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EE 301 Electromagnetics Lecture 12 - Magnetic Forces - 240906 - 124826

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21 views15 pages

EE 301 Electromagnetics Lecture 12 - Magnetic Forces - 240906 - 124826

Uploaded by

mohamed elboray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EE 301: ELECTROMAGNETICS

LECTURE 12 2023 04 10
LECTURE OUTLINE

Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Devices 8.1: Introduction

Magnetic Forces, Materials, and Devices 8.2: Forces due to Magnetic Fields

1
Electrostatic
Electric flux Connecting 𝐸
force Electric field Gauss’s law
density and 𝐷
(Coulomb law)

𝒂"#
𝑭𝒆"# ∝ # 𝑬 & 𝑫 𝒓 ⋅ 𝑑𝑺 = 𝑄 𝑫 𝒓 = 𝜖! 𝜖" 𝑬 𝒓 ∇ ⋅ 𝑫 𝒓 = 𝜌#
𝑟"# $

Megnetostatic
Megnetic flux Connecting 𝐻
force (Biot- Magnetic field Gauss’s law
density and 𝐵
Savart law)

×𝒂"#
𝑭%"# ∝ # 𝑯 & 𝑩 𝒓 ⋅ 𝑑𝑺 = 0 𝑩 𝒓 = 𝜇! 𝜇" 𝑯 𝒓 ∇⋅𝑩 𝒓 = 02
𝑟"# $
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.1:
INTRODUCTION

¡ So far, we just considered magnetic fields in free space.


¡ In this chapter, we will see the fields inside materials.
¡ The corresponding materials properties are dictated by how the materials react to electric and
magnetic fields.
¡ In a broad sense, there are two categories:
¡ Charges rearrangement: electric polarization & magnetic polarization.
¡ Charges migration: electric conduction (current).
¡ As discussed before, the electromagnetic properties of a medium are constituted in the following
three relations:
¡ 𝑫 = 𝜖𝑬 = 𝜖! 𝜖" 𝑬 = 𝜖! 1 + 𝜒# 𝑬
¡ 𝑩 = 𝜇𝑯 = 𝜇! 𝜇" 𝑯 = 𝜇! 1 + 𝜒$ 𝑯
¡ 𝑱% = 𝜎𝑬 3

¡ In this chapter, we will deal with magnetic polarization (𝜇! ).


MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.1:
INTRODUCTION

¡ We will start with the “empirical” definition of force and its applications.
¡ This shall involve many components, devices and tools.
¡ Inductors,
¡ Ammeters & voltmeters,
¡ Transformers,
¡ Magnetic circuits,
¡ Etc.
¡ Some physical quantities will be introduced like magnetic energy.

4
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

¡ This class is getting us back to the essence of electromagnetism; connecting electromagnetics


interactions to dynamics.
¡ The dynamics is determined by Newton laws:
$% $! 𝒓 ( $𝒓
¡ = = 𝑭 → =𝒖→𝒓
$& $& ! ) $&
¡ 𝒓 determines the trajectories.
¡ There are three fundamental forces; gravitational, electromagnetic, and nuclear (strong).
¡ Force “fields” describe the forces to be experienced by some elements:
¡ Gravitational force field: the mass 𝑚
¡ Electric field: the charge 𝑄
𝑱
¡ Magnet field: the moving charge 𝑑𝑄 𝒖 = 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑱𝑑𝑣 = 𝑲𝑑𝑆 = 𝑰𝑑𝑙 5
+"
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

¡ Main differences between electric and magnetic forces:


Electric force Magnetic force
Form 𝑭& = 𝑄𝑬 𝑭% = 𝑄 𝒖×𝑩
Existence Can exist alone Always comes with 𝑭&
Interaction direction Along the displacement direction Normal to the displacement direction
Changing kinetic energy Yes No, it just changes direction

¡ Full “empirical” force law (Lorentz law): 𝑭 = 𝑄(𝑬 + 𝒖×𝑩)


¡ Trying to maintain form invariance of this equation was the reason behind relativity theory.
¡ What should be 𝒖?
¡ Very common mathematical challenge: Self-interaction. 6
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

¡ The infinitesimal force 𝑑𝑭 element from charges to currents: 𝑭! = ∫ 𝑑𝑭!


¡ A: Forces in a moving charged particle:
¡ 𝑑𝑭% = 𝑄 𝒖×𝑑𝑩
¡ B: Forces on a current elements:
¡ We add the forces due to every moving charge 𝑑𝑄 𝒖 = 𝐼 𝑑𝒍.
¡ 𝑑𝑭% = 𝑑𝑄 𝒖×𝑩 = 𝐼 𝑑𝒍×𝑩 = 𝑲 𝑑𝑆×𝑩 = 𝑱 𝑑𝑣×𝑩
¡ 𝑭% = ∫ 𝑑𝑭% = ∫𝑳 𝐼 𝑑𝒍×𝑩 = ∫𝑺 𝑲 𝑑𝑆×𝑩 = ∫𝑽 𝑱 𝑑𝑣×𝑩
¡ C: Force between two current elements:
¡ This was the origin of magnetics by Oersted and Ampere.
+! . /𝒍×𝒂"
¡ As we studied, the resulted magnetic field due to a current is 𝑑𝑩 = 𝜇* 𝑑𝑯 = .
,- 3#
7
+! /𝒍$×(/𝒍#×𝒂#$)
¡ So, 𝑑# 𝑑𝑭%" = 𝐼" 𝑑𝒍" ×𝑑𝑩# = 𝐼𝐼 → 𝑭%" = ∬6 𝑑# 𝑑𝑭%"
,- " # #
3#$ $ ,6#
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

8
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

9
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

10
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

11
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

12
MAGNETIC FORCES, MATERIALS, AND DEVICES 8.2:
FORCES DUE TO MAGNETIC FIELDS

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