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Environmental Engineering Lec 2

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14 views

Environmental Engineering Lec 2

Uploaded by

yaseen10388
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Water

 Water Analysis
 General Water Analysis
Parameters
 Water covers 70.9% of
the Earth's surface, and is
vital for all known forms
of life. On Earth, it is
found mostly in oceans
and other large water
bodies, A very small
amount of the Earth's
water is contained within
biological bodies and
manufactured products.
 By 2025 more than half of
the world population will
be facing water-based
vulnerability.

 A recent report (November


2009) suggests that by 2030,
in some developing regions
of the world, water demand
will exceed supply by 50%.
 Different forms of water
on Earth:

 water vapor and clouds


in the sky;
 icebergs in the polar
oceans; glaciers and
rivers in the mountains;
 liquid in aquifers in the
ground, sea, ocean, lakes
 Hydrology: It is the study of
the movement, distribution,
and quality of water
throughout the Earth.
 Hydrography: It is the study
of the distribution of water.
 Hydrosphere: It is the
collective mass of water
found on, under, and over the
surface of a planet
The water cycle (the
hydrologic cycle) refers to
the continuous exchange
of water within the
hydrosphere, between the
atmosphere, soil water,
surface water,
groundwater, and plants.
The Water Cycle Processes:
o Evaporation
o Transpiration
o Precipitation
o Runoff
1. Physical Properties
2. Chemical Properties
3. Biological Properties
.
Specific heat: It is the amount of
energy required to change the
temperature of a substance.

Because water has a high specific


heat, it can absorb large amounts
of heat energy before it begins to
get hot. It also means that water
releases heat energy slowly
when situations cause it to cool.
 pH: Pure water is neither
acidic nor basic.

 Water changes its pH when


substances are dissolved in
it. Rain has a naturally
acidic pH of about 5.6
because it contains natural
derived carbon dioxide and
sulfur dioxide.
pH
 Water conducts heat
more easily than any
liquid except mercury.
This fact causes large
bodies of liquid water
like lakes and oceans
to have essentially a
uniform vertical
temperature profile.
Conductivity
 Water molecules exist in
liquid form over an
important range of
temperature from 0 - 100°
Celsius. This range allows
water molecules to exist
as a liquid in most places
on our planet.
 Water is a universal
solvent
 Estimation of pollution load and their potential damage.
 Preliminary assessment for planning and operation of
waste water treatment plants.
 To find out the amount of toxic components such as
cyanide, cadmium, mercury etc.& to evaluate the degree
of toxicity.
 To find out the substances that cause difficulties in the
treatment, such as non-biodegradable organics.
 Color
 pH
 Electrical Conductivity
 Turbidity
 Solids
 Chlorides
 Hardness
 Sulphates
 Dissolved Oxygen
 BOD & COD
Pure water is colorless.
However color is
contributed to natural
water by many sources.

SOURCES:
 End products of organic
matter degradation are
picked up by run-off water.
 Algal metabolism excrete yellow substances into
the water.
 Divalent species of ions of iron & manganese in
both ground & surface water. In surface water
these ions may convert to Fe(OH)3 and MnO2 as a
result of oxidation and ultimately precipitated.
 Discharge of untreated & partially treated waste
water from textile & drying operation, paper,
food processing, chemical production & slaughter
operation may contribute color to the water.
 Color caused by
suspended matter is
called Apparent color.
 Color caused by dissolved
solids that remains after
removal of suspended
solids is called True color.
 Color intensity is affected
by pH value.
 Color water is expressed in
mg/l in platinum cobalt
scale.
 Drinking water standard is
20ppm on platinum cobalt
scale.
 Colored water is unsuitable
for drinking, laundering,
dying, paper making, food
industries, etc.
 Colored water will affect the
photosynthesis process in
marine water.
Color Removal:
 Apparent color is removed
by simple filtration or ultra
filtration.
 True color causing organic
compounds require
chlorine demand and
hence more quantity of
chlorine is required for
disinfection.
 pH is the method of
expressing the
concentration of ionized
hydrogen.
 It is the logarithms to base
10, of the reciprocal of
hydrogen ion conc. in g/L.
pH = - log(H+)
 Pure water has equal
conc. Of hydrogen &
hydroxyl ions and has pH
of 7 (neutral).
 pH of natural water lies in the range of 6.0
to 8.5.
 Most of natural water is alkaline due to the
presence of carbonates.
 pH of natural water changes due to
biological activity, temperature,
photosynthesis, and industrial disposal.
 Waste water with adverse hydrogen ion
conc. is very difficult to treat by bacteria.
 pH is measured by pH meter.
The basic principle of pH meter
is potential difference
developed b/w two electrodes
is directly proportional to
hydrogen ion concentration.
 pH is one of the important
parameter in water treatment.
 To maintain anaerobic
treatment, pH must be
maintained b/w 6.8 to 7.6 in
the digester otherwise bacteria
will not survive.
 It is the measure of the
capacity of the substance
or solution to carry an
electric current.
 It is a parameter for
dissolved & dissociated
substance.
 Its value depend on conc.
Of ions, temperature and
the migration velocity of
the ions.
 It indicates the conc. Of dissolved electrolyte
present in water sample.
 It helps in estimating the total dissolved solids
by following empirical relation:
 TDS(mg/L) = C * Specific Conductivity
 Where C is empirical factor may vary from
0.55 to 0.9 depending on the soluble solids
present in water.
 Although unionized species are the portion of
total dissolved solids but they are not
detected by conductivity meter.
 Also silica will not be detected by conductivity
meter. So this is only the estimation method
for TDS.
The suspended solids
interfering with the passage of
light is called turbidity. It is
caused by wide variety of
suspended matter which differ
in size.
SOURCES:
 Clay
 Silt
 Organic matter & metals
 Microscopic organisms
 Turbidity is measured photo metrically by
determining %age of light of a given intensity
absorbed or scattered.
Units are:
 NTU (Nephlometric Unit) based on light
scattering
 JTU (Jackson Unit) based on light absorption
 The term solids refer to the matters either
filterable or non filterable that remains as
residue on evaporation.
 Kinds of solids present in water are:
A) Suspended Solids
a) Settle able
b) Non Settle able

B) Filterable Solids
a) Colloidal
b) Dissolved
 Gravimetric methods are used to measure all
types of solids.
 Solids are generally expressed in mg/L
 Filterable solids consists of colloidal &
dissolved solids.
 Colloidal solids includes particulate matters
with an approximate diameter range from 1
mill micron to micron.
 Dissolved solids consists of both organic &
inorganic salts.
Dissolved solids removable by:
 Chemical precipitation
 Adsorption
 Oxidation
 Ultra filtration
 Biological Oxidation
Colloidal solids removable by:
 Coagulation

Suspended or non filterable solids removable


by:
 Settle able by gravity settling
 Floatation
Chlorides is present in all natural waters at
greatly varying concentrations.

SOURCES:
 Leaching through rock & soils
 Effluent from chemical industries
 Sewage disposals
 Irrigation drainage
 Sea water in coastal areas
 A man discharges 8 to 10 gm per day of NaCl
through both urine & excreta
 When chlorides
concentrations of 250
mg/L is present along
with sodium ions, a salty
taste can be observed.
 Chlorides can only be
removed by reverse
osmosis and electrolysis.
 Hardness is a measure of the ability of
water to cause precipitation of insoluble
calcium & magnesium salts of higher fatty
acids from soap solutions.
 Principal hardness causing cations are
calcium, magnesium, strontium, iron &
manganese ions associated with
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides &
sulphates.
 In general hard waters are originated in
areas where top soil is thick and limestone
is present.
 Hardness is classified with respect to the
metallic cations and the anions associated
with metallic ions.
With respect to metallic actions:
I. Calcium hardness
II. Magnesium hardness
With respect to anions
associated with
metallic ions:
I. Carbonate hardness
II. Non-carbonate
hardness
Sulphates occur in natural water at conc. Up
to 50 mg/L.

SOURCES:
 Rain water especially in areas of air pollution.
 Leaching through soils.
 Released during degradation of proteins

Standard for drinking water is 200 ppm.


 Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given
volume of water at a particular temperature and
pressure.
 The presence of oxygen is essential for the
survival of aquatic life.
 It plays an important role for the metabolic
pathways of aerobic bacteria and other
microorganisms which are responsible for the
degradation and stabilization of organic
constituents in waste water.
 A rapid fall of DO level in river waters is one
of the first indication of organic pollution.
 DO level depends on physical, chemical &
biological activities.
 Major inputs of dissolved oxygen to natural
waters is from atmosphere & photosynthesis
reaction.
 DO level in water should be 5-8 mg/L
 The solubility of oxygen in
waters depends on
temperature, pressure,
altitude & chloride conc.
 The solubility of atmospheric
oxygen decreases with
increase in temperature.
 The solubility of oxygen is
lesser in salt containing water
than in clean water.
 Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of
the oxygen utilized by microorganisms during
biological oxidation of organic matter
contained in the liquid waste under a specified
conditions.

Organic matter + O2 CO2+ new bacteria+H2O


 On average basis, the
demand for oxygen is
directly proportional to the
amount of biodegradable
in waste water under
aerobic conditions.
 BOD is a direct measure of
oxygen requirement and
indirect measure of
biodegradable organic
matter.
 Biochemical is a slow process and
theoretically takes an infinite time to go to
completion.
 Within 20 days oxidation is 95 to 99%
complete and within 5 days it is 60 to 70%
complete.
 BOD is an empirical test in which water
conditions such as temperature, oxygen
conc. Or type of bacteria play a decisive
role.
 Chemical oxygen demand is
the oxygen required for
chemical oxidation of organic
matter by strong chemical
oxidant (K2Cr2O7) under
acidic conditions.
 Degree of oxidation depend
upon the type of substance,
pH value, temperature,
reaction time & conc. Of
oxidizing agent.
Advantages:
 Major advantage of the COD test is the
short time required for evaluation. COD test
is conducted in approximately 3 hours while
BOD is conducted in 5 days.
 COD test is much more useful for
estimating strength of certain industrial
wastes of both organic & inorganic which
contained toxic chemicals.
Disadvantages:
 COD test does not differentiate b/w biological
oxidizable & biologically inert organic matter.
 Some amino acids, ketones or saturated
carboxylic acids, benzene, pyridine etc. are not
oxidized by dichromate.
 Some oxygen is consumed by inorganic
substances such as nitrites, chlorides, sulphates,
reduced metal ions, etc. So, test is a poor
measure of strength of organic wastes unless
these factors are considered.
Questions!

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