INDEX

1.CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. USES OF TRANSFORMERS
9. CONCLUSION
10. PRECAUTIONS
11. SOURCES OF ERROR
12. BIBILIOGRAPHY
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To investigate the relation between the ratio of –

1. Input and output voltage.

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary

coil of a self made transformer.
 Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage or vice-versa

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this

principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C.

voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small
that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits,
it may weight hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another

circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a stepup transformer. A

transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.
 Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating
current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as
in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in
the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary secondary coils of the transformer and

dф / dt = rate of change of flux in

each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1)

And

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,

we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so
the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back

e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current
Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E

= output e.m.f / input e.m.f

= Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

 A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If

Ip = value of primary current at the same instant

And

Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip

And

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power

Or

Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
ILLUSTRATION
A STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same

ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever

we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.
ILLUSTRATION
 EFFICIENCY

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses
, η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2
is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
P1P2.

4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization

and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer

APPARATUS REQUIRED

iron rod

copper wire

voltmetre

ammetre
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and

s2.

5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing

number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

USES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner,
etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and

NEON advertisement.

5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power

supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long

distances.

7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud

speakers and electric bells etc

CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil
depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should
remain constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2. Eddy current can change the readings.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

1) NCERT textbook class 12

2) NCERT physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com