Worked solutions

3 Modelling relationships: linear and

quadratic functions
Skills Check Exercise 3B
9 1 a They are not parallel, as their gradients
1 a x = −3 b t = ± 7 c    
a =− are not the same, and not
2
perpendicular, as both gradients are
2 a 3m ( m − 5) b ( x + 6) ( x − 6) c positive.
( n + 1) ( n + 7) d ( x + 1) ( 4x − 3) b They are parallel, as m1 =−4 =m2 .

e 9x ( x + 2) f ( a + 1) (2a − 5) g 4 −3
2 As m * = −1, m = . Therefore
3 4
(3x + 2) ( 4x − 1) h ( 4a + 7b ) ( 4a − 7b )
−3 5 − 2 3
= = , which is rearranged to
4 x −3 x −3
Exercise 3A 3*4
x −3 = =−4 , yielding x = −1 .
1 a Using the points (-1,0) and (1,-1) on −3
y2 − y1 ( −1) − 0 −1 3 a For the first segment, the gradient is
the graph,
= m = =
x2 − x1 1 − ( −1) 2 320 − 0 320
given as =m1 = = 8 . The
b Using the points (-1,0) and (1,-1) on 40 − 0 40
y2 − y1 2−0 2 gradient of the second segment
the graph,
= m = = 560 − 320 240
x2 − x1 0 − ( −5) 5 m2
= = = 12 .
60 − 40 20
y2 − y1 11 − 8 3 b This shows that Liam earns 8 dollars
a m
2 = = =
x2 − x1 8−4 4 per hour regular wage (for the first 40
hours) and 12 dollars per hour worked
y2 − y1 ( −4 ) − 2 −6
b m= = = = −1 overtime.
x2 − x1 4 − ( −2 ) 6

y2 − y1 8 −1 7 1 Exercise 3C
c m
= = = =
x2 − x1 7 − ( −7 ) 14 2 1 a The gradient is 3, y-intercept is −7.
3 As the line joining the scatter plot (drawn 2
b The gradient is − , y-intercept is 4.
up with t on the x-axis and h on the y- 3
axis) is linear, the gradient can be found c This could be written as =y 0x − 2 ;
by using any two points in the scatterplot:
thus, the gradient is 0 and the y-
h − h1 ( 4.15) − 4.3 −0.15 intercept is −2.
m= 2 = = = −0.015
t2 − t1 30 − 20 10
1 1
. This is the rate of change of the height of 2 =
y x + 1 as the gradient is and the
5 5
the candle, i. e. how fast it is burning down
y-intercept is 1
in cm/s.
3 a The gradient is equal to the gradient of
4 a On can use the Pythagorean theorem to
=y 4 x − 3 , which is 4 , and the y-
find the coordinate of B: as the
elevation of B above A is 70m and the y 4x − 1 .
intercept is -1. Thus =
direct distance is 350m, 12
b =
m = 3 and thus 3 (1) + a =
10 .
xB= 3502 − 702= 122500 − 4900 4
.
Therefore a = 10 − 3 = 7 .
= 117600 ≈ 342.93
y 3x + 7
Thus =
Coordinates of B are (342.93,100 ) .
4 a The x-coordinate remains constant so
y2 − y1 100 − 30 the equation is x = 8 .
b m
= ≈
x2 − x1 342.93 b The y-coordinate remains constant so
the equation is y = −10
70
= ≈ 0.20
342.93 c As horizontal lines are perpendicular to
vertical lines, the line is vertical and the
rise equation is x = 9 .
c As the gradient is given by itself,
run
d The lines intersect at the point where
grade= gradient × 100% ≈ 20% .
x = −2 and y = 7 .

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 Worked solutions

Exercise 3D c 5x + 2y + 7 =
0
1 a The line goes through ( 0, 0 ) and 5 7
x+y+ =0
through (1, −3) . 2 2
5 7
b The point ( −4,2 ) is on the line and so is y =
− x−
2 2
( −4 + 3,2 + 1) = ( −1,3) . 3 a x -intercept:
1 x + 2*0 + 6 =
0
c The line is horizontal at y =
2 x +6 =
0
d The line goes through ( 0,5) and x = −6
through ( 4,2 ) . The x -intercept is ( −6, 0 ) .
2 y −6 =−3 ( x − 2 ) y -intercept:

6 0 + 2y + 6 =
0
3 a m= = −3
−2 2y + 6 =
0
b y+4=−3 ( x + 3) and y − 2 =−3 ( x + 5) 2y = −6
corresponding to the two points given. y = −3
c y+4=−3 ( x + 3)
The y -intercept is ( 0, −3) .
↔ y =−3 ( x + 3) − 4 =−3x − 9 − 4 b x -intercept:
=−3x − 13 2x − 6 * 0 + 8 =
0
y − 2 =−3 ( x + 5)
2x + 8 =
0
↔ y =−3 ( x + 5) + 2 =−3x − 15 + 2 2 x = −8
=−3x − 13 x = −4
The x -intercept is ( −4, 0 ) .
Exercise 3E
y -intercept:
1 1
1 a =
y x − 3 −y + x − 3 =0 2 * 0 − 6y + 8 =
0
6 6
−6y + 8 =
0
−6y + x − 18 =
0
6y = 8
2
b y =
− x+4
3 4
y =
2 3
−y − x+4=0
3  4
The y -intercept is  0,  .
3y + 2 x − 12 =
0  3

c y − 2 =− ( x + 3)
Exercise 3F
y − 2 =− x − 3
1 a (−2, −5) b (0.75, 2.5)
y + x − 2 =−3 c (−3.58, −8.19) d (1.18, 1.12)
y + x +1 =0 2 a 0.9 b −5.05

2 a 3x + y − 5 =0 3 $1666.67

y − 5 =−3x
Exercise 3G
y =−3x + 5
1 a f (3) =−3 + 5 =2
b 2 x − 4y + 8 =
0
b g ( 0=
) 2 * 0 +=
3 3
1
x −y +2 =
0
1
2 c h ( 6 ) − g (1
=)  3 * 6 − 4  − (2 * 1 + 3)
1  
y
= x +2
2 ( 2) − 5 =−7
=−

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 Worked solutions

d (
f (2 ) + g ( −1) = ( −2 + 5) + 2 * ( −1) + 3 ) f −1 ( x ) =−6 x + 18

= 3+1 = 4 c x 0.25y + 1.75

=
e (f  g ) ( 4 ) =− g ( 4 ) + 5 =−11 + 5 =−6 4 x= y + 7

1 y 4x − 7
=
f ( h  f ) ( −7)= 3
f ( −7 ) − 4
f −1 ( =
x ) 4x − 7
1
= * 12 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0 2 The graph of the inverse function is
3 obtained by mirroring the graph of f at
g (f  g) ( x ) =
−g ( x ) + 5 the line y = x .

=− (2 x + 3) + 5 =−2 x + 2 3 a f (55
= ) 10 * 55 + =
65 615

1 1 x 10y + 65
b=
h (h  f ) ( x ) = 3
f (x) − 4 =
3
( − x + 5) − 4 10y= x − 65
1 5 1 7 =y 0.1x − 6.5
− x+ −4=
= − x−
3 3 3 3
( x ) 0.1x − 6.5
f −1=
2 a As any real number can be inserted for
x and any real number can be x here represents the money available
obtained as 3x + 8 for an x , both in CAD and f −1 ( x ) is the number of t-
domain and range are all real numbers. shirts one can buy with x dollars.
b Just as above, domain and range are all
c y= 0.1 * 5065 − 6.5= 506.5 − 6.5= 500
real numbers.
3 a The line y = 6 has range {6} as only 6
Exercise 3I
can be obtained for y .
1 a The gradient can be computed from any
b No vertical line is a function as the y two points on the line; in this case, a
corresponding to the x -coordinate of force F of 160 Newtons leads to an
the x -intercept is not unique (in fact, extension d of 5 centimetres, while no
any y corresponds to it). force (i. e. a force of 0 Newtons) leads
1 to no extension ( 0 centimetres).
4 a =
x y+4 Therefore the y -intercept is ( 0, 0 ) and
2
2 x= y + 8 5−0 1
the gradient is = . This gives
160 − 0 32
f −1 ( x
= ) 2x − 8 1
the model d = F .
b x =−3y + 9 32
x − 9 =−3y 1
b d
= = * 370 11.5625 cm.
32
1
f −1 ( x ) =
− x +3 2 a The gradient is given by
3
680 − 600 80
= = 0.16 . As
2000 − 1500 500
Exercise 3H
(1500, 600) is on the graph, a point-
x 4y − 5
1 a =
gradient form of the equation of the line
4y= x + 5 = 0.16 ( x − 1500 ) . We find the
is y − 600
1 5 gradient-intercept form:
y
= x+
4 4 y= 0.16 ( x − 1500 ) + 600= 0.16 x − 240 + 600= 0.16 x + 3
1 5 .
f −1 (=
x) x+
4 4 b The y -intercept represents Frank’s
1 basic weekly salary of £360. The
b x =
− y +3 gradient shows that Frank’s commission
6
is 16% of his sales.
1 y 0.16 * 900 +=
360 504 pounds.
− y =x − 3 c
=
6
y =−6 x + 18

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 Worked solutions

3 a Let y be the total cost in dollars and x Exercise 3J

the number of months of membership. 1 a
A: y 9.99 x + 79.99
For Plan =
For Plan B: y = 20 x
b We would like to know after how many
months the amount paid under each
plan is the same (From then onwards,
Plan A will be more cost-effective). We
therefore solve:
9.99 x + 79.99 =
20 x
79.99 = 10.01x
79.99
=x ≈ 7.99 .
10.01
Therefore, Plan A is more cost-effective Axis: x = -3, vertex: (-3, 0)
from 8 months onwards. The graph is translated to the left by 3
4 a In the first 40 hours, his pay in pounds units.
320 b
is given = by p = h 8h . From then
40
on, his pay is given by
560 − 320
p − 320 =
60 − 40
( h − 40) = 12 ( h − 40)
. In gradient-intercept form, this is
= p 12h − 160 .
 8h, 0 ≤ h ≤ 40
p(h) = 
12h − 360, 40 < h ≤ 60
i p 8=
b = * 22 176 pounds
p 12 * 47 − 160
ii = = 404 pounds.
5 a q=
−6.5 * 200 + 3000 =
1700
b They will drop by 6.5 * 20 = 130
printers a month.
c = 48 p − 1600
2000
Axis: x = 0, vertex: (0, 4)
48 p = 3600 The graph is reflected about the x -axis
3600 and shifted upwards by 4 units.
=p = 75 Euro.
48 c
d

Axis: x = 0, vertex: (0, 0)

The graph is compressed vertically with
1
scale factor .
4
Use the “solve” function of the GDC. d
e €75

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 Worked solutions

The graph of s is translated to the

right by 3 units and reflected about the
x -axis. Thus s ( x ) =
−f ( x − 3 ) .

The graph of r is reflected about the

y -axis. Thus r ( x=
) f ( −x ) .
Axis: x = 4, vertex: (4, -3)
The graph of s is stretched horizontally
The graph is first translated to the right by a scale factor of 2 and translated
by 4 units, then stretched vertically downwards by 2 units. Thus
with scale factor 2 and finally translated
1 
downwards by 3 units. s (x) f  x  − 4
=
2 
2 a It is compressed vertically by a scale
1 3 a 0≤y ≤6
factor of . Thus, the function is given
4 b It is reflected about the y -axis.
1 1 2
by= g (x) = f (x) x . c 2 ≤ − x ≤ 8 , which is equivalent to
4 4
−8 ≤ x ≤ −2 .
b It is stretched vertically by a scale
d The range of g is the same as the
factor of 2 and reflected along the x -
axis. Thus, the function is given by range of f . 0 ≤ y − c ≤ 6 is equivalent
g (x) =
−2f ( x ) =
−2 x 2 . to c ≤ y ≤ 6 + c , so c = −4 . Thus
(x) g (x) − 4 .
h=
c It is translated to the right by 3 and
upwards by 2 units. Thus, the function e h ( x ) = g ( x ) − 4 = f ( −x ) − 4
is given by
g ( x ) = f ( x − 3) + 2 = ( x − 3)2 + 2 . Exercise 3L
d It is stretched vertically by a scale 1 x-intercepts: (−2.81, 0), (0.475, 0);
factor of 1.5, translated to the left by 3
y-intercept: (0, −4);
and downwards by 5 units. Thus, the
function is given by vertex: (−1.17, −8.08)
g (=
x ) 1.5f ( x + 3) −
= 5 1.5 ( x + 3) − 5 .
2 2 x-intercepts: none;
y-intercept: (0, −3);
vertex: (0.726, −0.785)
Exercise 3K
3 Domain: x ∈ 
1 a The graph is reflected about the
Range: f(x) ≤ 9.125
y -axis.
b The graph is reflected about the
x -axis.
c The graph is compressed horizontally
1
with scale factor .
2
d The graph is stretched vertically with
scale factor 3.
e The graph is translated to the left by
6 units.
f The graph is translated downwards by 4 Domain: x ∈ 
3 units.
Range: f(x) ≥ −30.752
2 a The graph of r is stretched by a scale
factor of 2. Thus r ( x ) = 2f ( x ) .

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 Worked solutions

2 a The y -intercept is given by ( 0,5) , the

−8
axis of symmetry is at x = − =4 and
2
the vertex is at
( )
4, f ( 4 ) = ( 4,16 − 32 + 5) = ( 4, −11) .

b The y -intercept is given by ( 0,2 ) , the

−6
axis of symmetry is at x = − =1 and
6
the vertex is at
5 Range: 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 8.1 ( )
1, f (1) = (1,3 − 6 + 2 ) = ( −1, −1) .

c The y -intercept is given by ( 0, −11) ,

the axis of symmetry is at
−8
x =− = −2 and the vertex is at
−4
( −2, f ( −2) ) = ( −2, −8 + 16 − 11) = ( 4, −3) .
d The y -intercept is given by ( 0,3) , the
6 3
axis of symmetry is at x =− =−
4 2
6 Range: f(x) ≥ −6 and the vertex is at
 3  3   3 9   3 3
 − , f  −   = − , − 9 + 3 = − , − 
 2  2   2 2   2 2 
.
3 a The x -intercepts are at (2, 0 ) and
( 4, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
2+4 6
x
= = = 3 . The vertex is at
2 2
(3, f (3) ) = (3,1 * ( −1) ) = (3, −1) .
b The x -intercepts are at ( −3, 0 ) and
(1, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
−3 + 1 −2
x = = = −1. The vertex is at
2 2
( −1, f ( −1) ) =( −1, 4 * 2 * ( −2) ) =( −1, −16 ) .
c The x -intercepts are at ( −5, 0 ) and
(3, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
−5 + 3 −2
x = = = −1. The vertex is at
Exercise 3M 2 2
1 a x = 3 is the axis of symmetry and ( −1, f ( −1) ) =(−1, − ( 4 * ( −4) ) =( −1,16 ) .
(3, 4) the coordinates of the vertex.
d The x -intercepts are at ( −3, 0 ) and
b x = 1 is the axis of symmetry and
( −2, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
(1, −5) the coordinates of the vertex.
−3 − 2 −5
c x = −3 is the axis of symmetry and =x = . The vertex is at
2 2
( −3,2) the coordinates of the vertex.  −5  −5    −5 1  1 
= ,f    ,2 * *  −  
d x = −6 is the axis of symmetry and  2  2    2 2  2 
( −6, −5) the coordinates of the vertex. = 
 −5 1 
,− 
 2 2

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 Worked solutions

4 a d

Exercise 3N
1 a f (x) =( x − 2) ( x + 9) . The x -intercepts
are (2, 0 ) and ( −9, 0 ) (from the
intercept form), and the y -intercept is
(0, −18) (from the standard form).

 5
b f (x) = (3x − 5) ( x − 2 ) = 3 ( x − 2)  x −  .
 3
5 
The x -intercepts are (2, 0 ) and  , 0 
3 
(from the intercept form), and the y -
intercept is ( 0,10 ) (from the standard
form).
c c f ( x )=
2
(
1 2
x + 6x + 8 =
1
2
)
( x + 2) ( x + 4) .
The x -intercepts are − (2, 0 ) and
( −4, 0) (from the intercept form), and
the y -intercept is ( 0, 4 ) (from the
standard form).
d f (x) =− ( x − 4) ( 4x − 2)

 1
−4 ( x − 4 )  x − 
=
 2

1 
The x -intercepts are ( 4, 0 ) and  , 0 
2 
(from the intercept form), and the y -
intercept is ( 0, −8 ) (from the standard
form).

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 Worked solutions

2 a f ( x ) = 4 x 2 + 16 x − 20 . The x - Exercise 3O

intercepts are (1, 0 ) and ( −5, 0 ) (from 1 a The vertex is at (2, −16 ) and the y -

the intercept form), and the y - intercept is at ( 0, −12 ) . Thus

intercept is ( 0, −20 ) (from the standard 2
f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) − 16 , and
form). 2
−12 = a ( −2 ) − 16 = 4a − 16 . Thus a = 1
b f (x) = 2
−2 x − 16 x − 14 . The x -
. In standard form,
intercepts are ( −7, 0 ) and ( −1, 0 ) (from f (x) = ( x − 2)2 − 16 = x 2 − 4 x + 4 − 16
the intercept form), and the y -
= x 2 − 4 x − 12
intercept is ( 0, −14 ) (from the standard
b f ( x ) = a ( x − 1) ( x + 3) from the x -
form).
a * ( 1) * 3 =
intercepts. 3 =− −3a . Thus
3 a f (x) =
−3x 2 − 6 x − 9 . The vertex is at
a = −1 . In standard form,
( −1, −6 ) (from the vertex form) and the
f (x) =− ( x − 1) ( x + 3) =− x2 − 2x + 3 .
y -intercept is ( 0, −9 ) .
c f ( x ) = a ( x − 5) ( x − 1) from the x -
1 2
b f ( x )= x − 4 x + 11 . The vertex is at intercepts. −12 =a * ( −1) * 3 =−3a .
2
Thus a = 4 . In standard form,
( 4,3) (from the vertex form) and the
f ( x )= 4 ( x − 5) ( x − 1)= 4 x 2 − 24 x + 20 .
y -intercept is ( 0,11) .
d The vertex is at (2, −6 ) . Thus
4 a f (x) =( x − 4) ( x + 2) . Thus
2
f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) − 6 , and
i a=1 ii p=4 iii q = −2
2
b i The x -intercepts are at ( 4, 0 ) and 6 = a (2 ) − 6 = 4a − 6 . Thus a = 3 . In
standard form,
( −2, 0) 2
f ( x )= 3 ( x − 2 ) − 6= 3x 2 − 12 x + 6 .
ii The y -intercept is at ( 0, −8 )
e f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) ( x + 5) from the x -
4−2
c The axis of symmetry is =
at x = 1 a * ( −1) * 6 =
intercepts. 3 = −6a . Thus
2
Thus the vertex is at 1
a= − . In standard form,
( ) ( )
1, f (1) = 1, ( −3) * 3 = ( −1, −9 ) . 2
1 1 3
5 a i The vertex is at (3, −2 ) . f (x) = − ( x − 2 ) ( x + 5) =− x2 − x + 5
2 2 2
ii The axis of symmetry is at x = 3 . f The vertex is at ( −10, 60 ) . Thus
b f ( x ) = x − 6x + 7
2 2
f ( x ) = a ( x + 10 ) + 60 , and
c B is the y -intercept of the graph, and 2
a ( 5) + 60 =
45 =− −25a + 60 . Thus
(
its coordinates are 0, ( −3) − 2 =
2
(0,7) . ) a= −
3
. In standard form,
5
d By symmetry, p = 6 as 6 − 3 = 3 − 0 .
3 3
f ( x ) − ( x + 10
= =)2 + 60 − 5 x2 − 12x .
6 a h (x) = ( x − 2)2 − 2 ( x − 2) − 3 5
2 a In intercept form, f ( x ) = a ( x − 3) ( x + 1)
= x2 − 6 x + 5
Therefore, the axis of symmetry is at
6
b The axis of symmetry lies at x =− =3 3 −1
2 =x = 1.
2
c The vertex is at
b The vertex is at (1, 4 ) as x = 1 is the
( )
3, h (3) = (3, 9 − 18 + 5) = (3, −4 ) .
axis of symmetry and 4 the maximum
d h (x) =( x − 5) ( x − 1) value.

e The graph is the same as that of h ( x ) ,

but reflected about the x -axis.

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 Worked solutions

c Since the vertex is at (1, 4 ) , h = 1 and  7  7 7

d 9 x 2 − 49 =  x −   x +  . Thus x =
2
k = 4 . So f ( x ) = a ( x − 1) + 4 . As we  3   3  3
7
also know that f (3) = 0 , 4a + 4 =
0 and or x = − .
3
thus a = −1 .
d g ( x )= f ( x − 4 ) − 5
e 4 x 2 −16 x   
+ 7= (2x − 7) (2x − 1) . Thus
7 1
2 x = or x = .
=− ( x − 5) − 1 2 2

(
− x 2 − 10 x + 25 − 1
= ) f 12 x 2 + 11x − 5= (3x − 1) ( 4x + 5) . Thus
1 5
=− x 2 + 10 x − 26 x = or x = − .
3 4
3 a The vertex is at ( 4, 80 ) . The model
rocket is predicted to reach a maximum Exercise 3Q
of 80 m, 4 s after it is launched.
(t ) at (t − 8) .
b In intercept form, h=
1 a (x 2
)
− x − 20 − (2 x + 8 ) = x 2 − 3x − 28

Inserting the coordinates of the vertex, =( x − 7) ( x + 4)

we obtain 80 = a * 4 * ( −4 ) =−16a .
Thus x = 7 or x = −4 .
−5t ( t − 8 )
Thus a = −5 . Overall, h ( t ) =
0≤t≤8
b (2 x 2
) (
− 3x − 8 − − x 2 + 2 x )
c −5 * 2.4 * ( −5.6 ) =
h (2.4 ) = 67.2 . = 3x 2 − 5x − 8= (3x − 8) ( x + 1)
Therefore, the rocket is predicted to be
8
67.20 metres high. Thus x = or x = −1 .
3

Exercise 3P c ( 4x 2
) (
+ 20 − 3x 2 + 10 x − 4 )
1 a 2
x − 4x + 3 = ( x − 3) ( x − 1) . Thus x =1 = x 2 − 10 x + 24 = ( x − 6 ) ( x − 4 )
or x = 3 .
Thus x = 4 or x = 6 .
b x 2 − x − 20 = ( x − 5) ( x + 4) . Thus x =5
or x = −4 .
d (3x 2
)
+ 15x + ( x + 5)

c x 2 − 8 x + 12 = ( x − 6 ) ( x − 2 ) . Thus = 3x 2 + 16 x + 5= (3x + 1) ( x + 5)
x = 2 or x = 6 . 1
Thus x = − or x = −5 .
d x − 121 =( x − 11) ( x + 11) . Thus x = 11
2 3
or x = −11 . e 3 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 ) − (5 x )
e x 2 + x − 42 = ( x − 6 ) ( x + 7) . Thus x =6 = 3x 2 − 5x − 12 = (3x + 4 ) ( x − 3)
or x = −7 .
4
2 Thus x = − or x = 3 .
f x 2 − 8 x + 16 = ( x − 4 ) . Thus x = 4 . 3
−15
2 a 2 x 2 + x − 3= (2x + 3) ( x − 1) . Thus f For x ≠ 0,  x + 8 = if and only if
x
3
x = 1 or x = − . x2 + 8x =
−15.
2
x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3) ( x + 5) and thus
b 2
3x + 5x − 12 = (3x − 4) ( x + 3) . Thus x = −3 or x = −5 .
4
x =
3
or x = −3 . 2 a (f  g) ( x ) = (2x + 1)2 − 2
c 4 x 2 + 11x + 6 = ( x + 2) ( 4x + 3) . Thus = 4x2 + 4x + 1 − 2 = 4x2 + 4x − 1

3
x = −2 or x = − .
4

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

b ( 4x 2
) (
+ 4 x − 1 − x 2 + 5x + 3 )  3
x −  =
17
2
, giving
 2  4
= 3x 2 − x − 4= (3x − 4) ( x + 1) ± 17 3 3 ± 17
x
= +=
4 4 2 2
Thus x = or x = −1 .
3
3 x2 − 6 x + 4 =
0 is equivalent to
2
b
Exercise 3R x2 − 6 x = (−3)2 =
−4 .   = 9 . Therefore
2
2
1 x 2 − 8 x + 16 = ( x − 4 ) = 10 . Thus
consider x 2 − 6 x + 9 =−4 + 9 =5 . This
± 10 + 4 .
x = 2
factorises to ( x − 3) =
5 , giving x= 3 ± 5
2
2 x 2 + 20 x + 100 =( x + 10 ) =15 . Thus
4 x 2 − 12 x + 4 =
0 is equivalent to
± 15 − 10 .
x = 2
b
2 x 2 − 12 x = (−6)2 =
−4 .   = 36 .
3 x 2 + 12 x + 36 = ( x + 6 ) = 12 . Thus 2
Therefore consider
± 12 − 6 .
x =
x 2 − 12 x + 36 = 32 . This
−4 + 36 =
2
4 x 2 − 10 x + 25 = ( x − 5) = 27 . Thus 2
factorises to ( x − 6 ) =
32 , giving
± 27 + 5 .
x =
x =±
6 32 =±
6 4 2
5 4 x 2 + 3x + 2 =− x + 5
5 x 2 + 5x − 4 =
0 is equivalent to x 2 + 5x =
4
4x 2 + 4x =
3 2 2
b 5 25
(
4 x +x =
32
) =
2
 =
2

4
. Therefore consider
2
 1 25 25 41
4x +  =
4 x 2 + 5x + =4 + = . This factorises
 2 4 4 4
2 2
 1  5 41
x +  = 1 to  x +  =, giving
 2  2  4
1 ± 41 5 −5 ± 41
x =− ± 1 x
= −=
2 4 2 2
 3 3
f −  = + 5 = 6.5 6 x 2 + x − 11 =
0 is equivalent to x 2 + x =
11
 2 2
2 2
1 1 b 1 1
f   =− + 5 =4.5 =  =  . Therefore consider
2 2 2 2 4
6 (1.17, 7.35), (−1.97, 1.07) 1 1 45
x 2 + x + = 11 + = . This factorises to
7 (1, 5) 4 4 4
2
8 (2.72, 7.64), (0.613, −0.0872)  1 45
 x +  =, giving
9 x = −0.802, 1.80  2 4
10 x = −2.91, 0.915 ± 45 1 −1 ± 45 −1 ± 3 5
x
= −= =
4 2 2 2
Exercise 3S
2 Exercise 3T
b 2
1  =
 6= 36 . Therefore consider
2 1 2 x 2 + 16 x =
10 is equivalent to
2
x 2 + 12 x + 36 =2 + 36 =38 . This factorises b 2
x2 + 8x =
5.  =
 4= 16 . Therefore
to ( x + 6 ) =
2
38 , giving x =−6 ± 38 2

2 2 consider x 2 + 8 x + 16 =5 + 16 =21 . This

b  3 9 2
2   =  −  =. Therefore consider factorises to ( x + 4 ) =
21 , giving
2
   2  4
9 9 17 x =−4 ± 21 .
x 2 − 3x + = 2 + = . This factorises to
4 4 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

2
2 5x 2 − 30 x =
10 is equivalent to b
2   =
2
( −40)2 =
1600 . Therefore
b  
x2 − 6 x =
2.   =( −3)2 =9 . Therefore
consider
2
consider x 2 − 6 x + 9 = 2 + 9 = 11 . This x 2 − 80 x + 1600 = 400 .
−1200 + 1600 =
2
factorises to ( x − 3) =
2
11 , giving This factorises to ( x − 40 ) =
400 ,

x= 3 ± 11 . giving x = 40 ± 400 = 40 ± 20 = 20, 60 .

c The break-even points lie at x = 20 and
3 6 x 2 − 12 x − 3 =0 is equivalent to
2
x = 60 .
1 b 2
x2 − 2x =.   =
2 2
( −1) =1 . Therefore d We will want to find where the
maximum of the equation
consider x 2 − 2 x + 1 =
1
+1 =
3
. This ( x ) R ( x ) − C ( x ) lies. This will just
P=
2 2 be the coordinates of the vertex, since
2 3 the leading coefficient is negative.
factorises to ( x − 1) = , giving
2
(x) R (x) − C (x)
P=
3
x= 1 ± . −0.25x 2 + 20 x − 300
=
2
In vertex form, this is
4 6 x ( x + 8) =
12 is equivalent to 2
P (x) =
−0.25 ( x − 40 ) + 100 . Thus, the
2
b
x ( x + 8) = x2 + 8x = 2 .  =

2
4= 16 . maximal profit is reached at 40
2 subscribers.
Therefore consider e As seen from the vertex form above,
x 2 + 8 x + 16 =2 + 16 =18 . This factorises the vertex has coordinates (40,100)
2 and therefore the maximal profit is
to ( x + 4 ) =
18 , giving equal to 100 thousand Euros.
x =−4 ± 18 =−4 ± 3 2 .
5 2x2 + x − 6 =
0 is equivalent to Exercise 3U
2 2 −4 ± 16 + 8 24
1 b 1 1 1 a x = =−2 ± =−2 ± 6
x2 + 3 . =
x =  =  . Therefore 2 2
2 2
  4
  16
1 1 1 49 8 ± 64 − 60 8 ± 2
consider x 2 + x+ =4 + = . This =b x = ; that is, x = 1
2 16 16 16 6 6
2 5
 1 49 or x = .
factorises to  x +  =, giving 3
 4 16
5 ± 25 + 16 5 ± 41
± 49 1 −1 ± 49 −1 ± 7 =c x =
x= − = = . This 4 4
16 14 4 4
3 2 a x 2 + 3x − 9 =.
0 Thus
means that x is either or −2 .
2 −3 ± 9 + 36 −3 ± 45
x = = −
6 2 x ( x + 8 ) + 12 =
0 is equivalent to 2 2
2 −3 ± 3 5
b =
x ( x + 8) =x + 8x = 2
−6 .  =

2
4= 16 . 2
2
b 3x 2 − 4 x − 2 =.
0 Thus
Therefore consider
4 ± 16 + 24 4 ± 40 2 ± 10
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = 10 . This factorises
−6 + 16 = x = =
− =
2
6 6 3
to ( x + 4 ) =
10 , giving x =−4 ± 10 .
c − x 2 + 2 x + 2 =.
0 Thus
7 a Revenue is equal to cost when
−2 ± 4 + 8
R ( x ) = C ( x ) , i. e. when x= = 1± 3
−2
35x − 0.25x 2 =
300 + 15x .
d 3x 2 + 4 x + 10 =
0 . Thus
b This is equivalent to
−4 ± 16 − 120 −4 ± −104
−0.25x 2 + 20 x =,
300 which is in turn =x = . As -
6 6
equivalent to x 2 − 80 x =
−1200 . 104 has no real square root, the
equation has no real solution.
© Oxford University Press 2019 11
 Worked solutions

e −2 x 2 + 10 x − 9 =.
0 Thus f
2
∆ = ( −1) − 4 * 5 * 10 = 1 − 200 = −199 .
−10 ± 100 − 72 5 ± 7 Therefore the equation has no real
=x =
−4 2 roots.
f 2 x 2 − 9 x + 9 =.
0 Thus 2 a ∆ = 32 − 4k = 9 − 4k . This is positive
9 ± 81 − 72 9±3 9
x = = − ; that is, whenever k < .
4 4 4
3 ∆ 202 − 20=
b = k 400 − 20k . This is
x = 3 or x = .
2 positive whenever k < 20 .
g ( x + 3) ( x + 1=) 2 x ( x − 1) . This is 3 a ∆= 52 − 4 p= 25 − 4 p . This is 0 if and
equivalent to x 2 + 4 x + 3= 2 x 2 − 2 x , 25
only if p = .
which simplifies to x 2 − 6 x − 3 =.
0 Thus 4
6 ± 36 + 12 b ( −12) − 12p =
∆=
2
144 − 12 p . This is 0
x = 3
=± 3 2 3.
12 =±
2
if and only if p = 12 .
−5 ± 25 + 144 −5 ± 169
3 a x
= = c ∆= ( −2p )2 − 32 = 4 p2 − 32 . This is 0 if
12 12
−5 ± 13 2 3 and only if p2 = 8 , which holds for
= ; that is, x = or x = .
12 3 2 p=
± 8 =
±2 2 .
4 ± 16 − 8 4± 8 2± 2 2
b x = =
− = d ∆=( −3p ) + 8p =9 p2 + 8 p =p (9p + 8) .
4 4 2
8
−2 ± 4 + 16 This is 0 if and only if p = 0 or p = .
c x= = 1± 5 9
−2
4 a c = −2 4 a ∆= ( −2)2 − 4m = 4 − 4m . This is
negative if and only if m > 1 .
b 2 x 2 − 4 x −= (
2 2 x2 − 2x − 1 ) b ∆= ( −6 )2 − 12m = 36 − 12m . This is
2
= 2 ( x − 1) − 4 . Therefore the vertex is negative if and only if m > 3 .
at (1, −4 ) . c ∆= 52 − 4 ( m − 2=
) 33 − 4m . This is
c Using the quadratic formula: 33
negative if and only if m > .
4 ± 16 + 16 4
x= = 1 ± 2 . Therefore
4
r = 1 and s = 2 . Exercise 3W
1 a We need to find the x -intercepts. By
Exercise 3V the quadratic formula,
2 −5 ± 25 + 24 −5 ± 7
1 a ∆ = ( −5) − 4 * 1 * 9 = 25 − 36 = −11 . = x = . Since the
6 6
Therefore the equation has no real
coefficient of x 2 is positive, the
roots.
parabola will be concave up. Thus the
b ∆= 72 − 4 * 6 * ( −3=
) 49 + 72= 121 . inequality is satisfied whenever x ≤ −2
Therefore the equation has two distinct 1
or x ≥
real roots. 3

c
2
∆ = ( −4 ) − 4 * 1 * 15 = 16 − 60 = −44 . b x 2 ≤ 5 if and only if − 5 ≤ x ≤ 5 .
Therefore the equation has no real c This is equivalent to x 2 + 4 x − 6 < 0 . By
roots. the quadratic formula,
d ∆= 42 − 4 * 3 * ( −8=
) 16 + 96= 112 . x =
−4 ± 16 + 24
=−2 ± 10.
Therefore the equation has two distinct 2
real roots. As the parabola is concave up, the
inequality is satisfied whenever
e ∆= ( −4)2 − 4 * 1 * 4 = 16 − 16 = 0 . −2 − 10 < x < −2 + 10 .
Therefore the equation has two equal
real roots.

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

2 a x ≤ −0.245 or x ≥ 12.2 b 2 + 20t − 4.9t 2 =

6
2 4.9t 2 − 20t + 4 =
0
b − ≤ x ≤3
3
20 ± 400 − 78.4
c −0.890 ≤ x ≤ 1.26 t =
40
3 a = k 2 − 16 . This is positive whenever
∆ t = 0.211 seconds, 3.87 seconds
k > 4 or k < −4 .
b 20
c Maximum height when: t =
− =
∆ 4k 2 − 12 . This is positive whenever
b = 2a 9.8
k > 3 or k < − 3 .  20   20 
2

h=
2 + 20   − 4.9  
4= 4m m (36m − 4 ) . The zeroes
∆ 36m2 −=  9.8   9.8 
1 h = 22.4 metres
of this equation are at m = 0 and m = .
9 3 a Fare
= 5.50 − 0.05x
As the parabola described by ∆ is concave
b Number of riders
= 800 + 10x
1
up, this is negative if and only if 0 < m <
9 (5.50 − 0.05x ) (800 + 10x )
c Revenue =

5=∆ 36k 2 − 4k ( k +
= 2 ) 32k 2 − 8k = 4400 − 40 x + 55x − 0.5x 2
= 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2
= 8k ( 4k − 1) . The zeroes of this equation
1
d 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2 =
4500
are at k = 0 and k = . As the parabola
4 0= 0.5x 2 − 15x + 100
described by ∆ is concave up, this is x = 10,20
1
positive if and only if k < 0 or k > . 10 or 20 decreases
4
e 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2 > 0
6 a = p2 − 48
∆
Using GDC: x < 110
b As the graph has no x -intercepts,
− ( x − 2) + 4 =
2
4 a y = − x(x − 4)
p2 − 48 < 0 . This means that
− 48 < p < 48 , which can be or y =− x 2 + 4x
b If the center of the object is aligned
simplified as −4 3 < p < 4 3 .
with the center of the archway, it spans
c As 62 = 36 < 48 < 49 = 72 , m = 6 . form x = 0.5 to x = 3.5 . Evaluating
 4 the function at x = 0.5 and x = 3.5
d 3x 2 + 6 x +=
4 3  x2 + 2x +  gives 1.75. Since 1.6 < 1.75, the object
 3 
will fit through the archway.
 1 5 a A ( x=
2 2
= 3  ( x + 1) +  = 3 ( x + 1) + 1 ) x (155 − x=) 155x − x 2
 3 
b Maximum area occurs at:
Thus a = 3 , h = −1 and k = 1
−b 155
=x = = 77.5
2a 2
310 − 2(77.5)
= w = 77.5
Exercise 3X 2
1 Dimension: 77.5 metres by 77.5 metres
1 24
= h (2h + 4 )
2 c No; The touchline would not be longer
than the goal line and 77.5 metres is
48 2h2 + 4h
= less that the minimum of 90 metres for
2h2 + 4h − 48 =
0 the touchline.
h2 + 2h − 24 = 0 d 90 ≤ x ≤ 120 (If the goal line
(h + 6)(h − 4) =0 restrictions are also taken into
h
= 4, −6 consideration the answer is
h must be positive 90 ≤ x ≤ 110 .
So h = 4 m e Maximum occurs when x = 90
b = 2h + 4 = 12 m 310 − 2(90)
w = = 310 − 180 = 65
2 a 2 + 20(2) − 4.9(22 ) =
h(2) = 17.9 m 2
5850 m2
Area = 90 × 65 =

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

2 − −1 3 1
2a m= = = −
Chapter review −4 − 8 −12 4
1 a 1
y − 2 =−(x + 4)
4
1 1
y −2 =
− x −1 ⇒ y =
− x +1
4 4
1
b =
y x −5
2
−1 3
c=m =
 2 2
− 3
 
3
y − 4=
2
( x − 2)
3 3
y − 4= x − 3 ⇒ y= x +1
2 2
d y = −4
3 a f (1) = 3 , f (2) = 3
b

4 a Vertical stretch with scale factor 2,

horizontal translation right 3
b Vertical compression with scale factor
1
, vertical translation up 5
2
c Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal
translation left 2, vertical translation
down 1
1
d Vertical compression with scale factor
c 3
e Reflection in the y-axis, vertical
translation up 6
5 a x − intercepts: 2(x − 3)(x + 7) =
0

⇒ x = 3, −7 ∴ (3, 0 ) ,(−7, 0)

Axis of symmetry occurs

at midpoint of x-intercepts
3 + −7
x
= x 2
⇒=
2
b Found from the function
Axis of symmetry: x = 2, Vertex: ( 4,2 )
© Oxford University Press 2019 14
 Worked solutions

−b 4 c 18 + 13t − 4.9t 2 =
0
c Axis of symmetry: = = −2
2a −2 t = −1.00,3.66 as t > 0
x = −2 Time taken = 3.66 seconds
y-intercept found from the function: d 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.66
(0, 6 ) e 18 + 13t − 4.9t 2 =
23
6 a 3x 2 + 18 x + 20 = 3(x 2 + 6 x ) + 20 −4.9t 2 + 13t − 5 =0
t = 0.47,2.18
= 3(( x + 3) − 9) + 20
2

2.18 – 0.47 = 1.72 seconds

= 3 ( x + 3) − 27 + 20
2

12 a A ( 4, 0 ) ; B ( 0,7 ) ; C ( −4, 0 )
= 3 ( x + 3) − 7
2

7−0 7
i a=3 ii h = −3 iii k = −7 b m= = −
0−4 4
b ( −3, −7 ) 7 7
y − 0 =− (x − 4) ⇒ y =− x + 7
4 4
c ( −3 + 5, −7 − 3) =(2, −10)
c 2p cm by −1.75p + 7 cm
( x − 3)
2
7 a 64
=
2 p ( −1.75p + 7 ) =
d Area = −3.5p2 + 14 p
x − 3 =±8
e Maximum area occurs when
x = −5,11
−b 14
b ( x + 2)
2
7
= p
= = = 2
2a 7
x + 2 =± 7 So dimensions are 4 cm by 3.5 cm
x =−2 − 7, −2 + 7 1
f Area = × 4 × 3.5 =14 cm2
2
c x 2 + 14 x + 49 =
0
13 a 7 x − 12y − 168 =
0
(x + 7)2 = 0 ⇒ x = −7
12y =−7 x + 168 M1
d x 2 + x − 12 =
0
7x
(x + 4)(x − 3) =
0⇒x =−4,3 y =
− + 14 A1
12
e 3x 2 + 4 x − 7 =
0 b A (24, 0 ) and B ( 0,14 ) A1A1
7 1
(3x + 7)(=
x − 1) 0 ⇒ x = 1, − c Area = × 24 × 14 =168 units2 M1A1
3 2
8 Equal real root: b2 − 4ac =
0 14 a

2 16 4 4
9k= ⇒ k2
− 16 0= ⇒k =
− ,
9 3 3
9 From the x-intercepts:
f (x ) = a(x + 4)(x − 2) = ax 2 + 2ax − 8a
From the y -intercept:
−8a =−16 ⇒ a =2
f (x ) = 2 x 2 + 4 x − 16
10 Using GDC solver
a −0.679 , 3.68 b −4.92 , 1.42
11 a t = 0, h = 18 m
b Maximum height occurs when:
−b 13 M1A1
x
= =
2a 9.8
2
b (0,5.9) and ( −0.885, 0 ) A1A1
 13   13 
h=
18 + 13   − 4.9   c −1.11 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 7.349 A1A1
 9.8   9.8 
h = 26.6 m

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

 Worked solutions

−b ± b2 − 4ac 19 a At (10, 0 ) , 0 = 102 + 10b + c , so

15 a x = M1
2a 10b + c =−100 M1A1
6 ± 208 b
x = A1 Line of symmetry is x = − , so b = −5
2 2
A1
x= 3 ± 52 A1
Solving simultaneously gives
x= 3 ± 2 13 A1 −50 + c =−100
b Using GDC So c = −50 A1
3 − 2 13 ≤ x ≤ 3 + 2 13 M1A1 Therefore the equation is
y = x 2 − 5x − 50
16 a 3 ( x − 1) − 18
2
(
= 3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 − 18 )
b One coordinate is ( 0, −50 ) A1
M1
= 3x 2 − 6 x − 15 A1  15 
The other coordinate is  − ,0
 2 
b (1,15) A1
A1
c x =1 A1
d f ( x ) ∈ , f ( x ) ≥ −18 A1A1 20 a f ( x )= 2  x 2 − 2 x − 4 M1

( )
2
g ( x=
) 3 ( x − 2) − 1 = 2 ( x − 1) − 1 − 4
2
e − 18 − 1 M1A1 A1
 
= 3 ( x − 3) − 19
2
= 2 ( x − 1) − 5
2

 
(
= 3 x 2 − 6 x + 9 − 19 ) = 2 ( x − 1) − 10
2
A1
2
= 3x − 18 x + 8 A1 b A horizontal translation right 1 unit
17 a 2
8x + 6 x − 5 =0 A1
A vertical stretch with scale factor 2
( 4x + 5) (2x − 1) =
0 M1A1
A1
5 A vertical translation down 10 units
4 x + 5 =0 ⇒ x =− A1
4 A1
1 21 a Two real roots ⇒ b2 − 4ac =
0 M1
2x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = A1
2 36 − 4 (2k ) ( k ) =
0 A1
b 8x 2 + 6 x − 5 − k =0
36 − 8k 2 =
0
No real solutions
2 36 9 3
⇒ b2 − 4ac < 0 M1 k= = ⇒ k = ± A1A1
8 2 2
36 − 4 × 8 × ( −5 − k ) < 0 A1 b Equation of line of symmetry is
b 6 3
36 + 32 (5 + k ) < 0 x =− =− =− M1A1
2a 4k 2k
36 36
5+k < − ⇒ k <− −5 3 3
32 32 Therefore =1 ⇒ k = A1
2k 2
9 40 49
k <− − ⇒ k <− A1 c k = 2 ⇒ 4x 2 + 6 x + 2 = 0
8 8 8
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 =0
18 a x 2 − 10 x + 27
(2x + 1) ( x + 1) =
0 M1
= ( x − 5) − 25 + 27
2
M1A1
1
x =
− or x =
−1 A1A1
= ( x − 5) + 2
2
A1 2
22 a A′ ( −6,10 ) , B′ ( 0, −16 ) , C ′ (1, 9 )
b Coordinates of the vertex is (5,2 ) and D′ (7, −10 ) A3
A1 b A (12,13) , B ( 0, −13) , C ( −2,12 )
c Equation of symmetry is x = 5 A1
and D ( −14, −7 ) A3

© Oxford University Press 2019 16

 Worked solutions

4 Equivalent representations: rational

functions
Skills check Exercise 4B
1 a x = −5 b x =6 1 a
5
c 2x = 5 ⇒ x =
2
2

Exercise 4A
1 1 1
1 a b c −
3 5 2
1 5 7
d − =−1 e f
1 3 22
9 1 1 4
g − h
= =
8 3 2 ⋅ 4 + 3 11
2
4 4
3 1 2 1
2 a 1.5 = ⇒ = b
2 1.5 3 x
1 1 4
c d e c
2x 4y 3x
t 4d x −3
f g h
d 3 x +2
1 4
3 a 4⋅ = =1
4 4
7 11 7 ⋅ 11 77
b ⋅ = = = 1
11 7 7 ⋅ 11 77
2 x 2x
c ⋅ = = 1
x 2 2x
x − 1 x − 2 (x − 1)(x − 2)
d =
⋅ = 1
x − 2 x − 1 (x − 1)(x − 2)

© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1

 Worked solutions

2 c

3 a d The curves are in the opposite

quadrants. The negative reflects the
function in the x-axis.
4 x = 0, y = 0
Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ 0
Range: y ∈ , y ≠ 0

Exercise 4C
2 2
1 a x =2 ⇒ y = = =1
x 2
b y =4
2
y =
x
2
=4
x
2
x =
4
x = 0.5
Chamse spends 30 seconds brushing
her teeth.

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

2 a and c 1
b y =
x −5
The vertical asymptote is at
x = −(−5) = 5 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 0.
The domain is x ∈ , x − 5 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 5.
The range is y ∈ ,  − {0}.

−1
c y =
x−4
The vertical asymptote is at
x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = 4 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 0.
The domain is x ∈ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4.
The range is y ∈ ,  − {0}.
1000
b l = 10 ⇒ v = = 100 Hz
10 5
d y =
d A string 5 cm long has vibrations of x +5
frequency 200 Hz. The vertical asymptote is at
64 x + 5 =0 ⇔ x =−5 and the horizontal
3 a =
y = 4 videos of length 16 minutes asymptote at y = 0.
16
64 The domain is
b y = is the equation that models the x ∈ , x + 5 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −5.
x
number of videos of x minutes. The range is y ∈ ,  − {0}.
c and d 12
e=y +2
x +1
The vertical asymptote is at
x + 1 =0 ⇔ x =−1 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 2.
The domain is x ∈ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.
The range is y ∈ ,  − {2}.

12
f=y −2
x +1
The vertical asymptote is at
x + 1 =0 ⇔ x =−1 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = −2.
The domain is x ∈ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.
The range is y ∈ ,  − {−2}.

1.25 minutes 4
g=y +2
x −3

Exercise 4D The vertical asymptote is at

x − 3 = 0 ⇔ x = 3 and the horizontal
1
1 a y = asymptote at y = 2.
x +1
The vertical asymptote is at x = −1 and The domain is x ∈ , x − 3 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 3.
the horizontal asymptote at y = 0. The range is y ∈ ,  − {2}.
The domain is x ∈ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.
The range is y ∈ ,  − {0}.

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

−4 d x ∈ , x ≠ −5 y ∈ , y ≠ 1
h
= y −4
x−4
The vertical asymptote is at
x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = 4 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = −4.
The domain is x ∈ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4.
The range is y ∈ ,  − {−4}.
2 a x ∈ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ , y ≠ 0

e x ∈ , x ≠ −0.5 y ∈ , y ≠ 0

b x ∈ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ , y ≠ 0

f x ∈ , x ≠ −2 y ∈ , y ≠ 0

c x ∈ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ , y ≠ 1

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

g x ∈ , x ≠ 2 y ∈ , y ≠ 2 1000
6=
0.6c + 330
6(0.6c + 330) =1000
3.6c + 1980 = 1000
1000 − 1980
c =
3.6
c = −272.22
200
5 a c =
s −5
The vertical asymptote is at
s − 5 = 0 ⇔ s = 5 and the horizontal
asymptote at c = 0.

h x ∈ , x ≠ 2 y ∈ , y ≠ 1

b 15 sessions.
6

3 a 2: Translation of 2 units right

b 5: Reflection in y = 0 and a translation
of 2 units right
c 1: Translation of 2 units right and 2
units up
d 4: Translation of 2 units right and 2
units down
e 3: Translation of 2 units right and
vertical stretch by a factor of 3
4 a

b 5.56 The linear function is a line of symmetry

for the rational function. The linear
c t =6
function crosses the x-axis at the same
place as the vertical asymptote.

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

Exercise 4E 2 i B ii A
x +1 iii D iv C
1 a y = ⇒a=1, b =1, c =1, d =−1
x −1 x−p
3 y = ⇒a=1, b =− p, c =1, d =−q
The vertical asymptote is at x −q
d (−1) The vertical asymptote is at
x = − = − =1 and the horizontal
c 1 d (−q)
x = − = − =q and the horizontal
a 1 c 1
asymptote at y= = = 1
c 1 a 1
asymptote at y= = = 1.
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 1. c 1

Range y ∈ , y ≠ 1. Domain x ∈ , x ≠ q.

2x + 3 Range y ∈ , y ≠ 1.
b y= ⇒ a= 2, b= 3, c= 1, d= 1
x +1 4 a
The vertical asymptote is at
d 1
x =− =− =−1 and the horizontal
c 1
a 2
asymptote at y= = = 2.
c 1
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ −1.
Range y ∈ , y ≠ 2.

6x − 1
c y = ⇒a=6, b =−1, c =2, d =4
2x + 4
The vertical asymptote is at
d 4
x = − = − = −2 and the horizontal
c 2 b
a 6
asymptote at y= = = 3.
c 2
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ −2.
Range y ∈ , y ≠ 3.

2 − 3x
d y = ⇒a=−3, b =2, c =−4, d =5
5 − 4x
The vertical asymptote is at
d 5
x = − = − =1.25 and the
c (−4)
horizontal asymptote at
a −3 c
y= = = 0.75.
c −4
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 1.25.
Range y ∈ , y ≠ 0.75.

9x − 2
e y = ⇒a=9, b =−2, c =−3, d =6
6 − 3x
The vertical asymptote is at
d 6
x = − = − =2 and the horizontal
c (−3)
a 9
asymptote at y = = = −3.
c (−3)
Domain x ∈ , x ≠ 2.
Range y ∈ , y ≠ −3.

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

d x +5 6
d = 1+
x +8 x +1
x +5 x +1+ 6
==
x +8 x +1
x +5 x +7
=
x + 8 x +1
(x + 5)(x + 1) = (x + 8)(x + 7)
x 2 + 6 x + 5 = x 2 + 15x + 56
9 x + 51 = 0
51 13
x = − = −
9 3
6 x = 3 is the extraneous solution. Therefore
the solution to Will’s equation is x = 2.
5 x +7 x +3
5 a + 2
= 7 a f (x) =
2x x + 4 x −2
5(x + 4) + 2 x(x + 7) y +3
=2 x =
2 x(x + 4) y −2
5x + 20 + 2 x 2 + 14 x= 4 x(x + 4) x(y − 2) = y + 3
2 x 2 + 19 x + 20 = 4 x 2 + 16 x xy − 2 x =y + 3
2 x 2 − 3x − 20 =
0 xy − y = 2 x + 3
2
2 x − 8 x + 5x − 20 = 0 y(x − 1) = 2 x + 3
2 x(x − 4) + 5(x − 4) =0 2x + 3
y =
(x − 4)(2 x + 5) = 0 x −1
−1 2x + 3
−5 f (x) =
So x = 4 and x = . x −1
2
7 − 2x
2x − 3 x + 6 b f (x) =
b = x
x +1 x −2
7 − 2y
(2 x − 3)(x − 2) = (x + 1)(x + 6) x =
y
2 x 2 − 3x − 4 x + 6 = x 2 + 6 x + x + 6 xy= 7 − 2y
x 2 − 14 x =
0 y(x + 2) = 7
x(x − 14) =0 7
y =
So x = 0 and x = 14. x +2
7
5 10 f −1(x ) =
c 7− = x +2
x −2 x +2
1 + 7x
7(x − 2) − 5 10 c f (x) =
= 9−x
x −2 x +2
7 x − 19 10 1 + 7y
= x =
x −2 x +2 9−y
(7 x − 19)(x + 2)= 10(x − 2) x(9 − y ) =1 + 7y
7 x 2 + 14 x − 19 x − 38 = 10 x − 20 9 x − xy = 1 + 7y
7 x 2 − 15x − 18 =
0 y(7 + x ) = 9 x − 1
(x − 3)(7 x + 6) =
0 9x − 1
y =
7+x
6 9x − 1
So x = 3 and x = − . −1
f (x) =
7 x +7

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

5 − 11x 6
d f (x) = 10 a f (x=
) m+
x +6 x−n
5 − 11y m(x − n) + 6
x = =
y +6 x−n
x(y + 6) =5 − 11y mx − mn + 6
=
xy + 6 x =5 − 11y x−n
a=m
y(x + 11) = 5 − 6x
b= 6 − mn
5 − 6x
y = c =1
x + 11
5 − 6x d = −n
f −1(x ) =
x + 11 The vertical asymptote is at
8 a d (−n)
x = − = − =n= 5.
c 1
Hence n = 5.
b f (7) = 7
6 6
f (7) =
m+ m+
=
7−5 2
f (7) = m + 3 = 7
m=4
c The vertical asymptote is at
a 4
x= = = 4.
c 1
4 4 + 3(x − 2) 3x − 2
11 a =
y 3
+= =
x −2 x −2 x −2
b 20 a=3
10s + 500 b = −2
c M(s)
= = 20 c =1
s
d = −2
10s + 500 =
20s
500 = 10s The horizontal asymptote is at
a 3
s = 50 y= = = 3.
c 1
20 + 10m
9 a C (m) = as 20 is the initial b The vertical asymptote is at
m
d (−2)
cost and them for every month there is x = − = − =2.
another 10 AUD cost. c 1

b c The x-intercept is when y = 0.

3x − 2
=0
x −2
3x = 2 The point is
2
x =
3
2
( , 0) = (0.667, 0).
3
The y-intercept is when x = 0.
3⋅0 −2 −2
= = 1= y
0−2 −2
The point is (0,1).

c 4 months
d The price will get closer to the
horizontal asymptote y = 10.

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

d b

12 a
Chapter review
2
1 a y = ⇒ a = 0, b = 2, c = 1, d = 0
x
The horizontal asymptote is at
a 0
y= = = 0.
c 1
The vertical asymptote is at
d 0
x = − = − = 0.
c 1
Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ 0

2x + 1 Range: y ∈ , y ≠ 0
b f (x) = ⇒a=2, b =1, c =1, d =−1
x −1 1
b y= ⇒ a= 0, b= 1, c = 1, d = 8
The horizontal asymptote is at x +8
a 2 The horizontal asymptote is at
y= = = 2.
c 1 a 0
y= = = 0.
The vertical asymptote is at c 1
d (−1) The vertical asymptote is at
x = − = − =1.
c 1 d 8
x = − = − = −8.
c f (x) = 0 c 1
2x + 1 Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ −8
=0
x −1 Range: y ∈ , y ≠ 0
2x + 1 = 0
x
1 c y = ⇒a=1, b =0, c =2, d =−10
x = − 2 x − 10
2
The x-intercept of f is at point
The horizontal asymptote is at
1
(− , 0) = (−0.5, 0). a 1
2 y= = .
c 2
13 a g  f (x ) = g(f (x ))
The vertical asymptote is at
x +2 1 d −10
= g=
( ) x = − = − =5.
x +3 x +2 c 2
x +3
Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ 5
x +3
=
x +2 1
Range: y ∈ , y ≠
2
3 3 + 3(x − 2) 3x − 3
d =
y 3
+= =
x −2 x −2 x −2
⇒a=3, b =−2, c =1, d =−2

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

The horizontal asymptote is at The vertical asymptote is at

a 3 d 6
y= = = 3. x = − = − = −3.
c 1 c 2
The vertical asymptote is at Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ −3
d −2 Range: y ∈ , y ≠ −3
x = − = − =2.
c 1
2 a
Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ 2
Range: y ∈ , y ≠ 3

2x
e y= ⇒ a= 2, b= 0, c= 1, d= −9
x −9
The horizontal asymptote is at
a 2
y= = = 2.
c 1
The vertical asymptote is at
d −9
x = − = − =9.
c 1
Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ 9
Range: y ∈ , y ≠ 2

8x − 5
f y = ⇒a=8, b =−5, c =2, d =4
2x + 4 b
The horizontal asymptote is at
a 8
y= = = 4.
c 2
The vertical asymptote is at
d 4
x = − = − = −2.
c 2
Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ −2
Range: y ∈ , y ≠ 4

1− x
g y = ⇒a=−1, b =1, c =1, d =4
x+4
The horizontal asymptote is at
a −1
y = = = −1.
c 1
The vertical asymptote is at
c
d 4
x = − = − = −4.
c 1
Domain: x ∈ , x ≠ −4
Range: y ∈ , y ≠ −1

2x − 1 2 x − 1 − 4(2 x + 6)
h=
y −4
=
2x + 6 2x + 6
2 x − 1 − 8 x − 24 −6 x − 25
= =
2x + 6 2x + 6
⇒a= −6, b = −25, c =2, d =6
The horizontal asymptote is at
a −6
y = = = −3.
c 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

d 4

1 1 + 2(x − 1) 2 x − 1 x = −1.5, 1
3 a f (x=
) 2
+= =
x −1 x −1 x −1 5 a 1, 4 b 2 c 1.27
⇒a=2, b =−1, c =1, d =−1 6 a f (x) = 0
The horizontal asymptote is at 2x − 8
=0
a 2 1− x
y= = = 2.
c 1 2x − 8 =0
The vertical asymptote is at 8
x= = 4
d −1 2
x = − = − =1.
c 1 The x-intercept is therefore (4, 0).
1 2x − 8
b The x-intercept is ( , 0) = (0.5, 0) as: b f (x) =
2 1− x
f (x) = 0 ⇒a=2, b =−8, c =−1, d =1
2x − 1 The vertical asymptote is at
=0
x −1 d 1
2x − 1 = 0 x = − = − =1.
c −1
1
x = c The horizontal asymptote is at
2
a 2
The y-intercept is (0,1) as: y = = = −2.
c −1
x =0
ax + b
2⋅0 −1 7 a f (x) =
f (0) = 1
= x −d
0 −1
The vertical asymptote is at
c
−d
x = − = d.
1
The horizontal asymptote is at
a
y= = a.
1
Hence 3 = d and 2 = a .
a+b 2+b
b f (1) = = = −4
1−d 1−3
2+b
f (1) = = −4
−2
2+b = 8
b = 6.

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

5 5 + n(x − m) The vertical asymptote is at

8 a f (=
x) n
+=
x−m x−m d −1
x = − = − =1.
c 1
nx − mn + 5
=
x−m The horizontal asymptote is at
a 2
a=
n, b =
−mn + 5, c =
1, d =
−m y= = = 2.
c 1
d −m
4=− =− =m d f (x) = 0
c 1
2x + 1
b f (0) = 7 =0
x −1
n ⋅ 0 − 4n + 5 −4n + 5 2x + 1 = 0
f (0)
= = = 7
0−4 −4 1
x = −
4n − 5 = 28 2
4n = 33
1
33 The x-intercept is (− , 0).
n= 2
4
e f (x ) = f −1(x )
33
4 33 2x + 1 x + 1
c =
y = =
1 4 x −1 x −2
(2 x + 1)(x − 2) = (x − 1)(x + 1)
 1 
9 a The x-intercept is  − , 0  2 x 2 − 3x − 2 = x 2 − 1
 2 
x 2 − 3x − 1 =0

−b ± b2 − 4ac 3± 9+4
=x1,2 =
2a 2
3 ± 13
= = -0.303,3.30
2
1
11 a f (x) =
x −2
1
x =
b x = 2.5, y = 4 y −2
c 2.375 d 3.8 xy − 2 x = 1
2y + 1 1 + 2x
10 a x = y =
y −1 x
−1 1 + 2x 1
x(y − 1) = 2y + 1 f (x=) = +2
x x
xy − x = 2y + 1
b
y(x − 2) = x + 1
x +1
y =
x −2
x +1
f −1(x ) =
x −2
b

1 1 + 2x
c =
x −2 x
x =
(1 + 2 x )(x − 2)
x = x + 2x 2 − 2 − 4x
2x 2 − 4x − 2 =
0
x 2 − 2x − 1 =0
c a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = −1

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

−b ± b2 − 4ac 2± 8 13 a f (x
= ) 2x + 3
=x1,2 =
2a 2 x 2y + 3
=
x >2 2y= x − 3
Hence the solution is x = 2.41. x −3
y =
12 a 2
−1 x −3
f (x) =
2
x −3 5
b  f −1(x ) g=
g= ( )
2 x −3
4
2
5 5
= =
2(x − 3) 2 x − 6
5 5
c x =
0 ⇒ h(0) = =
−
1 2⋅0 −6 6
b =
g(x ) +3
x −3 The y-intercept of h is
c g(x ) = 0 5
(0, − ) = (0, −0.833).
6
1
+3 = 0 d
x −3
1
= −3
x −3
1
x − 3 =−
3
1 8
x =3 − =
3 3
The x-intercept is (2.67, 0).
x =0
1 8
f (0) =− +3 =
3 3
The y-intercept is (0,2.67).

1 1 + 3(x − 3) 5
d f (x
= ) 3
+= e h(x ) =
x −3 x −3 2x − 6
1 + 3x − 9 3x − 8 5
= = x =
x −3 x −3 2y − 6
⇒a=3, b =−8, c =1, d =−3 x(2y − 6) = 5
2 xy − 6 x = 5
The vertical asymptote is at
d −3 5 + 6x
x = − = − =3. y =
c 1 2x
−1 5 + 6x
The horizontal asymptote is at h (x) =
2x
a 3
y= = = 3. The x-intercept of h−1 is given by
c 1
e h−1( x ) = 0
5 + 6x
=0
2x
5 + 6x = 0
5
x = −
6
The point is therefore
5
(− , 0) =(−0.833, 0).
6

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

f =
a 6,
= b 5,
= c 2,
= d 0 15 a x ∈  , x ≠ −2 A1
The vertical asymptote is at 3
b f (x) ∈  , f (x) ≠ A1
d 0 2
x = − = − = 0.
c 2 20
c When x = 0 , f ( x ) =
− −5 .
=
10 2(x − 4) + 10 2 x + 2 4
14 f (x ) =
2+ = =
x−4 x−4 x−4 So one coordinate is ( 0. − 5) A1
a = 2, b = 2, c = 1, d = −4 20
When y = 0 , x =
a The vertical asymptote is at 3
d −4  20 
x = − = − =4. So the other coordinate is  ,0
c 1  3 
The horizontal asymptote is at A1
a 2 16 a Domain is x ∈  , x ≠ −2
y= = = 2.
c 1
Range is f ( x ) ∈  , f ( x ) ≠ 0
b The domain is x ∈ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4.
A1A1
The range is y ∈ ,  − {2}.
b Domain is x ∈  , x ≠ −2
c The x-intercept: Range is f ( x ) ∈  , f ( x ) ≠ 4
f (x) = 0 A1A1
2x + 2 c Domain is x ∈  , x ≠ 0
=0
x−4
Range is f ( x ) ∈  , f ( x ) ≠ 4
2x + 2 = 0
x = −1 A1A1
d Domain is x ∈  , x ≠ 0
The point (−1, 0).
Range is f ( x ) ∈  , f ( x ) ≠ 0
2
The y-intercept: f (0) = = −0.5 A1A1
−4
The point (0, −0.5). 17 a x =1 A1
b y =3 A1
d
c

A3
18 a y = 10 A1

b x =2 A1

c f (x) = 10 +
3 10
=
( 2 − x ) + 3
e Horizontal shift of 4 units right and a 2−x 2−x
vertical shift of 2 units up.
M1A1
−10 x + 23
= A1
−x + 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

 Worked solutions

19 a Vertical asymptote occurs when 1

b x = A1
c + 8x = 0 M1 2
c + 8 ( − 34 ) =
0 c y = −5 A1
d
c =6 A1
a + bx
b y =
6 + 8x
Substituting the first coordinate:
M1
2 a+ b 1
= 2

5 10
4= a + 12 b
8 2a + b (1)
= A1

Substituting the second coordinate: A3

3 a + 4b 22
− =
38 38
−3 = a + 4b (2) A1
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously:
a=5 A1
b = −2 A1
20 a 6 A1
18 (1 + 0.82 × 12 )
=b P = 57 M1A1
3 + ( 0.034 × 12 )
18 (1 + 0.82t )
c Solving 100 = M1
3 + 0.034t
300 + 3.4t = 18 (1 + 0.82t ) A2
3
300 + 3.4t =18 + 14.76t Asymptotes are x = − and y = 2
2
282 = 11.36t A1A1
282  1
=t = 24.8 months A1 Intersections with axes are at  0,  and
11.36  3
d A horizontal asymptote exists at  1 
 − ,0 A1A1
18 × 0.82  4 
= P = 434 M1A1
0.034
Therefore for t ≥ 0 , P < 434 R1
17 − 10 x 12 + 5 − 10 x
a f (x)
21= = M1A1
2x − 1 2x − 1
12 + 5 (1 − 2 x )
= A1
2x − 1
12 − 5 (2 x − 1)
=
2x − 1
12 5 (2 x − 1)
= −
2x − 1 (2x − 1)
12
= −5 A1
2x − 1

© Oxford University Press 2019 15