1.A.

Tremor

- Tremor causes shaky lines in handwriting, often due to nervousness or a physical condition.

2. C. Rhythm

- Rhythm refers to the periodic motion in handwriting, which gives it consistency and flow.

3. B. Charred Document

- Charred documents are those damaged by fire but can still be restored or examined.

4. E. Line Scale

-A line scale is commonly used in typewriting examinations to detect alignment issues and
faults.

5. B. Typewriter

- Measuring Instrument This instrument is used to detect stops in letters or words in

typewritten prints.

6. D. All the above

- Marking, pointing, and arrowing are techniques used by examiners to describe handwriting
characteristics.

7. A. Questioned Document Examiner

-A questioned document examiner analyzes disputed documents.

8. B. Qualification

-Before an expert witness can testify, their qualifications are presented to establish
credibility.

9. B. Direct Examination

-The expert witness is introduced by the counsel who called them during direct examination.

10. A. Cross-examination

-Disqualification and credibility challenges occur during cross-examination.

11. C. Findings

-The court admits the expert's opinion as evidence based on their findings.

12. C. Forgery

- Forgery is the act of fraudulently creating or altering a document with the intent to
deceive. 13. A. Spectrum Invisible ink used in documents can be detected under ultraviolet
light, part of the spectrum.

14. B. Ultraviolet Light

-Ultraviolet light causes certain inks to fluoresce, helping identify tampered documents.

15. C. Traced Forgery

-Traced forgery occurs when a signature is copied by following the outline of an original
signature.

16. B. Simulated Forgery

- A simulated forgery is done by memory, where the forger attempts to replicate the
signature from memory.

17. A. Simple Forgery

- Simple forgery involves creating a signature without copying an original, often with no
similarity.

18. A. Authentic Document

-A document beyond dispute and considered genuine is treated as an authentic document.

19. B. Enlarged Photographs

-Enlarged photographs help to clarify and present handwriting findings in court.

20. A. Examined First

-The questioned specimen is typically examined first to establish its characteristics.

21. A. Require Additional

-Standard Specimen When it's difficult to examine, additional standard specimens may be
required for comparison.

22. D. All the Above

-Handwriting comparisons consider primary controlling patterns, individual characteristics,

and repeated characteristics.

23. A. Disguised Writing

- Disguised writing is an intentional change in handwriting to conceal identity.

24. B. Guided Writing

-Guided writing happens when someone assists another in writing, such as helping with a
signature.

25. C. Line Quality

- Line quality refers to the pressure, speed, and consistency of handwriting execution.

26. D. All the Above

-Handwriting identification relies on identity, similarity, and relativity between samples.

27. C. Fischoff Method

-The Fischoff method involves comparing handwriting by examining it upside down to detect
inconsistencies.

28. C. Signature
- A signature is the written manifestation of a person's identity on a document.

29. C. Expert Witness

-An expert witness provides testimony based on specialized knowledge, training, or

experience.

30. A. Verification

- An examiner's report is often verified, notarized, or subscribed as evidence in legal cases.

31. E. Crime Against

-Public Interest Forgery and falsification fall under crimes against public interest in the
revised penal code.

32. E. Opinion

- Expert testimony, presented as an opinion, is admitted under rules of exception in court.

33. A. Chart

-A chart with enlarged photographs is used to compare handwriting characteristics.

34. C. 1714

- The first typewriter was invented in England in 1714. 35.

35. A. Typewriter

-A typewriter is a machine operated by a keyboard system that prints impressions on paper.

36. D. Henry Mill

-Henry Mill is credited with inventing the typewriter, which was later sold commercially.

37. C. Caliper

- A caliper is used to measure the characteristics and defects in typewritten text.

38. A. Type-angle Plate A type-angle plate is used to identify tilting defects in typewriting.

39. A. Papyrus

- Papyrus was the first writing material used in ancient times.

40. B. Printed Writing

-Printed writing involves letters being written separately from one another.

41. A. Cursive Writing

-Cursive writing involves letters being connected.

42. C. School-Formed Writing

-Individuals typically learn to write formally through school-formed writing.

43. A. Initial Stroke

- The initial stroke is the starting point of handwriting and

44. B. Terminal Stroke

-The terminal stroke is the last point in a handwriting execution.

45. C. Hiatus Stroke

- A hiatus stroke occurs when there is a skip in the ink line, often due to fast writing.

46. D. Arcade

-An arcade is a curved line above the writing execution.

47. E. Garland

- A garland is a curved line below the writing.

48. C. Pen Lift

-A pen lift occurs when the pen is lifted from the paper during writing.

49. B. Pen Hesitation

-Pen hesitation is when the pen temporarily pauses, affecting the fluidity of the writing.

50. A. Graph analysis

-Graph analysis refers to the system and methods used in handwriting analysis for
identification purposes.

51. c. graph-analysis table

: A grapho-analysis table is used in the statistical comparison of handwriting analysis and

examination findings.

52. b. relation to base line

-Explanation: Relation to the baseline refers to the alignment and positioning of handwriting,
which helps in determining identity.

53. e. ratio and proportion

Explanation: The examination of the size and distance of letters is referred to as the
analysis of ratio and proportion in handwriting.

54. a. document Explanation: A document contains symbols or signs that convey meaning or
a message to someone.

55. d. questioned document

Explanation: A document whose authenticity is being disputed is called a questioned

document.

56. a. Standard specimen

Explanation: A genuine signature used for comparison is treated as a standard specimen.

57. a. holographic document

 Explanation: A holographic document is completely handwritten and signed by the author,
such as a will.

58. a. collected standard

Explanation: Collected standards are those signatures produced not specifically for
comparison.

60. b. requested standard

Explanation: When a standard is procured under intimidation, it is classified as a requested

standard.

61. a. photomicrography

Explanation: Photomicrography involves taking photographs with additional magnification,

important in document examination.

62. c. exemplar

Explanation: An exemplar refers to a procured standard specimen used for comparison in

document examination.

63. a. nib

Explanation: The nib is the tip point of a writing pen instrument that touches the paper.

64. b. ballpoint

Explanation: A ballpoint refers to the rounded tip point of a pen instrument.

65. d. Phoenician writing

Explanation: Phoenician writing is considered the first established writing system.

66. a. China

Explanation: China is known as the first country to produce ink for writing purposes.

67. e. indentation

Explanation: Indentation refers to the marks left on a blank page because of writing on the
next page.

68. b. cacography

Explanation: Cacography refers to bad handwriting or a poorly executed writing image.

69. a. Calligraphy

Explanation: Calligraphy refers to good handwriting, especially artistic or elegant writing.

70. d. variation

Explanation: Variation refers to the geometrical and tolerable changes in handwriting

execution.
71. b. Questioned Document Examination

Explanation: This field deals with examining documents to determine if they have been
altered, forged, or are genuine.

72. b. Forgery Explanation:

Forgery refers to the act of making a false document or altering a genuine one to deceive
others.

73. a. Falsification of documents

Explanation: Falsification involves altering, erasing, or counterfeiting documents, whether

they are private, public, or official.

74. a. Establishment of the age of ink

Explanation: It is often difficult to establish the exact age of ink, making it less successful
than other methods in document examination.

75. a. Private document

Explanation: A private document is executed by an individual without the involvement of a

notary or public official.

76. b. Intercalation on a genuine document

Explanation: Intercalation refers to the addition of words or phrases between lines of the
original document.

77. c. Misalignment

Explanation: Misalignment in a typewriter causes typing irregularities and is reflected in the

final product.

78. a. Natural writing

Explanation: Natural writing is a specimen executed without intentional alteration or

disguise.

79. b. Rhythm

Explanation: Rhythm refers to the balance and flow in handwriting, including the
harmonious recurrence of strokes.

80. c. Obliteration

Explanation: Obliteration refers to smearing or covering writing to make it undecipherable.

81. b. Indentation process

Explanation: The indentation process is used to create impressions on fraudulent documents

underneath the genuine text.

82. a. Off its feet

Explanation: This refers to a defect in the typeface where one side of the letter is printed
more heavily.

83. d. Writing movement

Explanation: Writing movement refers to the visible effect of bodily movements in the act of
handwriting.

84. b. Standard signature

Explanation: A standard signature is used for comparison purposes, signed under normal
conditions.

85. a. Shading

Explanation: Shading refers to the periodic increase in pressure that causes the ink stroke to
widen.

86. a. Pica

Explanation: Pica refers to a typeface with 10 characters per horizontal inch.

87. a. Lee and Abbey

Explanation: Lee and Abbey developed the system of handwriting classification used by
many police departments.

88. a. Transmitted light examination

Explanation: In this method, light is passed through the document to examine its
authenticity or detect alterations.

89. c. Graphology

Explanation: Graphology is the art of interpreting a person's personality from their

handwriting.

90. a. Transitory defect

Explanation: A transitory defect in a typewriter can be eliminated by cleaning or replacing

parts like the ribbon.

91. a. Graphology

Explanation: Graphology refers to the study of handwriting to determine character traits,

though its scientific validity is debated.

92. a. Guided hand signatures

Explanation: Guided hand signatures occur when someone assists another, often due to
physical incapacity, in affixing their signature.

93. a. Patching

Explanation: Patching is the act of retouching or modifying writing to improve or correct it.

94. a. Pica
Explanation: Pica is a typescript font where 10 characters fit per inch.

95. a. Elite

Explanation: Elite is a typescript font where 12 characters fit per inch.

96. b. Specerian System 1865-1890

Explanation: The Specerian system is a major handwriting style developed in the U.S. and
used from 1865 to 1890.

97. d. 6 or more

Explanation: Typically, 6 or more handwriting samples are required for a reliable comparison
in forensic handwriting analysis.

98. a. Contemporary handwriting standards

Explanation: Contemporary handwriting standards require that the samples being compared
should be from the same period to ensure accurate comparison.

99. d. a and c are correct

Explanation: Both "composite examination" and "juxta examination" refer to viewing the
questioned and standard documents simultaneously for comparison purposes.

100. b. descender

Explanation: The lower portion of letters like "g," "p," "q," and "y" that extends below the
baseline is called the descender.

101. a. ligatures

Explanation: Ligatures refer to connecting strokes between letters, typically seen in cursive
or joined handwriting styles.

102. a. pitch

Explanation: Pitch refers to the spacing between characters and lines in a typescript, often
measured in characters per inch.

103. c. ex-parted examination

Explanation: An ex-parted examination is granted by the court when a document

examination is requested by one party after another party's examiner has already conducted
an analysis.

104. a. Rubric

Explanation: Rubric refers to additional, often decorative strokes or flourishes added to

handwriting, typically for ornamental purposes.

105. b. Tremor of illiteracy

Explanation: Tremor of illiteracy is characterized by irregular handwriting caused by a lack

of skill and unfamiliarity with the writing process, often seen in individuals who are not well-
versed in writing.
106. b. Tremor

Explanation: Tremor refers to deviations from uniform strokes caused by a lack of

smoothness in handwriting, which is often visible without the need for magnification.

107. a. Skill

Explanation: Skill refers to the degree of proficiency a writer has in producing handwriting,
which can be assessed by consistency and control over the strokes.

108. b. Rhythm

Explanation: Rhythm refers to the balanced and harmonious recurrence of stress or impulse
in handwriting, contributing to the overall flow and consistency of the writing.

109. c. Hiatus

Explanation: Hiatus refers to a gap between strokes in writing, which can occur due to
pauses or interruptions during the writing process.

110. a. Pen lift

Explanation: Pen lift refers to the intentional or unintentional removal of the pen from the
paper, causing a break in the writing stroke.

111. d. Rectangular

Explanation: Rectangular strokes are not a typical classification of connecting strokes in

handwriting, which are usually circular, oblong, or angular.

112. a. Short

Explanation: Letters that are written entirely between the lines without extending above or
below are classified as short letters.

113. d. Proportion

Explanation: Proportion refers to the relationship between tall and short letters in
handwriting, contributing to the overall balance and consistency of the writing.

114. b. Form

Explanation: Form refers to the shape and design of individual letters, which can vary
depending on the writer’s habits and training.

115. d. a and c

Explanation: Both slant and slope refer to the angle or inclination of letters relative to the
baseline, affecting the overall appearance of the handwriting.

116. b. two

Explanation: Writing typically uses two muscle groups: flexors (for gripping the pen) and
extensors (for making strokes).

117. b. extensor
Explanation: Extensor muscles help in extending the fingers and making upward strokes in
writing.

118. d. writing instrument

Explanation: The writing instrument (pen, pencil) acts as an extension of the hand,
translating hand movements into writing.

119. a. Execution of letters

Explanation: Beginners focus on forming letters correctly as they learn how to write.

120. d. subject matter

Explanation: Experienced writers concentrate more on the content and meaning of their
writing.

121. b. handwriting

Explanation: Handwriting involves both the design of letters and the movements used to
create them.

122. b. habit

Explanation: Repeated individual writing habits or peculiarities can make handwriting

unique.

123. a. Retracing

Explanation: Retracing means going back over a previously written stroke.

124. b. retouching

Explanation: Retouching involves fixing or improving a portion of writing that appears

defective.

125. a. True

Explanation: It is generally impossible to produce two identical signatures due to natural

variations.

126. c. simulated

Explanation: Simulated forgery involves imitating someone's handwriting in a way that

resembles the original but is not exact.

127. d. forgery

Explanation: Forgery involves signing someone else's name or a fictitious name with
fraudulent intent.

128. a. Albert Osborn

Explanation: Albert Osborn is known as a pioneering expert in questioned document

examination.

129. c. Expert witness

Explanation: An expert witness provides specialized opinions based on their knowledge and
experience.

130. a. standard specimen

Explanation: A standard specimen is a genuine sample used for comparison in legal cases.

131. b. collected standard

Explanation: Collected standards are obtained from various sources under specific
conditions.

132. c. requested standard

Explanation: Requested standards are obtained specifically upon request for comparison.

133. b. Parchment

Explanation: Parchment is made from animal skins and was historically used for writing.

134. a. ambidextrous

Explanation: An ambidextrous person can write with both hands.

135. a. calligraphy

Explanation: Calligraphy is the art of beautiful and decorative writing.

136. b. Cacography

Explanation: Cacography refers to poor or bad handwriting.

137. b. expert opinion

Explanation: Expert opinion is a conclusion based on a specialist's knowledge and findings.

138. c. documentary evidence

Explanation: Documentary evidence refers to documents introduced in court.

139. c. forgery

Explanation: Forgery involves signing someone else's or a fictitious name with intent to
deceive.

140. a. typeface defect

Explanation: Typeface defects are unique to each typewriter and can be used for
identification.

141. b. horizontal mal alignment

Explanation: Horizontal mal alignment causes characters to print unevenly left or right.

142. c. vertical mal alignment

Explanation: Vertical mal-alignment results in characters printing higher or lower than

intended.
143. a. Off its feet

Explanation: “Off its feet” refers to a typeface printed unevenly, with one side more
prominent.

144. c. permanent defect

Explanation: Permanent defects are inherent flaws in a typewriter that persist despite
maintenance.

145. c. rebound

Explanation: Rebound occurs when a character prints twice with a slight offset.

146. d. platen

Explanation: The platen is the cylinder that supports the paper and absorbs impacts from
the typeface.

147. b. temporary defect

Explanation: Temporary defects can be fixed with maintenance like cleaning or changing the
ribbon.

148. a. Typeface

Explanation: The typeface is the printing surface of the type of block.

149. b. Dr. Wilson Harrison

Explanation: Dr. Wilson Harrison is known for his work on forgery detection using basic
tools.

150. d. Off–hand Opinion Explanation: An off-hand opinion is informal and lacks thorough
scientific examination.