IT Changes the Manager’s Job: The role of managers evolves with IT integration. Instead of focusing
on monitoring and controlling processes, managers spend more time on planning, decision-making,
and analyzing information provided by IT systems like Management Information Systems (MIS) and
Decision Support Systems (DSS). They rely on real-time data and analytics to make informed
decisions, which shifts their focus from operational tasks to strategic initiatives.

Will IT Eliminate Jobs?: While IT can automate certain jobs, especially those involving routine,
repetitive tasks, it also creates new opportunities in different fields such as IT management, data
analysis, and cybersecurity. IT doesn’t necessarily eliminate jobs; instead, it transforms the nature of
work. Employees may need to adapt by gaining new skills and taking on more complex, value-added
tasks that cannot be easily automated.

IT Impacts Employees at Work: IT changes how employees perform their tasks, enhancing
productivity and efficiency. It enables remote work, real-time communication, and collaboration
across different locations. However, it can also lead to challenges such as information overload, the
blurring of work-life boundaries, and the need for continuous learning to keep up with technological
changes.

IT Impacts Employees’ Health and Safety: Prolonged use of computers and other IT devices can lead
to health issues like eye strain, repetitive strain injuries (RSI), and stress. Additionally, the pressure to
be constantly connected can affect mental health. Organizations need to implement ergonomically
designed workplaces and promote work-life balance to mitigate these risks. IT can also improve
safety through better monitoring and alert systems.

IT Provides Opportunities for People with Disabilities: IT offers assistive technologies that help
individuals with disabilities perform tasks that were previously challenging or impossible. For
example, screen readers for the visually impaired, voice recognition software, and adaptive
keyboards allow people with various disabilities to work effectively. This inclusion not only broadens
the talent pool for organizations but also enhances workplace diversity.

Q4. Define Transaction Processing System. What do you understand by batch processing and OLTP.

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is a vital information system that handles the monitoring,
collection, storage, and processing of data generated by an organization's core business transactions.
A transaction refers to any business event or activity that generates data valuable enough to be
captured and stored in a database. Examples of transactions include processing orders, canceling
bookings, manufacturing products, selling services, or hiring employees.

TPSs play a critical role in ensuring the smooth operation of business processes by continuously
gathering data in real-time. They are essential to the success of business organizations because they
support all major and core business processes, providing the foundation for higher-level systems
such as Management Information Systems (MIS) and Decision Support Systems (DSS).

Key Characteristics of TPS:

 Real-Time Data Collection: TPSs collect and process data as transactions occur, ensuring that
information is current and accurate.
 High Volume Data Processing: These systems are designed to handle large volumes of
transactions efficiently, without errors or interruptions, and must ensure the security of the
data being processed.
 Reliability and Accuracy: TPSs must provide consistent and accurate data, which is critical for
supporting business operations and decision-making processes.
 Access and Synchronization Control: TPSs must manage simultaneous updates from multiple
locations by authorized users. For instance, if a bank account is accessed at the same time by
an ATM withdrawal and a cashier, the TPS must handle these simultaneous updates without
any inconsistencies, ensuring the correct balance is reflected.
  Reversibility: TPSs should be capable of reversing transactions accurately. For example, if a
railway reservation is canceled, the system must process the refund with applicable
deductions and update the seat availability in real-time.
 Audit Trails: Regular audit trails must be maintained by TPSs to ensure transparency and
accountability in transaction processing.

Batch Processing: Batch processing refers to a mode of transaction processing where transactions
are collected, grouped into batches, and processed together at specific intervals. This method is
suitable for situations where real-time processing is not required. For example, payroll processing
often uses batch processing, where all transactions for a pay period are processed together at the
end of the period. While batch processing is efficient for large volumes of data, it does not provide
immediate feedback or updates.

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP): Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) involves the real-time
processing of transactions as they occur. In an OLTP system, each transaction is processed
immediately, ensuring that the data in the system is always up-to-date. OLTP systems are designed to
handle a large number of short, quick transactions, making them ideal for environments where
immediate processing and data accuracy are critical. For example, banking systems, e-commerce
platforms, and airline reservation systems all rely on OLTP to process transactions instantaneously
and accurately.

Q5. Define a Functional Area Information System (FAIS). Explain any one FAIS in detail.

A Functional Area Information System (FAIS) is an information system designed to support specific
business functions or departments within an organization. Each FAIS caters to the unique needs of a
particular department, such as finance, marketing, human resources, production, or sales, by
providing relevant data, reports, and tools that help in decision-making and managing operations
efficiently.

Examples of FAIS:

 Human Resources Information System (HRIS)

 Financial Information System (FIS)
 Marketing Information System (MkIS)
 Manufacturing Information System (MIS)
 Sales Information System
Financial Information System (FIS) in detail:

 Financial Planning and Budgeting: The FIS helps organizations plan and allocate resources by
creating budgets and financial forecasts. It allows managers to project future revenues,
expenses, and profits, enabling them to make informed financial decisions. The system also
helps track actual performance against the budget, identifying variances that require
attention.
 General Ledger Management: FIS maintains the organization’s general ledger, which is the
central repository for all financial transactions. It ensures that every financial transaction is
recorded accurately in the appropriate accounts, facilitating the creation of financial
statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. This
function is critical for maintaining accurate financial records and ensuring compliance with
accounting standards.
 Accounts Payable and Receivable: The FIS manages the organization's accounts payable
(money owed to suppliers) and accounts receivable (money owed by customers). It
automates the invoicing process, tracks payments, and manages collections. This ensures
that the organization pays its bills on time and collects receivables efficiently, improving cash
flow management.
 Financial Reporting and Analysis: FIS generates detailed financial reports and dashboards
that provide insights into the financial health of the organization. These reports include
profit and loss statements, balance sheets, cash flow statements, and financial ratios. The
system allows managers to analyze financial performance, monitor key metrics, and make
data-driven decisions to improve profitability and efficiency.
 Compliance and Risk Management: The FIS ensures that the organization complies with
financial regulations and reporting standards, such as GAAP or IFRS. It also helps in
identifying and managing financial risks, such as currency fluctuations, credit risks, and
market volatility. By providing accurate and timely information, the FIS supports the
organization's risk management strategies and helps avoid financial penalties.

Q6. Write a note on ERP Modules. (gpt kiya hai better answer dhundna hai)

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are comprehensive software platforms designed to
integrate and manage all core business processes of an organization in a unified manner. These
processes are organized into distinct modules within the ERP system, each focusing on a specific
functional area of the business. The integration of these modules ensures that data flows seamlessly
across departments, enabling efficient coordination, improved decision-making, and enhanced
productivity.

Key ERP Modules:

1. Financial Management:

o Purpose: The Financial Management module is the backbone of an ERP system,

handling all financial activities of the organization. It manages general ledger,
accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed assets, and financial reporting.

o Functions: Budgeting, forecasting, financial analysis, and regulatory compliance. It

ensures that financial data is accurate and up-to-date, which is essential for informed
decision-making.
2. Human Resources Management (HRM):

o Purpose: The HRM module is responsible for managing employee-related functions.

It covers recruitment, payroll, performance evaluations, benefits administration, and
employee records.

o Functions: Employee onboarding, time and attendance tracking, training and

development, and compliance with labor laws. This module helps in optimizing
workforce management and improving employee satisfaction.

3. Supply Chain Management (SCM):

o Purpose: The SCM module manages the flow of goods, services, and information
across the supply chain. It covers procurement, inventory management, order
processing, logistics, and supplier relationships.

o Functions: Demand planning, supply chain execution, warehouse management, and

transportation management. The module aims to streamline operations, reduce
costs, and ensure timely delivery of products.

4. Customer Relationship Management (CRM):

o Purpose: The CRM module focuses on managing the organization’s interactions with
current and potential customers. It helps in sales management, customer service,
and marketing activities.

o Functions: Lead management, sales forecasting, customer support, and campaign

management. CRM helps in building strong customer relationships, improving sales,
and enhancing customer satisfaction.

5. Manufacturing or Production Management:

o Purpose: This module is designed for organizations involved in manufacturing or

production. It manages the entire production process, from planning to execution.

o Functions: Production scheduling, material requirements planning (MRP), shop floor

control, quality management, and product lifecycle management (PLM). This module
helps in optimizing production efficiency and reducing waste.

6. Inventory Management:

o Purpose: The Inventory Management module tracks and manages the organization’s
inventory levels, orders, and deliveries.

o Functions: Stock monitoring, warehouse management, order fulfillment, and

inventory valuation. This module ensures that the right amount of inventory is
available at the right time, reducing costs associated with overstocking or stockouts.

7. Sales and Distribution:

o Purpose: This module handles the entire sales process, from order entry to product
delivery. It integrates with other modules like SCM and CRM to ensure smooth
operations.
 o Functions: Order processing, pricing, billing, shipping, and sales analytics. The
module helps in managing customer orders efficiently and optimizing distribution
channels.

8. Project Management:

o Purpose: The Project Management module is used to plan, execute, and monitor
projects within the organization. It helps in managing resources, timelines, and
budgets for projects.

o Functions: Project planning, resource allocation, task management, time tracking,

and project costing. This module ensures that projects are completed on time and
within budget.

9. Procurement:

o Purpose: The Procurement module manages the purchasing process of goods and
services required by the organization. It ensures that procurement activities are
efficient and cost-effective.

o Functions: Supplier management, purchase order management, contract

management, and invoice processing. This module helps in maintaining good
relationships with suppliers and optimizing procurement costs.

10. Maintenance Management (Enterprise Asset Management - EAM):

o Purpose: The Maintenance Management module is used to manage the

maintenance activities of an organization’s physical assets, such as equipment,
machinery, and facilities.

o Functions: Preventive maintenance scheduling, work order management, asset

tracking, and compliance management. This module ensures that assets are
maintained properly, reducing downtime and extending their lifespan.

Q7. Explain SDLC.

The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured process used by software developers
and project managers to design, develop, test, and deploy software applications. It provides a
systematic approach to software development, ensuring that the final product meets the desired
requirements, is delivered on time, and is within budget. The SDLC consists of several stages, each
with specific tasks and objectives. Here's an overview of the key stages of the SDLC:

1. Planning and Requirement Analysis:

 Objective: To understand the project scope, identify the required features and
functionalities, and assess the feasibility of the project.

 Activities: Gathering requirements from stakeholders, defining project objectives, and

analyzing the technical and economic feasibility of the project. This phase involves creating
detailed requirement specifications that will guide the development process.

2. System Design:
  Objective: To design the architecture of the software system based on the gathered
requirements.

 Activities: Developing high-level design specifications that describe how the software will be
structured and how different components will interact. This includes designing the database,
user interfaces, and system interfaces. The design phase is crucial for ensuring that the
system is well-organized and scalable.

3. Implementation (or Coding):

 Objective: To translate the design into actual code by writing and compiling the software
program.

 Activities: Writing the source code based on the design specifications. This phase involves
programming the individual components or modules, which are then integrated into a
functioning system. This phase is often the longest, as it involves the actual creation of the
software.

4. Testing:

 Objective: To identify and fix defects or bugs in the software to ensure it meets the specified
requirements.

 Activities: Conducting various tests such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing,
and acceptance testing. Testing is critical to ensure that the software is reliable, performs
well, and meets the requirements of the stakeholders. Bugs found during this phase are
corrected before moving to deployment.

5. Deployment:

 Objective: To deliver the final software product to the end-users and make it operational in a
live environment.

 Activities: Installing the software on production servers, configuring the environment, and
ensuring that all components work as expected. This phase may also involve training end-
users and providing documentation to help them use the software effectively.

6. Maintenance:

 Objective: To provide ongoing support and updates to the software after it has been
deployed.

 Activities: Addressing any issues that arise during the

software's operational life, such as bugs, performance
issues, or the need for new features. Maintenance may
involve releasing patches, updates, and new versions of
the software to ensure it continues to meet the needs of
the users.
Q8. Data Marts.

Datawarehouse and Data Mart, both are storage components of HDFS. Data mart is such a storage
component which is concerned on a specific department of an organization. It is a subset of the data
stored in the datawarehouse. Data mart is focused only on particular function of an organization and
it is maintained by single authority only, e.g.m finance, Marketing. Data Marts are small in size and
are flexible.

Types of Data Mart:

There are three types of data marts:

1. Dependent Data Mart –

Dependent Data Mart is created by extracting the data from central repository, Datawarehouse. First
data warehouse is created by extracting data (through ETL tool) from external sources and then data
mart is created from data warehouse. Dependent data mart is created in top-down approach of
datawarehouse architecture. This model of data mart is used by big organizations.

2. Independent Data Mart –

Independent Data Mart is created directly from external sources instead of data warehouse. First
data mart is created by extracting data from external sources and then datawarehouse is created
from the data present in data mart. Independent data mart is designed in bottom-up approach of
datawarehouse architecture. This model of data mart is used by small organizations and is cost
effective comparatively.

3. Hybrid Data Mart –

This type of Data Mart is created by extracting data from operational source or from data warehouse.
1Path reflects accessing data directly from external sources and 2Path reflects dependent data model
of data mart.

Need Of Data Mart:

1. Data Mart focuses only on functioning of particular department of an organization.

2. It is maintained by single authority of an organization.

3. Since, it stores the data related to specific part of an organisation, data retrieval from it is
very quick.

4. Designing and maintenance of data mart is found to be quite cinch as compared to data
warehouse.

5. It reduces the response time of user as it stores small volume of data.

6. It is small in size due to which accessing data from it very fast.

7. This Storage unit is used by most of organizations for the smooth running of their
departments.

Advantages of Data Mart:

1. Implementation of data mart needs less time as compared to implementation of

datawarehouse as data mart is designed for a particular department of an organization.

2. Organizations are provided with choices to choose model of data mart depending upon cost
and their business.

3. Data can be easily accessed from data mart.

4. It contains frequently accessed queries, so enable to analyse business trend.

Disadvantages of Data Mart:

1. Since it stores the data related only to specific function, so does not store huge volume of
data related to each and every department of an organization like datawarehouse.

2. Creating too many data marts becomes cumbersome sometimes.

Features of data marts: (extra because its easy)

Subset of Data: Data marts are designed to store a subset of data from a larger data warehouse or
data lake. This allows for faster query performance since the data in the data mart is focused on a
specific business unit or department.

Optimized for Query Performance: Data marts are optimized for query performance, which means
that they are designed to support fast queries and analysis of the data stored in the data mart.

Customizable: Data marts are customizable, which means that they can be designed to meet the
specific needs of a business unit or department.

Self-Contained: Data marts are self-contained, which means that they have their own set of tables,
indexes, and data models. This allows for easier management and maintenance of the data mart.

Security: Data marts can be secured, which means that access to the data in the data mart can be
controlled and restricted to specific users or groups.

Scalability: Data marts can be scaled horizontally or vertically to accommodate larger volumes of
data or to support more users.

Integration with Business Intelligence Tools: Data marts can be integrated with business intelligence
tools, such as Tableau, Power BI, or QlikView, which allows users to analyze and visualize the data
stored in the data mart.

ETL Process: Data marts are typically populated using an Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) process,
which means that data is extracted from the larger data warehouse or data lake, transformed to
meet the requirements of the data mart, and loaded into the data mart.

Q9. Knowledgement management (gfg and gpt)

Knowledge Management (KM) is the process of identifying, creating, capturing, organizing, storing,
sharing, and effectively utilizing knowledge and information within an organization or community. It
involves managing knowledge resources such as people’s expertise, intellectual property, and
databases to facilitate learning, collaboration, and innovation. It aims to enable organizations to
make better use of their knowledge assets by ensuring that knowledge is properly captured and
shared and by facilitating the creation of new knowledge through collaboration and knowledge-
creation activities. This can lead to improved decision-making, increased efficiency and effectiveness,
and greater competitive advantage for the organization.

Key Components of Knowledge Management:

1. Knowledge Creation and Capture:

 o Knowledge Creation: Involves generating new insights, ideas, or processes within an
organization. This can occur through research and development, learning from
experiences, and collaboration among employees.

o Knowledge Capture: Refers to the process of documenting and recording

knowledge, whether it is tacit (held by individuals) or explicit (documented
knowledge). This could involve writing manuals, creating databases, or documenting
best practices.

2. Knowledge Storage and Organization:

o Objective: To systematically store and organize captured knowledge so that it can be

easily retrieved and used by others in the organization.

o Activities: Developing knowledge repositories, such as databases, document

management systems, and intranets. Organizing knowledge in a logical structure,
often using taxonomies and metadata, makes it easier to search and retrieve
information.

3. Knowledge Sharing and Dissemination:

o Objective: To distribute and share knowledge across the organization, ensuring that
it reaches the people who need it.

o Activities: Facilitating communication and collaboration through tools like intranets,

social networks, and collaborative platforms. Knowledge sharing can also happen
through meetings, workshops, training sessions, and informal networks. Encouraging
a culture of sharing is critical for effective KM.

4. Knowledge Application and Use:

o Objective: To apply the knowledge to improve decision-making, problem-solving,

innovation, and operational efficiency.

o Activities: Ensuring that employees have the necessary tools and training to use the
knowledge effectively. Embedding knowledge in business processes and systems, so
it becomes a part of the organization's daily operations. Monitoring and evaluating
the impact of knowledge use on organizational performance.

Benefits of Knowledge Management:

1. Improved Decision-Making:

o Access to relevant and accurate knowledge enables employees and managers to

make better decisions, leading to more effective and efficient operations.

2. Innovation:

o By sharing and building on existing knowledge, organizations can foster creativity

and innovation, leading to new products, services, and processes.

3. Increased Efficiency:

o Knowledge management helps reduce redundancy and avoid the repetition of

mistakes, thereby increasing operational efficiency and saving time and resources.
4. Enhanced Collaboration:

o KM tools and practices promote collaboration across departments and teams,

breaking down silos and encouraging knowledge sharing.

5. Retention of Intellectual Capital:

o KM helps capture the knowledge of experienced employees before they leave the
organization, ensuring that valuable intellectual capital is not lost.