DEFENCE AGAINST NO TRUMPS

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CLASS
TOPICS Opening Leads vs. NT & Special Leads vs NT; Exceptions to 3rd Hand Play;
Rule of 11 to Guide Third Hand Play; Defensive Signalling (Equal Honour Signal;
Showing Attitude; Giving Count; the Suit Preference Return Signal); Defensive
Strategy.

PART I: OPENING LEADS VS NO TRUMP

• Sequence leads are better than 4th best leads. A four card suit headed by a sequence is
better than leading 4th best from a suit with only one honour.
At mother’s knee, we learned to always lead the fourth of our longest and strongest suit. Note
that this does NOT apply when you do have a sequence. Leading the top of a sequence
always takes precedence.

• Honour leads show sequences, high middle cards tend to be top of nothing, low cards tend to
be fourth best from your longest (4 cards or more) AND strongest (at least 1 honour card)
when leading against NT. Note that, you don't want to underlead A J x x vs suit contracts but
this is a fine lead against N.T.
Do not lead fourth best when you only have small cards, even if you have a long suit. e.g.
with 97542 lead the 9. If you lead the 4, then partner has a right to expect you to show up with
an honour later. (If you have 108642, lead the 8. This way you are not squandering the 10 and
partner knows that you have small cards only in this suit.)

• The lead of a 9 always shows the highest card in that suit -- top of nothing. Partner does not
have to lead back this suit when you have led the 9.

• With no clues from the bidding, you will be leading your longest suit. But remember - an
ear to the bidding is very helpful ! Expect that most of your tricks will come from your low
cards in suits you are able to establish.

• We tend to lead the unbid suit, but it is okay to lead the opponents’ suit IF you have a solid
sequence in that suit. Note that when you lead a sequence, even if you never get a trick in
that suit (e.g. J1097) at least you will never be giving away a trick to the declarer or helping
declarer in any way i.e. you will not be giving declarer a free finesse.

• Against a contract of 3 NT (or a no-trump partial), lead the longest and strongest suit held
by the partnership. Save your high cards in other suits as entries to recapture the lead, until
you can establish your low cards in the long suit.

• Which is the longest suit? Some guidelines:

- If partner has bid a suit, usually lead that suit;

- However, you may lead your own suit if:

Barbara Seagram
 . the suit is long & solid AND you have enough entries to defeat the
hand without help from partner.
. you have a singleton in partner's suit AND a strong suit of your own.
. you have bid your own suit AND partner has raised your suit.

- If you are unsure whether your own suit or partner's is the longest and
strongest in the combined hands, lead partner's. This way, you can never be
prosecuted!

- If neither of you have bid, lead your own strongest and longest suit.
• Sometimes a lead from your longest suit is not recommended, unless you have bid it
and partner has raised it: e.g.

- your long suit is weak and you lack enough entries to establish the suit;

- your long suit was bid by dummy or declarer AND your suit is not headed by a solid
sequence

N.B.: if your suit is headed by a solid sequence -- like K Q J 10 x or

Q J 10 9 x --, your suit is stronger than their suit; ignore the fact that the
enemy have bid it!

- your longest suit is only 4 cards long and headed by a single honour or a high
tenace (A J X X, K J X X ). In this case, if you have a lot of HCP, suggesting that
partner has very little, this situation tends to suggest a passive lead (see below).

Under these circumstances, make a passive lead, avoiding any suit bid by declarer or
dummy. This may mean leading a high spot card from three worthless cards or a
doubleton with no honours in it.

e.g. you have AJ62 K73 AQ6 953

The bidding has gone 1NT on your right and 3 NT on your left. It is your turn to lead. You
have 14 HCP. Opponents have 26 HCP between them. Partner is marked with nothing.
(Remember: There are only 40 H.C.P. in the deck!) It is best not to help declarer by leading one
of your strong suits. Lead the 9 Clubs. This is an example of a passive lead.

In terms of suits to try, if your long suit is out of the question, prefer an unbid major over an unbid
minor -- failure to bid a major suggests that the opponents don't have it and partner does!

• By definition, a sequence must be headed by touching honour cards.

A 9 8 7 6 or K 9 8 7 6 are not sequences, interior or otherwise: lead fourth best if you decide to
lead from these holdings. Remember that 9 8 7 6 2 is merely a long suit: lead the top of nothing if
you lead it ! i.e. when you lead a small card, you promise to own an honour card (bottom of
something).

Barbara Seagram
• When making a 4th best lead from a 5 card or longer suit, tell partner as soon as possible that it
is a 5 card or longer suit by playing your original 5th best card.

• When partner leads a 2 against No Trump, you must assume that she has a 4 card suit
only. It cannot be a 5 card suit or partner would have led a higher card than the 2.

(A) Some Special Leads vs No-Trump:

• Leading the A of a suit:

- Holding a very strong suit, such as A K J 10 x x or A K J 10 x, lead the A. This is a

command to your partner to play their honour card - hopefully, the Q ! This is called
"unblocking". Leading an A is an unusual lead against No-Trump contracts. If
partner doesn't have an honour card, they should give you the count of their holding in
that suit - i.e. start a high-low with an even # of cards, play low with an odd number.

EXAMPLE

You lead the A from A K Q 10 2. Partner plays the 9. There are two small cards in this suit
in dummy. This tells you ?????

[Answer: Partner is denying the J and is playing high-low to signify an even number of cards, likely a
doubleton. Now shift to another suit; wait for partner to get in to lead the suit back to you.]

Note: this would now differ if there are three cards in the dummy. Once partner has shown
you a likely doubleton (by their signal of the 9), you know how the suit is breaking: 3 in the
dummy, two in partner's hand and three in declarer's! Your suit will run, even though partner
doesn't have the J -- CARRY ON !! Keep leading the suit.

• Leading the top of an "Interior" Sequence

- An interior sequence is a sequence headed by a higher card not in sequence:

A J 10 9 X or K J 10 9 X or A Q J 9 X Or AQJ52

The lead from such a holding is wrong against a suit contract but can be a good lead
against NT. Lead the top of the sequenced part - in other words, the card underlined
in the holdings above.

Barbara Seagram
 PART II: EXCEPTIONS TO THIRD HAND PLAY VS. NO-TRUMP

• Partner leads fourth best and you hold the A Q X. Dummy has two or three low cards. You
should play the Q to prevent declarer holding up his stopper (i.e. the K).

EXAMPLE

Partner leads the 6. Dummy hits with 10 3. You hold the A Q 4.

What are the possible combinations for declarer? [ Declarer holds either the K or the J -
- but not both, if partner’s lead is fourth best! ]

And what should you play ?

[Answer: the Q, which should prevent declarer holding up the K]

• If third hand has a doubleton A or doubleton K, he usually plays his honour on top of partner's
honour lead. This is called unblocking and is done to help partner set up his long suit.

EXAMPLE

(1) Partner leads K against 3 NT. Dummy has 7 5 3. You hold the A 2.

If you do not play the A , you will win the 2nd trick in the suit but will not be able to return
the suit. Very sad, especially if partner has no other entries!

The correct play is A and return the small card. N.B. the lead of the K vs. NT shows a
sequence like K Q J X X or K Q 10 X X.

(2) Partner leads the Q vs. 3 NT. You hold the K 2.

Play your K! If declarer has the A and holds up, you now have a small card to lead to
partner, who can continue the attack on the suit. If you play low, partner can continue
the suit, you will win the K but will have no more cards in the suit to try and knock out
declarer's A.

Barbara Seagram
 PART III: THE RULE OF 11

(A) Rule of 11

• Discovered by R.F. Foster in 1889, this rule is an arithmetic gadget to interpret the opening
lead (both in suit and no-trump contracts) and can be used by both third hand players and
declarer. The rule states that

Whenever the card led is the leader's fourth best in a suit, subtract the number of the card
from 11. The result will be the total number of cards, higher than the card led, held by the
remaining three players at the table.

• The Rule of 11 is less useful when partner leads the 2 or the 3, because there are too
many higher cards missing for you to draw any helpful inference as to precisely which cards
partner has. But don't discount its use -- do the math and apply it each time so that you are
prepared to benefit from the occasions when it does provide useful insights.

• If, after all your calculations, you make the right play and declarer wins the trick with a card
that the Rule of 11 says they can't possibly have, don't panic! This doesn't mean that the
Rule has failed, or that you can't do simple arithmetic, all it means is that the lead wasn't
fourth best! Likely, it was top of nothing.

• Rule of 11 can be used by defenders AND by declarer to help figure out who has what card.
The Rule holds true anytime the lead is 4th best. It can, therefore, also be applied to leads
made against suit contracts, provided the lead is 4th best!

• Examples of the Rule of 11 and how the Rule works are given on the following pages.

Barbara Seagram
 EXAMPLES --
THE RULE OF 11 AT WORK

Lay out a suit, giving out the cards indicated. Then give the rest of the cards to the
others, remembering that partner gets 4 cards, 3 of which are better than the card
that is led.

As declarer in 3 NT, you hold A 10 3 in a suit. LHO leads the 7 of that suit, which you
read as 4th best. Here is the hand lay-out:

Dummy Q 9 2

LHO ? ? ? 7 ???

A 10 3

You can win this trick with the 10 or 9 in either hand, as you know that RHO has no
cards higher than the 7. If the 7 isn't a 4th best lead, RHO will play an honour card
and the situation will be clarified - LHO must have led top of nothing !

West leads the 7 against 3 NT. Dummy has K 6 4. As East, you hold A J 9 3.
Which one do you play?

Answer : the 3. Partner’s 7 will now win the trick. Partner will now continue with a
spade, and declarer is dead, as dummy’s K is trapped . You and partner get 4 tricks in
the suit!

The Rule of 11 can also be used against suit contracts, if the lead is fourth best.

West leads the 6 of against 4 . Dummy has the J 8 3.

You (East) hold the Q 9 5. Declarer has ONLY one card higher than the 6.
What is it?

Answer: It must be the A - partner would never underlead the A vs a suit contract.
If you play the Q, declarer can now set up a 2nd trick by leading towards the J
in dummy. So, when declarer plays low from the dummy, you play correctly and play
the 5 . Now, declarer can take only one trick in the suit.

Barbara Seagram
 WHY DOES THE RULE OF 11 WORK ?
[Karpin, Winning Play in Contract Bridge, Pg.143-144]

Assign the proper numerals to the unnumbered

cards, according to their rank: Hence:

Jack .............. is No. 11 If opener leads the 2, there are 9 higher cards
Queen ........... is No. 12 in the other three hands.
King .............. is No. 13 If opener leads the 3, there are 8 higher cards
Ace ................ is No. 14 in the other three hands.
If opener leads the 4, there are 7 higher cards
Hence, each suit, if all the cards were thus
in the other three hands.
numbered, would be designated as follows
If opener leads the 5, there are 6 higher cards
2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6- 7 - 8 - 9 - 10. 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 in the other three hands.
If opener leads the 6, there are 5 higher cards
Assume that the leader opens the 6, his fourth in the other three hands.
highest card of a suit. There are obviously 8 cards If opener leads the 7, there are 4 higher cards
outstanding higher than the 6. Since the 6 is, by in the other three hands.
definition, his fourth highest card in the suit, the If opener leads the 8, there are 3 higher cards
leader himself must autonwtically hold 3 of the 8 in the other three hands.
higher cards. That leaves exactly 5 outstanding If opener leads the 9, there are 2 higher cards
higher cards in the hands of the other three players in the other three hands.
at the table.
If opener leads the 10, there is 1 higher card
There are in circulation in each suit: in the other three hands.
If opener leads the 11 (Jack), there are 0 higher
12 cards higher than the 2. cards in the other three hands.*
11 cards higher than the 3.
10 cards higher than the 4 And if opener leads the 12, 13. or 14 (Queen,
9 cards higher than the 5. King, and Ace respectively), the lead cannot be the
8 cards higher than the 6. fourth highest, and the Rule of Eleven is
7 cards higher than the 7. inoperative.
6 cards higher than the 8.
5 cards higher than the 9. Thus, if you subtract the denomination of the card
4 cards higher than the 10. led from the "magic number" 1 1, the figure you
3 cards higher than the 11 (Jack). obtain must always equal the number of cards
2 cards higher than the 12 (Queen). (higher than the one led) that are in circulation in
1 card higher than the 13 (King). the three other hands.
0 cards higher than the 14 (Ace).
* The reader will note that the italicized
When opener leads his fourth highest in a suit, figures on each line always total 11.
quite obviously he therefore has exactly 3 cards
higher than the one he has led.

Barbara Seagram
 PART IV: DEFENSIVE SIGNALS VS NO-TRUMP

(A) The Equal Honour Signal

You are West. You lead the Q from Q J 10 9. Dummy hits with 7 6 3. Declarer wins
the first trick with the A. Who has the K? To answer this question, you must look at the card
that partner plays to the trick, i.e. you need to watch partner’s attitude when you as a
defender lead a high card.

EXAMPLE

• Let's take the same lead as above, same dummy, only now you are East.
What do you play from:

(a) K82 (b) K854 (c) K8

(d) 82 (e) 852 (f) 8542

Answer:

(a) and (b) you play the 8 -- the highest spot card you can afford;

(c) you would play the K to unblock the suit;

(d)(e)(f) you would play the 2, the lowest card, as you have no honour card with
which to help partner.

When partner leads an honour card and you play the highest spot card you can afford, you
are telling your partner you hold an honour equal to the one he has led. And if you are
unlucky enough to hold something like the K 3 2 when partner leads the Q, play the 3 and
hope that partner, noticing that the 2 is missing, may believe you are signalling.

Remember, if partner leads the Q and you hold the 10, that is an equal honour, because
partner will also have the J. Signal with the highest spot card you can afford !

Barbara Seagram
EXAMPLES

(1) You are West. You lead the K from K Q 10 9. Dummy has 7 6 3.
Partner plays the 4 and declarer the 2. Should you continue the suit?

[Answer: NO -- You should not continue. Trust your partner. You know that partner is playing
their lowest card. Declarer has the A Jx and may be trying to lure you into continuing the suit ! {
This play by declarer of holding up the A when the K is led is called the Bath Coup. }

(2) You are West. You lead the Q from Q J 9 8. Dummy has the 7 5 2.
Partner plays the 3. Declarer wins the A. Who has the K and the 10 ?

[Answer: declarer. Partner played his lowest card.] If he had either the K or the 10, he would have
signalled with a high card

(B) Showing Attitude

PLAYING A HIGH CARD TO SHOW ATTITUDE is also used when you have an honour that
is higher but not equal to the one that partner has led. A common example is you hold the
A 8 2 when partner leads the Q. You know that partner has the J and you want to encourage
attacking with this suit, so signal with the highest spot card you can afford, in this case, the
8.

Be careful when you hold the A or K and partner has led the J against a NT contract. The
lead of the J could be from J 10 9, J 10 8, K J 10 9, A J 10 9 (top of interior sequences).
Because of the latter two possibilities, you are obliged to play your high honour when
partner leads the J. Otherwise, declarer gets a cheap trick with the Q.

(C) Count Signals

When DECLARER is playing a suit in a no-trump contract, the meaning of the high-low signal
changes: there is little point in using the signal to encourage partner in a suit that
declarer is trying to develop for tricks. The high-low signal is used instead to give count:

A High Card shows an even number of small cards (2,4,6 etc -- just figure it’s 2);

A Low Card shows an odd number of small cards (3,5,7 etc -- just figure it’s 3).

The defender with the weaker holding in declarer's long suit most commonly gives count
when declarer is setting up that long suit in dummy and there are no other entries to the
dummy. The defender with the A must take it at the same time that declarer is playing his
last card in dummy's long suit. The defender without the A tells his partner when to take the
A by giving his count. [NOTE: If there is a side entry to dummy, the count signal is not
as effective, but should be used anyway.]

Barbara Seagram
 EXAMPLES

(1) Dummy (North) holds 763 72 K Q J 10 4 943

You (East) hold J 10 8 Q 10 8 7 6 A95 10 9.

Declarer (South) wins the opening lead and attacks .

Partner plays the 2 on the first trick.

How many s does declarer have? Which will you take ?

[Answer: Declarer has two s. Partner is playing a low card to show you three.
You should therefore take the second and thus sever declarer’s entry to the long s
in dummy.]

(2) Dummy (North) holds K Q J 10 9 .

You (East) hold the A 7 4.

When declarer leads the 2, partner plays the 8.

How many does declarer have ? Which will you take ?

[Answer: Partner is playing a high card showing two cards. That means declarer
has 3 s. WIN the third . This will sever declarer’s communication with dummy’s clubs
forever. ]

(3) Dummy (North) holds A Q J 10 9.

You (East) hold the K 8 3.

Declarer (South) leads the 5. Partner plays the 2.

How many does declarer have? Which should you take?

[Answer: South has two s (partner should be showing three). SO, let declarer win
the first trick, return to their hand to repeat the finesse, and surprise them with the
K the second time they finesse.]

Barbara Seagram
(D) Suit Preference Returns Against NT.

When a player who has led a suit is about to finally establish it, he may, at the same time,
suggest to his partner his entry by the size of the card he plays to clear out declarer's last
stopper. If he does so with his lowest card, he has an entry in the lower of the suits in
question. If he establishes his suit by leading the highest card, he is suggesting to partner that
partner return the higher ranking suit.

EXAMPLE

DUMMY
976
AKJ96

YOU PARTNER
KQ532 Plays the J when you lead the 3 !

Lead the 3

You hold the K Q 5 3 2. You lead the 3 against a NT contract.

Dummy hits with the 9 7 6. Dummy also holds the A K J 9 6.
Partner plays the J. Declarer plays the 4 of , which allows partner’s J of to hold the
trick. Partner returns the 8, declarer plays the 10 and you win the Q. Your last play
of the suit will clear (or establish) the suit. If you had an entry in s, you would clear the
suit with the K.

If you had an entry in s, you would lead the 2 to clear the suit.

Notice that in this example, as in real life, one suit is usually ruled out. In this case,
dummy's holding rules out s as a possible choice of suits you wish led!

Barbara Seagram
 PART V: STRATEGY

(A) The "Rule" of 14

There are three sets of circumstances for the division of defensive strength. Different styles of
defence - and therefore different lead tactics - apply to each:

- When the point strength between the partnership is fairly equally distributed,
leading your best suit usually works well. Use standard leads that will help you
"talk" to partner;

- When you hold the majority of the defensive strength, partner's defensive
strength will be limited. If you have a long suit or a solid sequence, lead it. If you
don't, make a passive lead from a weak suit;

- When partner holds the majority of strength, try to figure out partner's best suit
and lead that suit. If there is a choice of suits, choosing the major suit is usually
better.

The "RULE OF 14" simply states when you are defending a 3 NT contract, assume (for starters) that
the opponents have 26 HIGH CARD POINTS between them.

- Subtract 26 from 40 (the total number of HCP in the deck)

- You will find that your partnership holds 14 HCP (approximately). If you have 4 of them, partner
has about 10, and so on.

Use this "rule" as a starting point to figure out what cards you need partner to hold. The total points
held by the declaring side can be adjusted (upward or downward) once you see dummy. This rule of
thumb is most useful when the opponents have opened 1 NT. When the opponents reach 3 NT by
other routes, they may be short a few points, relying more on a running suit for 5 or 6 tricks.

Note that you should apply this same principle when defending against a trump suit contract. You
should then assume that the declaring side has approximately 24 HCP (plus a couple of distribution
pts but just count HCP) Add your points to that and thus calculate how many HCP your partner has.
e.g. if he is expected to have approximately 4 HCP and he shows up with an Ace early on in the hand,
then you know that you are on your own as partner cannot be expected to show up with any more
points.

Barbara Seagram
 EXAMPLES

It is your turn to lead. What do you lead from each of the following hands?
The bidding has gone 1 NT - 3 NT

(1) 98 AQ932 10 8 7 J97

[Answer: Lead the 3 of - this is your "normal" lead and should work here, as strength appears
to be fairly evenly balanced between the two defenders’ hands].

(2) AQ 7632 K J 10 8 KJ8

[Answer: Lead the 7 of . You have the preponderance of strength and partner has nothing: of the
14 HCP remaining, you have all of them. Let declarer play the suits to you.]

(3) 982 10 9 9632 J532

[Answer: Lead the 10 of , particularly if the opponents have not identified a major suit. Since you
have shorter than spades and the opponents have not identified a major suit fit, there is
a better chance you will "find" partner's long suit to be .]

(B) Other Factors to Consider When Defending NT

Start keeping track of declarer's high card points and his tricks as play of the hand
progresses. This is the key to figuring out what limited strength that partner has and how
best to use it !

When it is clear that the declarer has enough tricks outside a particular suit to make their
contract, it is almost always right to attack that suit.

Declarers who pass invitational raises (i.e. they open 1 NT and partner invites with 2 NT)
usually have the lower end of the point range (i.e. 15 if they play 15-17 point NT OR the
middle range (16) but with a 4-3-3-3 hand.

When declarer has a long suit in dummy missing the A or K (e.g. KQJ102) and doesn't
attack that suit right away, assume he has the missing honour.

When holding both the A and the K in the suit the opponents have led, declarers worth
their salt will try and make life difficult for the defenders by winning the trick with the K. This
makes it more difficult for the defenders to figure out who has what. After all, when declarer
takes a trick with the K, he may well have done so because it is his only chance to do so -
the defence may hold the A. As defender, remember that declarer with the A would hold
that A up if it were his only stopper. If declarer takes the A right away, assume he has
the K as well, or that he has 9 tricks to run right away !

Barbara Seagram