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Physics Project

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Mousumi Karmakar
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39 views8 pages

Physics Project

Uploaded by

Mousumi Karmakar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SESSION- 2023-2024

CLASS- XI
ROLL NO- 11
SUBJECT- PHYSICS PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY- MOUSUMI KARMAKAR
GUIDED BY- ANIRUDDHA PAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to our subject teacher, Mr.


Aniruddha Pal for their continuous support in the completion of this
physics project. Their input and feedback greatly enhanced the
content of this project file: I also want to express my gratitude to the
school administration and honourable pricipal sir, Mr. R. K. Mosses,
for providing the facilities and materials required for compiling this
project. I am appreciative of my parents and friends for their
encouragement and assistance throughout the project. Their
contributions were essential in making this project file comprehensive
and informative Additionally I want to acknowledge the online
resources and books that helped me gather relevant data.

PRINCIPAL’S SIGNATURE TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

_________ _________
AIM
To investigate changes in velocity of a body under the action of a constant force
and to determine its acceleration.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED


Ticker timer, long paper tape, a long horizontal table, a bumper (a heavy
rectangular wooden block of wood) fitted with a pulley, a trolley, three G-
clamps, 2 or 3 kg weights, a hanger, slotted weights, a strong thread, a spring
balance.

THEORY
1. Ticker Timer : A ticker timer is a device that can be used to
measure short time intervals (of about 0.02 s) to a very high degree
of accuracy. As shown in figure 1, it consists of steel strip T placed
between the poles of a horse-shoe magnet. The strip is made to
vibrate at a constant frequency with the help of an electromagnet.

Figure 1

A pointed tip at the peak end of the vibrating strip strikes a small
carbon paper disc below which a paper tape is pulled by
moving/oscillating object.

As the strip vibrates, its pointed tip marks a dot on the paper tape after
every complete vibration. Thus, dot marks are obtained on the paper tape
at regular intervals of time. The time interval between two consecutive
dots is called a tick. When the electromagnet runs on 6 V step-down ac
supply, the strip vibrates at the frequency of 50 Hz i.e., at the frequency of
ac mains. The measured time interval for one tick or between two
consecutive dot marks will be 1/100s or 0.02 s. Thus, a ticker timer can be
used to measure accurately time interval of the order of 0.02 s

2. Determination of acceleration from the record of paper tape : Figure 2


shows a record of the positions of a moving object as corresponding dots

on the paper taper of the ticker timer. Let us calculate the speed of the
moving object from this record.
Fig. 2
Let s1 ,s2, s3,….. be the distances between two successive dots, say of ten dots,
on the tape measured from a dot marked A with a metre scale.

Frequency of vibrator of ticker timer = Frequency of ac supply = 50 Hz


Time interval between 2 successive dots = 1/50 s = 0.02s
Time taken for covering 10 dots (or covering displacements s1 ,s2, s3,…..}
=0.02×10 =0.2 s
Average speed over distance s₁, v1 = (s1cm)/(0.2s) =11 cm/s
Average speed over distance
Increase in speed over time interval of 0.2 s,
V2- v1= (s2 -0.2)-(s1-0.2) =9.5 cm/s
Average acceleration,
a av = (v 2 -v 1 )/0.2= (s2 -s1)/(0.2×0.20) =4.75cm/s2
Moreover, average acceleration can also be determined by plotting - graph and
finding its slope.
DIAGRAM

Figure 3

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Mass of hanger:1 kg
Mass of hanger + Mass of weights in the hanger =5 kg
Mass of trolley=10kg
Mass of trolley + Mass of weights placed in the trolley =15 kg

Instantaneous speed of the trolley

S.No. Part of Tick Time Distance vav = s/t Mid -point of


tape interval T (s) covered (cm/s) the time
s (cm) interval
1. AB 0-10 0.2s s1 = 2.2 v1=2.2/0.2 5×0.2=1.0s
= 11
2. BC 10-20 0.2s s2 = 4.1 v2= 15×0.2=3.0s
4.1/0.2 =
20.5
3. CD 20-30 0.2s s3 = 5.7 v3= 25×0.2=5.0s
5.7/0.2 =
28.5
PLOTTING GRAPH

Choosing suitable scales for both axes, plot velocity-time or v-


t graph by taking a values along Y-axis and midpoints t of corresponding
time intervals along X-axis. Draw the best fitting line through the plotted
points, as shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4
Average acceleration of the trolley,
A av = Slope of v-t graph
=MN = 5 cm/s2
LN
RESULT

1. Speed of the trolley increases with time uniformly as constant force


acts on it.
2. Within the limits of experiment error, acceleration of the trolley is
found to be constant and its value is cm /s2

PRECAUTIONS

1. Surface of the horizontal table and wheels of the trolley should be


clean and smooth.
2. Pulley should be frictionless. If necessary, oil it.
3. Ensure that the ticker-timer and bumper are rigidly fixed on the table.
4. Before taking the observations, check that the ticker timer works
properly by slowly pulling the paper tape through it.
5. Ticks in the beginning when the trolley begins to move and at the time
when the force ceases to act, should be marked properly for the accurate
measurement of distances and calculation of velocity and acceleration.
6. Keep the paper tape taut during its run through the timer .

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. The positions of ticker timer and bumper may get overlapped while
taking observations.
2. It is difficult to select and mark the dots accurately when the force
ceases to act.
3. Dots may not have been counted properly.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
For successfully completing my project file, I have taken help from the following
sites :
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.pdfcoffee.com
3. Tetxbook- Physics lab manual ( S.L. Arora)

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