- based on both primary and secondary literature

SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM - represents a condensed summary or an introduction to

- question that you have that can be answered via an the current knowledge or research on the topic
experiment
Annotating the Review and Writing an Effective Review of
Related Literature
Characteristic of a Good Scientific Question
1. Can have an answer and be tested Annotating the review
2. Can be tested by some experiment or measurement that - preparing a brief description of what the literature is
you can do about and write an explanation on the relevance of that
3. Builds on what you already know literature to your study
4. When answered, leads to other good questions
How to assess the effectiveness of the review related literature:
Researches based on STEM are conducted to: > The scope of the previous studies has been identified and
defined
- Produce new scientific knowledge
> The various approaches and methodologies applied to past
- Come up with new and innovative technological research problems in line with a given field of study have
products, devices and processes been described, including their advantages and
- Creates a cost-effective designs and structures disadvantages.
- Solve a real-word problems using engineering tools > The limitation of the previous studies’ chosen approaches are
acknowledged
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT > Bridges a gap to the field of interest, thus adding new data to
the existing body of knowledge.
- opportunity to apple principles solving real-world
problems
Hypothesis Formulation
- enables you to think critically and identify problems Characteristics:
arising from you brown experience and observations  It contains both independent and dependent variables.
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH  define the relationship of the two central variables(IV &
- objective, logical and repeatable attempt to understand DV)
the principles and forces operating the natural universe.  It provides the direction of the study
 it defines both variable
CAPSTONE RESEARCH PROJECT
 It is testable and measurable.
- designed for senior high school students to conduct  The hypothesis must prove that the study can be done
experiments that will draw their experiences to answer because it can be verified through testing and
research questions measurement
 It is clear and understandable.
BASIC RESEARCH & APPLIED RESEARCH  The hypothesis must be stated directly and can easily
understood by readers.
 it is falsifiable.
Basic research
 the gathered data are analyzed and interpreted to find
- designed to produce results that expand knowledge
out whether the results support or refute the
about a particular phenomenon
hypothesis
- questions such as what, why, and how.
- result and conclusion of a basic research are used to
further our understanding of scientific principles and
processes. DESIGNING INVESTIGATORY METHODOLOGIES
- may not have immediate commercial applications or
may not necessarily solve a practical problem. Research design
- action plan and research procedures developed by the
Applied research researcher to successfully answer the research problem
- aims to solve a specific societal or environmental - consider the research questions and objectives, the
problem. geographical location and distribution of population
- knowledge generated has a specific commercial value, under study
Methodology
which may be used to develop a product, procedure, or - use for the collection and analysis of data
service.
- main goal of an applied research is to discover a Independent Variable
solution to a practical problem. - Intervention
- a variable you can control or manipulate, which you
PARTS OF STEM-BASED RESEARCH have considered in your study

Dependent Variable
1. Formulate - the changes you have anticipated to witness
2. Manipulate - cannot be altered by the researcher
3. Activate
4. Assimilate Experimental study designs can be categorized as the following:
 One that employs a control group
5. Disseminate  One that is comparative
 One that employs placebo
Scientific literature  One that maps out trends
- principal medium form communicating the results and  One that consider the impact only
conclusions of a scientific inquiry  One that typically compares conditions before and after
the integration of the intervention.
- used as the foundation of the future research, either to
valid its conclusions or to create new and original Experimental study
studies - employs control group and experimental group.

Importance of gaining background info Experimental group

A. It expands your knowledge as researcher - test sample or the group that receives an experimental
B. It gives the summary of critical studies procedure
C. It helps refine your research topic Control group
- serves as the baseline where the researchers may
compare results to.
Source of Information
Primary Literature
- original research and new studies that contain firsthand General formula for measuring variables:
information about certain topic.
Secondary Literature Change in DV in CG = measurement after - before intervention
- publications that largely rely on primary literature
- main purpose is to discuss, evaluate, synthesize, and Change in DV in EG = measurement after - before intervention
summarize information form different primary sources
Tertiary Literature Effect of intervention = change in DV in EG -change in DV in CG
 Research proposal
Research Design to Adopt - sets out information of what you have planned to do
over a specific period of time and how you are going to
Comparative Design accomplish it.
- several individual samples may be taken for testing, and - written document, which can be subjected to scrutiny
then each individual sample receives each kind of - serves as a basis for research supervisors or funding
intervention institutions in coming up with a decision whether to
- Observation achieved for each sample are compared to financially support the study or not.
determine if there has been a change in the dependent
variables being tested. INTRODUCTION
- present the research to the readers
Placebo effect - goal of the introduction is to:
- typically observed during the clinical trials of a newly  State the problems or issues that the research
developed drug wants to address
- referred to as the patient’s “faith” or belief that the  Provide an overview about the existing
treatment he or she is receiving can cure him or her of literatures about the present problem
disease even if the new drug is ineffective.  State the research questions, hypothesis
 Emphasize the relevant of the research to the
Historical Design society.
- observations collected can be used to generate a pattern Sections:
or trend a. BACKGROUD OF THE STUDY: contains the
highlights of the review related literature, presents
the nature of the research, and justifies why it needs
Planning and Implementing Procedures to be conducted.
- Before conducting the experiment, the researcher must b. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: central idea or
plan how the research will be conducted and must be point of the research.
ready for any possible problems-- review the methods - It is definite and clear description of the area of
and write down protocol. concern, current dilemma of the research situations
to be improved
1. REVIEWING THE METHODS c. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: section that
2. WRITING DOWN THE PROTOCOL enumerates and explains what the study intends to
accomplish
Protocol - series of procedures that the researcher will use in d. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: gives the
conducting the experiment importance in doing the study.
e. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

DATA COLLECTION REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

- gives the theoretical background for the study
METHODOLOGY:
Experimentation - provides a detailed description of the steps or
- involves doing work under controlled condition such as procedures to be executed in your quest to address the
those that are performed in the laboratory or in pilot research problem
plant. REFERENCES
- - lists of the bibliographic details that have been relevant
Observation and used to the information of the research proposal
- systematic and scientific way of recording what you GANTT CHART OR TIMETABLE
have witnessed when an experiment commences - provides the duration within which the research
activities will be put into action until the completion of
Accuracy - closeness of the results to the true value the study
PROPOSED BUDGET FOR THE STUDY
Precision - closeness of experimental data (from replicate runs) - estimated budget is assumed to be sufficient to cover
with one another. all anticipated expenses until such time that the findings
of the study are reported and published.
APPENDIX
- calculations, estimations, etc. in the support of the
planned experimental setup, design, process, or
technology to be adopted.

DATA-COLLECTION AND DATA-HANDLING STRATEGIES

Research data
- data in a form of facts, observations, images, computer
program results, recording, measurements, or
experiences in which an argument, theory, test or
hypothesis, or another research output is based
- may be numerical, descriptive, visual, or tactile. It may
Samples - representative of whole
be raw, cleaned or processed, and may be held in any
Random Sampling format or media.
- there are equal chances that each lot may be taken as Experimental design
sample. - aims to simulate the conditions or the environment at
Systematic sampling,
- gathering samples over a sampling area in a predefined which measurements are supposed to be made
manner. Experiments
Stratified sampling - must be as realistic as possible, depicting the true
- targets for measurements or analyses are unequally characteristics of the natural system to be investigated
distributed over sampling area. Data
Batch sampling
- samples may be taken by batch employing random, - central to any scientific inquiry
stratified, or systematic sampling methods. - renders the data-collection process as an important
stage in the research process.

To guide you with what data you must and must not collect, you
have to consider the following criteria (Kumar, 2014):
 know the research questions of your study during data
collection
 You have a clear frame of mind to diligently execute the
data-collection techniques and what type of data is
required by your study.
 Manifest transparency in data sharing, if within
permissible limit, for construction discussion among
scientific peers.
Classification of Data  Correct measurements eliminated, if not, minimized
Primary data errors.
- obtained by the researchers themselves  Data were aligned with the study’s objectives.
- limited by the availability of resources, particularly the  Data offered to substantiate valid assumptions and
resources dependent on your study’s finances hypotheses.
Sensitivity in the use of the instruments for detecting
Secondary data
- gathered by other investigators other than you. changes were noted on variables investigated.
- need time to select and organize samples that are useful and
relevant.

The Research Information Network classifies data according to:

Reference data
- collection of data that is published and curated.
Simulation data
- obtained from modeling studies
Experimental data
- outputs generated from measurements employing
sophisticated analytical or test equipment
Observational data
- obtained in real time such as images from CT scans,
seismic data, and georeferenced satellite images to name a
few.
Compiled data
- compilation of processed data and raw data such as in
databases.

Delineating the Data-collection Process

Reliability
- demonstrate consistency in the data generated. Remember
that the data collection process is an iterative process in which
the quantities are repeatedly obtained and analyzed.

Credibility
- precision among data obtained in different trials, the higher is
their credibility (also validity).

Transferability
- reproducibility of data
- concerns more on the external validity of the data in which
consistency is still observed in the results

Objectivity
- can be illustrated through the absence of bias.

DATA-COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Crowdsourcing
- usually applied in medical research
- an open call is made to source data collection to the
community to get a more diverse sampling group
- highly diverse sample group is expected to exhibit the
situations or the characteristics that may happen in real
life.

Observation
- purposeful, systematic and selective way of watching
and listening to interaction or phenomenon as it takes
place

Focus group discussion

- resembles an in-depth interview wherein there are
several informants participating and sharing substantial
and intelligent discussions
- subsequently lead to the acquisition of primary data.

Collation of secondary sources of data

- employed in the academic studies
- may be used for subsequent comparison when you
validate your own data.

Adequacy of data may be assessed using the following criteria:

 Ample sample size was taken.

 the samples taken from the measurements were
consistent.
 Data must be homogeneous.
 Methodology was suitable with the little variability.