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Materiality and space

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Contents

List of Tables viii

List of Figures ix
Series Preface x
Acknowledgements xv
Notes on Contributors xvi
List of Acronyms xxiii

Introduction: Space in Organizations and Sociomateriality 1

François-Xavier de Vaujany and Nathalie Mitev

Part I Materiality, Space and Practices: Definitions and

Discussions

1 Living in the Material World 25

Andrew Pickering

2 Towards a Theory of Affordance Ecologies 41

Aron Lindberg and Kalle Lyytinen

3 Management Systems as Organizational ‘Architextures’ 62

Philippe Lorino

4 Bachelard’s Essays on the Elements and the Study of

Materiality in Organizations 96
Michèle Charbonneau

Part II Space and Materiality in Everyday Work and

Co-Work Practices

5 The Role of Physical Space in Collaborative Workplaces

Hosting Entrepreneurs: The Case of the ‘Beehive’ in Paris 117
Julie Fabbri and Florence Charue-Duboc

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vi Contents

6 Writing Spaces – Performativity in Media Work 135

Lotta Häkkinen and Nina Kivinen

7 When Urban Space Becomes Organizational Space:

A Space-Based Coordination to Deal with Volatile and
Recurring Problems of Urban Incivility 157
Nathalie Raulet-Croset

8 Constraints and Opportunities: The Use of Space by

Employees to Complete Their E-learning Programme 179
Bhumika Gupta and Emmanuel Baudoin

Part III Space, Materiality and

Managerial Control
9 Beyond Panoptic Enclosures? On the Spatiotemporal
Dimension of Organizational Control as Induced by Mobile
Information Systems 197
Aurélie Leclercq-Vandelannoitte

10 To the Victors Go the Spoils! Distributed Agencies,

Inhumanities and the Case of Comrade Duch
of the Khmer Rouge 216
Stewart Clegg, Miguel Pina e Cunha and Arménio Rego

11 Controlling Managers’ ‘Becoming’: The Practice of Identity

Regulation 240
Stéphan Pezé

Part IV Space, Materiality and

Institutional Dynamics
12 Mobile Lives and Materialities 263
John Urry

13 Redefining Agency: Indeterminacy and the Role of

Extra-Organizational Dynamics in Organizational Routines
and Technologies 274
Aljona Zorina and David Avison

14 Professional Identity, Technological Artefacts and Work

Practices: The Case of the Train-Driver Community of the
National Railway Company 302
Pierre Laniray

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Contents vii

Conclusion: Back to Longue Durée, Materialism and Management

Practices? 324
Nathalie Mitev and François-Xavier de Vaujany
Epilogue: Performativity and the Becoming of Sociomaterial
Assemblages 330
Lucas D. Introna

Index 343

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Introduction: Space in Organizations

and Sociomateriality∗
François-Xavier de Vaujany and Nathalie Mitev

The following is the testimony of a colleague working in an educational institution:

yes, space and materiality are important . . . and can drive us crazy!

A few years ago my office was relocated to a newly refurbished university

building. It was initially seen as a prestigious move into a modern, ‘green’,
up-to-date working environment conducive to collaborative and collegial
practices, and a new home for several disparate groups recently merged.
Several years on, the corporate look and feel of the place is quietly driving
us insane. A huge impressive lobby with oversized fancy artefacts hang-
ing from a massive glass ceiling is proving noisy, cumbersome and a huge
waste of space. Student crowds mill around aimlessly and sit around for
hours talking in groups or on their mobiles, any small sound reverber-
ating up and down the massive empty shell. Lifts are visible from the
lobby and have to be used even for travelling up one floor – stairs are
hidden away (not very green) and require swiping electronic passes and
fobs several times or getting stuck in cold stairways. Open working spaces
for administrators are crammed in between offices on upper floors with
no spare breathing space. Academic offices have glass walls to, presum-
ably, support openness and transparency. Pinning posters is not allowed,
and there are ‘floor walkers’ checking that unauthorized items (e.g. office
lamps to avoid using neon lights) are removed. Desks and shelves are stan-
dard, are situated in exactly the same place everywhere and are impossible
to move.
No privacy, nowhere to hide – even what I look at on my computer screen
is visible to anyone looking through the glass wall. Paradoxically, this
enforced visibility is increasing a feeling of loneliness in a job which has
become more and more individualized and competitive, and less and less
collegial. Increases in student numbers mean doubling academic staff in
the glass aquarium offices, so standing behind the wooden opaque door
for an instant of invisibility will become difficult. Staff in open spaces

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2 Space in Organizations & Sociomateriality

suffer from colds and sneezes all year round because of the constant
air flows; no windows, neon lights and low ceilings worsen the general
climate of unwanted proximity and lack of privacy.
Yes, the impression of space is grand for visitors when entering the build-
ing but it does not last for employees. I dread having to spend time
there. The only redeeming feature (unlike the ‘non-academics’ in the
open spaces) is that I can switch off the air-conditioning in my office
(although in the winter the ‘system’ takes over in unpredictable spurs) –
until I have to share it and negotiate with someone else. And I have a net
curtain I temporarily pin on my glass wall when stares become too much,
until the floor-walkers spot it one day.
(An academic wishing to remain anonymous)

This edited book concentrates on the materiality of artefacts, practices and

organizations and on material spaces in management and organization stud-
ies. According to Orlikowski (2007, p. 1435), ‘the [organization studies] field
has traditionally overlooked the ways in which organizing is bound up with
the material forms and spaces through which humans act and interact’.
Since the late 1990s, two main streams of research have developed with the
intention of analysing these issues.
The first has focused on the ways in which (material) spaces are con-
stituted and transformed through everyday practices (Clegg & Kornberger,
2006). This stream suggests that organizational theory must perform a ‘spa-
tial turn’ in order to incorporate the volumetric analysis of objects and
everyday spatial practices.
The second stream is related to sociomaterial practices (influenced pri-
marily by Latour, 2005; Suchman, 1987; Pickering, 1995; Orlikowski, 2005,
2006, 2007) and has attempted to overcome the dichotomy between social
and material worlds by concentrating on the practices within organizations.
These practices are constituted by, but also produce, material and social
dynamics.
There are many books on materiality in social sciences, going back to The
Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Appadurai, 1986),
which examines how things are sold and traded in a variety of social
and cultural settings, and bridges the disciplines of social history, cultural
anthropology and economics. Another example in social anthropology is
Materiality (Politics, History, and Culture) (Miller, 2005), which explores the
expression of the immaterial through material forms and aims to decentre
the social to make room for the material.
The social study of science and technology has also studied materiality
for some time – for instance, in Chasing Technoscience: Matrix for Materiality
(Selinger et al., 2003). This aims to rectify the lack of consideration of the

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François-Xavier de Vaujany & Nathalie Mitev 3

material dimension by philosophers, sociologists and anthropologists in the

study of the practices of the sciences.
A concern for materiality has slowly migrated from the social sciences and
is currently attracting attention in management studies at large, but much of
the existing literature is published in academic journals. One recent excep-
tion is Materiality and Organizing: Social Interaction in a Technological World
(Leonardi et al., 2012), which examines the phenomenon of materiality
from multiple disciplinary perspectives, and focuses on materiality and
sociomateriality in the study of technology. Therefore it is clearly situated at
the junction of technology and social practice. It also includes sociotechnical
changes in and outside work, unlike our own project.
We are concentrating here on the relationship between materiality and
space in organizations. We outline the various disciplinary traditions con-
cerned with space and show that a spatial dimension is essential to the
understanding of sociomaterial practices in organizations.
Questions related to space, its dynamics and the materiality of its objects
have long fascinated social scientists and thinkers. In philosophy, space has
been conceptualized as a material property (consubstantial to the set of
objects it hosts) by Leibniz, as an a priori intuition by Kant and as a highly rel-
ative construct by Einstein (Lucas, 1973; Fraassen, 1970). Some philosophers
have also insisted on the ‘poetic’ dimension of space. According to Bachelard
(1957, p. 28), space particularly tends to ‘host’ or retain memories. He adds:

Our memory . . . does not record the concrete duration of things, the ‘dura-
tion’ in a bergsonian meaning. We can only re-experience abolished
durations. We can only think them . . . And this is through space that we
find the beautiful fossils of duration solidified by long stays.

In social sciences such as sociology, psychology, economics and organiza-

tion theory, scholarship has examined the question of space directly and
provided many relevant insights.
Table I.1 lists key theoretical approaches to space, their main research
questions and how they have conceptualized the roles played by objects and
materiality in their analysis.
Of course, there has been much cross-fertilization between these
approaches (e.g. between sociology, environmental psychology (EP) and
organization studies). Today they have much in common, and sometimes
overlap, with each other. In particular, they emphasize the importance
of space (and materiality only by implication, apart from the last three
rows in Table I.1) in the shaping of their specific research object – for
example, individual cognition, mobility, economics and social dynamics.
However, beyond some similarities, these approaches conceptualize space
and materiality in ways that reflect their disciplines of origin.

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4

Table I.1 The main approaches to space in social sciences

Main Key research Status of objects and Key references

approach to questions materiality
space and
material
spaces

Economic How does one Merchandize, Schumpeter

geography include space in the products. (1934), Hotelling
framework of pure and Elements located on a (1929), Lee and
perfect competition? material territory. Wills (1997),
Macro- or Massey (1984),
mesoeconomic focus. Krugman (1992),
Fujita et al.
(1999), Feldman
(1990)
Environmental How do individuals What the subject is Uexküll (1956),
psychology make sense of space in not. Tinbergen (1957),
everyday interactions? Something located Lorenz (1977),
What is the influence within a specific Taylor and Lanni
of the physical space, a physical (1981), Brown
environment on environment. et al. (2005)
interindividual
interactions?
Environmental Application of the Ditto. Evans and McCoy
psychology in previous research (1998),
organizations question to Gifford (2007),
organizational Gustafson (2006),
settings. Fischer (1983)
Sociology Space as structuring Space as a relational Giddens (1981,
social interactions. property of actors and 1984), Lefebvre
objects. (1991), Simmel
(1908)
Sociologies of What is the link Space itself King (1980),
architecture between architecture (in particular, that of Jones (2010),
and urbanism (e.g. building or urban the building or the Berger (1978)
space) and social city).
interaction? An urban or an
What is the main role organizational
and occupation of territory.
architects in society?
Sociology of Application of the two What represents, Guillén (1997),
architecture in previous research constitutes and Fischer (1983,
organizations questions to the world delimits 1990)
of organizations. organizational space?
The aesthetic of
organizations.

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5

Sociology of How is space A dimension of space or Altman (1975),

space or place instantiated/enacted an aspect of space. Girin (1987),
(in society) in social A territory in which Urry (1996,
interactions? people can be mobile. 2000)
Sociology of How is What constitutes and Taylor and
space in organizational space delimits organizational Spicer (2007),
organizations constituted? How space? Space scale and Kornberger and
does one describe mobility practices in Clegg (2003a,
the symbolic and organizations. 2003b, 2004),
material dimensions Rose and
of organizational Tolia-Kelly
space? What are the (2012), Black
spatial practices of (1997), Hockey
organizational et al. (2010)
members? How do
they contribute to
the dynamic,
competitive
advantage,
legitimacy,
identity, etc. of
organizations?
Social studies How are scientific Scientific practices are Hughes (1983),
of science and ideas and material inscribed into a scientific MacKenzie and
technology devices combined in field and a scientific Wajcman
practice? What are space, with its legitimate (1985), Bijker
everyday scientific objects, practices and et al. (1987),
practices? ideas. Bijker (2001)
Sociology of How do social Actants. Callon (1986,
translation networks of actants Both social and material 1987, 1991),
(actor network emerge and become objects. Latour (1987),
theory) irreversible? Latour and
Possible place for
Woolgar (1986)
inscription.
Sociomaterial How are social and Material and social Barad (2007),
perspectives material aspects elements are melted in Pickering (1995)
entangled in sociomaterial practices.
everyday life? Why Practices are mediated by
is material space material artefacts (body,
co-substantially clothes, cars, voice,
social? ICT . . . ). Materiality
(as identified by actors) is
always a social product.
Actors are involved in a
‘mangle of practices’
(Pickering, 1995).
Space is often implicitly
present and at the margin
of the theorization.

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6 Space in Organizations & Sociomateriality

Table I.1 (Continued)

Main Key research Status of objects and Key references

approach to questions materiality
space and
material
spaces

Sociomateriality Same questions Ditto. Dale (2005),

and applied to Distinction between Leonardi and
organization management and those who keep a frontier Barley (2008),
studies organization studies. between material Orlikowski
and social elements (2007, 2010)
(in particular, at the level
of agency, see e.g.
Leonardi, 2011) and those
who maintain a necessary
symmetry between
material and social
elements at the level of
sociomaterial practices
(see e.g. Orlikowski,
2007).
Space is often implicitly
present and at the margin
of the theorization.
Sociomateriality Same questions Ditto. Orlikowski
and information applied to (2006),
systems information systems Orlikowski and
and information Scott (2008),
technologies in Leonardi and
organizations and Barley (2008)
societies.

Economic geography
The starting point of economic geography is the absence of space (and
time) in classic economic theory. In particular, in the post-Second World
War period the non-integration of space made it difficult to make sense of
key phenomena, such as the geographic concentration of economic activity,
the growing closeness of competitors in space and the dynamic of terri-
tories and their relationship with innovation. Hotelling (1929) developed
a model about spatial competitiveness and the agglomeration of firms in
space. But the precursor of what is today called the ‘new economic geog-
raphy’ is clearly Paul Krugman, who in the 1990s developed an economic
dynamic of territories based on transport costs, the amplitude to economies
of scales and the features of demand (Krugman, 1992). Numerous authors
have extended his model (e.g. Fujita et al., 1999). Among recent extensions,

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François-Xavier de Vaujany & Nathalie Mitev 7

the geography of innovation is worth mentioning. This covers the issue of

the concentration of innovating activities and the factors determining the
spatialization of innovation (Feldman, 1990) or the diffusion of knowledge
through space (Jaffe et al., 1993; Breschi & Lissoni, 2009) and so on. Sydow
(2004) has also concentrated on spatial proximity in interorganizational
networks, and there is growing interest in using social network analysis
methods to study the links between spatial distance and, for instance,
cultural distance.

Environmental psychology
Researchers have examined the materiality of space mostly implicitly,
notably in ethology and its extension in the works of Uexküll (1956),
Tinbergen (1957), Lorenz (1977), Taylor and Lanni (1981), Brown et al.
(2005) and Gifford (2007). In the broadest sense, EP ‘can be identified
as an interdisciplinary field of environment and behaviour, or in other
words, the study of human behaviour in relation to its environmental
setting . . . Modern EP works from a “molar” or holistic perspective, which
can be summarized thus’ (Gustafson, 2006, p. 221). Materiality and space
are analysed at the individual or interindividual level: ‘The person-in-
environment provides the unit of analysis’ (Gustafson, 2006, p. 221). Space
is an element of individuals’ ‘environment’ (Gustafson, 2006, pp. 221–240).
EP has been applied to organizational life (Fischer, 1983) to understand
the behaviour of individuals within an organizational environment and
the type of territories it includes. Topics such as mobility in complex set-
tings, the effect of environmental stress on organizational performance and
the dynamic of human information processing have been covered. Girin’s
(1987) research of a major company in a Paris business district is worth men-
tioning with regard to how it studies the way in which people moved and
enacted their organizational environment, and its artefacts, rumours and
boundaries.

Sociology
In contrast with EP, sociological research primarily investigates macro- or
mesoissues. At a macrolevel, space (e.g. that of the city) is described as a
structuring framework for social interactions (Simmel, 1908) or a social pro-
duction (Lefebvre, 1991). Among others, Giddens (1981, 1984) has brought
space back in sociology. For him ‘the contextuality of time–space, and espe-
cially the connections between time-space location and physical milieu of
action, are not simply uninteresting boundaries of social life, but inherently
involved in its constitution or reproduction’ (Giddens, 1984). Sociologi-
cal approaches conceptualize space as a relational property of actors and
objects. Beyond the symbolic ‘social space’ (Bourdieu, 1960, 1989), space
makes sense as a socially constructed material property (see e.g. Simmel,
1908; Girin, 1987; Lefebvre, 1991; Taylor & Spicer, 2007; Latour, 1991, 1994;
Fischer, 1989, 1990; Dale, 2005).

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8 Space in Organizations & Sociomateriality

The sociologies of space and of architecture (Simmel, 1908; Altman, 1975;

King, 1980; Jones, 2010) emphasize the collective dimension of space (and,
by extension, materiality) as well as the diversity of spaces.

Sociology of architecture
The key focus of the sociology of architecture is the built environment and
the professions which contribute to this environment (e.g. architects). The
field covers the design, aesthetics and appropriation of buildings as well as
the artefacts they host. Among other things the relationship between social
institutions and architecture is extensively explored.
In this tradition, some sociologists have explored the relationship between
urban space (i.e. the material space constituted by all buildings and mate-
rial spaces of the city) and social structures. For instance, Berger (1978)
focused on urban communities and their problems, leading to a new stream
of research related to the sociology of architecture: urban sociology. This
deals with issues such as property, social segregation and social relationships
in the space of the city.

Sociology of architecture in organizations. Many sociological studies have

focused on the architecture of organizations and its appropriation by orga-
nizational members. This is epitomized by research on organizational aes-
thetics (see e.g. Guillén, 1997), a stream which shares many commonalities
with the sociology of space in organizations (see ‘Sociology of space in
organizations’ on page 9).
Linking the micro- and mesolevels, Fischer (1989, 1990) examined the
ways in which organizations – particularly industrial ones – appropriate
space. Managers as well as ergonomists and psychologists have finely tuned
and divided workspaces. A desk’s surface, a floorplan, the furniture, the com-
bination of human and material means embody and filter the entryway to
a space: all serve as hierarchical attributes in an allocative system (Fischer,
1989, 1990). A workspace and its material arrangements are thus controlled:

Organizational space mediates the hierarchical system. For example, fur-

nishings are designed to make workers visible. The principle of workspace
visibility is tied to an inherent requirement for organizing work – the need
to oversee and control it. In other words, the organization functions as a
set of spaces where even the furnishings reveal a surveillance structure
based on individuals’ visibility.
(Fischer, 1990, p. 175)

Sociology of place and space

The notion of ‘territory’ is one of the key concepts of the sociology of
place and space. Territories and the mobility of people in them (Urry, 1996,

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François-Xavier de Vaujany & Nathalie Mitev 9

2000) also appear as a key focus. New trends in the modalities of mobility
have been extensively explored by sociologists since the 1970s. In a semi-
nal contribution, Altman (1975) distinguishes three types of ‘territory’ that
provide diverse contexts for interactions. ‘Primary territories’ are areas that
individuals or groups have appropriated for personal or exclusive use on a
day-to-day basis (e.g. a home or one’s individual office). ‘Secondary territo-
ries’ are semipublic areas where access and personal behaviour are subject
to specific rules (e.g. a company’s office building, restaurant, theatre, sports
club). ‘Public territories’ are fully accessible places occupied on a temporary
basis (e.g. a public park, train station, street).
The sociology of space also includes cultural studies – for instance, Rose
and Tolia-Kelly (2012) who bring together visuality and materiality studies;
or social historical approaches which focus on how societies have under-
stood physical, social and imaginative spaces, and explore the spaces and
cultures of the past, such as through maps (Black, 1997); or even the sociol-
ogy of healthcare, which examines the role of space, place and materiality
in death (Hockey et al., 2010).

Sociology of space in organizations. Some organization theorists have

acknowledged the relevance of space in organizational dynamics, and built
upon insights from sociology (Gieryn, 2000, 2002; Kornberger & Clegg,
2003b; Taylor & Spicer, 2007; Gastelaars, 2011; Kornberger & Clegg, 2004).
Dale and Burrell (2008) examine the role and utilization of workplace space
and its relations to organizational values and employee identities. Criti-
cal management scholars (e.g. Fleming & Spicer, 2004; Carr & Hancock,
2006a, 2006b) have researched how our experiences of time and space are
open to manipulation and how ‘conceptions of time and space are fun-
damental to the manner in which organizations are managed, and are
a symbolic order inter-related to themes of power and control’ (Carr &
Hancock, 2006b, p. 545).
The distinction between ‘organization space’ and organization ‘space
scale’ (Kornberger & Clegg, 2004; Taylor & Spicer, 2007) is relevant to investi-
gating organizational dynamics and spatiomaterial information flows. Orga-
nization space is the spatiality enacted by organizational members and/or
the material space constituting an organization in concrete terms. Organiza-
tion space scale is the organizational space as identified, acknowledged and
shared by organizational actors through their practices of mobility (Taylor &
Spicer, 2007). Organization research has thus started to conceptualize orga-
nizational spaces as more

than an abstract and neutral framework filled with objects. Human and
non-human elements constitute the experience of space through their
form of occupation, activity and movement such as they are constituted
through those spaces that enable and restrict certain events. In fact, we

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10 Space in Organizations & Sociomateriality

constitute space through the countless practices of everyday life as much

as we are constituted through them.
(Clegg & Kornberger, 2006, p. 144)

Social studies of science and technology

These endeavours also reflect the growing influence of the social studies
of science and technology (STS: science and technology studies) over the
last few decades. STS have applied macro- meso- and microsociological
approaches to the study of the production of objects and artefacts, although
without specifically including spatial aspects. Many different perspectives,
such as the macrosocial shaping of technology (MacKenzie & Wajcman,
1985), the mesosocial construction of technology (Hughes, 1983; Bijker
et al., 1987) or the micro-actor–network theory (Latour, 1994), while not
directly addressing the issue of space, have emphasized the importance of
‘objects’ in social dynamics.

Sociology of translation
Latour’s actor–network theory (1994) argued that sociologists have oscil-
lated between two conceptions of the object: the bad object (a ‘fetish’)
and the good object (a more or less visible expression of nature). The ordi-
nary object and, more broadly, material systems have generally been absent
from sociological theories (Blandin, 2002). The object thus long remained
an abstraction and ordinary, and daily objects all but disappeared from
the human sciences (Dosse, 1995; Blandin, 2002). Yet as Latour (1994)
underscored, actors actively situate ‘an interaction through an ensemble of
participation, frames, shields and fire-breaks that allows them to pass from a
complex situation to one that is simply complicated’ (Latour, 1994, p. 588).
However, the anti-fetishistic behaviours denounced by Hennion and
Latour (1993) and Latour (1994) have made it difficult to differentiate these
ensembles from the network of objects that mediate action, resulting in
a somewhat tautological situation where the social is explained solely by
the social. In actor–network theory (Callon & Latour, 1990), the sociology
of innovation (Alter, 2000) or the social construction of technology (Bijker
et al., 1987; Bijker, 2001) objects and the material in general gradually gained
acceptance. Notions such as ‘inscription’, ‘programmes’, ‘rhetorical closure’
and ‘interpretative flexibility’ made objects the inputs and outputs of social
interactions.

Sociomateriality
Strong links are evident between actor–network theory and sociomaterial
approaches, due to the growing impact of STS and social constructivism in
social sciences at large. The emergent ‘sociomaterial perspective’ (Pickering,
1995; Dale, 2005; Leonardi, 2008; Orlikowski, 2006, 2007, 2010) goes
beyond discrete entities and emphasizes materiality and information flows

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Index

Note: Locators followed by ‘f’ and ‘t’ refer to figures and tables respectively.

Abbey, A., 119 configurations of, 49

action, concept of, 71 designgestalt, 51–2
active reveries, notion of, 104 digitalization of design practices, 51
activity drift, 51, 55
collective, 67–8, 78–9; commonality or dynamics of affordance
sharing, concept of, 78; configurations, 50, 52f
conversation of gestures, 78; grammar of, 55t
dialogism and mediation, 79; infrastructure domains, 53
group heterogeneity, 79; process interpretive schemes and norms, 54
of habits and inquiries, 79–81; intersection of technology,
shared and multiparty, 282–3; organizations and people, 51–2
with social relationships, 64; language games and family
speech, 78 resemblance, 48–9
common, 67; characteristics, 68; niches as, 48
mechanical solidarity, 67 organization domains, 53
conjoint, 67; characteristics, 68; ostensive (affordances as abstractions),
organic solidarity, 67; processes or 48, 50
business processes, 67 performative (affordances as
definition, 79–80 enactment), 48, 50
actor network theory, 10–11, 71, 137, Ruby programming language
331 (infrastructure domain), 53
Adelman, H., 217 semiotic negotiation of, 49
Adler, P. S., 67 semioticstability of affordance
affordance(s), 43–8 configurations, 48
artefact-to-artefact, 46 technological frames, 53
configurations, 45–6, 48–51, 54–8 technology-in-use practices, 54
and constraints, 277, 279–80, 282, agency, redefining, 274–99
292, 295–6, 298, 307–8, 316 affordances and constraints, 277
definitions across disciplines, 43, 44t concept of agency, 71, 276
generic, 41, 42 constraints and affordances, 295
materiality of digital artefacts, 47 cooperation with private providers,
nested, 46 295
ontological status of, 43 definition, 276–7, 297
sequences of, 46 division, 276–7
singular technology, 45 home LANs, imbrications and
standing, 46 infrastructures, 282–93;
affordance ecologies, 48–55 extra-organizational dynamics
alignment, 50 and complexities, 293; phase 1
behaviour-driven development (1995–1999), 282–6; phase 2
approach (organization domain), (2000–2005), 286–9; phase 3
53 (2006–2010), 289–99
completeness, 51, 55 human agency, 276; changes by, 296

343

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344 Index

agency, redefining – continued Amabile, T., 119

imbrications, 278–80; affordances and Andersson, T., 241, 245
constraints, 278–9; domestication Ângkar (case study), 226–8
of scallops, 279; flexible routines crucial institution, 226
and technologies, 278; framework, panopticon, 227
279–80; public internet paranoia, 226–7
infrastructure, 280; in R&D policy of terror, 227–8
department, 280; routines and signs of regressive consciousness,
technologies, (re)configuration of, 227
279 see also distributed agencies,
implications, 293–9 inhumanities
information systems (IS), 274; Ansell, C., 227
complex technology-enabled Ansell-Pearson, K., 337
infrastructures, 274–5; anthropological theory, 137, 162
extra-organizational dynamics, Appadurai, A., 2
275; home LANs, 275; ISPs, 275 appropriation, concept of, 163
institutional and historical factors, architectural instruments, 14, 62–4,
277–8 81
interactive differentiating and abstract social subjects, 72
boundary-making, 296 action theorizing, lack of, 70–1; actor
internet infrastructure, 295; network theory, 71; concept of
interconnectedness, 296; action, 71; goals, 71; human
superposition of, 295 agency, definition, 71; material
intra-action, 278 agency, definition, 71
issues, 276 activity with social relationships, 64
material agencies, 276; enacted affordances, 72
multiple performativities, 296; building architecture influence, 64
possibilities, 297 capability maturity model, 66
multiple home LAN infrastructures, constitutive entanglement of sociality
297 and materiality, 68–9
research setting and methodology, cross-functional and translocal uses,
280–2; data 63–4
analysis/collection/sources, 281–2; cultural-historical mediations, 72
private ISPs, 281; qualitative case definition, 81
study research approach, 281; indexical (physical constraints)
visual mapping and temporal mechanisms, 65
bracketing methodologies, 281 individual subjects, 72
studies of agency, 298 integrated management information
studies of change in organizations, systems or ERP, 66; standard
298–9 process models, 66
studies of infrastructures, 298 key process areas, 66
ways of, 297 material artefacts in social action, 72
Ainsworth, S., 240, 241, 243, 248, 256 organization, characteristics, 64
Alavi, M., 274 organizing processes, 68
Albert, S., 304 professional buildings, 64
Allen, T. J., 118, 119 Renault (case study), 65–6
Alter, N., 10 social/cultural habits of utilization, 81
Altman, I., 5, 8, 9 social/material dichotomy, 69–70;
Alvesson, M., 184, 240, 241, 242, 243, dualism, routine/technology
244, 248, 257, 303, 304, 306 dichotomy, 69; human agency

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and “head status,” 69; material compared with, 90; modification,

agency and “complement status,” 88–9; PEC management practices,
69; social–material syncretism, 70 89–90; tooling, 88
and sociomateriality, 68–72 SAP at Electricité de France (case
station architecture, 66 study), 82–7; change involved,
structural forms, 81 86–7; company, 82–3;
structures and social systems, 64 cross-professional dependency, 86;
symbolic (conventional meanings) ERP implementation and process
mechanisms, 65 redesign, 84–7; PGI
technocentre, 65 implementation, 84; research
architextures, organizational methodology and design, 83–4
action as meaning-making, 72–5; semiotic mediations, 62
action/actants, definition, 72; sign: theory of, 63; types of, 81
concept of efficient causation, 73; symbolic tools, 82
concept of giving, 74; secondness, Arendt, H., 229
or mechanistic action–reaction Ariane, production of space launcher
couple, 73–4; thirdness, 74–5 (case study)
architectural instruments, 62–4, 81; costless PEC, 87–90
definition, 81; social/cultural costless procedure, 88
habits of utilization, 81; and EDF case, compared with, 90
sociomateriality, 68–72; structural modification, 88–9
forms, 81 PEC management practices, 89–90
collective activity, 67–8, 78–9; activity, tooling, 88
definition, 79–80; concept of Arias, S., 157, 197
commonality or sharing, 78; Ashcraft, K. L., 106, 110
conversation of gestures, 78; Ashforth, B. E., 303
dialogism and mediation, 79; Augé, M., 162, 170, 175
group heterogeneity, 79; process Austerlitz, 66
of habits and inquiries, 79–81; Avgerou, C., 277, 280
speech, 78 Avison, D., 274–99
enterprise resource planning (ERP), 63 Axhausen, K. W., 267
habits: definition, 77; and inquiry, 63, Axtell, C., 201
79–81; as language of action, 77–9
iconic tools, 82 Bachelard, G., 3, 98, 99, 105, 110
indexical tools, 82 Bachelard’s essays on elements, 97–9
instrumental artefacts, 80–1; conception of reality, 98
habit-carriers, 80; inquiry-triggers, conception of libido, 98
80; surprises, 80 concept of complex, 98
integrated management information distance from psychoanalysis, 98–9
systems, 62 dynamic imagination, 100
materiality as triadic sign, 75–7; actors formal imagination, 100
and material artefacts, 75; dyadic fundamental images, 97
signs, 75; object and sign, 77; human experience of materiality,
semiotic mediation, 76; social 101–2
relations, 77; thirdness or language, 101
mediation, 76 literary images, 101
M1 mimesis, 81 material imagination, 100
production of space launcher Ariane method of demonstration, 99
(case study): costless PEC, 87–90; oneiric life and rational life, 99
costless procedure, 88; EDF case, oneiric temperaments, 100

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Bachelard’s essays on research design, 120–1

elements – continued selection criteria, 130
poetic analysis with psychoanalysis, 99 social designation, 124–7
poetics of space and reverie, 97 social innovation/interactions, 130
power of images, 101 space-sharing, 131
propositions, 99–103 spatial settings, 122–4
Psychoanalysis of Fire, 98 toolbox events, 125
psychological life and material traditional conference rooms, 122
imagination, 102–3 types of events, 124
sensory experiences, 100–1 Beer, S., 33, 35, 36, 37
unconscious and imagination, 98 Berger, A. S., 4, 8
see also materiality in organizations Bergson, H., 332, 337
Bagnara, S., 119 Bergström, O., 243, 244, 248, 256
Bailey, D. E., 42, 307 Bes, M. P., 120
Bain, P., 198 Beyes, T., 135, 140, 152–3
Baker, K. S., 320 Bigley, G. A., 159, 160
Bakhtin, M. M., 76, 78, 79 Bijker, W. E., 5, 10
Baldry, C., 198, 199 biological computing, 33–5, 38
Bandura, A., 222, 234 Black, J., 5, 9
Barad, K., 5, 69, 163, 275, 276, 278, 295, Blackler, F., 138
297, 335, 336 Blandin, B., 10
Barley, S. R., 6, 11, 53, 64, 96, 106, 107, Blofeld, J., 39
218, 233, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, Blohm, H. S., 38
303, 305, 307, 308, 312, 313, 320 Blumer, H., 303
Barrett, M., 28, 307 Boje, D. M., 80, 81
Baudoin, E., 179–92 Boland, R. J., 274
Bauman, Z., 231, 268 Bondarouk, T., 181
Baxter, R., 41 Bontems, V., 98
Bazin, Y., 244 Borzeix, A., 166
Bechky, B. A., 157, 158, 159, 160, 174 Boudreau, M. C., 234, 274, 277
Beech, N., 241, 253 Bourdieu, P., 7, 138
Beehive in Paris (case study), 121–7, 125f Braa, J., 277
collaborative workplace, 129 Braidotti, R., 212
convivial spaces, 122, 124 Brants, K., 136
entrepreneurs and ecosystem, 129 Braudel, F., 327
flexible workspace, 124 Breschi, S., 7
floor plan, 123f BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and
geographical proximity, 130 China), 263
kitchen, 124 Brivot, M., 200, 201
meeting rooms, 122 Brown, G., 4, 7
middle up down learning processes, Brown, S. L., 160
130 Bruni, A., 137
multifaceted workspace, 127–9; place Burrell, G., 9, 139, 157, 158, 162, 163,
to grow, 128–9; place to meet, 175
128; place to work, 127–8 Butler, J., 336, 337, 338
open-plan arrangement, 122
personal and collective learning Callon, M., 5, 10, 11, 68, 276, 277, 279,
dynamics, 126 336
pop-up stores, 126 capability maturity model, 67
primary activities, 122 Cariani, P., 34

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Carlile, P. R., 63 consultancy company (case study),

Carr, A. N., 9 209–10
Carré, P., 181, 182 ideas of urgency and, 209
Cartesian dualism, 25–6 management-by-objectives system,
Cassirer, E., 81 209–10
Castells, M., 162 responsiveness and customer
Certeau, M., 166 satisfaction, 209
Chae, B., 278 urgency and hyper-reactivity, 209
Chandler, D., 224, 225, 231 see also mobile information systems
Chasing Technoscience: Matrix for containerization, development of, 263
Materiality, 2 Cooper, R., 68
Chia, R., 68 Cooren, F., 71, 80, 217, 226
Ciborra, C., 298 Corijn, E., 162, 170, 175
circular money, 265 corporate clones, 256
Clark, K., 119 costless PEC, 87–91
Couldry, N., 136
Clark, R. C., 181
Cousins, M., 200
Clegg, S. R., 2, 5, 9, 10, 11, 62, 70, 79, 80,
Cowton, C., 200, 201
117, 118, 139, 157, 161, 162, 164,
Creswell, J. W., 281
174, 175, 197, 198, 199, 211, 217,
Crossley, N., 71
230, 232, 235, 241, 325
cultural-historical mediations, 72
Clifford, J., 264
Cummings, A., 119
Clot, Y., 67
Cunliffe, A. L., 81
Cohen, L., 135, 139
cybernetics, 33, 38
Cohendet, P., 120
Czarniawska, B., 137
Collins, R., 136
commonality or sharing, concept of, 78
D’Adderio, L., 44, 51
communication and public
Dagognet, F., 96, 98, 110
broadcasting, 136
Dale, K., 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 62, 68, 69, 71,
complex, concept of, 98
77, 138, 139, 140, 153, 157, 158,
Comrade Duch (case study), 220–6
162, 163, 175, 197, 198, 199, 200,
cruelty, 222–3 211, 212, 213
diehard, 220–1 database technologies, 52
Kafkaesque rules, 225–6 Davis, F. D., 181, 319
Khmer Rouge leader, 220 Deepwater Horizon, 31
role narcissism, 222 Deetz, S., 184
signs of regressive consciousness, 227 de Haan, Y., 136
total institutional environment, 223–4 Deleuze, G., 212, 337
Tuol Sleng, codename S-21, 223–4; Delone, W. H., 181
memorial to genocide, 224 Demi, story spaces at (case study), 140–4
young peasants as guards, 224–5 difficult subjects, 144
see also distributed agencies, dummy, 141
inhumanities ex tempore editorial meetings, 143
conceived space, notion of, 161 focus on number of pages, 141–2
Conole, G., 44, 45 ideas for stories, 141
construction company (case study), monthly magazine, 140
205–7 new issue on wall, 144f
changes in social interactions and online community, 143
control systems, 206 spatial constraints, 141
see also mobile information systems subject matter, 141

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Demi, story spaces at layers of agency: adjudicating to

(case study) – continued Ângkar, 230; adjudicating to
tuuppari, 142f Duch, 231; adjudicating to S-21,
writing and editing stories, 142–3 230–1; in Duchs genocidal
see also writing spaces, performativity practices, 234f; macro/situational
in media work and micro/mental model, 229;
Denegri-Knott, J., 136 World Vision (humanitarian
Dent, M., 137 organization), 229
Denzin, N., 184 ontology of separation, 233
Derouin, R. E., 181 power relations in genocidal context,
DeSanctis, G., 41 216
desired or aspirational identity, 241–2 sociomaterial agents, 233
determinism, 96, 98 The Doors of Perception, 29
Deuze, M., 136 Dopson, S., 137, 200, 201
de Vaujany, F. X., 1–18, 197, 199, 324–9 Dosse, J. F., 10
DeVos, G., 222 Douard, J., 217
Dewey, J., 63, 79 Douglas, M., 219
Dickson, J. W., 119 Down, S., 252, 253
Dickson, W. J., 117 Drabek, T. E., 160
digital gambling, study of, 29–30 Drillon, D., 181
Discipline and Punish, 28, 199 Drucker, P. F., 118, 119
discourse legitimation, practices of, 254 Duberley, J., 184, 242, 243, 247, 257
managers receptivity, 254 Duffy, F., 118, 119
dispositifs, 29 Dunlop, N., 220, 221, 222, 225, 226,
distributed agencies, inhumanities 228, 229
Ângkar (case study), 226–8; crucial Durkheim, E., 67
institution, 226; panopticon, 227; Dutton, J. E., 303
paranoia, 226–7; policy of terror, Dyke, M., 44, 45
227–8; signs of regressive
consciousness, 227 ear awakening technique, 107
Comrade Duch (case study), 220–5; Eco, U., 75
cruelty, 222–3; diehard, 220–1; economic geography, 6–7
Kafkaesque rules, 225–6; Khmer efficient causation, concept of, 73
Rouge leader, 220; role narcissism, Eisenhardt, K. M., 119, 120, 160, 216
222; signs of regressive elbow-to-elbow working, 266
consciousness, 227; total e-learning, space for
institutional environment, 223–4; case studies, 184–5; centre dedicated
Tuol Sleng, codename S-21, 223–4; to training, advantages, 187–8;
young peasants as guards, 224–5 dedicated office, 190; interviews,
democratic Kampuchea and utopia 185–7, 187t; logistic processes,
(case study), 219–20; Buddhism, 188–9; meeting room, 188–9;
220; Khmer Rouge, 219; process of personal development and
genocide, 219; utopia, 220 efficacy, 189–90; powerpoint,
against dualism, 217–19; agency as 187–8; presentation of, 186t;
process in context and time, privileged space, 189–90; purchase
217–18; DK regime, selection of, processes, 190
218; unreflective definition, 180–1; self-training
obedience/action, 217 multimedia modules, 181
ecology of games, 232 engagement: definition of, 181–2;
Hang Pins choices, 233 drives, 182; factors influencing,

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182–3, 182f; link between space Fernandez, G., 312

and employee, 191–2; notion of Fischer, G. N., 4, 7, 8
use, 181; self, 182; social Fleming, P., 9, 140, 153
environment, 183; spatiotemporal Ford, H., 117
environment, 183; technological formal imagination, 100, 104
environment, 182 Foucault, M., 28, 118, 198, 199, 201,
research methodology, 184; methods 210, 212, 230, 336
for gathering information, 184; Fox, S., 79
positivism, 184; qualitative Fraassen, B. V., 3
research, 184 Frenkel, M., 241, 242
space and behaviour, 183; biological Fuentes, C., 138
laws, 183; moral laws, 183; Fujimoto, T., 119
physical laws, 183; social laws, Fujita, M., 4, 6
183; statistical laws, 183 Fukushima, 31
space psychosociology, 183 Fusé, T., 222
electronic diary, 268 Fyfe, N., 164
Elliott, A., 47
Elsbach, K. D., 304 Gabriel, Y., 216
emergence, concept of, 30 Gagliardi, P., 97, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109,
emergent response groups, 160–1, 165 211
Emirbayer, M., 217, 230 Galvao, A., 44
Empson, L., 242, 257 Garfinkel, H., 78, 79
engagement Garsten, C., 121
definition of, 181–2 Gash, D., 53
drives, 182 Gastelaars, M., 9, 327
factors influencing, 182–3, 182f Gaver,W., 44, 46, 47
link between space and employee, Geiger, J., 29
191–2 Gendron, Y., 200, 201, 242
notion of use, 181 generative building, 161, 164, 174
self, 182 generic affordances, 41, 42
social environment, 183 Genette, G., 63, 81
spatiotemporal environment, 183 genocide, 16, 217–21, 224, 228, 230–1,
technological environment, 182 233, 236
Engeström, Y., 138 Gerring, J., 218
Enlightenment, 27 Ghelardi, P., 87
enterprise resource planning (ERP), 63, Gherardi, S., 139
66–7, 83–7, 90–1 Ghità, R. A., 98
environmental psychology (EP), 7 Gibson, J. J., 13, 41, 43, 72, 75, 76
Evans, G. W., 4 Gibson, J. T., 228
Giddens, A., 4, 7, 48, 52, 200, 201, 212,
Fabre, N., 107 232, 276, 304, 307
Faita, D., 67 Gieryn, T. F., 9
family resemblance, 48–9 Gifford, R., 4, 7
Faraj, S., 160, 174 Girin, J., 5, 7, 118, 130, 161
fast machines, 264, 267 giving, concept of, 74
Favier, M., 181 Glad, B., 222
Fawthrop, T., 229 Glaser, B. G., 282
Fayard, A. L., 41, 44, 118, 119, 129 Goffman, E., 119, 224, 266
Feldman, M. S., 4, 7, 48, 50, 53, 54, 138, Goffman, I., 303, 305
244, 258 Goldhagen, D., 217

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Gomart, E., 29 Hislop, D., 201

Gordon, D., 269 Hockey, J., 5, 9
Gotsi, M., 242 Holsapple, C. W., 181
Graebner, M., 216 home LANs, 282–93
Granovetter, M. S., 265 phase 1 (1995–1999), 282–6, 284t;
Gravitys Rainbow, 30 creation and network structures,
Greeno, J., 44 283; development of number of
Greimas, A. J., 75 services, 283; historical and
Griesemer, J. R., 63 cultural factors, 284, 286;
Grossetti, M., 120 imbrication, 282–3;
Groth, J., 162, 170, 175 interconnectedness, 283–6;
Guillén, M. F., 4, 8 internet infrastructure, 284, 285f;
Gurtler, B., 217 shared and multiparty activities,
Gustafson, C., 4, 7 282–3
Guzik, P., 275, 296 phase 2 (2000–2005), 286–9; ADSL
access, 289; change in home LAN
habits routines, 287; cross-multiplying
carriers, instrumental artefacts, 80–1 and reinforcing internet access,
definition, 77 287; imbrication, 286–7, 287t;
and inquiry, 63 interconnectedness, 287–9;
as language of action, 77–9 internet infrastructure, 287–9,
Halford, S., 135, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 288f; private ISPs, 287; shared
213 internet access, 286–7
Hancock, P., 9 phase 3 (2006–2010), 289–99;
Hanseth, O., 52, 277 ADSL-based internet access
Haraway, D., 139, 276, 277 services, 289; affordances and
Hardy, C., 240, 241, 243, 248, 256 constraints, 290; change in home
Harman, G., 338 LAN routines, 290–2; contextual,
Harris, A., 136 292–3; imbrication, 289–92, 291t;
Hassard, J., 137 infrastructure of private ISPs, 290;
Hatch, M. J., 119, 161, 303, 304 internet infrastructure, 293, 294f;
Hatten, K. J., 64 new internet-access brand, Byfly,
Hay, J., 136 292; other home LANs, affordance
Hearst, M., 44, 47 and constraints, 291–2;
Heath, C., 158, 173, 175 registration of home LAN, 290;
Heaven and Hell, 29 registration procedures for private
Heeks, R., 280 ISPs, 290
Heerwagen, J. H., 118 Horgen, T., 79, 157, 162
Heidegger, M., 332, 339 hospitality, degree of, 264
Henfridsson, O., 201 Hotelling, H., 4, 6
Hennion, A., 10 Howard-Grenville, J. A., 160
Hennion, E., 29 Howcroft, D. A., 328
Hernes, T., 137, 139 Huberman, A. M., 282
Higonnet, M. B., 98, 99 Hughes, T. P., 5, 10, 64
Hillier, B., 118, 119, 197 Hull, J. M., 334
Hindmarsh, J., 138 Humphreys, M., 252–3
Hinrichs, K., 235 Hurdley, R., 119
Hinton, A. L., 217, 219, 220, 221, 223, Hussain, A., 200
225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, Husserl, E., 332
236 Hutchby, I., 44, 47, 274, 276, 277

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Huxley, A., 29 promoted identity, 248–9;

hypermobility and global anti-identities, 249; caring
communications, 197 manager, 248
hypermodernity, 162 quasi-autonomous, 241
reassurance, practices of, 254–5;
Iannacci, F., 277 rule-setting and maintenance,
Ibarra, H., 223, 303, 305 255; sense of communal
iconic tools, 82 belonging, 254
identity and practices, 314–16 research design: case context, 245;
giving time, 315–16 coding process, 247; data
saving trains, 315 collection, 245–6; description of
sharing knowledge, 314–15 training session, 246t; FUN,
identity enactment and materiality, entertainment company, 245;
306–8 interviews, 247; micropractices,
occupational communities, 308; 247; observations, 246–7; topic
boundaries, 308; reference group, coding, 248
308; social identity, 308; social sources of, 241
relations, 308 targets and practices, 243t
practice views, 306–7; in financial triggering enactment of, 251–3;
markets, 307; organizations and autonomous identity-regulation,
organizing, 306; role of 253; exercise, 251–2; individual
materiality, 306 presentations, 252; interaction
technological artefacts, 307–8; types, 252; managerial
attributes of occupational identity-regulation, 253
communities, 308; information identity work, concept of, 242
technologies, 307–8; NRC train identity work trigger mechanisms, 257
drivers, 308 Iedema, R., 119, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164,
identity in workplace, 303–6 171, 174, 175
sources of, 304–6; occupational images, power of, 101
identity, 305–6; organizational imagination
identity, 304; professional creative, 108
self-identity, 305 dynamic, 100–1, 103–4
work identity, 303–4; concept of formal, 100, 104
identity recomposition, 304; new literary, 103–4
ICT, 304 material, 100, 102–3, 109
identity regulation practices, 244 poetic, 96–9, 104, 110
bricolage, 244 psychological life and material, 102–3
concept of identity work, 242 unconscious and, 98
corporate clones, 256 incivilities, see space-based coordination
cultural-communitarian, 241 for incivilities
desired or aspirational identity, 241–2 indeterminate spaces, 169–70, 175
discourse and self-identity, 243 indexical tools, 82
discourse legitimation practices, 254 industrial products retailer (case study),
effects on identity, 255–6 204–5
linguistic and conceptual resources: mobile deployment, 204–5
bill-sticking, 251; direct speech, informal interaction, 119, 128
249–50; rephrasing participants information and communication
accounts, 250–1 technology (ICT), 280, 296, 304,
managerial, 241 307–8, 320
mode of control, 241 information systems (IS), 41, 274–5

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instrumental artefacts, 80–1 key process areas, 66

habit-carriers, 80 Khmer Rouge, 219
inquiry-triggers, 80 see also distributed agencies,
surprises, 80 inhumanities
integrated development environment Kiernan, B., 219, 221
(IDE), 46, 53 King, A. D., 4, 8
integrated management information Kling, R., 41, 304, 319, 320
systems, 14, 62–3, 66 Knights, D., 241, 243, 244, 248, 256
standard process models, 66 Knorr Cetina, K., 68, 69, 137
internet service providers (ISPs), private, knowledge-intensive work, 137–8
275, 281, 286–7, 289–90, 292–4, 297 knowledge workers, 117–18
interstitial space, 159, 169–71, 173 Knox, H., 135, 136
Introna, L. D., 330–41 Kornberger, M., 2, 5, 9, 10, 11, 62, 70,
inventing, process of, 126 79, 80, 117, 118, 139, 157, 161, 162,
Ion, J., 305 164, 174, 175, 197, 198, 199, 211,
Irni, S., 278 325
Koutamanis, A., 44
Jackson, K., 218 Kozinets, R. V., 136
Jaffe, A., 7 Kramer, E. H., 281
Jain, J., 271 Kramer, R. M., 304
James, A., 264 Krugman, P., 4, 6
Janssens, M., 242, 243 Kuhn, T., 242, 243
Jenkins, H., 136 Kunda, G., 241, 320
Johnson, P., 184 Küpers, W., 97
Jones, J., 137
Jones, M., 28, 276, 277, 295 Lamb, R., 304, 319, 320
Jones, P., 4, 8 Lane, J. F., 101, 109
Jullien, F., 29 Langley, A., 275, 278, 281
Jung, Y., 45, 47, 50 language games, 48–9
Lanni, J. C., 4, 7
Kafka, F., 225 Lanzara, G. F., 158, 159, 160, 174
Kafkaesque rules, 225–6 Larsen, J., 270
see also distributed agencies, Lash, S., 152
inhumanities Latour, B., 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 68, 69, 72, 96,
Kalika, M., 183 106, 277, 328, 329, 336, 338, 339,
Kallinikos, J., 327 340
Kampschroer, K., 118 Lauriol, J., 117
Kampuchea, democratic (case study), Lauzon, N., 181
219–20 Lave, J., 67
Buddhism, 220 Lebrun, M., 180
Khmer Rouge, 219 Leclercq-Vandelannoitte, A., 197–213
process of genocide, 219 Lee, H. -K., 136
utopia, 220 Lee, N., 137
see also distributed agencies, Lee, R. R., 4
inhumanities Lee-Post, A., 181
Kanter, R., 118 Lefebvre, H., 4, 7, 118, 139, 157, 161,
Kaufmann, V., 268, 270–1 163, 175, 211, 327
Kelle, U., 281 Leidner, D. E., 274
Kellerman, B., 216, 217, 221, 235, 236 Leifer, E., 232
Kennedy, P., 269 Leonard, F., 118

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Leonardi, P. M., 3, 6, 10, 11, 41, 44, 47, emergence, concept of, 30
48, 49, 64, 70, 71, 75, 76, 96, 106, image of co-evolution, 32
107, 135, 158, 163, 218, 233, 274, Jade Mountain, 27f
275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 284, management cybernetics, 33
293, 295, 297, 303, 307, 320, 331 performance, 25–6
Leroi-Gourhan, A., 335 pond ecosystems, 34
Levi-Strauss, C., 75, 327 Project Cybersyn, 35
Li, S., 39 reciprocal vetoing, process of, 37
lifts, significance of, 269 reflexive form of management, 32
Lilly, J., 29 syntegration, 37
Lily, story spaces at (case study), 144–52 synthetic dye industry, 30–1;
blog posts, 145 technoscientific dye production,
citing practices, 150 31
comments, 152 Taoist ontology, 26
editorial pieces, 147 technologies of self, 28–9
homepage, 146f VSM of adaptive organization, 35–6,
ideas for individual posts, 146 36f, 38
ideas for stories, 145 local area networks (LANs), see home
individual columns, 145 LANs
informal rules, 151 local security contracts (LSCs), 159, 165,
inspirational piece, 147 172
negative experiences and unpleasant Lodge, D., 268
issues, 147 Lorenz, K., 4, 7
portal, 145 Lorino, P., 62–91
published stories, 151–2 Lövheim, M., 136
staff posts, 149 Lucas, J. R., 3
story on staffs joint column, 148f–9f Lukes, S., 216
types of story, 145 Lumsden, C., 50
use of photos, 150 Lundberg, A., 108, 110
workstation areas, 145 Lury, C., 152
writing and illustrating stories, 147–51 Lussault, M., 130
see also writing spaces, performativity Lynchnell, L. O., 28
in media work Lyon, D., 200
Lindgren, P., 201 Lyons, G., 271
Linstead, A., 240, 241 Lyytinen, K., 41–59
Linstead, S., 15, 97, 108
Lissoni, F., 7 Macauley, D., 110
living in material world MacKenzie, D., 5, 10, 336
agency, conception of, 25 Mael, F., 303
biological computing, 34 Maier, J., 44, 46, 47
Bonsai Tree, 28f Majchrzak, A., 159, 160, 274
capital, role of, 32 Mallett, O., 139
Cartesian dualism, 25–6 Malmberg, A., 120
coupling of science, industry and The Mangle of Practice, 38
economy, 30 Marchand, L., 181
cybernetics, 33 Marková, I., 79
Daphnia, 34 Markus, M. L., 41, 43, 47, 71
digital gambling, study of, 29–30 Markus, T., 119, 199
dispositifs, 29 Marshall, A., 120
dualist conception of self, 28 Marshall, C., 184

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Marti, P., 119 conceptual contribution, 103–7; active

Martinez, D., 201 reveries, notion of, 104; aesthetic
Marx, K., 327 experiences, 103–4; energy
Maskell, P., 120 transfer between objects and
Massey, D. B., 4, 139 individual, 105; literary
materiality imagination, role of, 103–4;
concept of, 13, 328 organizational artefacts, influence
concern for, 3 of, 103–4; organization and
of digital artefacts, 47 technology, 106; pathos, concept
in organization studies, 137–8; actor of, 104; poetic imagination, role
network theory, 137; of language in, 104; resistance and
anthropological theory, 137; handling, concepts of, 106;
concept of sociomaterial practice, sensory and imaginary experience
138; knowledge-intensive work, of technology, 106; work, 105
137; modes of social control, 138; interdependent dimensions of
process of objectification, 137–8; experience, 109
theories of practice, 138; use of material imagination, notion of, 109
design in practice, 138 methodological contribution: analysis
relationship between space and, 3 of material imagination, 108;
as triadic sign, 75–7; actors and creative imagination, 108; ear
material artefacts, 75; dyadic awakening technique, 107;
signs, 75; object and sign, 77; poetical analysis, 108; poetry, 108;
semiotic mediation, 76; social psychoanalytical practice of art
relations, 77; thirdness or therapy, 107
mediation, 76 organizational space, 97
Materiality and Organizing: Social power of an image, 96
Interaction in a Technological Mayer, R. E., 181
World, 3 McAllester, M., 110
materiality in organizations McCoy, J. M., 4
Bachelard’s essays on elements, 97–9; McEntire, D. A., 160
complex, concept of, 98; distance McGivern, G., 137
from psychoanalysis, 98–9; McGrenere, J., 42, 44, 46
dynamic imagination, 100; formal McLean, E. R., 181
imagination, 100; fundamental Mcluhan, M., 336
images, 97; human experience of Mead, G. H., 76, 78
materiality, 101–2; language, 101; meetings, significance of, 266
libido, conception of, 98; literary Meng-Try, E., 224, 236
images, 101; material imagination, Merleau-Ponty, M., 71
100; method of demonstration, middle up down management model,
99; oneiric and rational life, 118
99–100, 100; poetic analysis with Midler, C., 119
psychoanalysis, 99; poetics of Miles, M., 282
space and reverie, 97; power of Milgram, S., 235
images, 101; propositions, 99–103; Miller, D., 2, 137, 138, 152
Psychoanalysis of Fire, 98; Miller, P., 200
psychological life and material Millerand, F., 320
imagination, 102–3; reality, Mimosa technology (case study)
conception of, 98; sensory identity implications for occupational
experiences, 100–1; unconscious community, 316–17; issue by train
and imagination, 98 drivers, 317; Mimosa smartphone,

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316; new technology, 316; social competences, 268

identity of community, 317; containerization, development of, 263
train-driver community, 316–17 degree of hospitality, 264
see also professional identity electronic diary, plannings in, 268
Miner, A. S., 160 fast machines, 264
Mische, A., 217, 230 first Atlantic steamship services, 265
Mitev, N., 1–18, 324–9 first Baedekers Guide, 264
mobile information systems first national post service, 265
construction company (case study), first package tour, 264
205–7; changes in social first Railway Age in England, 264
interactions and control systems, first railway hotel in York, 265
206 friendship, 269; guilt trips, 270;
consultancy company (case study), pre-texting or Facebook, 271; gift
209–10; ideas of urgency and, 209; of travel time, 271; The Rowntree
management-by-objectives Report, 269–70; use of email, 271;
system, 209–10; responsiveness visiting friends and relatives, 269,
and customer satisfaction, 209; 270–1
urgency and hyper-reactivity, 209 journal mobilities, 263
control, 213 lifts, significance of, 269
hypermobility and global meetings, significance of, 266; of
communications, 197 distant network, 267; diverse set
industrial products retailer (case of senses, 266–7; elbow-to-elbow
study), 204–5; mobile working, 266; formal meetings,
deployment, 204–5 266; live events, 267; social
panopticon concept, 199–201, 212; obligation, 266
discipline, 199; electronic movement across space, 263
panopticon or electronic eye, 200; multiple mobilities, 265
material domains erected for network activation, 267–8
purpose, 200; panopticon prison network capital, 268
design, 199 new mobilities turn or new mobilities
research setting, 202t paradigm, 263
space as regulation and control, 198–9; oil-based transportation, 271–2
modern workplace organizations, package tour, innovations, 265;
199; power, 198–9 circular money, 265; guides, 265;
space–time continuum, postage stamp, 265; timetables,
deconstruction or reconstruction, 265
210 peoples movement, scale of, 264
and spatiotemporal order, 201–3; photography: in England with
mobility, 201; multicontextuality, negative system, 265; in France
201 with Daguerreotype, 265
telecommunications company (case Small World, 268
study), 207–9; reciprocal small worlds literature, 265–6
traceability, 208; system to Thomas Cook Company, innovations
optimize interventions, 207 of, 265
time-based discipline, 211–12 timetable (first timetable), 264
mobile lives and materialities, 263–72 travelling, effects of, 266
BRIC countries, 263 weak ties, significance of, 265–6
bump-ability, 267 Wheres George? (website), 264
cluster of innovations, 265 Moles, A. A., 16, 179
communication break down, 269 Molesworth, M., 136

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Moorman, C., 160 Osty, F., 304

Mucchielli, A., 121 overlapping space, 159, 171, 173
multiple mobilities, 265
Munir, K., 137 Padgett, J. F., 227
Munro, I., 201 Paillé, P., 121
Musson, G., 242, 243, 247, 257 panopticon concept, 199–201, 212, 227
Mutch, A., 137 discipline, 199
Myers, F., 138 electronic panopticon or eye, 200
Myers, M., 281 material domains erected for purpose,
200
narcissism, 221, 222, 235 panopticon prison design, 199
National Railway Company (NRC), Parkin, J. K., 119
302–21 participation, concept of, 243
Nayak, A., 68 pathos, concept of, 103–4
Neal, D. N., 160, 165 Pastré, P., 81
nested affordances, concept of, 46 PEC management practices, 89–90
Newman, M., 275, 278, 281 Peirce, C. S., 63, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 82,
Nietzsche, F. W., 335, 341 281
Nohria, N., 217 Pentland, B. T., 48, 50, 53, 54, 138, 160
Nonaka, I., 118, 119, 130 Perez, C., 265
Norman, D., 41, 43, 44 performative affordances, 48, 50
Peters, T., 118
objectification, process of, 137–8 Pettigrew, A. M., 275, 278
occupational community positions, Pfaffenberger, B., 44, 47
concept of, 320 Pfeffer, J., 216
Occupational Health and Safety Phillips, T., 164, 166
Department (OHSD), 245, 248–9 photography, 265
O’doherty, D., 242 physical space in collaborative
Oldham, G. R., 119 workplaces
O’Leary, T., 200 Beehive in Paris (case study), 121–7,
Okhuysen, G. A., 157, 158, 159, 160 125f; centre for social innovation,
organizational artefacts, influence of, 15, 121–2; convivial spaces, 122, 124;
97, 103–4 flexible workspace, 124; floor
organizational learning or shared plan, 123f; kitchen, 124; meeting
identity, 72 rooms, 122; open-plan
organizational space, 97, 138–40, 161 arrangement, 122; primary
definition, 161 activities, 122; social designation,
reason for interest in space, 139 124–7; spatial settings, 122–4;
social behaviour, 139 traditional conference rooms, 122;
as social materiality, 140 types of event, 124
time, 139 Boutique space, 126
organized proximity, 120, 130 knowledge workers, 118
Orlikowski, W. J., 2, 6, 10, 11, 12, 25, 28, limitations, 131
41, 52, 53, 54, 62, 68, 69, 70, 80, 81, multifaceted workspace, 127–9; place
96, 106, 117, 138, 154, 158, 197, to grow, 128–9; place to meet,
233, 244, 274, 276, 277, 278, 295, 128; place to work, 127–8
303, 306, 307, 316 new work space for new
Osberg, S., 121 entrepreneurs: collaborative
Ospina, A. V., 280 workplace, 129; entrepreneurs and
ostensive affordances, 48, 50 ecosystem, 129; geographical

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proximity, 130; middle up down limitations, 319

learning processes, 130; selection managerial implications, 321
criteria, 130; social and materiality, 306–8; attributes of
innovation/interactions, 130; occupational communities, 308;
space-sharing, 131 practice views of identity, 306–7;
organizations and space, see workspace workplace technological artefacts,
and organizations 307–8
personal and collective learning Mimosa technology, 316–17; issue by
dynamics, 126 train drivers, 317; Mimosa
pop-up stores, 126 smartphone, 316; new
process of inventing, 126 technology, 316; social identity of
research design, 120–1 community, 317; train-driver
social get-togethers, 125 community, 316–17
toolbox events, 125 NRC train drivers, 302–3
workspace, given constraint, 117 and practices, 314–16; giving time,
Pickering, A., 2, 5, 10, 11, 25–39, 41, 81, 315–16; representations, 320;
152, 158, 163, 230, 275, 276, 277, saving trains, 315; sharing
296, 307, 336, 338 knowledge, 314–15
Pilnick, A., 138 results, 312–19
Pitkin, H., 51 train drivers, 312–14; noble trains,
poetic imagination, 96–9, 104, 110 313; Nous, conducteurs de train
Poirier, J., 98 (2003), 312; as reference group,
Poole, M. S., 275, 278 313, 313t; social identity, 312,
positive network externalities, 120 312t; on social relations, 313, 314t
positivism, 184 in workplace, 303–6; role of work
Poster, M., 120 identity, 303–4; sources of, 304–6
Powell, W. W., 160 programming languages, 53
Prasad, P., 106 Project Cybersyn, 35
Prasopoulou, E., 201 psychoanalysis, 98–9
Prat, M., 181 Psychoanalysis of Fire, 98
Pratt, M., 304 Pynchon, T., 30
Price, I., 117
professional identity, 302–21 Quillet, P., 98
case and methodology, 309–12;
data-collection method, 310; Rabardel, P., 81
interpretive framework, 311–12; Rallet, A., 120
Mimosa smartphone (PDA), 310; Raulet-Croset, N., 117, 131, 157–76
NRC train drivers, 309; reassurance, practices of, 254–5
occupational community rule-setting and maintenance, 255
boundaries, 310, 311t; sense of communal belonging, 254
occupational identity-related reciprocal vetoing, process of, 37
issues, 309; presentation of sites, regressive consciousness, signs of,
310, 311t; Project Mimosa, 309; 227
research design, 309–10 Remenyi, D., 184
changes, 317–19; organizational, 318; Renault (case study), 65–6
sectoral, 318; technological, 318 Rennstam, J., 96, 106, 137
concept of, 305 Reveley, J., 252, 253
contribution, 319–20; notion of web Rheinberger, H. J., 68
of users, 320; redefining notion of Rice, R. E., 117, 118
user, 319–20 Richards, L., 247

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Richardson, R., 281 Seiler, J. A., 118

Ricoeur, P., 81 Selinger, E., 2
Ritzer, G., 136 Serlin, I., 107
Roberts, K. H., 159, 160 shared identity, 72
Robertson, M., 240, 241 Shotter, J., 68
Robey, D., 41, 234, 274, 277 Siggelkow, N., 218
Roché, S., 165, 169 sign, theory of, 63
Roethlisberger, F. J., 117 signature bloggers, 145
Rogers, M., 121–2 Silver, M. S., 41, 43, 471
Rohmer, E., 16, 179, 183, 192 Simmel, G., 4, 7, 8
Rose, G., 5, 9 Simon, H., 64
Rose, J., 28, 274, 276, 277, 295 Singh, J., 50
Rose, N., 241 singular technology, 42, 45
Rosenthal, S. R., 64 Small World, 268
Rossman, G. B., 184 smartphones, 53, 208–9, 263, 303
Ruby programming language
Smith, P., 164, 166
(infrastructure domain), 53
Snyder, T., 236
Ruel, H., 181
social anthropology, 2
Ruhleder, K., 277
social cognition, 72
social designation, 119
Sailer, K. K., 119
social get-together, 125
Sainsaulieu, R., 305
The Social Life of Things: Commodities in
Salaman, G., 306, 312
Cultural Perspective, 2
Salas, E., 181
social materiality, 25, 41
SAP at Electricité de France (case study),
constitutive entanglement of, 68–70,
82–7
218, 233
change involved, 86–7
dichotomy, 69–70; dualism,
company, 82–3
routine/technology dichotomy,
cross-professional dependency, 86
69; human agency and “head
ERP implementation and process
status,” 69; material agency and
redesign, 84–7
“complement status,” 69;
PGI implementation, 84
social–material syncretism, 70
research methodology and design,
practice, concept of, 138
83–4
research project, 83 research, 69
Sassen, S., 197, 331 of space, 158
Schatzki, T. R., 244 social studies of science and technology,
Scheepers. R., 201 2–3
Scheffer, D., 223, 232 sociology
Schein, E. H., 103, 305 of architecture, 8
Schull, N., 29 of place and space, 8–9
Schultz, M., 241, 274, 304 of space in organizations, 9–10
Schultze, U., 274 of translation, 10
Schumpeter, J., 4 sociomateriality, 10–11
science and technology studies (STS), 10, Sorya, S., 224, 236
13–14, 25–7, 33–4, 135, 137 space and behaviour, 183
Scientific Revolution, 27 see also e-learning, space for
Scott, S. V., 6, 11, 25, 28, 41, 52, 96, 106, space as regulation and control, 198–9
138, 154, 274, 276, 277, 278, 307 modern workplace organizations, 199
Sebald, W. G., 66 power, 198–9

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space-based coordination for incivilities Space, Organisations and Management

ambiguous space and organizing, Theory, 179
161–2; anthropological places, spatial principles, 157–9, 162, 169, 175
162; designing space, 161; spatial turn, 2, 118, 157, 175, 197
generative building, 161; Spicer, A., 5, 7, 9, 97, 140, 153
hypermodernity, 162; liminal Spira, L. F., 242
space, 162; notion of conceived Srinivas, N., 236
space, 161; organizational standing affordances, 46
practices, 162; work setting, 161 Stanton, G. H., 219
case presentation and methodology: Star, S. L., 63, 277
definition and types, 165; Staudenmeyer, N., 158, 173, 175
geographic areas and entry by Steyaert, C., 135, 140, 152–3
residents, 166; handling, 164–5; Stokes, P., 216, 231
indeterminate spaces, 169; Strachan, H., 236
interstitial spaces, 169–71; link Strati, A., 97, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109
between organizations and spatial Strauss, A. L., 282
principles, 169; material Sturdy, A., 245, 255, 257
mobilization of urban space, 175; Suchman, L. A., 2, 62, 68, 69, 79, 106,
overlapping activities sites, 171–2; 138, 336
reciprocal agency between space Sveningsson, S., 240, 241, 242, 248
and human beings, 174–5; and Swap, W., 118
responses, 166, 167t; space-based Sydow, J., 7
coordination, 172, 174; types of, symbolic tools, 82
165, 168t syntegration, 37–8
dance of agency, 163
emergent response groups, 160–1 Tabrizi, B. B., 119
generative building, 164 Takeuchi, H., 118, 119, 130
implementation of, 159 Talbot, D., 120
interstitial space, 159 Taoism, 26–7, 38
local security contracts (LSCs), 159 Tat, L., 227
material agency, concept of, 158 Taylor, F. W., 117, 198
organizational bricolages, 160 Taylor, J. R., 69, 72
organizational space, definition, 161 Taylor, R. B., 4, 7, 9
overlapping space, 159 Taylor, S., 5, 97
Technocentre, 65
performativity, 163
technologies of self, 25, 28–30, 32, 212
social materiality of space, 158
telecommunications company (case
space as source of action, 163–4
study), 207–9
spatial principles, 162
reciprocal traceability, 208
surprise event, 160 system to optimize interventions, 207
unexpected events unstable terror, policy of, 227–8
environments, 161 see also distributed agencies,
uses of space, 163 inhumanities
space, concept of, 13 Thatcher, S. M. B., 303
space in organizations and Thibaud, J. P., 166
sociomateriality Thiboutot, C., 99
everyday practices, 2 Thomas, R., 240, 241
sociomaterial practices, 2 Thomas Cook Company, innovations of,
space in social sciences, main 265
approaches, 4t–6t Thomsen, H. J., 327

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Thornborrow, T., 242 Weiner, C., 218

Tilson, D., 52 Welsh, E. T., 181
timetable (first timetable), 264 Wenger, E., 67
Tinbergen, N., 4, 7 Westrup, C., 162
Tisseron, S., 109 Whetten, D., 304
Todorov, T., 78 Whitehead, A. N., 332, 333, 340
Tolia-Kelly, D. P., 5, 9 Whittington, R., 244
tooling, 62, 76–7, 82, 88 Willcocks, L., 200, 201, 212
Torre, A., 120 Williams, P., 224
Tracy, S. J., 241 Willmott, H., 184, 240, 241, 242, 243,
travelling, effects of, 266 244, 304
Trethewey, A., 241 Wills, J., 4
The Trial, 225 Wilson, P., 221, 222, 228
Tricard, B., 79 Winner, L., 68
Tsoukas, H., 68, 79 Wise, M. J., 333
Tuol Sleng, codename S-21, 218, 223–6, Witkin, R. W., 103
228, 231–2 Wittgenstein, L., 47, 48, 337
memorial to genocide, 224 Wood, D., 212–13
Turner, V. W., 162 Woolgar, S., 5, 11, 332
tuuppari, 141–2, 142f work climate, 119
Tyler, M., 135, 139 work setting, 161
workspace and organizations, 118–20
Urry. J., 5, 8–9, 201, 263–72 Beehive (case study), see Beehive in
Paris (case study)
Vaast, E., 197, 199, 306, 320 cooperation with other organizations,
Valentin, C., 184 119
Van de Ven, A. H., 275, 278 geographical proximity, 120
van Maanen, J., 305, 308, 312, 313, 320 informal interaction, 119
Van Marrewijk, A. H., 119, 161 innovation and serendipity, 118–19
viable system model (VSM), 35–6, 36f, 38 institutional proximity, 120
Vietnam War, 220 interaction, 119
Vilar, E., 42, 44 interorganizational workspace sharing,
virtual private networks, 53, 208–9, 263, 120
303 intra-organizational relationships, 120
voluntarism, 96 middle up down management model,
Vygotsky, L. S., 72, 76 118
organized proximity, 120
Wacheux, F., 185 physical office features, 119
Wagner, E., 11 positive network externalities, 120
Wajcman, J., 5, 10 scientific communication, 118
Walsham, G., 202, 281, 304, 306, 307, social designation, 119
310, 311, 320 work climate, 119
Wapshott, R., 139 World Vision (humanitarian
Warf, B., 157, 197 organization), 229
Warhurst, R., 245, 255, 257 writing spaces, performativity in media
Warren, S., 121 work
Wasserman, V., 241–2 collaborative practices between
Watson, T. J., 241, 242, 253 producers and consumers, 136
Weeks, J., 41, 44, 118, 119, 129 communication and public
Weick, K. E., 68, 80, 160 broadcasting, 136

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cultural consumption practices, 136 comments, 152; editorial pieces,

materiality in organization studies, 147; homepage, 146f; ideas for
137–8; actor network theory, 137; individual posts, 146; ideas for
anthropological theory, 137; stories, 145; individual columns,
concept of sociomaterial practice, 145; informal rules, 151;
138; knowledge-intensive work, inspirational piece, 147; negative
137; modes of social control, 138; experiences and unpleasant issues,
process of objectification, 137–8; 147; portal, 145; published stories,
theories of practice, 138; use of 151–2; staff posts, 149; on staffs
design in practice, 138 joint column, 148f–9f; types of
organizational space, 138–40; reason story, 145; use of photos, 150;
for interest in space, 139; social workstation areas, 145; writing
behaviour, 139; as social and illustrating stories, 147–51
materiality, 140; time, 139
peer-to-peer communication, 153 Xiao, Y., 41, 44, 45, 160, 174
power and space, relationship, 153–4
relationship between media Yakhlef, A., 106, 138
professionals, 136 Yanow, D., 11, 118, 119, 157
story spaces at Demi, 140–4; difficult Ybema, S., 241
subjects, 144; dummy, 141; ex Yin, R. K., 120, 185, 203, 281, 310
tempore editorial meetings, 143; Yoo, Y., 45, 51, 68
focus on number of pages, 141–2; Yunus, M., 122, 131
ideas for stories, 141; monthly
magazine, 140; new issue on wall, Zammuto, R., 44, 45, 274, 276, 277
144f; online community, 143; Zanoni, P., 242, 243
spatial constraints, 141; subject Zhang, Z., 139
matter, 141; tuuppari, 142f; writing Zhao, Y., 275, 278, 281
and editing stories, 142–3 Zhu, X., 303
story spaces at Lily, 144–52; blog posts, Zorina, A., 281
145; citing practices, 150; Zuboff, S., 200, 307

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