Group 3

Image Quality In
Digital
Radiography
group 3
Erlangga Jalu Y P
Farah Atha Zahira
Irfan Arifianto
Jasmine Febryana
Kaniefa Andriani F
Kemala Anggita P W
Muhammad Hanlan F K
Najwa Syifa F Y
Rifky ardiansyah
Rizkina Zaharani
Shintia Dara Anjelin
Exposure Factors For
Digital Imaging
kV and mA and time (mAs) must be selected if radiographic images are
to be digitally acquired

mA controls the number of x-rays produced, and mAs (mA × time =

mAs) refers to the number of x-rays and the duration of exposure.
kV controls the penetrating power of the x-rays with all
radiographic imaging (digital and film-screen systems). The kV
selected must be adequate to penetrate the anatomy of interest.
 Image Quality
Factor

The factors used to evaluate digital image

quality include the
following:
* Brightness
* Contrast resolution
* Spatial resolution
* Distortion
* Exposure indicator
* Noise
 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
One way to describe noise in digital image acquisition is the
concept of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
1. High SNR
Although a high SNR is favorable , technologists must
ensure that exposure factors used are not beyond what
is required for the projection so as not to overexpose
the patient needlessly.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
2. Low SNR
When insufficient mAs is selected for a projection,
the receptor does not receive the appropriate number
of x-ray photons, resulting in a low SNR and a noisy
image. This mottle may not be readily visible on the
lower resolution monitor of the technologist’s
workstation, but the exposure indicator, as checked for
each projection, can aid in determining this
 Post Processing

post-processing refers to changing or enhancing the electronic

image for the purpose of improving its diagnostic quality

Windowing
Adjusts brightness and contrast.
Edge Enhancement
Iincrease the sharpness of the edges of the
image to make it clearer.
Smoothing
Reduce noise in the image to create a more
uniform appeareance.
 Post Processing

Magnification:
All or part of an image can be magnified.
Edge enhancement:
Specific image processing that alters pixel
values in the image is applied to make the edges
of structures appear more prominent compared
with images with less or no edge enhancement.
Equalization:
Specific image processing that alters the pixel
values across the image is applied to present a
more uniform image appearance.
 Post Processing

Subtraction:
Background anatomy can be removed to allow
visualization of contrast media–filled vessels
(used in angiography).
Image reversal:
The dark and light pixel values of an image are
reversed—the x-ray image reverses from a
negative to a positive.
Annotation:
Text may be added to images
APPLICATIONS
OF DIGITAL
TECHNOLOGY
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Digital Imaging Syistem

PSP technology was the first widely

implemented digital imaging system
for the general radiography. It is
most commonly called computed
radiography (CR) ; However it is
addressed in this section as storage
photoshop (PSP)-based digital
system
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Digital Imaging Syistem

APPLICATION OFE PSP DIGITAL SYSTEMS

Regardless of the technology used to acquire

radiographic images,
accurate positioning and attention to
technical details are important.
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Digital Imaging Syistem

IMAGE ARCHIVING

After the image quality has been verified and

any needed adjust-
ments have been made, the image can be
transmitted to the digital
archive for viewing and reading by the
referring physician or radiolo-
gist. Images also may be printed onto film by
a laser printer.
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Colimation

In addition to the benefit of reducing

radiation dose to the patient,
collimation that is closely restricted to the
part that is being examined is key to ensuring
optimal image quality

Accurate Centering of Part and IR

Because of the way the extracted image data
are analyzed, the
body part and collimated exposure field
should be centered to the
IR to ensure proper image display
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Colimation

In addition to the benefit of reducing

radiation dose to the patient, collimation that
is closely restricted to the part that is being
examined is key to ensuring optimal image
quality

Accurate Centering of Part and IR

Because of the way the extracted image data
are analyzed, the body part and collimated
exposure field should be centered to the IR to
ensure proper image display
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Use of Lead Masks

IUse of lead masks or a blocker for multiple

images on a single IR is recommended when
a cassette-based PSP system is used

Use of Grids

Use of grids (as explained in an earlier section of

this chapter) for body parts larger (thicker) than
10 cm is especially important when images are
acquired with the use of PSP image receptors
because of the hypersensitivity of the image
plate phosphors to scatter radiation.
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Exposure Factors

Because of their wide dynamic range, PSP-based

systems are able to display an acceptable image
from a broad range of exposure factors (kV, mAs).

Evaluation of Exposure Indicator

As soon as the image is available for viewing at

the workstation, it is critiqued for positioning
and exposure accuracy.
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Flat Panel Detector with Thin Film Transistor (FPD-TFT)

ADVANTAGES OF FPD-TFT SYSTEMS

One advantage of FPD-TFT–based systems
compared with PSPbased systems is that the
FPD-TFT system is capable of displaying
the image faster.
APPLICATION OF FPD-TFT-BASED SYSTEMS

For FPD-TFT–based systems, these details include careful

Ecollimation, correct use of grids, and careful attention to exposure
EfactorsEandEevaluationEofEexposureEindicatorEvalues, combined
with adherence to the ALARA principle
Applications Of Digital
Technology
Flat Panel Detector with Thin Film Transistor (FPD-TFT)

ADVANTAGES OF FPD-TFT SYSTEMS

ADVANTAGES OFECCD-BGSEDESYSTEMS
An advantage of a CCD-based imaging system is the rapid display
of the image after the exposure has stopped. The system also has
the potential to produce diagnostic radiographs with low levels of
exposure.
Applications Of Digital
Technology
CHARGED COUPLE DEVICE (CCD)

ADVANTAGES OFECCD-BGSEDESYSTEMS
An advantage of a CCD-based imaging system is the rapid display
of the image after the exposure has stopped. The system also has
the potential to produce diagnostic radiographs with low levels of
exposure.

For CCD-based systems (Fig. 1-170), these details include careful

correct use of grids and careful attention to exposureEfactorsEandE
evaluationEofEexposureEindicatorEvalues, combined with adherence to the ALARA
principle. When using all of the digital capture,
attention to these details is essential.
Applications Of Digital
Technology
IMAGE RECEPTOR SIZES AND ORIENTATION

The selection of IR size

depends primarily on the
body part that
is to be examined.
IMAGE RECEPTOR SIZES AND ORIENTATION
Applications Of Digital
Technology

PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (PACS)

PGCS is a sophisticated array of hardware and software that can

connect all modalities with digital output (nuclear medicine,
ultrasound, CT, MRI, angiography, mammography, and radiography)

Most PACS use Web

browsers to enable easy access to the images by users from any
location. Physicians may view these radiologic images from a personal computer at
virtually any location, including their home.
Applications Of Digital
Technology
PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (PACS)

Most PACS use Web

browsers to enable easy access to the images by users from any
location. Physicians may view these radiologic images from a personal computer at
virtually any location, including their home.
ADVANTAGES OF PACS
Advantages of PACS include the following:
* Convenient search for and retrieval of images.
* Rapid (electronic) transfer of images within the hospital
* Ease in consulting outside specialists—teleradiology
* Simultaneous viewing of images at multi­le locations
* Elimination of mis­laced, damaged, or missing films
* Increase in efficiency of re­orting examinations with soft-co­y images
* Reduction of the health and environmental im­act associated
with chemical ­rocessing, as a result of decreased use.
 Any
Question?
Thank
you